NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Chapter 1
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
 3 key words: Excitation, network and response
 Network – Any structure containing interconnected elements.
 Circuit –physical structure constructed from electrical
components
 Network analysis:
o Determining the response given the excitation and the
network .
 Network synthesis:
o To design the network given the excitation and the desired
response .
Excitation Network Response
1.1 SIGNAL ANALYSIS

 For electric networks, excitation and response are

given in terms of voltages and currents.

 These signals are a function of time and frequency.

 We use transforms (Fourier and Laplace) to transform

from time domain to frequency domain and vice versa.
HOW A SIGNAL IS DESCRIBED IN TERMS
OF BOTH FREQUENCY AND TIME
 Example:
s (t )  Ao Sin( wo t   o )
1.2 NETWORK ANALYSIS

 Characterization of the excitation and response

is only half of the problem.

 The other half is describing the network.

BASIC DEFINITIONS
Linear system
 A network is linear if and only if

c1e1(t) c1r1(t)
System

c2e2(t) c2r2(t)
System

c1e1(t) +c2e2(t) c1r1(t)+c2r2(t)

System

 i.e. if it satisfies the principle of superposition and

proportionality
 BASIC DEFINITIONS
Passive
 A linear network is passive if
a) The energy delivered is non negative for any excitation.
b) No voltages or currents appear between any two terminals
before excitation is applied.
Reciprocal
 A network is said to be reciprocal if when the point of
excitation and response are interchanged, the relation between
excitation and response remains the same.
RECIPROCITY EXAMPLE

I= 0.35294A

 Non-linear element

I = 0.3798A I = 0.3397A

 The inclusion of controlled sources or active elements may also

destroy reciprocity.
 A non-bilateral element, such as a diode, destroys reciprocity
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Causal
 A network is causal if the response is zero before any
excitation.

e(t )  0 for t T then r (t )  0 for t T

Time invariant
 A network is time invariant if e(t )  r (t ) then e(t  T )  r (t  T )

 i.e. a network that doesn’t contain time variant

components.
IDEAL MODELS

 The following ideal models are useful in signal

processing

Amplifier r (t )  ke (t )
Differentiator d
r (t )  e(t )
dt
Integrator r (t )   e(t )dt
Time Delay
r (t )  e(t  T )
IDEAL ELEMENTS
 The elements encountered most are resistor,
capacitor and inductor.
 When the currents and voltages are given as a
function of time
v(t )  Ri (t ) Resistor
di (t )
v(t )  L Inductor
dt
t
1
v(t )   i ( x)dx  v(0) Capacitor
C0
IDEAL ELEMENTS

 In frequency domain, using Laplace transform

1.3 NETWORK SYNTHESIS
 In network synthesis, we are given the excitation
and response and we are required to synthesize the
network from the system function.
R( s)
H (s) 
E ( s)
 The end points of elements are called terminals.
 A port is defined as any pair of two terminals into
which energy is supplied, drawn or variables
measured.
DRIVING POINT SYNTHESIS

 Deriving point immittance: the excitation and

response are taken from the same port.

 A driving point impedance is thus given as

V (s)
Z ( s) 
I (s)
TWO PORT NETWORK
 Transfer function: excitation and response are taken
from different ports.

 The transfer function can take different forms.

V2 ( s )
Z 21 ( s ) 
I1 ( s )
V2 ( s )
H (s) 
V1 ( s )
FILTER DESIGN
 One of the most important aspect of transfer
function synthesis.
 A filter is defined as a network that passes a certain
portion of a frequency and blocks the remainder of
the spectrum.

Ideal Low pass filter

FILTER DESIGN

 Two aspects of filter design

1. Obtaining a suitable and realizable

transmittance H(s) given the specification.

2. Realizing the transmittance H(S).

FILTER DESIGN

 The first step is an approximation step.

 Because there are no ideal filters.
End!