Conditions for Distortionless Transmission

 Transmission is said to be distortion less if the

input and output have identical wave shapes
within a multiplicative constant.
 A delayed output that retains the input
waveform is also considered distortion less.
Thus in distortion-less transmission, the input
x(t) and output y(t) satisfy the condition:
y(t) = Kx(t - ) (1)
where  is the delay time and k is a constant.
 Computing the Fourier Transform of (1) we
obtain
Y(w) = KX(w)e-jw (2)
The magnitude and phase response of (2) is
given by 1
 |H(w)| = K and (w) = -w = -2f 
These are plotted in the following figure.
|H(w)| (w)
K
w w

-w
Amplitude response Phase response

A physical transmission system may have amplitude and

phase responses such as those shown below:

|H(w)| (w)

w
w
2
Ideal Filters
Filter: A very general term denoting any system
whose output is a specified function of its input.
Frequency Selective Filters: Low-Pass, High-Pass,
Band-Pass, Band-Stop.
Ideal Low-Pass Filter: An ideal low-pass filter passes all
Signal components having frequency less than ww radian
per second with no distortion and completely attenuates
signal components having frequencies greater than wc Hz.
|H(w)|

w
-wc wc
(w)
w
3
Ideal High-Pass Filter:
An ideal High-Pass filter passes all signal
components greater than ww radian per second
with no distortion and completely attenuates
signal components having frequencies less than
ww radian per second.
|H(w)|

w
-wc wc
(w)

4
Ideal Band pass Filter:
An ideal Band stop filter passes all signal
components having frequencies in a band of B
centered at the frequency w0 with no distortion
and completely attenuates signal components
having frequencies outside this band.

-w0 w0

5
Ideal Band stop Filter:
An ideal Band stop filter is defined in the
following figure:
|H(w)|

(w)

6
 Characteristics of Practical Frequency
Selective Filters
1 = passband ripple
2 = Stopband ripple
wc = wp= passband
1+1 edge frequency.
1-1 ws = stopband edge
frequency.
Passband
2 ripple

wp ws

7
 Analogue Filters:
The Low-Pass Butterworth Approximation:
A Low-pass Butterworth filter has the amplitude
response
1
| H b ( jw ) | (1)
1  (w / w c ) 2N

where n  1 is the filter order and the subscript b

denotes the Butterworth filter. wc is the cutt-off
frequency of the filter.
It is obvious from equation (1) that the Butterworth filter
is an all Pole filter (i.e. N poles but no zeros).

8
 |Hb(w)|

The magnitude response of a Butterworth

1
filter of order 1, 2, 3 and 4. Cutt-off
Frequency is 1 radian per second.

N=1

N=4 N=2
N=3
0
0 2 4 6 8 w 9
 The poles of a Butterworth filter can be computed
as follows: From (1)

2 1
H b ( jw ) 
1  w / w c 
2N or

1
H (s )H (  s )  N
 
1 s
2
2 
 w c 

The poles of the filter are the roots of the denominator, i.e.
 s2 1
j( 2 k 1 )  / N
2
 (  1) N
 e , or
wc
j 2 k  1  N
 or
s  w e
2 2
c
j / 2 j( 2 k 1 )  / 2 N
s k  w ce e , k = 0,1,2,…., N-1 (2)
10
 Example1: Derive the transfer function
of a first-order Butterworth filter. The
cut-off frequency is 1 radian per second.
Solution: The poles of a first-order Butterworth
filter can be computed by putting k=0 and N =
1 in equation (2). i.e.
s0 = wcej/2ej /2 = ej  (wc = 1)
= cos + jsin = -1 + 0 = -1
This means that the transfer function of the filter
is
1
H (s ) 
s1
11
 Example2: Repeat example 1 for a second
order Butterworth filter.
Solution: The poles of a second-order
Butterworth filter can be computed by putting
k=0, 1 and N = 2 in equation (2). i.e.
s0 = wcej/2ej /4 = ej 3/4 (wc = 1)
= cos(3/4) + jsin(3/4) = -1/2 + j1/ 2
and s1 = ej/2ej3/4 = ej5/4 = -1/2 - j1/ 2
This means that the transfer function of the filter
is H(s )  1
s  1
2
j 1
2
s  1
2
j 1
2

1 Tutorial: Repeat example 2 for a
 2 3rd and 4th order Butterworth filter.
s  2s  1
12
 Chebyshev Filter:
There are two types of Chebyshev filters:
Type1 Chebyshev Filters: These are all pole filters that
Exhibit equi-ripple behaviour in the passband and a
Monotonic characteristic in the stop band, as shown in the
following figure.

1
1/(1+2)

w
0 wp 13
Type2 Chebyshev Filter:
These filters contain both poles and zeros and
exhibit a monotonic behaviour in the passband
and an equiripple behaviour in the stopband.
The magnitude response of a typical low-pass
type 2 chebyshev filter is shown in the following
figure.
1

00 2 4 6 8 1014
The magnitude of the frequency response
characteristics of a type1 Chebyshev filter is
given by
1
H ch ( w ) 
 
1   2TN2  w 
 w p 

where  is a parameter of the filter that is related

to the ripple in the pass-band and TN(x) is the Nth
order Chebyshev polynomial defined as
 cos(N cos 1 x), | x | 1
TN x   1
cosh( N cosh x), | x | 1
The Chebyshev polynomials can be generated by the
recursive equation
TN+1(x) = 2xTN(x) – TN-1(x), N = 1,2,… (3)
where T0(x) = 1 and T1(x) = x. From (3)
T2(x) = 2x2 – 1, T3(x) = 4x3 – 3x, and so on. 15
The filter parameter  is related to the ripple in
the passband, as shown in the figure of the
previous slide.
A relationship between passband ripple 1 and
the parameter  is given by
1 = 10log(1 + 2)
or  = (101/10 – 1)

Example3: Derive transfer function of a first-order Cheby-

Shev filter of type 1 with a unity gain and a passband ripple
of 2dB.
Solution:  = (102/10 –1) = 0.7648, T12 = (w/wc)2
1 1
| H c h (w ) |2  
1   2T12 (w / w c ) 1   2 (w / w c )2
16
 1 1
 H (s )H ( s )  
 
1   2  s 2 / w c2 1  s / w c 1  s / w c 

Therefore,
1 1 w c / 0.7648 1.3076w c
H (s )    
1  s / w c 1  0.7648s / w c s  w c / 0.7648 s  1.3076w c

Example 4: Find the transfer function for a second order

normalized (wc = 1) Chebyshev low-pass filter with unity
maximum gain and 1.5 dB of ripple in the passband.
Solution: 1 = 1.5 dB, wc = 1, 2 = 101.5/10 – 1 = 0.4125
1 1
| H ch ( jw ) |2  
1   2 T22 ( w / w c ) 2 1  0.4125T22 ( w )
1 1
 
1  0.4125( 2w  1) 1.4125  1.6502w 2  1.6502w 4
2 2

17
 1 0.6060
H ch (s)H ch ( s)  
1.4125  1.6502s 2  1.6502s 4 s 4  s 2  0.8560
 0.6060 
H ch (s)H ch ( s)   
 ( s  0.4611  j0.8442 )s  0.4611  j0.8422  

 0.6060 
 
 s  0.4611  j0.8442s  0.4611  j0.8442 
 
0.6060
H ch (s) 
s  0.4611  j0.8422s  0.4611  j0.8422
0.7785

s2  0.9222s  0.9252

Tutorial Q2: Derive the transfer function of a second order

Low-pass chebyshev filter with unity dc gain and a passband
Ripple of 2dB.
18