In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious the Most Merciful

Electronic Circuit Design

Chapter No.15
Active Filters
 Outlines
 Basic Filter Responses
 Filter Response Characteristics
 Active Low-Pass Filters
→ Two Pole Sallen Key Active Low Pass Filter

 Active High-Pass Filters

→ Two Pole Sallen Key Active High Pass Filter

 Active Band-Pass Filters

→ Four Pole Sallen Key Active Band Pass Filter (Cascading HP & LP Filter)
→ Multiple Feed-Back Active Band Pass Filter
→ State Variable Active Band Pass Filter
→ Bi-quad Active Band Pass Filter

 Active Band-Stop Filters

→ Multiple Feed-Back Active Band Stop Filter
→ State Variable Active Band Stop Filter

Key Words: Passive and Active Filters, Low-pass filter, Pole, Damping factor, Roll-off,
High-pass filter, Band-pass filter, Band-stop filter
 Basic Filter Responses
A Passive filter is a circuit that passes certain frequencies and rejects all
others.

The pass band is the range of frequencies allowed through the filter.

The critical frequency defines the end (or ends) of the passband and
is normally specified at the point where the response drops -3dB (70.7%)
from the passband response.

Following the pass band is a region called the transition region that
leads into a region called the stop band.
Gain Gain Gain Gain

f f f f

Low-pass High-pass Band-pass Band-stop

 Basic Low-Pass Filters
The low-pass filter allows frequencies below the critical
frequency to pass and rejects other. The simplest low-pass
filter is a Passive RC circuit with the output taken across C.

BW = fc
 Basic Low-Pass Filters
o The ideal response is not attainable by any practical filter.
o Actual filter responses depend on the number of poles.
o Pole is a term used with filters to describe the number of RC circuits
contained in the filter.
o This basic RC filter has a single pole, and it rolls off at -
20db/decade beyond the critical frequency.
o This roll-off allows too much unwanted frequencies through the filter
 Basic Low-Pass Filters
o Actual filters do not have a perfectly flat response up to the cutoff
frequency.
oWith combination of op-amps, the filters can be designed with higher
roll-offs
o In general, the more poles the filter uses, the steeper its transition
region will be. The exact response depends on the type of filter and the
number of pole.
 Basic High-Pass Filters
The high-pass filter passes all frequencies above a
critical frequency and rejects all others. The simplest high-
pass filter is a Passive RC circuit with the output taken
across R.
 Basic Band-Pass Filters
A band-pass filter passes all frequencies between two critical
frequencies. The bandwidth is defined as the difference between
the two critical frequencies fc1 and fc2. The simplest band-pass filter
is an RLC circuit.
Bandwidth B.W= fc2 – fc1

Center frequency =fo= √ fc1 fc2

R Vout

Vs C L
Basic Band-Pass Filters
Ex 15-1

Solution:
 Basic Band-Stop Filters
A band-stop filter rejects frequencies between two critical
frequencies, the bandwidth is measured between the critical
frequencies. The simplest band-stop filter is an RLC circuit. The
band stop filter also known as notch, band-reject, or band-
elimination filter.

Vout
C

Vs R
 Filter Response Characteristics
Ideal Vs Real Filters
In comparison to ideal low pass filters, the real
RC or RLC filters lack the following
characteristics:

1. Flat Pass band

Vout (normalized to 1)

2. Sharp transition region 1

3. Linear phase response

0.707

BW

f
fc1 f0 fc2

Gain (dB)

0
–3

f
fc1 f0 fc2
BW
 Filter Response Characteristics
Active filters include one or more op-amps in the design.
One of the three characteristic can be achieved with
active filters:
1. Flat band pass with Butterworth
Chebyshev: rapid roll-off characteristic
2. Sharp roll-off rate with Chebyshev
Av

3. Linear phase response with Bessel

Butterworth: flat amplitude response

Bessel: linear phase response

f
Filter Response Characteristics
Filter Response Characteristics
Ex 15-2

Solution:
 Active Filters
General Active Filter

A Single Pole Active Filter

The number of filter poles can be increases with cascading

A Single Pole Active Low Pass Filter
 Sallen-Key Active Low Pass Filter
Two Pole Filter
Sallen-Key Configuration

The Sallen-Key is one of the most common configurations for a second-

order (two-pole) filter. It is also known as a VCVS (voltage-controlled
voltage source)
There are two RC circuits that provides a roll-off of -40 dB /decade
(Butterworth)

For RA = RB = R and CA = CB = C
Ex 15-3
Solution:
Cascaded Low Pass Active Filters
Ex 15-4
Solution:
A Single Pole Active High Pass Filter
A Single Pole Active High Pass Filter
 Sallen-Key Active High Pass Filter
Two Pole Filter
Sallen-Key Configuration

The Sallen-Key is one of the most common configurations for a second-

order (two-pole) filter. It is also known as a VCVS (voltage-controlled
voltage source)
There are two RC circuits form the two-pole frequency selective circuit,
that provides a roll-off of -40 dB /decade (Butterworth)

For RA = RB = R and CA = CB = C
Ex 15-5
Solution:
Cascading High Pass Active Filter
 Band Pass Active Filter
Cascading Low Pass and High
Pass Filter (4 Poles Filter)
Sallen-Key Configuration
Band Pass Active Filter
Band Pass Active Filter
Band Pass Active Filter
Ex 15-6
Solution:
Band Pass Active Filter
Band Pass Active Filter
Ex 15-7
Solution:
Band Pass Active Filter
Band Stop Active Filter
Band Stop Active Filter
Ex 15-8
Solution: