Filters.

A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with

desired frequencies and reject or attenuate others.

There are two major categories of filters

• Passive filters
• Active filters

PASSIVE FILTERS

A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive

elements R, L and C.
 TYPES OF FILTERS.

There are four types of filters whether passive or active.

• A low pass filter which passes low frequencies and stops

high frequencies.

H(w)

Ideal filter

0 w
wc
• A high pass filters passes high frequencies and rejects low
frequencies.

H(w)

Ideal filter

w
wc
• A band pass filter passes frequencies within a frequency
band and blocks frequencies outside the band.

H(w)

Ideal filter

w
w1 w2
• A band stop filter passes frequencies outside a frequency
band and blocks frequencies within the band.
H(w)

Ideal filter

0 w
w1 w2

Please note that ideal filters are not physically realizable, but
we can be design and build practical filters as close to the
ideal one desired.
 FILTERS DESIGN.

Low pass Filter

A typical low pass filter is formed when the output of an RC
circuit is taken off the capacitor as shown below. It can also
be formed when the output of an RL circuit is taken off the
R
resistor. I

+ +
V1 1/jwC Vo
- -
 The transfer function by (voltage division) is

Note that H(o) = 1, and H(∞) = 0.

The cutoff frequency wc is obtained by setting the magnitude

of │H(w)│equal to , thus

=
 =

A low pass filter is designed to pass only frequencies from dc

up to the cut off frequency
Ideal

H(w)

Actual
0.707

w
Ideal and actual frequency response of a low pass filter
 HIGHPASS FILTER
A high pass filter is formed when the output of an RC circuit is
taken off the resistor as shown in the circuit below.
1/jwC

+ Vo
Vi
-
-

The transfer function is

 =

Note that H(0) = 0, H(∞) = 1

Again, cut off frequency is

A high pass filter is designed to pass all frequencies above its

cut off frequency
Ideal and actual frequency response of a high pass filter.
 BANDPASS FILTERS
Bandpass Series resonant circuit provides a bandpass filter
when the output is taken off the resistor as shown below,
1/jwC
jwL

+ +

Vi
R Vo

-
-
 The transfer function is
.

W e also observe that H(o) = 0 , H(∞) = 0

The centre frequency is given by

A band pass filter is designed to pass all frequencies within a

band of frequencies,
Since the band pass filter is a series resonant circuit, the half-
power frequencies, the bandwidth, and the quality factor are
determined in the previous study.
 Ideal

Actual

w
w1 wo w2

Ideal and actual frequency responses of a band pass Filter.

 Band stop Filter

A filter that prevents a band of frequencies between two

designated values (w1 and w2) from passing is variably
known as a band stop, band reject, or notch filter.
A band stop filter is formed when the output of RLC series
resonant circuit is taken off the LC series combination as
shown below; R

1/jwC
+
Vi
vo

- jwL

-
 The transfer function is

Notice that H(0) = 1 and H(∞) = 1

Again the centre frequency is given by
 H(w)

0.707
Actual

Ideal

w1 wo w2 w

Ideal and actual frequency response of a band stop filter.