Electronic Circuit

DEE3043 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT

 A frequency-selective device or circuit
designed to pass signals with desired
frequencies and reject or attenuate signals
with unwanted frequencies

 Limit the frequency spectrum of a signal to

some specified band of frequencies

 Applications in communications and control

systems
 Lowpass– passes low frequencies and
stop high frequencies
 Highpass – passes high frequencies and
rejects low frequencies
 Bandpass – passes frequencies within a
certain band and blocks
frequencies outside the band
 Bandstop – passes frequencies outside a
certain band and blocks
frequencies within the band
Lowpass Filter Highpass Filter

Bandpass Filter Bandstop Filter

 A passive filter consists of only passive
elements (e.g., R, L, and C).

 An active filter consists of active elements

(e.g., transistors and op amps) in addition to
passive elements.
Passive filters
Passive implementations of linear filters are based on combinations of
resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C). These types are
collectively known as passive filters, because they do not depend upon
an external power supply and/or they do not contain active components
such as transistors.

 Passive filters use resistors, capacitors, and inductors (RLC

networks).
 To minimize distortion in the filter characteristic, it is
desirable to use inductors with high quality factors
(remember the model of a practical inductor includes a
series resistance), however these are difficult to
implement at frequencies below 1 kHz.
◦ They are particularly non-ideal (lossy)
◦ They are bulky and expensive
Active filters overcome these drawbacks and are
realized using resistors, capacitors, and active
devices (usually op-amps) which can all be
integrated:Active filters replace inductors using
op-amp based equivalent circuits.
 The frequency at which the frequency
response drops in magnitude to 70.71% (or
3dB) of its maximum value.
 Or, the frequency at which the output power
of the filter is half of the maximum input
power  half-power frequency
 Also called corner frequency or roll-off
frequency
A filter is a device that passes electric signals at certain frequencies or
frequency ranges while preventing the passage of others. — Webster.

Passive Filter Active Filter

 Transfer Function:

Normalized Frequency:
 Lowpass Filter
Designed to pass only frequencies from dc up to
the cutoff frequency.

H()  0
1
H ( j ) 
1  jRC
1 1 1
M ( jc )  H ( jc )    c 
1  c2R 2C 2 2 RC
Cascading of Passive Low-pass Filter Stages
 Passive RC Low-Pass Filter
Responses
Gain Phase

Roll-off Slope for 1st Order: Phase Shift for 1st Order:
20dB/decade <= > 6dB/octave 0º @ low freq  -90º @ high freq
 Highpass Filter
Designed to pass all frequencies above its cutoff
frequency.

H()  1

jRC
H ( j ) 
1  jRC
c RC 1 1
M ( jc )  H ( jc )    c 
1  c2R 2C 2 2 RC
First Order High- and Low-pass Filter Topologies

High-pass Low-pass

Non
inverting

Inverting
First Order High- and Low-pass Filter Topologies

Non Low-pass High-pass

inverting
 Bandpass Filter
Designed to pass all frequencies within a certain
Band of frequencies.

R
H ( j )  o  center frequency
R  j (L  1 / C )
H(1)  0 H()  0 1, 2  half - power frequencie s
1 - 2  3 - dB passband bandwidth
 Bandstop Filter
Designed to stop all frequencies within a certain
band of frequencies.

j (L  1 / C )
H ( j )  o  rejection frequency
R  j (L  1 / C )
H(1)  1 H()  1 1, 2  half - power frequencie s
1 - 2  3 - dB rejection bandwidth