Quick Guide - Ip Sandra Hall 9-28-12 - Typically, in a large network, a combination of both static and dynamic routin g is used.

- A packet can also be dropped on the RETURN trip. Example -- if you ping a host and it doesn't answer, that doesn't necessarily mean the forward path is broken . - Static Routing -- an entry is added to the routing table of each router, for e ach remote network. - Static Routing Advantages -- no overhead on the router CPU, no bandwidth usage between routers, security. Primarily used in small networks (< id="fullpost"> - Default Routing -- can only be used on stub networks (only one exit port out o f the network). - Before setting up a default route, remove any static routing entries -- "no ip route 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.2". - Set up a default route -- "ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.10.2". Verify the c hanges -- "sh ip route" -- the default route shows as "S*". - _ALWAYS_ remember to use "ip subnet-zero" and "ip classless" -- both are enabl ed by default in Cisco IOS 12.x. - Dynamic Routing -- happens automatically, but uses CPU and network resources. - Dynamic Routing Protocols within a network: - RIP -- Routing Information Protocol. - IGRP -- Interior Gateway Routing Protocol -- Cisco proprietary. - EIGRP -- Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol -- Cisco proprietary. - OSPF -- Open Shortest Path First -- non-proprietary. - Dynamic Routing Protocols across networks: - IGP -- Interior Gateway Protocol -- routing between routers in the same Autono mous System (AS). - EGP -- Exterior Gateway Protocol -- routing between different Autonomous Syste ms. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is an example of an EGP. - Administrative Distance -- a number from 0 to 255, where 0 is most reliable, 2 55 is blocked. - If two advertised routes for the same network have the same ADs, the router ma kes a decision by looking at hop count or bandwidth. AD values: 0 -- Connected interface. 1 -- Static route. 90 -- EIGRP. 100 -- IGRP. 110 -- OSPF. 120 -- RIP. 170 -- External EIGRP. 255 -- Unknown -- this one will never be used.

- Routing Protocol Types: - Distance Vector -- distance is measured in hops. Examples -- RIP, IGRP. - Link State -- also called Shortest Path First -- 3 tables per router -- 1 for directly attached neighbors, 1 for network topology, and 1 for routing. Examples -- OSPF. Link state information is advertised upon startup and when changes in the network topology are detected. OSPF is the most popular Interior Routing Pr otocol (IGP) in use today. - Hybrid -- these use a combination of both methods -- EIGRP. - Distance Vector Routing Protocols -- they use "routing by rumor" -- exchange o f routing tables. RIP looks at ADs first, then at hop count. If everything is eq ual, it performs roundrobin load balancing for up to 6 equal cost links. - Pinhole Congestion -- with RIP routing, if a 56K link has less hops than a T1 link, the 56K link will be used -- this is bad, and happens because hop count is the only metric used with RIP routing.

- Slow Convergence is another problem of RIP. While the routers are converging ( synchronizing their routing tables), no data is passed. - RIP Routing table fields -- network number, exit interface, and hop count. - Routing loops are also a common problem in RIP. They result from the slow conv ergence of RIP. - Maximum Hop Count -- RIP has this set to 15. After that, a packet is dropped. Maximum Hop Count is a good feature to decrease the severe effects of routing lo ops. - Split Horizon -- information cannot be sent back in the direction from which i t was received. This method is able to prevent routing loops. - Route Poisoning -- when a network becomes unreachable, the first directly atta ched router places a "16" entry (unreachable) for this network in its routing ta ble, and then advertises it to all other routers. They reply with a "poison reve rse" (acknowledgement). - Holddowns -- these prevent regular update messages from a flapping network, ro uter, or interface. Thus, the flow of information continues. - Holddown behavior: - Holddowns have a timer. When it expires, the link is reinstated. - If another update is received, with a better metric, the link is reinstated. I f the metric is the same, nothing happens. - If a flush timer removes the bad route from the routing table (if it happens t o expire -- coincidence), the link is reinstated. - RIP is a true distance-vector routing protocol. It sends the complete routing table to all active interfaces every 30 seconds. - RIP Version 1 uses only classful routing. RIP Version 2 provides prefix routin g (classless routing) -- no subnet mask is sent with the updates. - RIP Timers: - Route update timer -- how often to send out updates -- default is 30 seconds. - Route invalid timer -- when there are no updates for a specific route over a t ime period (default is 90 seconds), the route is advertised as invalid. - Route flush timer -- how long after a route becomes invalid before it is remov ed from the routing table -- default is 240 seconds. - Configure RIP routing -- Make sure there are no static routes, as they take pr ecedence. Then -- "config t", "router rip", "network 172.16.0.0" -- network" tel ls the router which network to advertise. - RIP is configured with classful routing network addresses -- ALL subnet masks must be the same on all devices on the network. - "sh ip route" displays something like this -- "R 172.16.50.0 [120/3] via 172.1 6.10.2, FastEthernet0/0" -- "[120/3]" is the AD and the hop count. - Blocking RIP advertisements after a certain point of the network -- "config t" , "router rip", "network 172.16.0.0", "passive-interface serial 0" -- serial 0 w ill stop advertising, but will still receive updates. - IGRP -- Cisco proprietary, maximum hop count of 255 with default of 100, helpf ul in larger networks. IGRP uses bandwidth and delay of the line as metrics -- t his combination is called a composite metric. - IGRP can also use other metrics, but they are not used by default -- reliabili ty, load, and MTU. - IGRP Timers: - Update timer -- how frequently routing-update messages should be sent -- defau lt is 90 seconds. - Invalid timer -- how long a router should wait before declaring a route invali d -- default is 3x update timer. - Holddown timer -- specifies the holddown period -- default is 3 x update timer + 10 seconds. - Flush timer -- how long before a route is flushed from the routing table -- de fault is 7 x update timer. - Configure IGRP -- "config t", "router igrp 10", "network 172.16.0.0" -- "10" i

