awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

bkHaygufomausmf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,ftrSwf(2)

bkHaygufomausmf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

bkHaygufomausmf

(EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m pmaycGifhjyKcsuftrSwf-0658)
yxrtBudrf? tkyfa&-3000
1975? Zefe0g&Dv

rsufESmzkH;yef;csD
GefYa0
bavmuf
bopf
rsufESmzkH;kduf
umvmarmifarmifvS ykHESdyfwkduf
(owfrSwfaps; 7000 usyf)
pmtkyfukd a':jrifhjrifh (NrJ-01835) ykodefykHESdyfwkdfuf?
trSwf 68? 165-vrf;? wmarG? &efukefNrdKUu ykHESdyfNyD;
a':aomif;wif (Nr-J 0452) rif;aqGpmpOf? trSwf 25? 99vrf;? uefawmfuav;? &efuek Nf rKd Uu
xkwaf 0onf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

bkHaygufomausmf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f trSwf (2)

bkHaygufomausmf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

bkHaygufomausmf

rmwdum
trSwpf Of

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/
26/
27/
28/
29/
30/
31/
32/

taMumif;t&m
pma&;ol\wkdufwGef;pm
uufpbDvufatmuf &ckdifjynf
vlrqefaom zdESdyfrI
aygufuGJvkqJ,rf;tkd;
yxrqkH;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJU
,kHaxmifaMumifrd
ArmjynfokdY csDwuf&NyD
rwAv
bkd;bkd;BuD;ewf u,fayvkdY
aiG'*Fg;
vSnf;,mOfpD;vsuf
b0oHo&m
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfaqG;aEG;jcif;
ocifoef;xGef;ESihf bkabmufus&NyD
b0wlcsif;aygif;qufMu
AkdfvfcsKyfae0if; awmfvSefa&;
tao&& uGefjrLepfoifwef;
jynfolYta&;awmfykH (qkd&S,fvpfygwD) ygwDukdxlaxmifjcif;
xD;vkdeef;vkd
tom;rJ ESvkH;jzL
tom;rJESvkH;jzL
'dkfYXmecsKyf
pifNydKifEdkifiHa&;oifwef;
&JabmfapmxGef;OD;
Akdvfa&G;yGJ0ifMuonf
vli,fnDvmcH
Oya'wGif;e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;wkdufyGJrsm;
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUESihfwkdufyGJrsm;
ocifjrukd ckd;onf
vGwfvyfa&;ESihf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
1946ckESpf rwfv 11&uf
awmuH nDvmcH
Mumtif;awmif jynfolYnDvmcH
tkd;csif;xm; tkd;csif;xd

pmrsuEf mS

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

33/
34/
35/
36/
37/
38/
39/
40/
41/
42/
43/
44/
45/
46/
47/
48/
49/
50/
51/
52/
53/
54/
55/
56/
57/
58/
59/
60/
61/
62/
63/
64/
65/
66/
67/
68/

,kwfrmaomNAdwdoQe,fcsJU
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJU
q&mawmfESihf ukdAaqG
q&mawmfvGwfNyD? usaemfvGwfNyD
jynfolY em,uq&mawmf
&efukefodkY udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU
oHwGJolykef
wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ
ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcH
vlrsm;oabmusjcif; cHae&aom ykdpwmBuD;
nDvmcHpNyD
zqyv[m tacsmiform;tzGJUbJ
awmfvSefa&;qkdwmrvG,f
OD;atmifqef; a'gyGNyD; xjyefoGm;jcif;
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;
q&mawmfOD;pdEmtzrf;cH&NyD
'kH;om;jynfolnDvmcH
ppfom; 1000 ay;yg
ppfom; 2000,lap
vkdufvHzrf;qD;aeNyD
xkdta&;rsm;ukd aqG;aEG;&ef
pifNydKiftpkd;&axmifNyD
zrf;qD;vkduf
zrf;qD;vkdufykH
vlpkcGJvkduf&jcif;
aumif;rGefvmNyD
ryl;aygif;vkd
pifNydKiftpkd;&
e,fykdifkH;ukd 0dkif;w,f
NcdrfhNcdrfhoJoJ vlxkwkdufyGJrsm;
rcHr&yfEkdifatmif emusnf;aeonfrSm
OD;pdEmukd rzrf;cifuyif
EkdifiHa&; zdeSdyfjcif;jzpfonf
tufwvDatmifqef;pmcsKyfcsKyfvmvkdY
OD;pdEmvlqkd;r[kwf
ta&;BuD;vmrnf

bkHaygufomausmf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

69/
70/
71/
72/
73/
74/
75/
76/
77/
78/
79/
80/
81/
82/
83/
84/
85/
86/
87/
88/
89/
90/
91/
92/
93/
94/
95/
96/
97/

OD;pdEmESihfwynhfrsm;vGTwf&ef
ppfwyfukd tjrefkyfodrf;&ef
tm;vkH;trSm;awGcsnf;bJ
trSefukdajymyg
vufeufxkwfray;bl;vm;
tpkd;&ukd rD;xkd;ay;vkdY
tjypfr&SdwJholawG tvum;aoaew,f
awmfvSefa&;pdwfawG jyif;xefaew,f
tpkd;&pGyfpGJovkd
jyifopfvli,fukd AD,uferfuawmif;yefowJh
wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfodkY
BudKwifjyifqifrI
ajymufusm;enf;qifcJhaom
&EykdpmcsKyfwGif
&mZ0ift&
ukd,fhjynfukd ukd,fxlaxmifrS
yxr&nf&G,fcsuf
&ckdifoD;jcm;e,fawmif;wJhtajc
xl;jcm;csuf
1947ck ESpfv,facwf tajctaersm;
rkefwkdif;xefaomacwf
a&TawmifwkdufyGJ
Mumtif;awmifwkdufyGJ
qkwfcGga&;ppf
rkdif 250 c&D;Murf;csDwufyGJ
awmiSufaysmyifjzifh toufquf
olwkdYwyfzGJU rsufarSmufrSxGufayguf
&ckdifwkdif; Auyvufeufcs
jynfolY&Jabmf\ yfydwfwkdufyGJ

bkHaygufomausmf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

bkHaygufomausmf

pma&;ol\ wkdufwGef;pm
ckESpfESpf av;vausmf EkdifiHa&;txdef;odrf;cH&NyD; 1972ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 23&ufaeYwGif
usaemf tif;pdefaxmifrS vGwfcJhygonf/ rwfv 3&ufaeY ppfawGNrdKU usaemfwkdYaetdrfwGif
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvkyfonf frSpNyD; vli,fpmayorm;rsm;ESihf &if;ESD;oGm;&onf/ txyfxyf'l;wkduf
aqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfoGm;&onf/ ,if;vli,f pmayorm;rsm;ESifhwuG vkyfazmform;rsm;? &Jabmfrsm;\
0kid ;f 0ef;wku
d w
f eG ;f Mujcif;aMumifh aoG;wk;d a&m*gESifh ESv;Hk a&m*gpGu
J yfaeonfb
h 0rSaeNy;D acwforkid ;f wGif
tkwfwpfcsyfrQ jzpfa&;twGuf &ckdifjynfwGif NAdwdoQe,fcsJU zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;jzpf&yfrsm;ukd
usaemftajccHNy;D a&;om;cJyh gonf/ awmfveS af &;c&D;0,f trnfjzihf pmtkyw
f pftyk x
f w
k af 0cJyh gonf/
usaemf\awmfveS af &;c&D;0,fpmtkyu
f dk Akv
d w
f axmifowif;pmrS Ekid if aH &;t& OD;ode;f azjrihf
a0zefonf/ owif;pmrsm;wGif pmtkyfopfa0zefa&;cef;rSvnf; bufpkH? a'gifhpkHa0zefjcif; jyKvkyfMu
onf/ ESpfOD;csif;a0zefa&;jyKaom&Jabmfrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ rukefcrf;Ekdifaom EkdifiHa&;ynmukd
&moufyef qnf;yl;avhvmvkdaom usaemf\EkdifiHa&;cH,lcsuftwkdif; a0zefcsufrsm;ukd 0rf;ajrmuf
&Tifvef;aom ESvkH;om;jzihf usaemfykdufaxG;vkdufygonf/
vlwef;pm;vTmaygif;pkrH S yk*Kd vrf sm;ESiw
fh uG &Jabmfrsm; aoabmfaozufrsm;u aemufwufwJG
a&;&ef tm;wufoa&m wkdufwGef;MujyefNyD/ vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 30cefYu usaemf\EkdifiHa&;tbd
"rm (IDEOLOGY) ESihf usaemf\EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m; (THEORY) ukd usaemfuGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jyefvnfawG;
awm &csurf sm;vnf; &S\
d / vk;H 0awG;awmr&csurf sm;vnf; &Srd nf/ xkt
Yd wl usaemfjzwfoef;cJah om
aowGi;f aoaygufrsm;ESifh vufawGUvkyu
f idk cf chJ surf sm;wGiv
f nf; ,aeYwikd f usaemf\ rsupf x
d x
J ifxif
&Sm;&Sm; jrifae&csurf sm;vnf;&So
d nf/ 0kid ;f w0g;jrifae&csurf sm;vnf; &So
d nf/ ,if;aMumifh usaemfEiS fh
aowGif;aoaygufxJrS toufraobJ usef&pfaom&Jabmfrsm;xH usaemfcsOf;uyfonf/ usaemfESifh
aowGi;f aoaygufxw
J iG f Edik if aH &;? ppfa&;? pnf;k;H a&;wku
Yd kd oufpeG BYf uKd ;yrf;vkycf MhJ uaom &Jabmfrsm;
&maygif;axmifaomif; rsm;pGm&SdMuonf/ okdYaomf aoabmfaobufwkdif;ESihf usaemf rawGUqkHEkdif/
usaemfvufvrS ;f rDorQ&aJ bmfrsm;xHrS usaemfEiS t
fh wl vkyu
f idk cf MhJ ucsurf sm;ukd usaemfa&;rSw,
f o
l nf/
OD;omausmf (,ck0efBu;D ) OD;armifped v
f (S ,ck ausmif;q&m)? OD;oef;pdef (Ekid if aH wmfaumifpt
D zGUJ 0ifEiS fh
jrefrmhq&dk ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwDXmecsKyf twGi;f a&;rSL; 2)? OD;omausm(f Akv
d rf LS ; ,ck qifrvku
d o
f abFm
usif; TGefMum;a&;rSL;)? OD;vSjzLoH(,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f jynfolYaumifpDOu|)? OD;uHBuD; (,ck
ausmif;q&m)? OD;bk;d EG,(f ,ckaqmufvyk af &; trIxrf;)? OD;a&TausmOf ;D (armfueG ;f yxrqif?h ,cka&Tjym;
&yfuu
G jf ynfoal umifpOD u|)? OD;,ufao;atmif ponfu
h saemf\vkyaf z:ukid zf ufrsm;uvnf; olwYdk
rSwfrdorQukd usaemfhtm;ajymjyMuygonf/
pmay0goemygaom
wu o d k v f a usmif ; om;
ES p f O D ; ok H ; OD ; uvnf ;
,cifowif;pma[mif;rsm;wGif ygcJah om usaemfwEYdk iS o
fh ufqidk af omtcsut
f vufrsm;ukd usaemft
h m;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

bkHaygufomausmf

pkaqmif;ay;jcif;jyKMuygonf/ usaemfu,
dk w
f idk u
f vnf; tyifyef;cHNy;D ,cifowif;pma[mif;rsm;ESifh
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS usaemfwkdY ESihfoufqkdifcJhaom tcsuftvufrsm;ukd pkaqmif;ygonf/ odkYjzpf
pmtkyfonf EkdifiHa&;xdef;odrf; cHb0rS usaemfvGwfvQif vGwfcsif; usaemf uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf
rSwrf ad om Ekid if aH &;oabmw&m;ESifh vufawGUaqmif&u
G cf chJ surf sm;ukd tajccHxm;Ny;D a&;om;cJah om
]]awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f}}pmtkyfxuf tcsuftvufrsm; jynhfpkHygrnf/ odkYaomf pmtkyfonf
acwforkdif;wGif jynhfpkHaompmtkyfrjzpfEkdifyg/
awmfveS af &;ESifh 'Gew
f aJG eaom aowGi;f aoaygufrsm;xJwiG f usaemfEiS t
fh wl Ekid if aH &;? ppfa&;?
pnf;k;H a&;rsm;ukd vkyu
f idk af qmif&u
G cf o
hJ rl sm; &maygif;rsm;pGm&Scd o
hJ nf/ odaYk omf taMumif;aMumif;rsm;
aMumifh ,aeYxv
dk rl sm;ESifh usaemfrawGUqkEH idk /f usaemfvufvrS ;f rDorQ &Jabmfrsm;xHro
S m vkyu
f idk af qmif
&Gucf chJ surf sm;ukd usaemf&,lEidk o
f nf/ vufwpfqyk pf mrQom&Sad om usaemfww
Ydk pkonf? awmfveS af &;
ykid &f iS rf sm;? acwforkid ;f ykid &f iS rf sm;vnf; r[kwMf uyg/ &ckid v
f yk o
f m;jynforl sm;omvQif acwforkid ;f ykid &f iS f
ppf? ykid &f iS rf eS rf sm;jzpfMuygonf/ olwo
Ydk mvQif orkid ;f acwfudk a&;om;zefw;D aeolrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
,if;tjyif &ckdifjynfawmfvSefa&;toD;oD;ukd um,uHajrmufvkyfukdifaqmif&GufcJhMuaom
acgif;aqmifaygif;rsm;pGmvnf; ,aeYwkdif touf&Sifvsuf&SdaeMuao;onf/ xkdyk*dKvfrsm;uvnf;
rdrw
d aYkd wGUBuKH jzwfoef;cJah om trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;acwfrS ,aeYacwfxd a&;om;p&mrsm;ukd a&;om;
MurSomvQif &ckdifacwforkdif;ukd jynhfpkHpGm zwfIa0zefEdkifrnfjzpfygonf? usaemfukd,fwkdifvnf;
awmfveS af &;acwftoD;oD;wGif tawGUtBuKH &ifrh mpGm vkyu
f idk cf ahJ omyk*Kd vrf sm;ESifh Ed idI ;f Ny;D &cdifk af cwf
orkid ;f ukd jyKpv
k adk om qEtmoDo ckid rf mpGm&So
d nf/ odaYk omf taMumif;rsm;aMumifh usaemf OD;raqmif
Ekdifyg/
,if;aMumifh a0zefp&m? jznfph u
G pf &m? jyifqifp&mrsm;jzifh jynhv
f QaH ernfh pmtkyaf &;om;ol
usaemft
h m; wa&G;om;rQ mwmaxmufxm;jcif;rjyKb?J a&'D,Edk iS w
fh uG owif;pm? *sme,f? r*Zif;rsm;
rS qJa&;wkdif;xGma0zefa&;rSpNyD; ESpfukd,fMum;a0zefa&;xd BudKufESpfoufovkd a0zefjcif;jyKMuyg&ef
tEl;tGww
f u
dk w
f eG ;f ygonf/ rukecf rf;Edik af om Ekid if aH &;ynm&yfrsm;ukd &moufyef qnf;yl;avhvm&ef
t"d|mefjyKxm;aom usaemft
h zku
Yd m; qJqadk 0zefa&;rS ESpu
f ,
fdk Mf um;a0zefa&;txd a0zefa&;[lorQudk
tNyHK;rysufaomESvkH;om;jzihf ay;orQynmukd oifMum;,loGm;rnfom jzpfygonf/
usaemfhtaejzihf EkdifiHa&;ukd ,kHMunfcsuftjynfht0jzihf vkyfukdifaqmif&Guf\/ ,if;aMumifh
Edik if aH &;ESiyhf wfoufvmvQif aop&m&Sv
d Qiv
f nf; aemufrwGe/Yf ajymp&m&Sv
d Qiv
f nf; rwGew
Yf /dk a&;p&m
&Sv
d Qiv
f nf; pif;pif;rwfrwfa&;onf/ ,ckusaemfjzwfoef;cJch surf sm;xJrS 1945-ck Zefe0g&Dv yxr
ywfrS trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&; r&rSu
D mv (1948-ck? Zefe0g&Dv 4&uf) rwkid rf u
D mvxd jzpf&yfrsm;ukd
pif;pif;rwfrwfa&;ygonf/ usaemf\tao;tzGm; yk*Kd vaf &;&m trSm;trSerf sm;rS orkid ;f wGiEf idk o
f nfh
trSm;trSefrsm;ukdvnf; usaemfrzkH;uG,f/ 'kd;'kd;a'gifa'gifyif a&;vkdufygonf/ usaemfhwGif rnfonfhf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

