Network Analysis and Synthesis

Chapter 7
Filter types, specifications
 7.1 Introduction
• Filters can be considered as frequency
selective networks.
• A filter is required to separate unwanted
signal from a mixture of unwanted and
wanted signals.
• The transfer characteristic of a filter is so
shaped that the ratio of unwanted to wanted
signal at the output of the filter is minimized.
• Filter transfer characteristics are usually given
interims of filter specifications.
• The filter specifications are then given in terms of
cut-off frequencies (pass band frequencies) and
stop-band frequency.
• Pass-band:- the frequency band of wanted signals.
• Stop-band:- the frequency band of unwanted signals.
• Cut-off frequency:- The frequency associated with
the boundary between stop band and an adjacent
pass-band. It is the frequency at which the output is
0.707 times the maximum value in the pass band.
• An ideal filter should pass the wanted signals
with no attenuation and provide infinite
attenuation for the unwanted signals.
• Electric filters are ubiquitous and it is difficult
to conceive a modern electronic device or
system which does not employ and electric
filter.
 7.2 Types of filters
• According to their pass band and stop band
frequencies, filters are categorized as:
– Low pass filters
– Band pass filters
– High pass filters
– Band reject filters
 7.2.1 Low pass filters
• A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low-
frequency signals but attenuates (reduces
the amplitude of) signals with frequencies
higher than the cutoff frequency.
• The magnitude and phase of an ideal low pass
filter is
1 w  wp
T ( jw)  
0 otherwise

• wp is the pass band frequency.

• The impulse response of the ideal filter is
sin t
h(t ) 
t

• Note that this impulse response is not causal,

hence, not realizable.
• In general, a band limited frequency response
leads to non-causal impulse response.
• In order to circumvent this limitation, filter
specifications are given as follows
• In words:
– The attenuation should be less than αp in the pass
band.
– The attenuation should be greater than αs in the
stop band.
– The attenuation can be anything in the transition
band (the frequency band between the pass band
and the stop band).
 7.2.2 Band pass filters
• A band-pass filter is a device that
passes frequencies within a certain range and
rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that
range.
• It passes signals between two cutoff
frequencies but attenuates (reduces
the amplitude of) the rest.
• Again this ideal band-pass filter is not
realizable. Hence, a realizable band-pass filter
specification is:
1 , 2 are the cutoff frequencie s
0  12 is the center frequency
s1 , s 2 are the lower and upper stop
band frequencie s
 p 1    2
  s   1 or   2
• For a geometrically symmetric band-pass filter,
the following equation is satisfied.
1 2

s1 s 2
• Hence,
0  12  s1s 2
 7.2.3 High pass filters
• A high-pass filter is a filter that passes high-
frequency signals but attenuates signals with
frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency.
• An ideal high-pass filter is

• This is not realizable frequency response

however.
• A realizable high pass filter specification is
s is the stop band frequencie
p is the cutoff frequency
 p   p ωs ωp

  s   s
 7.2.4 Band reject filters
• Band-reject filters are the exact opposite of
band pass filters.
• They attenuate signals between two frequency
ranges but pass the rest.

• The can be obtained by the following equation

TBR ( s)  1  TBP ( s)
TBR ( s) is the transfer function of band reject
TBP ( s) is the transfer function of band pass
 7.3 Frequency transformation
• Most of the widely used filter synthesis
methods (will be discussed in next chapter) are
for low pass filters only.
• So how do we synthesize band-pass, high-pass
and band-reject filters?
We use frequency transformation methods.
• By frequency transformation we mean:
1. Transform the filter specifications to normalized
low-pass filter specification.
2. Obtain the normalized low-pass filter transfer
function using modern filter synthesis methods.
3. Transform the low-pass transfer function back to
the required type of filter.
4. Synthesize the filter.
• Steps 3 and 4 can be exchanged.
 7.3.1 Band-pass to Low-pass
• The transformation from band-pass to low
pass is
0  s 0 
sn    
BW  0 s 
sn is the normailize low - pass filter variable
s is the band pass filter
0 is the center frequency of the band pass filter
BW is the band width of the band pass filter
BW   p 2   p1
• Note that
lim s 0 n
s 

lim s  n
s  

lim s 0
sn  0

lim s  p 1
sn  1

lim s  p 2
sn  1

• This means that the frequency range [wp2,wp1]

has been transformed to [-1,1], hence our new
specification will have a low pass form.
• Procedure for designing band pass filter
– Transform the given specifications to normalized
low pass specifications with
1 0   2
2
n  
BW 
– Design the normalized low pass filter with the
appropriate method
– Transform the obtained normalized low pass filter
transfer function back to band pass filter with
1 s 2  0
2
s
BW s
 7.3.2 High pass to low pass
• The transformation from high pass to low pass
is
0
sn 
s
sn is the normailize low - pass filter variable
s is the high pass filter
0 is the cutoff frequency of the high pass filter
• Note that:
lim s 
s 0 n

lim s  n
s 0

lim s   j0
sn  1
• Procedure for designing high pass filter
– Transform the given specifications to normalized
low pass specifications with
0
n 

– Design the normalized low pass filter with the
appropriate method
– Transform the obtained normalized low pass filter
transfer function back to high pass filter with
0
sn 
s
7.3.3 Band-reject to low pass

s
sn  2 2
0  s
sn is the normailize low - pass filter variable
s is the band reject filter variable
0 is the center frequency of the band reject filter
0  12
• Procedure for designing band pass filter
– Transform the given specifications to normalized
low pass specifications with

n 
0 2   2
– Design the normalized low pass filter with the
appropriate method
– Transform the obtained normalized low pass filter
transfer function back to band pass filter with
s
sn  2 2
0  s