CHAPTER 5

FILTERS
 PASSIVE FITERS
 ACTIVE FITERS
PASSIVE FILTER
 Introduction
 Made up of Passive components such as resistors,
capacitors and inductors.
 No amplifying elements and no signal gain.
 Not restricted by the bandwidth limitation and can
be used at very high frequencies.
 Can handle larger current or voltage levels than
active devices.
 Buffer amplifier might be required.
PASSIVE SINGLE POLE LOWPASS
FILTER

 It’s passes low

frequencies but
rejects high
frequencies.
 This "Cut-off", "Corner" or "Breakpoint" frequency
is defined as being the frequency point where the
capacitive reactance and resistance are equal.
R = XC (for the RC filter), or R = XL (for the RL
filter).
 When this occurs the output signal is attenuated
to 70.7% of the input signal value or -3dB (20 log
(Vout/Vin)) of the input. Although R = Xc, This is
because the output voltage is attenuated by a
factor of 0.707 of the input. Vout/Vin = 1/√2 =
0.707.
 When the frequency of the input signal increases,
the capacitor’s reactance decreases and the
capacitor draws more current, which in turn
 As the filter contains a capacitor and produces a
delay. This is due to the time taken to charge the
plates of the capacitor as the input voltage
changes, resulting in the output voltage (the
voltage across the capacitor) "lagging" behind
that of the input signal.
 The Phase Angle (Φ) of the output signal LAGS
behind that of the input.
 At the cutoff frequency, the output voltage lags by
-45 .
 The higher the input frequency applied to the filter
the more the capacitor lags and the circuit
becomes more and more "out of phase".
 As the frequency increases, XL also increases,
thus increasing the total impedance of the filter.
Since R doesn't change, more and more of the
signal are dropped across L at higher
frequencies, leaving less and less across R and
available at VOUT.
 The inductor produces a delay. At very low
frequency, the output voltage follows the input.
 When frequency rises, the output start lagging the
input with 45 .
 The magnitude of H:

 At cut-off frequency, the magnitude is

 Phase of H

 The angular cutoff Frequency C = 2 fC and cut-

off frequency is
 The magnitude of H:
 Phase of H

 Cut-off frequency
PASSIVE SINGLE POLE HIGH-
PASS FILTER
 It’s passes high frequencies but rejects low
frequency.
 When input voltage is very low in frequency, the
capacitor’s reactance is very high, and hardly any
signal is passed to the output.
 When the frequency rises. The capacitor reactance
decreases, and a little attenuation at the output.
 The signal is attenuated or damped at low
frequencies with the output increasing at
+20dB/Decade (6dB/Octave) until the frequency
reaches the cut-off point (ƒc) where again R = Xc. It
has a response curve that extends down from infinity
to the cut-off frequency, where the output voltage
amplitude is 1/√2 = 70.7% of the input signal value or
-3dB (20 log (Vout/Vin)) of the input value.
 At very low frequency the output leads the input
in phase 90 .
 When the frequencies rises to the cut-off
frequency, the output lead by 45 .
 When the frequency goes toward infinity, the
phase approaches 0, the point where capacitor
acts like a short.
 The magnitude of H:

 Phase of H

 Cut-off frequency
PASSIVE SINGLE POLE RL HIGH-
PASS FILTER

 The transfer function becomes

 The magnitude of H:

 Phase of H

 The cut-off frequency

 When the input is very low in frequency, the
inductor’s reactance is very low, so most of the
current is diverted to ground. The signal is
attenuated at the output.
 When the frequencies rise, the inductor’s
reactance increases and less current is passed to
ground- the gain increases.
 At low frequency the output leads the input in
phase by 90o. And the cut-off the output leads by
45o.
 When the frequency goes to infinity, the phase
approaches 0, the point where inductor acts like
an open circuit.
PASSIVE RCL SERIES BAND
PASS FILTER

RLC circuit as a series band-pass filter in series with the

line
 RLC band-pass filter acts to pass a narrow range
of frequencies (band) while attenuating or
rejecting all other frequencies.
 Resonant Frequency (Center frequency),fr is the
frequency at XL=XC.
 The point of maximum output gain is generally
the geometric mean of the two -3dB value
between the lower and upper cut-off points and is
called the "Centre Frequency" or "Resonant
Peak" value ƒr.
 At resonance for a series circuit causes the
following:
 Total Reactive impedance XT is equal to zero.
 Z = R.
 Total current (IT) is maximum.
 Phase angle is 0o.
 Quality factor (Q) is the ratio of reactance (XL or
XC) to resistance R at resonant frequency.
 Bandwidth (BW) is the ratio that used to
determine the range of frequency a resonant
circuit will be passed.

 The cut-off points are at about 70% of the

maximum output voltage. These are called the
low-frequency cutoff and high-frequency cut-off.
BW
RLC circuit as a parallel band-pass filter in shunt
across the line
 PROPERTY SERIES RLC PARALLEL RLC
Resonant Frequency

Voltage Across R maximum at fR constant = V0

Current Through R constant = V0/R minimum at fR

Bandwidth

Impedance below Resonance Capacitive Inductive

Impedance above Resonance Inductive Capacitive

Effect of changing R increasing R increases BW increasing R decreases BW

Effect of changing L/C increasing L/C decreases BW increasing L/C increases BW

ACTIVE FILTER
 No inductor
 Made up of Op-Amps, resistor and capacitors.
 Generally much easier to design.
 High input impedance prevent excessive loading
of the driving source.
 Low output impedance prevents the filter from
being affected by the load.
 At high frequencies is limited by the gain-
bandwidth of the Op-Amps.
 Easy to adjust over a wide frequency range
without altering the desire response.
ACTIVE SINGLE POLE LOW PASS
FILTER
 Non-inverting unity gain, AV

 Cut-off frequency:

 Non-inverting with voltage

gain,AV

 Inverting with voltage gain

ACTIVE SECOND ORDER POLE
LOW PASS FILTER

 In second order filter, the circuit voltage gain and cut-off

frequency are the same with first order filter except that the
filter response drops faster with 40dB/decade compares
with first order in 20dB/decade.
ACTIVE SINGLE POLE HIGH PASS
FILTER  Non-inverting unity gain, A V

 Non-Inverting with voltage

gain

 Inverting with voltage gain

ACTIVE TWO POLE HIGH PASS
FILTER
ACTIVE BAND PASS FILTER

 The center frequency,

 The quality factor,