bkHaygufomausmf

tkypf k rnfonfyh *k Kd vw
f pfO;D wpfa,mufurdk Q tmCmw vk;H 0OkrH &Syd g/ acwforkid ;f jzpf&yfreS rf sm;ESifh
acwforkdif;wGif tk|fwpfcsyf&a&;twGuf &nfrSef;csufrSty tjcm;r&Sdyg/
1945-47ckESpfrsm;twGif;u &ckdifjynf tif;qJcHvlxkBuD;onf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukd
rdrdtoufpnf;pdrfjzihf zvS,f&eftoifh&SdcJh\/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukdvkdeDuRefb0rS vufeufpGJukdif
awmfvSefa&;jzihf tvGwfkef;xGuf&ef toifhjzpfaecJh\/ odkYjzpf&onfrSm u,fwif&SifESihf
vlpGrf;aumif; wpfOD;p ESpfOD;p zefwD;r[kwf/ uwfpbD(NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&;) acwfu ukdvkdeD
uReb
f 0odYk ZmwfoiG ;f &ef NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfu BuKd ;yrf;jcif;aMumifh vlrqefpmG i;f yef;ESyd pf ufru
I kd
&ckdifjynfolrsm; tjynhft0 cHcJh&onf/ ,if;aMumifh &ckdifvkyfom;jynfolrsm; ukdvkdeDxrf;ykd;atmufrS
vGwaf &;twGuf ke;f uef&if; jywfom;&J0phH mG acgif;aqmifrI ay;Edik af omyk*Kd vrf sm;? ygwDtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
ESihf aygif;pnf;rdaomtcg nDGwfaomtiftm;tjynfhjzihf tkH<uawmfvSefa&;jzpfay:vmcJh&onf/
okjYd zpf awmfveS af &;jrpfzsm;cH&m uufpbDacwf &ckid jf ynfrt
S pysK;d Ny;D usaemft
h m; a&;om;cGijhf yKyg&ef
tEk;tGwfarwm&yfcHygaMumif;/
xm0pOf Nidrf;csrf;om,m0ajyma&;okdY
bkHaygufomausmf
1974-ck? arv 8-&uf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

10

bkHaygufomausmf

bkHaygufomausmf
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f -2

uufpbDvufatmuf &ckdifjynf
vlrqefaom zdESdyfrI
tar&duef? qkAd ,
D uf,el ,
D pH aom urm'h rD u
dk a&pD wyfaygif;pkxw
J iG f NAw
d o
d QEidk if yH g0ifco
hJ nf/
twvefww
d pf mcsKy?f wD[m&HpmcsKy?f qefz&Hqpfpukpd mcsKyrf sm; csKyq
f &dk mwGiv
f nf; NAw
d o
d QEidk if yH g0ifchJ
onf/
,if;pmcsKyfrsm;wGif urmppfBuD;'Pfukd ESpfBudrfwkdif rsuf&nfpufrsm;jzihf 'PfcHbl;NyDjzpfaom
vlom;tEG,t
f m; aemufxyfurmppfBu;D rjzpfatmif u,fwif&rnf/ vlt
Y ajccHw&m;rsm;ukd apmiho
f &d
rnf/ Nird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf aemufxyfurmppfBu;D rjzpfymG ;a&;twGuf Nird ;f csr;f a&;jrwfE;kd aom Bu;D i,fra&G;
Edik if w
H idk ;f tm; vGwv
f yfa&;ESihf Nird ;f csr;f a&;twGuf tmrcHcsu&f &dS rnf/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlraI &; tmrcH
csuf&Sd&rnf/ emZD*kdPf;ukd acsrIef;okwfoifNyD; aemufxyfusL;ausmfa&;ppfrJhaom vGwfvyfaomEkdifiH
om;rsm;jzihf urmt
h zGUJ tpnf;ukd Nird ;f csr;f a&;jrwfE;kd aom Bu;D i,fra&G; tpk;d &rsm;jzh ihf Nird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf
vkHNcHKa&;twGuf tjrefqkH; zGJUpnf;xlaxmif&rnf[laom tcsufrsm; yg&Sdonf/
1944 ckEpS u
f ek cf efu
Y yif zufqpf*syeftm; tk<H uaom? pnf;k;H aom &ckid jf ynforl sm;u vufeuf
pGJukdifawmfvSefvkdufMuojzif 1945 ck Zeffe0g&Dv yxrywfwGif &ckdifjynf\NrdKUawmf ppfawGNrdKUukd
NAdwdoQwkdY tvG,fwul odrf;ykdufEdkifoGm;onf/
1945 ck rwfvwGifum; &ckdifwpfjynfvkH; NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&; (uufpbD) vufatmufodkY
a&mufoGm;cJhavNyD/
vlYtajccHw&m;rsm;ukd apmihfodkdaoygrnf/ EkdifiHBuD;i,fra&G; vGwfvyfa&;ESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf tmrcHcsuf&Sd&rnf/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIa&;ukd ulnDrnf/ aemufxyfurmppfBuD; rjzpfyGm;a&;
twGuf vlom;tEG,ftm; u,fwifrnf[laom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;ESifh pmcsKyfrsm;ukd csKyfqkdcJhaom
NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfrsm;onf NAw
d o
d QEikd if w
H iG f tmPmvuf&dS jzpfaeaom uGeq
f maA;wpfygwD acgif;aqmif
eef;&if;0ef csmcst
D pk;d &tzGUJ \ TeG Mf um;csut
f wkid v
f m;rod/ &ckid jf ynfov
l x
l t
k m; ukv
d edk b
D 0odYk twif;
qGcJ so9nf/ vufeuftm;uk;d jzihf tMurf;zufErdS ef if;onf/ &ckid jf ynfov
l x
l o
k nf rdrw
d t
Ydk m; ESpaf ygif;
wpf&mausmf ukdvkdeDuRefb0okdY oGwfoGif;jcJhaom NAdwdoQrsm;ukd ,cifuvnf; r,kHMunf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

11

bkHaygufomausmf

NAdwdoQe,fcsJUonf ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmf &ckdifjynftm; aumif;usKd;ray;cJh/ &ckdifjynf NrdKUjy

wpfcsKdUwGif qefpufESifh opfpuftenf;i,fom&Sd\/ &ckdifjynfESihf qDavsmfaom pufrIvufrIrsm;?
puft
Hk vkyf rHk sm;ukd xlaxmifray;cJ/h tdrw
f iG ;f pufrv
I ufrv
I yk if ef;[lvnf; r,fr,f&& r&S/d rif;jym;
NrKd Ue,f oa,Gacsmif;wGif puLpufBu;D wnfaqmufum NAw
d o
d Qt&if;&Sief ,fcsUJ u aoG;pkw&f efBuKd ;pm;
cJo
h nf/ NAw
d o
d Qt&if;&Si\
f aoG;pkwrf u
I dk rvkv
d m;aom &ckid w
f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m wkid ;f &if;om;tpnf;tk;H
ESihf ausmif;om;rsm; or*vli,frsm;u ppfawGNrdKUwGif jynfolYqEjyyGJBuD;jzihf uefYuGufvkdufojzifh
NAdwdoQt&if;&SifwkdY aemufqkwfoGm;cJhMuonf/ &ckdifkd;rawmifwef;&SnfwpfavQmufrS rkd;a&*gvH
oef;aygif;rsm;pGm yifv,fxJodkY tv[pD;qif;oGm;&onf/
qnfajrmif;wmwrHrsm; xlaxmifray;/ odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom &ckdifv,form;rsm;tm;
wpfESpfwoD;pm; pepfjzifh ZmrD'gajr&SifBuD;rsm;\ zdESdyfrIatmufwGife xm;cJhonf/ tpkd;& t*Fvdyfjrefrm txufwef;ausmif; (10wef;ausmif;)ukd &ckid jf ynf NrKd Ujy[lorQwiG f xlaxmifay;Ekid af omfvnf;
xlaxmifray;cJ/h ppfawGNrKd U? ausmufjzLNrKd U? oHwNJG rKd UwGio
f m txufwef;ausmif;wpfcsKUd ukd xlaxmifay;
cJh\/
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tkycf sKyaf &;pepf wnfNraJ &;twGuf pma&;? pmcsrD sm;ukd arG;xkw&f ef uReyf nmoif
Mum;cGihfom&Sd\/ aq;ausmif;? pufrIausmif;[l wpfausmif;yifr&SdcJh/ jynfolYaq;kHvnf; &ckdifjynf
tjcm;NrdKUrsm;wGif emrnfom&Sdonf/ q&m0efvnf;r&Sd? aq;vnf;r&Sd? ppfawGNrdKU? ausmufjzLNrdKUESihf
oHwGJNrdKUrsm;wGifom twGif;vlemrsm;ukd vufcHukoEkdifaom jynfolYaq;kHwpfkHpD&SdMu\/
tqrwef opfawm0g;awmrsm; ayg<u,f0aom&ckdifjynfwGif tdrfBuD;&cdkifjzihfaeEdkifol
ig;&mckdifEIef;om&Sd\/ ZmrD'gajr&SifBuD;rsm;? qefpufopfpufykdif&Sifrsm;ESihf vufwpfqkyfpmrQaom
ukefonf? qkdifonf? yGJpm;rsm;um; <u,f0csrf;omMu\/ q,fa,mufrjynhfaom ZmrD'gajr&SifBuD;
rdom;pkum; usdwfusdwfwuf"eOpmjynhfpkH\/ &ckdif tvkyform;? v,form;ESihf vufvkyfvufpm;
vkyo
f m;jynforl sm;um; qif;&JwiG ;f eufMuonf/ rGaJ wMuonf/ acwfrpSD moifausmif;rsm;wGif ynm
roifMum;Ekid Mf u? acwfrjDS ynfoaYl q;krH sm;wGif aq;0g;rukoEkid Mf u/ pufrv
I ufrt
I wwfynmukv
d nf;
roifEidk f rwwfEikd Mf uay/ &ckid w
f pfrsK;d om;vk;H tm; pufrv
I ufrt
I wwfynmESifh acwfrpDS mayoifMum;
ray;bJ qif;&JwGif;euf oufwrf;aphrae&atmif jyKvkyfxm;kHjzihf ra&mifh&Jaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
onf &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH;\ tkH<uawmfvSefrIukd wm;qD;a&;twGuf 1942ckESpfwGif vlrsKd;a&;
t"dukP;f ukd rD;arT;ay;onf/ rQ&ufpuf,w
k rf maom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfudk &cdik jf ynforl sm; rarhEidk f
Muao;/
vlt
Y ajccHtcGit
fh a&;rsm;? Nird ;f csr;f a&;ESifh vGwv
f yfa&;rsm;ukd a<u;aMumfum r[mrdwt
f a&NcKH
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUonf ppfawGNrdKUukd odrf; &ufowwpfywfr&SdrDuyif olYZmwdkyfukd jyaeNyD/ 1944

