Network Analysis and Synthesis

Chapter 1
Introduction
 1.1 Signal analysis
• For electric networks, excitation and response are
given in terms of voltages and currents.
• These signals are a function of time and frequency.
• We use transforms (Fourier and Laplace) to
transform from time domain to frequency domain
and vice versa.
• Example:
s(t )  Ao Sin(wot  o )
 1.2 Network Analysis
• Characterization of the excitation and
response is only half of the problem.
• The other half is describing the network.
 Basic definations
Linear system
• A network is linear if and only if

• i.e. if it satisfies the principle of super postion and

proportionality
Passive
• A linear network is passive if
a) The energy delivered is non negative for any excitation.
b) No voltages or currents appear between any two
terminals before excitation is applied.
Reciprocal
A network is said to be reciprocal if when the point of
excitation and response are interchanged, the
relation between excitation and response remains
the same.
Causal
• A network is causal if the response is zero before any
excitation.
e(t )  0 for t T then r (t )  0 for t T

Time invariant
• A network is time invariant if
e(t )  r (t ) then e(t  T )  r (t  T )
• i.e. a network that doesn’t contain time variant
components.
 Ideal models
• The following ideal models are useful in signal
processing
Amplifier
r (t )  ke(t )
Differentiator d
r (t )  e(t )
dt
Integrator
r (t )   e(t )dt

Time Delay
r (t )  e(t  T )
 Ideal elements
• The elements encountered most are resistor,
capacitor and inductor.
• When the currents and voltages are given as a
function of time
v(t )  Ri (t ) Resistor
di (t )
v(t )  L Inductor
dt
t
1
v(t )   i ( x)dx  v(0) Capacitor
C0
• In frequency domain, using Laplace transform
• The end points of elements are called
terminals.
• A port is defined as any pair of two terminals
into which energy is supplied, drawn or
variables measrued.
 1.3 Network Synthesis
• In network synthesis, we are given the
excitation and response and we are required
to synthesize the network from the system
function.
R( s)
H ( s) 
E (s)
 Driving point synthesis
• Deriving point immittance: the excitation and
response are taken from the same port.

• A driving point impedance is thus given as

V ( s)
Z ( s) 
I ( s)
 Two Port Network
• Transfer function: excitation and response are
taken from different ports.

• The transfer function can take different forms.

V2 ( s )
Z 21( s ) 
I1 ( s )
V2 ( s )
H (s) 
V1 ( s )
 Filter Design
• One of the most important aspect of transfer
function synthesis.
• A filter is defined as a network that passes a
certain portion of a frequency and blocks the
remainder of the spectrum.

Ideal Low pass filter

• Two aspects of filter design
1. Obtaining a suitable and realizable
transmittance H(s) given the specification.
2. Realizing the transmittance H(S).
• The first step is an approximation step.
• Because there are no ideal filters.
End!