s the Autonomous System (AS). All routers must be in the same AS in order to com municate. - You must ALWAYS use a classful network number when configuring IGRP. Example - if you type "172.16.10.0", the router will change it to "172.16.0.0". Still, D O NOT type anything like this. - IGRP can load balance up to 6 unequal links (while with RIP, they must be equa l). The "variance" command controls the load balancing between the best and the worst metric. - If both RIP and IGRP are enabled on a router, it will always use IGRP, as IGRP has higher precedence. Therefore, when using IGRP, disable RIP in order to spar e resources. - OSPF - Open Shortest Path First is a _link state_ routing protocol that runs a s an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) to a single autonomous system. Preferred to RIP on larger networks. In a link state routing protocol, each router maintains a database of router advertisements (LSAs). LSAs for routers within the AS cons ist of information about a router, its attached subnets, and their configured co sts. An OSPF cost is a unitless metric that indicates the preference of using a link. Summarized routes and routes outside of the AS also have LSAs. RFC 2328 de fines OSPF. As I mentioned at the beginning, OSPF routing protocol is classified among the best dynamic protocols existing in networks today. It has all the nec essary features of an interior gateway routing protocol:Scalability, Adaptabilit y to topology changes, Topology awareness within its operation area. http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=1763921&seqNum=6 OSPF Characteristics: - Topology changes trigger updates - Updates contain changes only - Increased memory & processing requirements - Rapid convergence - Updates sent to all routers - Support CIDR/VLSM - Responds quickly to network changes - Use hellos to discover and create neighbors - Calculates shortest path to each route in the network from a separate topology table The router distributes its LSAs to its neighboring routers, which gather them in to a database called the link state database (LSDB). By synchronizing LSDBs betw een all neighboring routers, each router has each other router's LSA in its data base. Therefore, every router has the same LSDB. From the LSDB, OSPF calculates the entries for the router's routing table by determining the least cost path, w hich is the path with the lowest accumulated cost, to each subnet in the network . Designated router (DR) selection: In general, the DR and backup designated route r (BDR) on a multiaccess link (for example, Ethernet) have the most OSPF work to do. It is a good idea to select routers that are not already heavily loaded wit h CPU-intensive activities to be the DR and BDR. In addition, it is generally no t a good idea to select the same router to be the DR on many multiaccess links - All LSA sent to DR/BDR instead of to every single router. Reduces overhead of LSA updates. Standard on multi-access networks. DR is single point of failure solution is BDR Number of Adjacent Neighbors and DRs: One contribution to the OSPF workload on a router is the number of OSPF adjacent routers that it needs to communicate with . Each OSPF adjacency represents another router whose resources are expended to support these activities:

Exchanging hellos Synchronizing link-state databases Reliably flooding LSA changes Advertising the router and network LSA

- Configure OSPF -- "conf t" "router ospf process-id", "network 0.0.0.0 255.255. 255.255 area 0" - network address wildcard-mask area area-id - configure the cost - ip ospf cost cost - OSPF Routers use "HELLO" packets to periodically check with routers to ensure they are still there. - Every router in OSPF is identified with a "router ID". The router ID can be m anually entered or OSPF will automatically choose the IP address with the highes t number. OSPF Packet Types Type 1 Hello Establishes and Maintains adjacency info w/ neighbors Type 2 Database description packet (DBD) Describes the contents of an OSPF router s link-state database Type 3 Link State Request Requests specific pieces of a routers link-state database Type 4 Link State Update (LSUs) Transports link-state advertisements (LSAs) to neighbor routers Type 5 Link-state acknowledgement (LSAKs) Acknowledges receipt of a neighbor s LSA All LSA sent to DR/BDR instead of to every single router Reduces overhead of LSA updates Standard on multi-access networks DR is single point of failure solution is BDR - Commands to troubleshoot routing: - "show ip route" -- displays the routing table. - "show protocols" -- displays hardware information and link status. - "show ip protocols" -- lots of routing information, including various paramete rs. - "debug ip rip" -- sends debugging messages to the console. Can be redirected t o the terminal via "terminal monitor". Disable with "undebug all". - "debug ip igrp events" -- debug summary of IGRP. Disable with "undebug" or "un debug all". - "debug ip igrp transactions" -- full debug of IGRP. Again, disable with "undeb ug all". By badboy