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

12

bkHaygufomausmf

ck 'DZifbmvwGif zufqpf*syefrsm;tm; awmfveS af &; pwifMuonfEiS w

fh pfNyKd ief uf usaemfwm0efay;
a&SUwef;a&mufoGm;aom ukdvSxGef;ausmfonf ukdausmfom(,ck ppfawGNrdKU jrefrmha&eHaumfykda&;&Sif;
k;H tky)f wkEYd iS fh yl;aygif; ppfawGNrKd UrS qkwcf mG vmaom *syefuifaywdik f ppfwyfudk uHacsmif;&GmteD;wGif
Mum;jzwfwkdufyGJqifMuonf/
taocHzufqpf*syef ppfAv
dk ?f ppfom; 300cefu
Y dk vufwpfqyk pf m&Sad om olww
Ydk u
dk cf u
dk
f r&Ekid ?f
,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrKd Utm; odr;f yku
d pf jzpfaeaom r[mrdwrf sm;xH tultnDawmif;&ef ukad usmo
f m
ESio
fh o
l nf ppfawGNrKd Uodv
Yk mMu\/ ppfawGNrKd UwGif ukv
d x
S eG ;f ausmf tzrf;cH&onf/ NAw
d o
d Qtm; vufeuf
qGJukdifawmfvSefx<ucJhaom ukdvSxGef;ausmftm; EdkifiHawmfopmazmufrI? vlowfrI paomyk'fxD;?
yk'rf trsK;d rsK;d rGr;f rHpcJG suw
f ifum csKyaf ESmifxm;avawmh\/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ axmifacsmufxo
J Ykd udv
k x
S eG ;f
ausmf OD;OD;zsm;zsm;usqif;oGm;\/
1945-ck rwfvwGif zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; &ckdifjynfwGif NyD;pD;oGm;avNyD/ zufqpf*syef
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;xHrS vufeufrsm;ukd NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfu odr;f ,lomG ;avNy/D OD;ynmoD[wkt
Yd m;
tdEd,jynfodkY tvnftywf<uvm&ef zdwfac:onf/ ppfav,mOfjzihf OD;ynmoD[wkdYtm;
umvuwm;NrdKUodkY yifhzdwfoGm;onf/
&ufowESpfywfcefYwGif OD;ynmoD[tm; ppfav,mOfay:wGifowf *kHeDtdwfwGifxnfh
yifv,fxJokdY ypfcscJhNyD[k NAdwdoQppfzufESihf e,fzufyk*dKvfrsm;u yg;pyfjzihf ae&mtESHYaMujim&if;
pDpOfxm;onft
h wkid ;f q&mawmf OD;em&'? OD;ode;f ausmaf tmif? OD;armife?D OD;ausmv
f OS ;D ? OD;armifausmZf ?H
OD;Mumatmif? OD;owk;d OD;? OD;ausmjf r( ,ck AuyA[kad umfrw
D )D paom emrnfBu;D yk*Kd vrf sm;ukd wpfNyKd if
wnf;zrf;onf/
jrefrmrsKd;cspfwyfOD;vnfqGJ wHqdyf&Sdonfh zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
aemufvu
dk rf sm;ukd tpkvu
dk f tcJvu
dk f qufvufzrf;qD;onf/ tzrf;qD;cH&olrsm;onf vlt
Y cGit
fh a&;
&olwpfOD;rQ ryg&Sd/ vlpOfrrSDatmif vlrqefaomenf;rsKd;pkHjzihf Of;qJESdyfpufjcif;ukd cH&onf/
tzrf;cH&aom jrefrmrsKd;cspfwyfOD; vnfqGJwHqdyf&Sdaom &Jabmfrsm;ukd tpma&pmrauR;bJ
aexGufrSae0ifxd aeylvSrf;onf/ ajcukdcsnfaESmifNyD; wGJvGJaZmufxkd;qGJxm;onf/ vufESpfzufukd
csnfaESmifxm;NyD; ckwfarmif;aeaom armfawmfa&,mOfay:rS a&xJuefcsjcif;? q,f,ljcif;jyKonf/
ptkdxJ ylavmifaom MuufOrsm;ukd tm;yg;w&oGif;onf/ ppfbdeyfpD;NyD; &ifbwfay:odkY ckefwufckef
qif;jyKonf/ ajcovkH;ukd rsOf;vkH;jzihf tm;ukefvSdrfhonf/ vufrsm;ajcrsm;ukd csnfaESmifxm;NyD;
wpfaeukef wpfaecrf;ku
d o
f nf/ vufeufyek ;f rsm; azmfxw
k af &;[laom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfvrf;pOf
onf zrf;xm;olrsm;tm; vlrqefpmG O;f qJjHk zifh rauseyf/ zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &; t&Sed t
f [kef
aMumifh pnf;k;H nDw
G pf mG jzihf tk<H uvsu&f adS om &ckid jf ynfoEl iS hf &ckid af wmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ukd csK;d ESrd &f ef

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

13

bkHaygufomausmf

&nf&G,fum aus;&Gmrsm;okdY NAdwdoQppfwyf? ykvdyfwkdY tvkH;t&if;jzifh qif;Muonf/ &GmpOfavQmuf

a&TaiGypnf;rsm;ukd vk,ufMuonf/ &GmvkH;uRwfrD;IdUMuonf/ zrf;qD;kdufESufMuonf/ tysKdttkd
ra&G; t&G,rf a&mufoyl g csr;f omcGirhf ay;bJ &Gmvk;H cs
D rk'ed ;f usiyhf rJG sm;ukd &ufa&mpGmjyKvyk Mf uonf/
ajrcGefajrqDcrsm;udk tMurf;zufawmif;,lMuonf/ *syefacwfwavQmufwGif uRJnDaemiftrnf&Sd
NAw
d o
d Qavwyfav,mOfrsm; pufaoewfBucJ saeonfah tmufrS toufpeG NYf y;D xGe,
f uf pkaqmif;cJah om
olwv
Ydk ufx&J dS *syefaiGpuLrsm;? kww
f &ufrw&m;aiGpuLb0odYk ajymif;oGm;&&m ay;p&mvnf; aiGr&S?d
ajy;p&mvnf; ajrr&Sad om &ckid v
f ,form;rsm;? ajrcGeaf jrqDcd ray;Ekid /f NAw
d o
d Qppfwyf? ykvyd w
f yfw\
Ydk
tMurf;zufzEd ydS rf 'I Pfudk tvl;tvJcMH u&\/ zufqpf*syefudk awmfveS v
f Qif trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;
&rnf[k &nfrSef;cJhaom &ckdifawmifolv,form;xk\b0um; bmrQrxl;/ *syefzufqpf\ae&mukd
tpm;0if,al om NAw
d o
d QtoQio
f cif\ ppfbed yfatmufwiG f jym;jym;0yf&awmhrnf/ jrefrmEkid if t
H m;
jyefvnfuRejf yKv[
dk ef&adS om uGeq
f maA;wpfacgif;aqmif csmcst
D pk;d &onf &So
d rQ tMurf;zufrt
I rsL;d pkH
jzihf &ckdifjynfolESifh &ckdifawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;ukd tzufzufrS xkd;ppfqifavawmh\/
yk
d yk
d qk;d 0g;aom tajctaersm;okYd qku
d af &mufatmif NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ykqed f ;dk rsm;u vrf;xGif
ay;onf/ rD;avmifavyifhvkyfay;onf/ zufqpf*syefacwfu ae&mr&&SdcJhaom t&m&Sdqkd;rsm;ESihf
ykvyd q
f ;dk rsm;onf ]]igwkw
Yd pfvn
S hf uavmifuidk rf ,f? rif;wkw
Yd pfvn
S hf xGe;f wk;H ukid Mf u}}[k ryg;eyfonfY
Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifwpfO;D p ESpOf ;D p\ajympum;ukd toJpeJG mcsuaf umufNy;D uReZf mwfoiG ;f aeonhf
NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfrsm;ESit
fh wl uk,
d af &mpdwyf gvIu
d v
f pJS mG zdeydS Mf u\/ NAw
d o
d Qppfwyftm; enf;ay;vrf;jyjyK
Mu\/ igwkdYt&Sifocif zufqpf*syef\ ae&mwGif aer0iftifyg,m ykdif&SifNAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpm;
0ifa&mufavonf/ vlrqefpGm Murf;MuKwf&ufpufpGm zdESdyfaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;tm;
wGe;f vSeaf wmfveS &f if; &ckid jf ynforl sm;\ BuKd ;yrf;tm;xkwrf o
I nf w&m;aom? obm0usaom ed,mr
w&m;yifr[kwfygavm/

aygufuGJvkqJ,rf;tkd;
q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[ukd ppfav,mOfay:wGif owf *keH t
D w
d x
f o
J iG ;f um yifv,fxyJ pfcschJ
avNy[
D k NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ uufpbDwYdk 0g'jzefo
Y nf/ wcsed w
f nf;vkv
d dk q&mawmfO;D em&'(aygufawmNrKd U
ausmif;xkid q
f &mawmfBu;D OD;em&')ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd tpkvu
dk t
f cJvu
dk f zrf;qD;onf/ &maygif;rsm;
pGmaom zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ukd qufvufzrf;qD;onf/ vlrqefpGm Of;qJonf/
wcsKdUukd BudK;'Pf 2xyfuGrf;? 3xyfuGrf;xd ay;&Sdxm;onf/ &GmvkH;uRwf rD;IdY? &GmvkH;uRwf rk'def;usifh?
&Gmvk;H uRwf vk,ufyrJG sm;ukd jyKum awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;tm; olwvligwrif; ykeu
f efx<uvm
atmif &ckid jf ynford ;f NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfu wrifwumtuGuq
f if\/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfxw
J iG f
f ufpt
f ufp\
f wefc;dk tmPmum; twkr&Sd
e,fajrvkNH cKH a&;wyf (FIELD SECURITY SERVICE) tufzt
BuD;xGGm;ae\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

14

bkHaygufomausmf

NAdwdoQe,fcsJU &ckdifodrf;ppfwyfu zdESdyfrIrsm;vmavav zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u

ckcw
H eG ;f vSe&f ef BuKd ;pm;vmavav jzpfae\/ ae&mwumwGif aygufuv
JG ,
k rf;tk;d rsm;jzihf jynhEf u
S v
f suf
&So
d nf/ olwvkd igwrif; vufeufuidk w
f u
dk yf rJG sm; rjzpfymG ;apa&;ESifh vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf rJG sm;twGuf
ArmjynfodkY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwfa&;udprsm; aqG;aEG;&ef 1945-ck {NyDvwGif usaemfESifh ukda&TausmfOD;
(armfuGef;yxrqihf? ,ck a&Tjym;&yfuGuf jynfolYaumifpDOu|)wdkY ukdkdxGef;(0efBuD;a[mif; ,ck
oHtrwfBu;D ) xHvmcJMh u\/ uk
d x
dk eG ;f ausmufawmfNrKd Ue,f vrkew
Yf pfyif&mG wGi&f adS eonf/ usaemfwYdk
aeaom avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmrS rkdif 40cefYa0;onfh vrkefwpfyif&GmokdY ajcvsifavQmufvmMuonf/
vrf;c&D;wGif MuLaysmufMum; zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;orm;rsm; vufveG af jcvGejf zpfrnfudk Mum;od&
\/ trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf zufqpf*syeftm; awmfveS af ponf/ ,ck vGwv
f yfa&;r&/ zufqpf
uJhodkY ,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQppfwyf\if;yrf;rIukd cHae&NyD/ ,if;aMumifh ausmufawmfNrdKUodkY nOfh
wdwfwqdwf0ifNyD; ta&;ygaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;ESihfwuG EkdifiHa&;orm;wcsKdUESihf yvdyf
tifpywfawmf OD;atmifbak cswu
Ydk dk owfNy;D awmck&d ef pDpOfaeMuonf[k Mum;od&\/ ,if;aMumifh
usaemfwkdY vrkefYwyif&GmodkY wkdufkdufroGm;bJ MuLaysmufusm;acgif;aqmifrsm;&Sd&m o'gqdyf&GmodkY
wef;wef;rwfrwfoGm;Mu\/
o'gqdyfwGif AkdvfBuD;eDatmif? AkdvfpHvS? OD;pHvSabmf (ausmif;q&m)ESihf &Jabmf 30ceYfukd
awGU&onf/ olwv
Ydk pl b
k 0ukd pGev
Yf w
T &f efyidk ;f jzh wfaompdw"f mwfjzihf tvGet
f MuL; t&ufaomufaeMu
Ny/D NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukd tcJraMu/ aocsiaf oyap/ &rf;um;csio
f vkd &rf;um;rnfh tajcqk;d ukad wGU&onf/
usaemfwdkYESpfOD;ukd olwkdYt&ufjzifh BudKqkd{nfhcHonf/ &Gufzsifukvm;xkdifwGif xkdifckdif;onf/ usnfqH
tqifoifhxkd;xm;onfrxm;onfukd rod&aom *syefkdifz,f aoewfukdif&Jabmfrsm; tNcHt&Hrsm;
atmufwiG f toufvLS xm;&onfh aqG;aEG;yGu
J dk pwifMu&onf/ olwt
Ydk vku
d s olwEYdk iS afh &mNy;D usaemf
wkt
Yd &ufaomufMuonf/ olww
Ydk ifjyaom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyftm; vufeufuidk cf ck aH wmfveS af &;ukd
rltm;jzihf usaemfwkdYvufcHonf/ vufiif;xwkduf&ef rjzpfEkdif/ jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvkH;ESihfwuG tm&S
wpfwu
dk v
f ;Hk vufiif;tm;jzihf zufqpf*syeftm; r[mrdwrf sm;u wku
d zf suaf ecsed jf zpfonfudk tpcsu
D m
urm'h rD u
dk a&pDEiS fh zufqpf0if;dk pGe;f wku
d yf \
JG Ekid if w
H umtajctaersm; jrefrmhawmfveS af &;\ vufiif;
wm0efrsm;ukd olwdkYtm; usaemfjyefvnfaqG;aEG;jyonf/ &Sif;jyonf/ zufqpf0ifkd;wef;EkdifiHrsm;
bkef;bkef;vJusoGm;onfESihfwpfNydKifeuf qkdAD,uf,leD,HESihf qkd&S,fvpftiftm;pkrsm; iGg;iGg;um;um;
jzk pf&rnft
h ajccHrsm;? urmjh ynfow
l \
Ydk 'Dru
dk a&pDatmifyrJG sm;onf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ wdx
Yk ifovkd cs,v
f ,
S f
Ekdifrnfr[kwfbJ igwkdYtrsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tcGiftvrf;omrnfwkdYukd ajymjyonf/
OD;ynmoD[tm; owfvkdufNyDqkdcsufrSm ,kwd,kwmr&Sd/ ,ck ukdkdxGef;ESifhusaemf aqG;aEG;NyD;vQif
q&mawmfOD;pdEmxHoGm;rnf/ ArmjynfodkYvnf;aumif;? tdEd,OD;odef;azjrifhokdYvnf;aumif;?

