ME 214 Mechatronics

Associate Professor Kutay İçöz

AGÜ

Slides from course textbooks Sadiku, Nilsson, Prof Sehlton Purdue University and various resources the web
 Frequency Response

• Frequency response is the variation in a circuit’s behavior with change

in signal frequency.
• This is significant for applications involving filters.
• Filters play critical roles in blocking or passing specific frequencies or
ranges of frequencies.
• Without them, it would be impossible to have multiple channels of data
in radio communications.
Transfer Function
• One useful way to analyze the frequency response of a circuit is the concept of
the transfer function H(ω).
• It is the frequency dependent ratio of a forced function Y(ω) to the forcing
function X(ω).

Y (w )
H (w ) =
X (w )
Transfer Function
• There are four possible input/output combinations:

Vo (w )
H (w ) = Voltage gain =
Vi (w )
I o (w )
H (w ) = Current gain =
I i (w )
Vo (w )
H (w ) = Transfer impedance =
I i (w )
I o (w )
H (w ) = Transfer admittance =
Vi (w )
Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements
Example: !!
Obtain the transfer function !!" and its frequency response.
Passive Filters
• A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired
frequencies and reject or attenuate others.
• A filter is passive if it consists only of passive elements, R, L, and C.
• They are very important circuits in that many technological advances
would not have been possible without the development of filters.
 Passive Filters
• There are four types of filters:
• Lowpass passes only low frequencies
and blocks high frequencies.
• Highpass does the opposite of lowpass
• Bandpass only allows a range of
frequencies to pass through.
• Bandstop does the opposite of
bandpass
Lowpass Filter
• A typical lowpass filter is formed when
the output of a RC circuit is taken off
the capacitor.
• The half power frequency is:
1
wc =
RC
• This is also referred to as the cutoff
frequency.
• The filter is designed to pass from DC
up to ωc
 Highpass Filter
• A highpass filter is also made of a
RC circuit, with the output taken
off the resistor.
• The cutoff frequency will be the
same as the lowpass filter.
• The difference being that the
frequencies passed go from ωc to
infinity.
Bandpass Filter
• The RLC series resonant circuit
provides a bandpass filter when the
output is taken off the resistor.
• The center frequency is:
1
w0 =
LC
• The filter will pass frequencies from
ω1 to ω2.
• It can also be made by feeding the
output from a lowpass to a highpass
filter.
 Bandstop Filter

• A bandstop filter can be created

from a RLC circuit by taking the
output from the LC series
combination.
• The range of blocked frequencies
will be the same as the range of
passed frequencies for the
bandpass filter.
Active Filters
• Passive filters have a few drawbacks.
• They cannot create gain greater than 1.
• They do not work well for frequencies below the audio range.
• They require inductors, which tend to be bulky and more expensive than
other components.
• It is possible, using op-amps, to create all the common filters.
 First Order Lowpass
• If the input and feedback elements
in an inverting amplifier are
selectively replaced with capacitors,
the amplifier can act as a filter.
• If the feedback resistor is replaced
with a parallel RC element, the
amplifier becomes a lowpass filter.
• The corner frequency will be:
1
wc =
Rf C f
First Order Highpass
• Placing a series RC combination
in place of the input resistor
yields a highpass filter.
• The corner frequency of the filter
will be:
1
wc =
Ri Ci
 Bandpass
• To avoid the use of an inductor, it is possible to use a cascaded series
of lowpass active filter into a highpass active filter.
• To prevent unwanted signals passing, their gains are set to unity, with
a final stage for amplification.