NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Chapter 1 Introduction

INTRODUCTION

3 key words: Excitation, network and response

Network Any structure containing interconnected elements.

Circuit physical structure constructed from electrical components

Network analysis:
o

Determining the response given the excitation and the network .

To design the network given the excitation and the desired response .
Excitation Network Response

Network synthesis:
o

1.1 SIGNAL

ANALYSIS

For electric networks, excitation and response are given in terms of voltages and currents. These signals are a function of time and frequency. We use transforms (Fourier and Laplace) to transform from time domain to frequency domain and vice versa.

HOW A SIGNAL IS DESCRIBED IN TERMS

OF BOTH FREQUENCY AND TIME

Example:

s (t ) Ao Sin( wot o )

1.2 NETWORK ANALYSIS

Characterization of the excitation and response is only

half of the problem.

The other half is describing the network.

BASIC DEFINITIONS
Linear system

A network is linear if and only if

c1e1(t)
System

c1r1(t) c2r2(t)
System

c2e2(t) c1e1(t) +c2e2(t)

System

c1r1(t)+c2r2(t)

i.e. if it satisfies proportionality

the

principle

of

superposition

and

BASIC DEFINITIONS
Passive

A linear network is passive if

a) b)

The energy delivered is non negative for any excitation. No voltages or currents appear between any two terminals before excitation is applied.

Reciprocal

A network is said to be reciprocal if when the point of excitation and response are interchanged, the relation between excitation and response remains the same.

RECIPROCITY EXAMPLE
I= 0.35294A

Non-linear element

I = 0.3798A

I = 0.3397A

The inclusion of controlled sources or active elements may also destroy reciprocity. A non-bilateral element, such as a diode, destroys reciprocity

BASIC DEFINITIONS
Causal

A network is causal if the response is zero before any excitation.

e(t ) 0

for

t T

then r (t ) 0

for

t T

Time invariant

A network is time invariant if e(t ) r (t ) then e(t T ) r (t T ) i.e. a network that doesnt contain time variant components.

IDEAL

MODELS

The following ideal models are useful in signal processing

Amplifier Differentiator Integrator Time Delay

r (t ) ke(t )
d r (t ) e(t ) dt

r (t ) e(t )dt

r (t ) e(t T )

IDEAL ELEMENTS

The elements encountered most are resistor, capacitor and inductor. When the currents and voltages are given as a function of time

v(t ) Ri(t ) di(t ) v(t ) L dt t 1 v(t ) i ( x)dx v(0) C0

Resistor Inductor Capacitor

IDEAL

ELEMENTS

In frequency domain, using Laplace transform

1.3 NETWORK SYNTHESIS

In network synthesis, we are given the excitation and

response and we are required to synthesize the network

from the system function.

R( s) H (s) E ( s)

The end points of elements are called terminals. A port is defined as any pair of two terminals into which energy is supplied, drawn or variables measured.

DRIVING

POINT SYNTHESIS and

Deriving point immittance: the excitation response are taken from the same port.

A driving point impedance is thus given as

V (s) Z (s) I ( s)

TWO PORT NETWORK

Transfer function: excitation and response are taken from

different ports.

The transfer function can take different forms.

Z 21 ( s )

V2 ( s ) I1 ( s )

V2 ( s ) H (s) V1 ( s )

FILTER DESIGN

One of the most important aspect of transfer function synthesis. A filter is defined as a network that passes a certain portion of a frequency and blocks the remainder of the spectrum.

Ideal Low pass filter

FILTER DESIGN

1.

Two aspects of filter design Obtaining a suitable and realizable transmittance H(s) given the specification. Realizing the transmittance H(S).

2.

FILTER DESIGN

The first step is an approximation step. Because there are no ideal filters.

End!