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

15

bkHaygufomausmf

uk,
d pf m;vS,v
f w
T rf nf[k &Si;f vif;wifjyum olw\
Ykd aygufuv
JG q
k J ,rf;tk;d rSpeufwu
H kd usaemfcRw,
f l
cJh\/
AkdvfMumeDatmifwdkYvlpk vufiif;vufeufpGJudkifwkdufckdufjcif;ukd rjyK/ vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJU
tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifNy;D vufiif;Ekid if aH &;wku
d yf rJG sm;jzihf ckc&H ef oabmwlMuonf/ olwv
Ykd ufeufEiS hf
&Jabmfrsm;ukd vkHNcHKaomaus;&Gmrsm;xJ cGJa0jrKyfESHxm;&efvnf; oabmwlMuonf/ zufqpf*syef
awmfveS af &;rS,aeYxd Murf;wrf;cufxefaomvkyif ef;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmifae& pdwMf urf;uk,
d f
Murf;jzpfaeaom AkdvfMumeDatmifwkdYtm; *kPfoa&&Sd vlvdrfrm EkdifiHa&;yk*dKvfBuD;rsm;xuf usaemf
,kMH unfonf/ *kPo
f a&&Sif Ekid if aH &;yk*Kd vBf u;D rsm;uJo
h Ykd ,aeY a&T reufjzef aiGvyk rf nfo
h rl sm; r[kwf
jcif;ukd usaemfwxpfcsoo
d nf/ usaemf,MHk unfouJo
h dYk olwu
Ydk wdwnfMunfMuygonf/ ausmufawmf
ae EkdifiHa&;yk*dKvfESihf ykvdyftifpyufawmf OD;armifbkacswkdYukd rowfMuyg/ awmrckdMuyg/
Akv
d Mf umeDatmifwv
Ydk pl yk if usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D tm; vrkew
Yf yif&mG &Sd uk
d x
dk eG ;f xHoYkd vku
d yf aYdk y;Muygonf/
ukdkdxGef;tm; AkdvfMumatmifwkdYESihfusaemfwkdY aqG;aEG;cJhaom Armjynf? tdEd,jynfrsm;odkY
ukd,fpm;vS,fapvTwfa&;ukd ajymjyonf/ vufiif;tm;jzihf vufeufpGJukdif aygufuGJrIr&Sd&atmif
xde;f odr;f Mua&;ukv
d nf; aqG;aEG;Muonf/ oabmwlMuonf/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESihf usaemfaqG;aEG;Ny;D
ArmjynfoYkd uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ wpfzUJG vTwaf &;twGuf olqEwn
l rD jI yKonf/ usaemfwt
Ykd m; olu,
dk w
f idk f
aygufv,f0&Gmae OD;kdvSjzihf (aemuf &ckdifwkdif; zqyvacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhaom OD;kdvSjzL)
tdrfxdvkdufykdYonf/ ,if;tdrfwGifpm;aomufMuNyD; olwkdYpDpOfay;aomavSjzihf usaemfwkdY avmif;&Snf
acsmif; &GmodYk jyefcMhJ u\/ tcsed rf jzKe;f bJ ajrmif;abGNrKd UodYk usaemfwYdk 'ke;f pkid ;f vmav\/ ajrmif;abGwiG f
ukad rmifped v
f S (,ck ausmif;q&mOD;armifped v
f )S ukd awGUonf/olt
Y m; vufiif;aygufurJG xGu&f atmif
xde;f odr;f xm;&aom aygufuv
JG ,
k rf;tk;d rsm;udpu
dk usaemf tao;pdw&f iS ;f jyonf/ usaemf,rf;tk;d rsm;
rS peufwHrsm;ukd toufay; qGJcRwf,l&tkH;rnf/ uufpbD(NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&;) vufatmuf
&ckdifjynf tajctaersm;ukd tao;pdwfwifjyEkdifa&;ESihfwuG trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUtm; jrefrmwpfjynfvkH;ESihftwl vufwGJaqmif&Guf&ef enf;vrf;&SmazGa&;wkdYtwGuf Armjynf
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; aqG;aEG;&efoloGm;oifhaMumif; usaemfaqG;aEG;jy\/ ESpfaxmif;0rf;ajrmufpGm
olvufc\
H / olEiS t
fh wl uko
d ef;pdef (,ck Ekid if aH wmfaumifpt
D zGUJ 0ifEiS fh XmecsKyf qvytwGi;f a&;rSL;
2) ukdyg ac:,loGm;rnf[kajymonf/
yxrqkH;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJU
ajrmif;abGrS av;NrdKUjrpfwpfbufurf;ukd ul;vQif yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;0Srf;odkYa&mufonf/
,if;acsmif;wk;d ae&mtESw
YH iG f zufqpfawmfveS af &;ajymufusm; Akv
d pf ed x
f eG ;f atmif aexkid Mf uonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

16

bkHaygufomausmf

olwkdYvnf; aygufuGJvkqJ ,rf;tkd;wpftkd;/ peufwHudk cRwf,l&tkH;rnf/ olwkdYxH usaemfoGm;onf/

olwdkYtm; zufqpf0ifkd;wef;*kdPf; bkef;bkef;vJusjcif;ESihf urmhEkdifiHa&;&m tajctaersm;ukdvnf;
wifjyonf/ zufqpf*syefESihf tm&Swkdufa&;&mukdvnf; ajymjyonf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;ESihf
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;c&D;pOfuv
dk nf; tao;pdwaf qG;aEG;jy\/ vufiif;vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;ukd
rjyKoif/h vufiif;vlxv
k w
l ef;pm;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; zGUJ pnf;xlaxmifjcif;ESiw
fh pfygwnf; ay;p&maiGr&Sd
aom v,form;xktm; ajrcGeaf jrqDcray;a&;ESihf vufiw
k v
f ,fajr vufrvGwaf &; vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;jzihf
pnf;k;H a&;ukv
d nf; tao;pdwaf qG;aEG;Muonf/ olwo
Ydk abmaygufMuygonf/ vufiif;vufeufjzihf
awmfveS af &;rvky[
f k ckid rf mpGmuwdjyKMuygonf/ usaemf Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,foYkd okwaf jcwifxu
G f
vm\/
q&mawmf OD;pdEmukd uufpbD( NAdwdoQ ppftpkd;&) tpkd;&u 0g;&rf;xkwfqifhxm;onf/
Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,f j*[if;cg;&GmteD; r[mNrKd iaf wmpcrf;wpfae&mwGif q&mawmftm; awGUqkH
onf/ uufpbDvufatmuf &ckid jf ynftajctaersm;udw
fk ifjya&;ESifh trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pD
a&;? qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdYtwGuf Armjynfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh dEIkdif;aqG;aEG;&ef ukdarmifpdefvSwkdYtm;
ArmjynfodkY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwfa&;ukd q&mawmfOD;pdEm? OD;bkd;OD;? OD;pHodef;( Mumtif;awmif&Gm
acgif;aqmif)wkdYESifh usaemfwkdY aqG;aEG;Mu\/ oabmwlMu\/ ukdarmifpdefvSwkdYoGm;a&;twGuf
pwif;*ef;wpfvuf? ajcmufv;Hk jyL;wpfvuf? jrefrmhrsK;d cspw
f yfO;D vnfqw
JG q
H yd rf sm;ukd ,lNy;D vrf;jywpfO;D
jzifhvkdufykdYonf/ wa,Gacsmif;? 0ufacsmif;bufrS yckuLe,fodkY ausmfjzwfonfh zkd;acgifausmfvrf;rS
jzwfausmfMu&ef pDpOfay;vkduf\/ ArmjynfodkY oGm;rnfhukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUvnf; j*[if;cg;&GmrSpxGuf
onf/ usaemfvnf; j*[if;cg;&GmrS usaemhfXmecsKyf&Sd&m avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmokdY vmcJh\/
,kHaxmifaMumifrd
zrf;qD;xm;aom q&mawmf OD;em&'wkt
Yd m; awGUqk&H ef usaemfomG ;vko
d nf/ usaemft
h m; zrf;qD;
xm;vQif wAkdvfuswAkdvfwuf&ef pDpOfNyD; usaemf ppfawGNrdKUokdY vm\/ ppfawGNrdKUol NrdKUom;rsm;
ppfawGNrKd UwGi;f &Sd rdrad etdr?f rdr&d yf&mG rsm;wGif aexkid cf iG rfh &S/d ppfawGNrKd UwGi;f wGif xlxyfaom rsuEf mS jzL
? rsufESmrJ? rsufESmkd EkkdifiHjcm;ppfAdkvfrsm;? ppfom;rsm;jzihf jynhfvQHae\/ ppfawGNrdKUol NrdKUom;rsm;ukd
ppfawGNrdKUrS 6rdkif? 7rdkifa0;aom em&DuH? Muufukdif;wef&GmwkdYwGif ckdatmif;aexkdifcGihfjyKxm;onf/
Muufukdif;wef&GmodkY usaemfa&mufoGm;\/ q&mawmfOD;em&'tm; awGUcGihfjyK&ef tzftufpftufpf
rsuEf mS jzLppft&m&SEd iS fh ykvyd t
f &m&Srd sm;xH tBurd Bf urd cf sO;f uyf&onf/ q&mawmf OD;em&'tm; awGUcGihf
&avNyD/
em&Du&H mG teD; oHq;l BuKd ;axmifwiG f aeylr;dk &GmtumtuG,rf o
hJ nfh aumuf;dk ykx
H ufwiG f xkid af e

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

17

bkHaygufomausmf

&aom q&mawmftm; 0rf;enf;bG,f&m zl;arQmf&onf/ q&mawmftm; urmhEkdifiHwum a&;&mrsm;

ukv
d nf; ajymjyonf/ trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf q&mawmf OD;pdEm ESiu
fh saemfwYdk BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G f
csufrsm;ukdvnf; &Sif;vif;jyonf/ q&mawmf OD;ynmmoD[ towfcHoGm;&NyD qkdcsufvnf; r[kwf
rSefaMumif; ajymjy\/ q&mawmfESihf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf q&mawmfOD;pdEm?
uk
d x
dk eG ;f ESiu
fh saemfwYdk uk,
d pf rG ;f OmPfprG ;f &So
d a&GU BuKd ;pm;aqmif&u
G af y;rnfuv
dk nf; usaemfuwday;
avonf/ q&mawmftwGuf zsmESihf&Sm;yg;aom yef;uefvkH;? yef;uefjym;rsm;wkdYukd OD;apmvSausmf
(ppfawGtvkyo
f rm;acgif;aqmifwpfO;D jzpfaom OD;apmvSausmu
f ,
G v
f eG )f \xrif;qkid rf S ,liifay;vku
d f
\/ q&mawmfxH xyfomG ;onf/ tm;ay;pum;ajymonf/ ppfawGNrKd UwGif q&mawmfEiS w
fh uG Ekid if aH &;
orm;rsm; vGwaf &;ukv
d nf; usaemf ud,
k zf &d ifzd BuKd ;pm;onf/ odaYk omf ckid rf mpGmwkwaf ESmifxm;aom
NAdwdoQe,fcsJU tusOf;om;b0rS q&mawmfwkdYtm; vGwfajrmufatmif rvkyfEdkifrDS usaemfhXmecsKyf
rD;xawmufavNyD/
usaemfppfawGNrKd UwGif q&mawmfwYdk vGwaf &;udp uk,
d zf &d ifzad qmif&u
G af epOf usaemfwXYdk mecsKyf
avmif;&Snaf csmif;&Gmukd ,lb
l pD pfoabFmi,f 20cefY ppfom;ykvyd f 300cefjY zifh wpfnOfv
h ;Hk 0kid ;f xm;um
eHeuftmkPfOD;wGif 0ifa&mufarTaESmufMu\/ crGD;trsKd;om;rsm;\ r&SdrJh &SdrJhypnf;rsm;ukd ,loGm;Mu
onf/ zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;tNy;D ar*smMuL;vufrw
S jf zihf ay;cJah om"gwfco
J ;Hk a&'D,rdk sm;? apmifrsm;?
qyfjymrsm;? Edq
Yk rD sm;? oMum;? vbufajcmufrsm;ESifh pm;p&mrsm;uko
d rd ;f ,lMuonf/ uko
d mausmf (Akv
d rf LS ;
,ckqifrvkdufoabFmusif; TefMum;a&;rSL;) ESihf ukdausmfaZm (uG,fvGef jynfaxmifpk ppf&JAkdvf)
wkdYukdvnf; brf;qD;oGm;Muonf/
NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U &J|metcsKyaf xmifwiG f csKyaf ESmifxm;vku
d af v\/ &ufaygif; 40cefv
Y ufeufrsm;
b,fae&mwGif 0Sufxm;ovJ[laom ar;cGef;ukd t"duxm; ar;jref;Muonf/ trsKd;rsKd;tMuyfukdif
trsKd;rsKd; Ncdrf;acsmufppfaq;ar;jref;onf/ vGwfvyfa&;ktwGuf tptqkH;r&Sd tepfemcH taocH&ef
toif&h adS eMuaom uko
d mausmEf iS fh ukad usmaf Zmwkx
Yd rH S vufeuf0u
S u
f pd u
dk wpfceG ;f rQazmfxw
k rf ajym/
vufeufjzift
h Murf;zuf tEkid u
f si&fh o
J avmuf owcd si;f NyKd iv
f Qif awmfveS af &;orm;ESifh ,SONf yKd icf si;f iSm
rpGrf;om NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm; tIH;ay;oGm;Muonf/ ausmif;om;or*acgif;aqmif ukdomausmf
ESiu
fh adk usmaf ZmwkYd NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd vufeufpu
JG idk w
f u
dk cf MhJ uonf/ odaYk omf olwt
Ydk m; Ekid if aH wmf
opmazmufreI ? vlowfrrI sm;jzihf w&m;rpGq
J Edk idk /f olwv
Ydk w
T af &;ESifh usaemfw|Ykd mecsKyu
f dk xde;f odr;f a&;
wkdYtwGuf NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUe,f avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmokdY usaemfr&yfrem; 'kef;pkdif;jyefvmcJh&\/
ArmjynfodkY csDwuf&NyD
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; b,faeY b,fauGUwGif NyD;qkH;rnfukd rodao;/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtm;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

18

bkHaygufomausmf

vufeufpu
JG ikd f awmfveS &f ef apmihq
f ikd ;f &tk;H rnf/ usaemfwv
Ydk pl k pm;aomufaexkid af &;ukd vufiif;vkyf
ukid &f rnf/ okEYd iS u
fh saemfwt
Ydk xJrS aiGaMu;ukNd cKd ;NcpH mG ukid w
f ,
G w
f wfol uk,
d ufoaJ tmif (aemif ppfawG
ckid jf ynfo&Yl aJ bmfacgif;aqmif Akv
d af Z,sAv)ukd pD;yGm;a&;wm0efct
H jzpf a&G;Ny;D ukad &TausmOf ;D wkEYd iS fh
twl avSwpfp;D ? NAw
d o
d QaiGig;&mjzihf wm0efvt
JT yfMuonf/ NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U &J|mecsKyw
f iG f csKyaf ESmifc&H
aom uko
d mausmEf iS fh ukad usmaf Zmwkx
Yd H pm;p&mrsm;ESipfh mrsm;ukv
d nf; ,kMH unf&aom jynfob
Yl ufom;
ykvyd t
f csKUd ESit
fh m;uk;d &aom t&yfom;rsm;jzifq
h ufo,
G rf ,
I Ml uonf/ odjYk yifqifaepOf q&mawmf
OD;pdEmxHrS tylwjyif;tac:a&mufvmonf/ usaemfrqkdif;rihHbJ csufcsif;vkdufygoGm;onf/
r[mNrdKifawmpcrf;wGif q&mawmftm; rsufpdrsufESmysufNyD; ikdifwkdifwkdifxkdif awGU&onf/
usaemfhtm; pm&Gufwpf&Gufukd q&mawmfvSrf;ay;onf/ ukdoef;pdef (,ck EkdifiHawmfaumifpD0ifESihf
XmecsKyf jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD twGif;a&;rSL; 2) \vufa&;pmjzpfonf/ ,if;pmwGif
ukad rmifped v
f ES iS t
fh wl olwzYdk ;dk acgifausmv
f rf;rS ausmjf zwfomG ;Muonf/ Armjynf yckuL ckid f avmif;&Snf
NrKd Ue,f rkew
f idk cf si;f &Gmuav;wGif nOft
h yd af eMupOf olwv
Ydk ;Hk 0BuKd wifrodaom NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfu vQKUd 0Suf
zGUJ pnf;xm;aom csi;f vJA;D wyfu olwt
Ydk m; 0kid ;f zrf;Mu\/ olww
Ydk pfcsurf Q rckc/H olwx
Ydk rH pS wif;*ef;wpf
vufEiS fh ajcmufv;Hk jyL;aoewfwpfvufudk odr;f onf/ olwu
Ydk ]]jrefrmrsK;d cspw
f yfO;D }} vnfqw
JG q
H yd u
f dk
xkwjf yum olw&Ydk efol zufqpf*syefrsm; owif;axmufvrS ;f &efvmaMumif; &Si;f jyonf/ csi;f vJA;D rsm;u
r,kMH unf/ rkew
f idk &f mG \tjcm;urf;wpfzufwiG f &So
d nfh csi;f vJA;D Xmewnf&m av;yk&H mG okaYd c:oGm;\/
vufrsm;ukcd snaf ESmifNy;D zrf;qD;csKyaf ESmifxm;Muonf/ csi;f vJA;D uJo
h Ykd NAw
d o
d Qwyfuvnf; olww
Ydk ifjy
csufukd wqHcsnfrQ vufrcH/
ukad rmifped v
f ?S uko
d ef;pdew
f t
Ydk m; ajcrsm;vufrsm;ukd 0g;vk;H wef;rsm;csnaf ESmifum tpma&pm
rauR;bJ waeukew
f pfaecrf;aevSr;f onf/ nOfv
h nf; 0g;vk;H wef;rsm;jzihf csnaf ESmifxm;onft
h wkid ;f
yifxm;onf/ ok;H &ufo;Hk nOfah evSr;f Ny;D aomnOfw
Y iG f ukad rmifped v
f ?S uko
d ef;pdew
f Ydk rdrw
d Ydk touf&iS af &;
twGuf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ xGufajy;&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/ nOfhoef;acgifcefYwGif csnfaESmifxm;aom
avSx;D BuKd ;rsm;ukd jznf;i;f pGmjzKw,
f Ml u\/ xGuaf jy;Mu\/ tjcm;&Jabmfo;Hk a,muf\ uHMurmukrd od/
olvGwfvm rif;jym;NrdKUe,f >yef&Snfacsmif;rS a&;ay;cJhaompmjzpfonf/ ukdoef;pdef\pmukd zwfNyD;
usaemf ikid u
f somG ;onf/ usaemfuo
hJ Ykd q&mawmfwv
Ydk nf; ikid af eMu\/ wpfO;D rQ pum;wpfceG ;f rajymMu/
ukad rmifped v
f w
S Ydk aoavNyaD vm[laom ,lBuKH ;r&onft
h awG;wGif usaemfepfjrK yaf eonf/ usaemf\
rsufpdrsm; yGifhvsufESihfbmrQrjrif/
aemufxyfukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwpfzGJU vTwfoihfw,f/ 'grSukdpdefvSwkdY aoraoukd od&r,f/
Armjynfacgif;aqmifrsm;eJv
Y nf; tquftoG,&f r,f}}[k usaemfpwifajymvku
d o
f nf/ ,lBuKH ;r&onfh
tawG;tjrifxJ epfjrKyfaejcif;rS usaemf pwifvrf;zGihfay;vkdufonf/ usaemfwdkY aqG;aEG;yGJwGif
q&mawmfO;D pdEm ? OD;bk;d OD;? OD;pHoed ;f ? OD;a&TvS (uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;aomausmif;q&m OD;a&Tv)S OD;aygufausmf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

19

bkHaygufomausmf

wkdY&SdaeMuonf? usaemfwifjyaom aemufxyfukd,fpm;vS,f tzGJUwpfzGJUxyfvTwfa&;ukd wpfOD;rQ

ruefYuGuf? tm;vkH;oabmwlMu\/ okdYaomf ylylaEG;aEG;aoab;BuHKcJh&aom ae&modkYwpfOD;wnf;rQ
rdrdqEtavsmufroGm;vkdMuyg/ usaemfvnf; roGm;vkdyg/
tcsed t
f awmfMumonfw
h idk f wpfO;D aomolurS rdrq
d Etavsmuf ArmjynfoYkd oGm;rnfu
h ,
dk pf m;
vS,t
f zGUJ wGif yg0ifvadk omqEr&SMd u/ olrsm;wumxuf owAd swyd &dk cdS sirf &S rdS nf/ okaYd omf tcuftcJ
ESihf aoab;ukd &ifqkdifawGUvkdaomADZvnf;&Sd? ukdarmifpdefvSwkdY aoonf&Sifonfukd odvkdaomaZm
xufoefNyD; Armjynfacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; igomvQiftjynhft0 aqG;aEG;jyEkdifoljzpfonf[laom
,kHMunfcsufjzihf oaumifhom; usaemfu ArmjynfodkYoGm;rnfhukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwGif usaemfyg0ifvkd
onf[k rdrq
d Eudk azmfxw
k v
f u
dk &f onf/ ]]rif;oGm;vkYd rjzpfb;l ? rif;ab;'kua &mufomG ;&if Oya'wGi;f
Oya'yvkyif ef;aqmifwmawG cufco
J mG ;r,f}} [kq&mawmfu wm;jrpfpum; pwifajymonf/ wcsKUd
acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; wm;jrpfpum;ajymMuonf/ odaYk omf wpfO;D wpfa,mufrQ igoGm;rnf[k rdrq
d E
tavsmuf rajymqkd/ aevkH;uG,faysmuf aqG;aEG;yGJom &yfem;oGm;&onf/
aEG&moDjzpfaomfvnf; r[mNrdKifawmpcrf;u csrf;wpdrfhpdrfh? awmkdif;wd&pmefrsm;\ab;&ef
umuG,af &;ESihf tat;'PfumuG,af &;wkt
Yd wGuf rD;ykrH sm; &S&d onf/ rD;vI&H onf/ rD;vI&H if; a&mufwwf
&m&m pum;rsm;ukad zmifzUJG atmif ajymMu\/ ArmjynfoYkd oGm;rnfh uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm; bmtcsut
f vuf
rsm; ajymoifq
h o
dk ifo
h nfudk rarmryrf;ajymMu\/ eHeuf 8em&Dcefw
Y iG f aqG;aEG;yGjJ yefvnf pwifusi;f y
onf? ArmjynfoGm;rnfhukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUukd usaemfacgif;aqmifoGm;rnf[k usaemhf tqkdjyKcsufukd
usaemfjywfom;pGm oJorJ rJ w
J ifjyonf/ xkid af evQif tcsed u
f ek f o
Hk m&Srd nf/ wpfO;D rQomG ;Murnf r[kwf
aMumif;ukd usaemfod&Sdem;vnfxm;NyD/ usaemfESihf armifvSausmfoGm;a&;ukd wpfOD;rQruefYuGufMu/
oGm;rnfv
h rf;ukd aqG;aEG;Muonf/ trf;awmifausmv
f rf;? awmifuw
k af wmifausmv
f rf;wkw
Yd iG f awmBu;D
awmifBu;D xJ zufqpf*syefrsm; aomif;cs
D &Sad eqJ? tckid t
f rmwyfpx
JG m;qJjzpfonf/ zk;d acgifausmf
vrf; uyif oGm;&eftm;vkH;qEwlMuonf/ eHeufpm rpm;rSDyif ArmjynfoGm; ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESifh
oGm;rnfv
h rf;ukd a&G;cs,Nf y;D avNy/D usaemfwt
Ydk m; vrf;jytjzpf vku
d yf rYdk nfh csi;f trsK;d om;acgif;aqmif
OD;armifwkd;tm; r[mNrdKifawmpcrf;odkYvm&ef tac:vTwfvkduf\/
r[mNrdKifawmpcrf;wGif usaemfwkdY eHeufpmpm;MuNyD; ukdxGef;vIdif? ukd,ufao;atmifwkdYxH
usaemfpma&;onf/ ukdarmifpdefvSwkdYukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJU ratmifjrifbJ 'kua&mufoGm;jcif;? usaemf
uk,
d w
f idk f ArmjynfomG ;&rnfjzpfjcif;? NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U &JXmewGif csKyaf ESmifcaH e&aom uko
d mausm?f udak usmf
aZmwkdYESihfusaemf *Gif;quftwkdif; qufoG,fNyD; if;wkdY\pm;aomufa&;ESihf vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;&ef
&efot
l E&m,fBu;D xGm;vm avmif;&Snaf csmif;&GmwGif raeEkid u
f vufeufc,
J rf;rD;ausmufEiS hf &Jabmf
rsm;yg q&mawmfxH ajymif;a&TUaexkid Mf u&efwu
Ydk kd pma&;onf/ q&mawmftm;vnf; usaemfArmjynf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

20

bkHaygufomausmf

oGm;&Sq
d ?J usaemf&h aJ bmfrsm; vufeufrsm; ajymif;a&TU,lvmvQi?f vufcx
H m;&ef usaemf avQmufwifxm;
vkduf\/ naeykdif;wGif usaemfwkdYtm; vrf;jyay;rnfh OD;armifwkd;a&mufvmonf/ Armjynfe,fpyf
armifuGm&Gmxd oluRrf;usifpGm vrf;jyay;EkdifoljzpfaMumif; od&\/ ukdxGef;vIdifwkdYxHay;&efpmukd
q&mawmfvufxJtyfvkdufonf/ pwif;*ef;wpfvufukd,lNyD; arSmifrJaeaom nOfhtcsdefwGif
OD;armifw;dk ? ukad rmifvaS usmEf iS fh usaemf r[mNrKd iaf wmpcrf;rS xGuv
f mMu\/ usaemfwYdk ArmjynfomG ;
onfudk raygufMum;&atmif q&mawmfwYkd wm0ef,v
l u
dk o
f vkd vloEl iS fh rawGU&atmif wrifwum
usaemfwkdY nOfheufrS xGufvmMujcif; jzpfonf/
nOfo
h ef;acgifavmufwiG f z'loo
Ykd mG ;&rnhf awmvrf;qko
H aYdk &mufomG ;Muonf/ NAw
d o
d QppfwyfrS
pGeyYf pfxm;cJah om bufx&Dxyk rf sm;xJrS aumif;aom "mwfcaJ jcmufEpS cf u
J k aeYvnfuyif usaemfxw
k f
,lcJhonf/ tqifoifh,lvmaom 0g;vkH;>yefxJwGif ,if;"mwfcJESpfcJukd xnhfum aMu;eDBudK;i,fjzihf
rD;oD;ukd xGe;f Munfo
h nf/ oef&Y iS ;f aeaomjrufcif;ukd jrif&onf/ ygvmaomvG,t
f w
d if ,fwiG f acgif;
wifum jrufarGU,may:wGif usaemfEpS cf sKu
d pf mG tdyaf ysmo
f mG ;\/ OD;armifw;dk uvIyEf ;dI xaomtcsed f
wGif a&mifjcnfO;D xGe;f ay:aeNy/D z'lacsmif;( wa,Gacsmif;xJ&dS acsmif;vufwufi,fwpfc)k odYk usaemfwYdk
ausmv
f mMuonf/ eHeufpmukd z'l&mG wGif pm;Ny;D ay 2000-cefjY rifrh nfh 0ufacsmif;awmif;dk ukd ausmjf zwf
Mu&onf/ aevkH;uG,faysmufoGm;rS 0ufacsmif;xJ&Sd csif;&Gmi,fwpf&GmokdY a&mufoGm;Muonf/ ,if;
&Gmi,fwiG f naepm xrif;pm;Ny;D tdyMf u\/ 0ufacsmif;onf NAw
d o
d QppfwyfEiS hf zufqpf*syefwyfrsm;
wbufESihfwbuf eD;uyfvGef;ojzihf ESpfbufpvkH;r wyfpGJrxm;aomae&mjzpfonf/ 0ufacsmif;rS
vGefvQifum; awmfvSefa&;owdNrJ&awmhrnf/ awmBudKawmifMum;xJ ckdatmif;aeMuaom zufqpf
*syefppfwyf\&efum; rao;i,fvS/
OD;armifw;dk pnf;k;H xmaom {nhaf us>yefonfh csi;f tdr&f iS o
f nf eHeuftkPOf ;D uyif csujf yKwf
NyD;aom xrif;xkyf 3xkkyfukd usaemfwdkYtm; ay;onf/ 0g;qpfrsm;wGif prf;a&Munf xnfhxm;aom
0g;usnfukd wpfa,mufwpfusnfvG,fum ay 3000ausmfjrifhrnfh &Dacsmif;awmifukd pwufMu\/
awmBu;D awmifBu;D rsm;xJwiG f awmqifikd ;f rsm;tkyv
f u
dk cf s
D oGm;aeusvrf;k;d &So
d nf/ ,if;vrf;onf
6ayrS 10aytxd us,fjyefYonf/ awmqifkdif;tkyfonf prf;a&ukdaomufjcif;? csKd;jcif;tNrJjyKMu&m
awmqifidk ;f oGm;vrf;rS vku
d v
f Qif vrf;rSm;p&m r&Sad wmhay/ awmBuKd awmifMum;xJ ckad tmif;aernfh
zufqpf*syef&efudk aMumufMuaom usaemfwo
Ydk ;Hk OD; awmqifidk ;f oGm;vrf;rS a'gufavQmufroGm;&JMu/
xlxyfaomawmBuKd tMHk um;ukv
d nf; jzwfvu
dk ?f awmBuKd awmifMum;ukv
d nf; wufvu
dk jf yKum
ausmfjzwfvmMu&onf/ c&D;rwGifvS
&Dacsmif;awmifxyd o
f aYkd &mufcsed w
f iG f rGe;f wnfah eavNy?D tqifoif,
h v
l maom xrif;ukpd m;Mu
onf/ a&ukdt0aomufMuonf/ waxmufem;Muonf/ pm;cJhaomxrif;[if;wkdYudk vuf&majc&m
aysmufatmifjyKNy;D &Dacsmif;okq
Yd if;vmMu\/ awmifwufyifyrf;ovkd awmifqif;vnf; roufomvS/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

21

bkHaygufomausmf

EG,yf if0g;yifrsm;ukd NrNJ rpH mG ukid Nf y;D wpfvrS ;f csi;f qif;Mu&\/ &Dacsmif;xJ&dS csi;f &Gmodrf i,fwpfcek m;odYk
a&mufomG ;MuNy/D csKyH w
k x
f J usaemfwEYkd pS Of ;D tm; xm;cJNh y;D OD;armifw;dk &GmxJ0ifomG ;onf/ olu
Y dk zufqpf
*syefppfwyfrSawGUvQifvnf; bmrQ'kura&mufEkdif/ olonf csif;trsKd;om;? olonf csif;vlrsKd;
acgif;aqmif? &GmwumwGif olaY qGrsK;d olrY w
d af qGrsm; &SMd uonf/ em&D0ufausmaf vmufwiG f OD;armifw;dk
kusaemfwkdYtm; vmac:onf/ ,if;csif;&Gmodrfi,fwGif naepmpm;Muonf/ okdYaomf zufqpf*syef
zufqpf&efudk aMumuf& ,if;&GmwGif usaemfwYkd nrtdyMf u/ &GmESit
fh vSr;f ruGmaomawmBuKH csKMH um;
xJwGif pwif;*ef;jzifh tvSnfhusuif;apmifh&if; tdyfMuonf/
aea&mifjcnfO;D roef;rDu
S yif &GmxJ OD;armifw;dk 0ifomG ;Ny;D ? taiGUwaxmif;axmif;xGuaf eonfh
xrif;xkyf 3xkyfukd ,l jyefxGufvmonf/ vkyfpOftwkdif; 0g;qpf3rsm;wGif prf;a&Munfxnfhxm;
onfh 0g;usnrf sm;ukv
d ,
G x
f m;um ay 4000 cefjY rifrh nfh Mumacsmif;awmif;dk ukd wufMu&\/ awmqif
kdif;vrf;kd;rSoGm;onfhtcgoGm;? auGUaumufumwufonfhtcgvnf; wufjzifh c&D;jyif;ESifcJhMu&m
Mumacsmif;&Sd csif;&Gmi,fwpfckokdY rGef;vGJ 3em&DcefYwGif a&mufoGm;Muonf/ 0g;&Gufrkd; ajcwH&Snf
csif;trsKd;om;tdrfwGif wnf;ckdMuonf/ OD;armifwkd;&Gm&Sd olYrdwfaqGtdrfwGif oGm;ae\/ usaemfwdkY
EGr;f &dyifyef;vGe;f vJavsmif;aeMuonf/ &ckid pf um;wpfceG ;f rQ rwwfaomtdro
f l csi;f trsK;d orD;u
usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D tm; csi;f trsK;d om;pum;jzihf a&;Bu;D okwjf ymajymonf/ csi;f trsK;d om;pum;ukd usaemf
wdkY wpfcGef;rQem;rvnf/ ai;armaepOf tdrfatmufodkYqif;&ef um,uHajrmufvnf; wGef;\/
tdraf emufaz;wHcg;aygufrS usaemfwYkd ckeq
f if;vku
d Mf uonf/ wckrQusaemfr&dyrf ad o;/ tdrrf S 10uku
d f
yifra0;aom 0gawmxJo0Ykd ifum pwif;*ef;aoewfudk toifjh yifum yke;f atmif;vku
d Mf uonf/ rdepf
ykdif;cefYomMumrnf/ okH;vkdif;wpfyGifh&Sdaom *syefppfAkdvfwpfOD;ESihfwyfom; 4OD; 5OD;cefY usaemfwkdY
ckefqif;vmaom tdrfay:okdY a&mufaeMuNyD/ Muufusif;wGif 0yfaeaomMuufrESihf MuufOrsm;ukd
twif;,lomG ;onf/ tdr&f iS t
f rsK;d orD;\ <uufp<D uufpjD rnfa[mufo?H *syefppfom;rsm;\ atmfaiguf
oH? Muufrsm;? 0ufrsm;wkdY\jrnfoHrsm;jzihf &GmvkH;uRwf qlnHaeonf/ zufqpf*syefppfAkdvfESpfOD;ESihf
ppfom; 40cefyY gaom *syefwyfzUJG u &Gmukd tvpf0ifp;D onf/ &So
d rQawGUorQ Muuf? 0uf? [if;oD;[if;
&GufESihf qefwkdYukd ,liifoGm;MuNyD/ &GmrSxGufoGm;MuNyD/ tdrf&Sifcsif;trsKd;orD;u,fayvkdY usaemfwkdY
toufab;rSswpfacgufvw
G jf yefNy/D naepm pm;Ny;D &GmteD; awmBuKd csKMH um;xJoYkd wk;d 0ifum tvSnu
fh s
uif;apmihfNyD; usaemfwkdY tdyfMu\/
eHeufvif;a&mifjcnfjzihf OD;armifw;dk &GmxJ0ifum ylaEG;aom xrif;xkyf 3xkyjf zif jyefxu
G v
f m
onf/ pr;fa&jznhfxm;aom 0g;usnfrsm;ukd vG,fNyD; oHacsmif;awmifBuD;ukd &ifqkdifwuf&awmh\/
awmif;dk awmifwef;rsm; wawmifxufwawmifyjdk rihv
f monf/ 0ufacsmif;awmifxuf &Dacsmif;awmif
rSm ykdjrifhovkd? &Dacsmif;awmifxuf Mumacsmif;awmif ykdjrifh\/ Mumacsmif;awmifxuf oHacsmif;
awmifrmS yk
d jrifo
h nf/ ay 5000cef&Y rdS nf/ waeukew
f aecrf; awmawmiftoG,o
f ,
G u
f dk awmqif
kid ;f oGm;vrf;uyif awmufavQmufroGm;&JbJ auGUaumufum wufvu
dk q
f if;vku
d jf zihf c&D;Murf;vnf;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

22

bkHaygufomausmf

csDdcJh&NyD/ aumif;pGmvnf; rpm;cJh&? rtdyfcJh&/ oHacsmif;awmifBuDukd wufcsdefwGif tqrwefEGrf;&dae

aom ajcaxmufrsm;onf usaemftm; ro,fykd;csif? rMumcPqEjyonf/ rMumcP tem;,l&\/
rdrd\cEmukd,fwGif 0wfqifxm;aom t0wfrsm;yif ykdav;vHovkd jzpfvm\/ 0wfqifxm;aom
t0wfrmsuydk if ccRw
f ypfcsiv
f NS y/D ravsmah omZGjJ zifh usaemfwYdk csw
D ufMuonf/ aer0ifro
DS aH csmif;&Sd
csif;trsKd;om; armifuGm&GmodkY a&mufoGm;Mu\/
armifumG &Gm&Sd usaemfwjYdk zwfoef;vmcJah om csi;f &Gmrsm;ESirfh wl ? vuPma&m? toGio
f @mefyg
tjcm;csi;f &Gmrsm;ESifh uGmjcm;\/ xl;qef;zG,&f mrsm;ukd jrifawGU&\/ armifumG &GmwGif csi;f trsK;d orD;rsm;
rsuEf mS wGif aq;rxk;d ? w&Gmvk;H Armpum;ukd &nf&nfvnfvnfajymwwfMuonf/ csi;f trsK;d orD;rsm;
0wfaomteHwdk xlxo
J nho
f ifwidk ;f rde;f rvkcH snu
f dk r0wfqifMu/ &ckid jf refrmtrsK;d orD;rsm;uho
J Ydk trsK;d
orD;0wfpu
Hk dk 0wfqifMuonf/ armifumG &GmrSwufomG ;vQif rGe;f wnfch sed rf aS &mufrnfh zk;d acgifawmifxyd f
xd &ckid jf ynfyidk o
f nf/ okaYd omf &ckid jf ynfrt
S &m&SEd iS fh ykvyd rf sm; ra&muf&MdS u/ armifumG &GmrSu;l vl;qufqH
jcif;? a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;ukdvnf; &ckdifjynfESifhrvkyfMu/ yckuLckdkif&Sd aus;&GmNrdKUjyrsm;ESifhom
ul;vl;qufqHjcif;ESihf a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif; &SdMuonf/ &GmodkYra&mufrDSuyif OD;armifwkd;u
usaemfwkdYtm; owdday;pum;ajymxm;NyD/ olonf csif;trsKd;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpf wa,Gacsmif;rS
Mumacsmif;xd aqGrsK;d nmwdEiS f rdwaf qGrsm;&So
d nf/ olMY oZm&So
d nf/ okaYd omf armifumG &GmwGif olMoZm
r&Sd/ armifuGm&GmwGif vlv,fvlIyfrsm;&Sdonf/ armifuGmESihfol aoG;aomufrdwfaqGjyKNyD; pnf;kH;vkd
onf/ aoG;aomufyt
JG wGuf acgifz;dk Muufz;dk aiG 50dcefu
Y ek u
f srnf[k OD;armifw;dk u ajymjy\/ armifumG
ESihfol aoG;aomufrdwfaqGjyK&ef pnf;kH;a&;jyKjcif;ukd usaemfwkdYoabmwlonf/ olYvkdaiGukd usaemf
xkwfay;vkdufk\/
usaemfwYdk ausmjf zwfcahJ om wa,Gacsmif;? 0ufacsmif;? &Dacsmif;? Mumacsmif;wk&Yd dS csi;f trsK;d om;
,Ofaus;rIx;Hk wrf;pOfvmESifh armifumG &Gm&Sd csi;f trsK;d om; ,Ofaus;rIx;Hk wrf;pOfvmwkYd atmufajcrS
pNyD; jcm;em;rIukd usaemfowdjyKrdonf/ wa,Gacsmif;rS Mumacsmif;xd&Sd csif;trsKd;om;rsm;onf
&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;uJhodkY vkHcsnf0wfqifol &mckdifEIef;rsm;oavmuf csif;trsKd;orD;rsm;onf 'l;acgif;
ay:oifwidk ;f ukd oEmaphta&mif trsK;d rsK;d &So
d nfh cg;pnf;BuKd ;jzihf pnf;xm;Muonf/ rSeo
f nfrmS ;onf
rajymwwf/ &ckdifya'o&mZfbk&ifacwfu acsmarmvSyaom csif;trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd e,fpm;y,fpm;
rsm;u aumuf,o
l nfh ab;&efrS umuG,&f efqNdk y;D t&G,rf a&mufru
DS csit
f rsK;d orD;rsm;\rsuEf mS wGif
yef;yGifhvkdvkd tpif;pif; rJeufaomaq;xkd;xm;Mu\/ csif;trsKd;om;wkdif;vkdvkd &ckdifbmompum;ukd
ajymqkdwwfaomfvnf; trsKd;orD;xJrS &ckdifbmom pum;ajymqkdwwfol &Sm;yg;vS\/ olwkdYonf
olwkdYawmif,mrSxGufaom pyg;? 0g? jiKyfoD;ESifh [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;ukd t"dujyKum NcdK;NcHaom?
a&mif&h v
J ,
G af om wtdraf xmifb0jzifh aexkid Mf uonf/ qm;ESicfh snrf Qit
f enf;i,f0wf&efom jyify

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

23

bkHaygufomausmf

urmESihf olwdkYul;vl;qufqHMu\/ tdrfaxmifpkwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd aus;uReftjzpf owfrSwfxm;

onf/ aeYpOfvyk if ef;aqmifwmt00ukd tdro
f t
l rsK;d orD;u aus;uRet
f jzpf vkyu
f idk af qmif&u
G &f onf/
r,m;ckd;rIESifh MumckdrIonf vlowfrIxufBuD;av;aom tjypf'Pfay;jcif;ukd cH&onf/ vlowfrIwGif
owfoo
l nf aoqk;H oltwGuf rsK;d k;d wefb;dk t& armif; 9vk;H (xkpd Ofu armif;wpfv;Hk aiGusyf ig;q,f
cefY wefbkd;&Sdonf) avsmfaMu;jzihf ajz&Sif;vQif&Ekdifaom trIrsKd;wGif r,m;ckd;rdolonf armif;ukd
uk;d vk;H uk;d vD(armif; 81vk;H )xd avsmaf Mu;ay;&rnfyifjzpf\/ odaYk vsmaf Mu;ay;ude;f qku
d v
f Qif aqGpOf
rsKd;qufavsmfaMu;NrD qyfoGm;Mu&onf/ vifa,musfm;aoqkH;oGm;vQif xkdtrsKd;orD;onf rdrd&ifrS
aygufzmG ;aom om;orD;rsm;ukyd if ykid q
f idk cf iG rf &S/d aoqk;H oGm;aomvifa,musmf ;bufrS xdr;f jrm;vku
d
vnf; olrwGicf ck cH iG rf &S/d t0wfwxnfjzihf olr\ rdbaqGrsK;d xHjyefyv
Ydk Qiv
f nf; bmrQrjiif;qefEidk /f
tNrw
J rf;pD;qif;aeaom Munfvifonfh prf;a&ukd csK;d ? prf;a&ukad omuf jyKaeMuvm;rod/ csi;f trsK;d
orD;wkdY\ cEmukd,fvufrsm; 0g0if;aomtqif;jzihf tcsKd;tpm;nDygonf/ rkdYarmufaom&ifESihf
um;xGufaeaom wifrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ okdYaomf aq;xkd;xm;om olrwdkY\rsufESmukdMunhfvQif
b,fvkdMunhfMunhf Munhfr&atmif tkyfqkd;aeMu\/
OD;armifumG ? OD;armifw;dk wk\
Yd aoG;aomufyu
JG dk ESp&f ufwidk w
f idk f jyKMuygonf/ aoG;aomufyo
JG Ykd
,if;&Gmacgif;aqmifrsm; yg0ifqifEMJT uovkd usaemfwEYkd pS Of ;D vnf; aoG;aomufyw
JG iG f acgif&nfaomuf
vkduf? 0ufom;okwf? Muufom;okwfpm;&if;? tem;,ltyef;ajzcGihf&Muygonf/ aoG;aomufyGJ\
aemufqkH;aeYwGif usm;pG,f? 0ufpG,f ponfh tpG,ftrsKd;rsKd;ESihf "m;vSHwkdYudk acgif&nfwGifpdrfNyD;
OD;armifw;dk ESifh OD;armifumG wkYd opma&aomufMuonf/ csi;f ewfq&m\ewfojH zihf wkid w
f ef;csurf sm;ukd
OD;armifw;dk ESifh OD;armifumG wkYd vku
d q
f Mdk u&ygonf/ csi;f ewfq&mu ewfrsm;ukd oufaotjzpf wkid w
f nf
Ny;D aoG;aomufyu
JG dk kyo
f rd ;f oGm;onf/ OD;armifw;dk tm; ar;Munh&f m ig\&efoo
l nf oif&h efojl zpfonf/
wpfO;D \epfemcsurf sm;ukd wpfO;D u rjyKvyk /f om;pOfajr;qufaoG;aomufrw
d af qGtjzpf &yfwnf&rnf
[laom tcsufrsm;jzifh aoG;aomufrdwfaqGzGJUMujcif;ukd ajymjyygonf/
aoG;aomufyNJG y;D pD;avNy/D pwif;*ef;aoewfEiS w
fh uG q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESiw
fh uG ukx
d eG ;f vIid w
f x
Ydk H
ay;pmrsm;udak &;Ny;D OD;armifw;dk vufxt
J yfvu
dk yf gonf/ aemufwpfaeY eHeufpmukd apmapmpD;pD;pm;Ny;D
ausmjf zwfvmaom awmifrsm;wGif tjrifq
h ;Hk jzpfonfh zk;d acgifawmifudk ausmjf zwf&ef vmMu\/ zk;d acgif
awmifausmfvrf;xdyfxd usaemfwdkYtm; OD;armifwkd;wkdY vkdufykdYMuonf/ zkd;acgifawmifBuD;ukd pwif
wufMuNyD/ jrifhrm;aom zkd;acgifawmifxdyfum; rkd;om;atmufwGif epfjrKyfae rjrif&/ rGef;vGJrS
zk;d acgifawmif;dk Bu;D \ awmifxyd o
f Ykd usaemfwYkd a&mufMu\/ jrifrh m;vGe;f vm;rod/ zk;d acgifawmifxyd f
wGif BuD;rm;aom opfawm 0g;awmrsm; xlxyfpGmraygufawmh/ &Sdaeaomopfyifi,frsm;wGifvnf;
t&Gurf sm; a0a0qmqmr&S/d &Snv
f sm;aomjrufyifrsm;vnf; rGe;f vGaJ e&Sed af tmufwiG f acgif;idu
k u
f sae

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

24

bkHaygufomausmf

\/ avu w[l;[l;wkdufaeojzifh jruf&Snfyifrsm; ,drf;csifovkd ,drf;,kdifaeMuonf/

zkd;acgifawmifxdyfrS awmifkd;wpfavsmufpD;oGm;&onfrSm tm;pkdufcGefpkdufoGm;&jcif;r&Sd/
at;wjrjr avif;avajyatmufwGif avQmufae&m e,fedrdwfowfrSwfcJhaom ausmufwkdifukd
a&mufonfEiS fh wNyKd ief uf usaemf\pdwo
f nf csKyw
f nf;wm;qD;jcif; uif;rJph mG jzihf twdww
f iG f usupf m;
oGm;avonf/ aumZmou&mZf 806 ckEpS cf efu
Y ae&monf odro
hf rd o
hf o
J J atmifpnfatmifarmif;
rsm; wD;cJah omae&mjzpfonf/ &ckid b
f &k ife&rdwv
f ES iS hf Armtif;0bk&if e&ywdrif;wkYd cspMf unfa&;ESihf
wjynfaxmifukd &efjyKol&SdvmvQif wjynfaxmifrS ulnDrnf[k opmqkdcJhMurnf/ w&m;rQwaom
a&mif;0,fazmufum;rIjzihf ESpfjynfaxmif a&TGvrf;aiGvrf; azmufcJhMurnf/ ckdifrmaom e,fedrdwf
owfrSwfum t"GefY&Snfrnfh cspfMunfa&;ukd ae&mwGif yEufausmufwkdif pkdufxlcJhMurnf/
rif;ESpfyg;onf &ckdifjynfrS ,aeYyvkdift&ufuJhodkY t&om&Sdonfh t&ufESihfxef;nuf
aumif;rsm;jzifh Nred &f u
S pf mG pm;ok;H Murnf/ rSL;Bu;D rwf&mrsm;? aoemywdrsm;u pNy;D ppfom;csi;f vnf;
vufa&wjyifp;D pm;aomufaysmjf rL;Muvdrrfh nf/ eef;wGi;f pmqkad wmfrsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIuyGJ qkyd rJG sm;jzifh
atmifpnfatmifarmif;rsm; &Tr;f aysmw
f NyKH ;NyKH ;&Srd nf/ ,aeYigwkaYd cwfwiG f wyg;uReb
f 0odaYk &mufMu&
avNyD/
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0rS ke;f xGu&f eforkid ;f ay;wm0efudk igwkx
Yd rf;aqmif&rnf/ enf;rsK;d pkH
jzihf trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;ukd &,l&rnf/ trsK;df om;vGwv
f yfa&;igwkv
Yd uf0,fa&mufvQif ESppf Ofq,f
uka#rQaoG;pkwcf &H aom a&eHrt
S jrwfaiGudk igwdv
Yk ufxaJ &mufrnf/ urmausmu
f Re;f opfvyk if ef;ukd
ekid if jH cm;ukrP
D bDbw
D pD ?D ru&u
D mzl;um;wkYd vuf0g;Bu;D tkyaf oG;pkwrf rI S uif;vGwo
f mG ;rnf/ qefpyg;
vkyfief;ukd vuf0g;BuD;tkyfcs,fvS,faom EkdifiHjcm;ykdif pwD;b&m;om;? bl;vGwfb&m;om;wkdY
vufatmufrS vGwu
f if;oGm;rnf/ uke;f vrf;? a&vrf;? o,f,yl aYdk qmifa&;vkyif ef;Bu;D rsm;wGif aoG;pkw
k f
cs,v
f ,
S af om Am;rm;a&;a0;? {&m0wDzvkw
d ;D ,m;? tm&uHzvkw
d ;D ,m; ponfEh idk if jH cm;ykid t
f &if;&Sirf sm;
\vufxJrS qGJxkwf,lEkdifrnf/ owKvkyfief;BuD;rsm;wGif *kwfaoG;pkwfaeMuaom erwlabmfwGif;?
armfcs;D rkid ;f ponfh Ekid if jH cm;ykid t
f &if;tES;D rsm;ukd jynfoyl idk v
f yk Ef idk rf nf/ ESppf Ofuak #aygif;rsm;pGm aoG;pkwf
,loGm;aom EkdifiHjcm;t&if;&SifBuD;wkdYvufxJrS aiGtdwfukd igwkdYvuf0,f&rnf/
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukd igwkdYvuf0,f&&SdvQif o,HZmwdayg<u,f0aomigwkdYEkdifiHwGif
twwfynm&Sirf sm;ukd arG;xkw,
f v
l Qif o,HZmwypn;f rsm;ukd xkw,
f El idk rf nf/ qnfajrmif; wmwrH
rsm;ukd wnfaqmufNyD; woD;pm;v,form;b0rS oD;xyfpm; pufrIv,f,mv,form;b0okdY
ul;ajymif;oGm;vQif qif;&JwiG ;f eufaom v,form;xktm; u,fwifEidk rf nf/ Edik if yH idk pf ufrv
I yk if ef;Bu;D
rsm;ukd xlaxmifNyD;vQif igwkdYEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;wkdif; vlarG;vlawmifaygufMurnf/ vlwef;aph?
oufwef;aph? pm;aomufaexkid o
f mG ;Mu&rnf/ at;csr;f om,m0ajymaom urmNh ird ;f csr;f a&;udk jrwfE;dk

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

25

bkHaygufomausmf

aom EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHukd igwkdYxlaxmifEkdifawmhrnf[k usaemfhpdwfraem yDwdxJ epfrGrf;aepOf ukduf20

cefu
Y mG u awmrD;xawmufav\/ rarQmv
f ifah om awmrD;pwifavmifuRr;f vmavNy/D rdepfyidk ;f wGif
opf&u
G af jcmufrsm;? jrufajcmufrsm;ukd us,jf yefpY mG avmifav\/ awmrD;avmifvQif avpkeo
f Ydk rajy;ESifh
avpkefokdYajy;vQif awmqifkdif;rsm;yif ajy;rvGwf? aoyGJ0if&rnf/ avqefbufajy;qkdaom
awm"avhudk od&x
dS m;onfh usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D avqefbufoYkd okwaf jcwifxu
G af jy;Muonf/ rD;avmif&m
avyifhqkdaom qkdkd;pum;rSefonf/ awmrD;t&Sdef&vmonfESifhtrQ avjyif;arTaESmuf0ifvmonf/
rdepftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif awmrD;avmifaompufuGif;ab;rS usaemfwkdYESpfOD;vGwfuRwfvmMuNyD/
avmifuRrf;aeaomawmrD;udk aemufvSnhfMunhfMu&m jyif;xefaomav[kefatmufwGif BuD;rm;
us,jf yefaY omawmrD;Bu;D u usaemfwYdk rsupf w
d pfq;Hk avmifuRr;f oGm;avNy/D rnfonfah e&mwGif qk;H rnf
[k tueft
Y owfr&Sad om awmrD;avmifuRr;f ovkd jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D vQH avmifuRr;f vmrnfudk usaemfwYdk
tdyfrufyifrrufrdcJhMu/
rdwAv
zkd;acgifawmifxdyfrS usaemfwkdYESpfOD; wajz;ajz;qif;vmMuonf/ rkef;acsmif;qkdaomacsmif;
wpfacsmif;wGif ig;&Sm ig;zrf;vkyaf eMuaom ArmtrsK;d om;vl&,
G Ef pS Of ;D ukd awGU&onf? olwt
Ydk vkyw
f iG f
usaemfwYdk vkyt
f m;ay; 0ifu&l if; owif;axmufvrS ;f Muonf/ zk;d acgifawmifxyd rf q
S if;vmpOfuyif
usaemfwEYkd pS Of ;D enf;y&d,m,fwpfcu
k dk twnfjyKvmcJMh uonf/ xked nf;y&d,m,frmS usaemfu Armjynf
tv,fyidk ;f tmvH (,ckatmifv)H NrKd UbufraS usmif;q&mwpfO;D ? ukad rmifvaS usmu
f usaemfw
h ynhBf u;D
jzpfonf/ ppfBuKd acwf &ckid jf ynfwiG f ausmif;q&mwm0efxrf;aqmifae&if; ppfBu;D jzpfomG ;ojzifh usaemfh
rdbrsm;xH rjyefEikd cf /hJ ,ck&ckid jf ynfudk t*Fvyd o
f rd ;f Ny;D jzpf usaemfrb
d rsm;xH jyefvmjcif;jzpfonf[l
aom enf;y&d,m,fyifjzpfygonf/ ArmtrsK;d om;vl&,
G Ef pS Of ;D u usaemfwt
Ydk m; rdwjf zpfaqGjzpf ar;jref;
wkdif; enf;y&d,m,fukd wifjyMuonf/
olwEYdk iS t
hf wl bk&m;&GmwGif wnf;ckMd uonf/ olwEYdk iS ahf cgifa&aomuf? Muufcsujf yKwpf m;aomuf
Mu&if; olwEYdk iS fh &if;ES;D cifrifru
I dk usaemfwt
Ydk &,lonf/ bD,mxufrsm;pGm t&om&So
d nfh csKjd rjracgif
&nfpw
k Mf u&if; olwx
Ydk rH S udak rmifped v
f w
S Ydk owif;ukd EIu
d ,
f o
l nf/ olwx
Ydk rH o
S &d onfrmS *syefuw
dk u
dk cf hJ
aom &ckid v
f il ,f 4OD;ukd av;ykw
H iG f t*Fvyd pf pfwyfu zrf;onf/ aevSr;f vnfaumif;? aoewfjzihf
ypfvnf;aumif;? Of;qJowfonf/ olwkdYrao? aoewfrD;rul;/ wu,fhvlpGrf;aumif;rsm; jzpfMu
onf/
olwu
Ydk dk BuKd ;jzihw
f w
k af eSmifNy;D ppfav,mOfjzifh ac:oGm;Muonf/ ]]olwq
Ydk &mrsm;jzpfwhJ OD;pdEm eJY
bkaH ygufomausmw
f q
Ydk &dk if rD;ykx
H yJ pfcsvJ rD;rul;bl;?&ckid rf mS wu,fprG ;f wJh avmuDynmawG&adS o;w,f}}

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

26

bkHaygufomausmf

[k ukv
d aS zuajym\/ olajymaepOf usaemfaMumpdr\
hf / Muufo;D MuufarT;xae\/ zk;d acgifawmifxyd f
wGif awmrD;ab;rSvw
G &f ef xlxyfaomjruf&n
S af wmukd jzwfajy;vm&ojzihf jruf&u
G rf sm;&S tpif;pif;
jzpfaeaom usaemfhajcovkH;ukd usaemfprf;oyfrdae\/ ukdvSazu wpfqufwnf;yif ]]q&mwkdYaum
&ckdifrS avmuDynmawG wwfrvmbl;vm;}}[kar;jref;\/ usaemfu NrdKUay:ausmif;q&mvkyfae&
&ckdifjynftESHYra&mufbl;cJhaMumif;? pGrf;wJhavmuDynm&SdEkdifaMumif;ukd &Sif;vif;jyvkduf&ygonf/
avmuDynmtaMumif;ukd [kda&muf 'Da&mufajymMu&if; ukdvSazu ]]usaemfhtaz[m
avmif;&SnfNrdKUrSm emrnfBuD;wJhaq;orm;BuD;? arSmfq&mBuD; ...jzpfygw,f/ usaemfwkdYtdrfqkd&if
wHcg;zGit
fh yd v
f nf; b,forl S tdref m;ruyf&b
J ;l / tpGr;f xufwhJ arSmq
f &mBu;D ygbJ/ cifAsm;wkYd usaemfwYdk
tdrfrSmwnf;yg/ tE&m,fr&Sdap&ygbl;/ usaemfwkdYjyefwJhtcg wyg;wnf;vkdufcJh[k olzdwfac:onf/
qm[m&oJuE&xJ a&iwfoltm; ]]tkdatppf}}prf;a&wGif;xJ ypfcsvkdufovkd usaemfwkdYtwdkif;rod
ESpaf xmif;0rf;ajrmufpmG jzihf olzY w
d af c:csuu
f dk t<uif;rJv
h ufcv
H u
dk Mf uonf/ bk&m;&GmwGif olwt
Ydk m;
3&ufcefaY pmihaf e&\/ odaYk pmih&f if; olwEYdk iS u
fh saemfwYdk csKjd rjracgif&nfpw
k Mf uonf/ Muufom;okwf
pm;Muonf/ usaemfwYdk ulnED idk o
f rQ olwt
Ydk m; usaemfwv
Ydk yk t
f m;ay; ulnMD uonf/ avmif;&SnNf rKd Uom;
ESpfOD;eSihf usaemfwdkYrSm i,faygif;wpfrQ cifrif&ifESD;oGm;Muygonf/
ukad rmifped v
f w
S t
Ydk m; toufv,
k rl nfh Bu;D rm;vSaomtE&m,fujdk yKcahJ om rkew
f idk &f mG ? av;ykH
&GmwkdYrS olwkdYESihftwljzwfvmMuonf/ usaemfwdkYtm; wqHjcnfrQyif 'kuray;Mu/ avmif;&SnfNrdKUukd
NAdwdoQppfwyf uif;r&Sdaomae&mrS nOfh0ifMuonf/ ukdvSazwkdY tdrfokdY wef;wef;rwfrwf
a&mufoGm;Mu\/ {nhf0wfaus>yefaomolYrdom;pkonf usaemfwdkYESpfOD;tm; auR;arG;{nhfcHonf/
opfviG af omzsm? acgif;tk;H ? apmifrsm;ESiw
hf uG? oD;jcm;tcrf;wcrf; pDpOfay;onf/ usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D um;
pDpOfvmaom enf;y&d,m,ftwkid ;f usaemfu tmvHbufrS ausmif;q&m? ukad rmifvaS usmu
f wynhf
Bu;D wpfO;D jzpfonf/ usaemfrh b
d &S&d m tmvHbufojYkd yefvmMujcif;jzpfonf[
l yif ukv
d aS zrdbrsm;ukd
ajymMuonf/ ukv
d aS z bcifu NAw
d o
d QppfwyfrS tkycf sKyx
f m;csed jf zpf usaemfwYdk olt
Y rd x
f rJ rS xGub
f J
aexkid &f rnf/ qdwjf zLNrKd U&Sd oln
Y rD a':ode;f jzLukd ac:ay;rnf/ oln
Y rD a&mufrS olrESit
fh wl qdwjf zLNrKd U
odkY usaemfwdkY vkdufoGm;&rnf/ ukdvSazeSihftwl bk&m;&GmrSygvmolrsm;ukdvnf; usaemfwdkYr&SdaMumif;
pum;rxGuaf tmif EIwyf w
d x
f m;rnf[ak jymjyonf/ usaemfwYdk olt
Y pDtpOfudk 0rf;ajrmuf&iT v
f ef;pGm
vufcHvkdufMuygonf/
bkd;bkd;BuD;ewfu,fayvkdY
a':ode;f jzLukd qdyjf zLNrKd UrS tac:vTwx
f m; avmif;&SnNf rKd UwGif &ufowywfausmf usaemfwYdk
aexkdifcJhMuonf/ aeYykdif;wGif tdrfatmif;ae&NyD; nOfharSmifrS olwkdYNcHpnf;kd;wGif tanmif;ajy
vrf;avQmufMu&\/ usaemfw
h iG f raumif;[kvnf;aumif;? aumif;[kvnf;aumif; wduspmG rqk;H jzwf&

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

27

bkHaygufomausmf

ao;aom tusiw
fh pfc&k o
dS nf/ taMumif;t&mwpfcw
k pfcu
k dk eufeaJ v;eufpmG pOf;pm;vkv
d Qix
f idk
f
jzk pfap? vJavsmif;jzpfap? aq;vdyaf omufNy;D pOf;pm;avh&o
dS nf/ tusiu
hf dk ,aeYxd usaemfrpGeYf
vTw?f tavhraysmufjcif;aMumifh tif;pdeaf xmifwiG f ckEpS Ef pS af v;vausmf Ekid if aH &;txde;f cHb0jzihf
aecJh&pOfuvnf; trsKd;rsKd;'kua&mufcJh&NyD/
tif;pdeaf xmifBu;D wGif pyg,f&,
S af [mufpf rnfonft
h rd if ,fwpftrd w
f iG f vaygif;tawmfMum
usaemft
h m; wpfO;D wnf;xm;onf/ tif;pdeaf xmifBu;D \xk;H wrf;twkid ;f wpfvQif tnHph m;aq;ayghvyd f
wpf&mpDay;onf/ odaYk omf rD;jcpfuikd cf iG ?hf rD;ukd vuf0,fxm;jcif;rjyK&/ taygif;toif;tpkta0;jzihf
aexkid &f aom Edik if aH &;txdr;f odr;f cHrsm;twGuf rD;&atmif trsK;d rsK;d BuzH efxm;Mu\/ "mwfr;D jcpfjzpfap?
opfom;rD;jcpfjzpfap? rD;jcpfausmufudk rD;&atmif jyKjcif;jzifjh zpfap? wenf;enf;jzihrf ;D & aq;vdyu
f dk
tcsed rf a&G;aomufEidk o
f nf/ wpfO;D wnf;xm;aom usaemft
h wGuf eufepJ mG pOf;pm;&efvw
dk idk ;f wm0efus
axmif0g'gxHrS ]]rD;wpfwaYdk y;ygAsKUd }}[k awmif;&onf/ oem;Muifempdwf vlpw
d &f adS om axmif0g'gxH
rS rD;wpfwkdY vG,fulpGmawmif;&\/ b0ifukdifaeaomaxmif0g'gESihfqkHvQifum; &GmoGef;aeaom
rd;k a&atmufwiG f vkcH sED rG ;f ukd acgif;wGif aqmif;Ny;D wpfem&D ESpef m&Dausmx
f rd S rD;wpfw&Ykd \/ rD;wpfwYkd
&a&;twGuf rQr;kd xJavxJ 'kuc &H aomfvnf; aq;vdyaf omuf&if; eufepJ mG pOf;pm;awG;arQmaf om
usaemfhtusifhukd razsmufEdkifcJh/
avmif;&SnfNrdKU OD;.........tdrfwGif aeYykdif;wpfaeukefatmif;ae&aom usaemfwkdYESpfOD;
uufpbDvufatmuf&ckid jf ynf vGwaf jrmufa&;udp? a&SUvkyif ef;pOfrsm;ESifh Armjynfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
&ifqkdifawGUqkH&vQif wifjyrnfhtcsuftvufrsm;ukd tao;pdwfavhvmaqG;aEG;Muvnf;aumif;?
ajymif;zl;zufaq;ayghvyd rf mS aomufaeusaq;ayghvyd x
f ufayghveG ;f vnf;aumif;? rMumcPaq;vdyf
jywfomG ;avh&o
dS nf/ usaemfww
Ydk nf;ckad eaom aetdrrf MS unhv
f Qif bk;d bk;d Bu;D ewfueG ;f wGif ajymif;zl;zuf
aq;ayghvdyfrsm;ESihf za,mif;wdkiftwkdtprsm; azG;azG;jzLpGm jyefYBuHae\/ bkd;bkd;BuD;ewfuGef;onf
usaemfww
Ydk nf;ckad eaomtdrEf iS fh 10uku
d cf efu
Y s,rf nfh vrf;cGqw
Hk iG f wnf&o
dS nf/ ewfueG ;f wpfbufwpf
csufwGif 10ukdufrus,faom vrf;oG,frsm;&Sd\/ xkdvrff;rSjzwfoGm;&olwkdif; ewfuGef;odkYra&mufrSD
5uku
d cf efu
Y yif bdeyfcRwNf y;D ajcwk;H vk;H jzihf avQmufMu&onf/ tdr&f iS rf sm;xHrS bk;d bk;d Bu;D ewftaMumif;
avhvmpkpH rf;Munh&f m bk;d bk;d Bu;D ewfonf avmif;&SnNf rKd UwGif wHc;dk t&Sq
d ;Hk ewfjzpfonf/ wpfNrKd Uvk;H u
ukd;uG,faomewfjzpfonf/ ewfuGef;ab;rS bdeyfrcRwfbJ avQmufoGm;rdvQif 'Pf&m'Pfcsufr&SdbJ
ajcraxmufEidk ?f ajcz0g;xJ oHp;l oGi;f xm;ovkd 'kua 0'emcH&onf/ bk;d bk;d Bu;D ewfueG ;f rS wpfpw
Hk pf&m
,lrdvQifum; toufyifqkH;IH;oGm;EkdifaMumif; ajymjyMu\/
armifvaS usmEf iS u
fh saemfavmif;&SnNf rKd UwGif ESp&f ufo;Hk &ufcefaY exkid Mf uNy;D [k[
d 'dk 'D aD qG;aEG;Mu
&if; bkd;bkd;BuD;ewfuGef;jzifh aq;vdyfESifhza,mif;wkdifjyem ajz&Sif;&efoabmwlMuonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

28

bkHaygufomausmf

ewfueG ;f ay:&St
d oufrahJ om ewfyk rf sm; wefc;dk tmEkabmf &So
d nfqjdk cif;ukd &Dp&m '@m&Duo
hJ Ykd oabm
xm;aom usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D nOft
h csed f olwNYkd cpH nf;k;d twGi;f vrf;avQmuf&if; vltoGm;tvmuif;cku
d f
bk;d bk;d Bu;D ewfueG ;f rS ajymif;zl;zufaq;ayghvyd rf sm;ESifh za,mif;wkid rf sm;ukd rMumcP,liifMu\/ bk;d bk;d
Bu;D ewf usaemfwt
Ydk m; wpfpw
Hk pf&m taESmuft&Surf ay;bJ ulnyD gonf/ bd;k bk;d Bu;D ewftultnDudk
usaemfwpfoufrarhEdkifyg/
aiG'*Fg;
olwpYdk pD Ofay;ovkd aeYyidk ;f atmif;ae&Ny;D odraf rGUpGmaexkid pf m;aomufaeMuaom usaemfwt
Ydk m;
tdr&f iS f OD; ..........u tm;uk;d wBu;D ,kMH unfvmygonf/ usaemfwaYkd tmif;aeaomtcef;odYk
0ifvmonf/ usaemfwkdYtm; ta&;BuD;aomudpwpf&yfukd ,kHMunftm;xm; aqG;aEG;aMumif;
tpcsDum &ckdifjynf&Sd uRJwefbkd;ukdar;onf/ &ckdifjynfwGif uRJwpfaumifwefbkd;aiG av;q,frS
ig;q,fxd &Sad ejcif;ukd usaemfajymjyonf/ avmif;&Snb
f ufwiG f uRw
J pfaumifvQif aiGwpf&mrS wpf&mh
ig;q,fusyfxd a&mif;0,faps;&SdaMumif; olajymjyNyD;olukd,fwkdif &ckdifjynfwGif uRJrsm;0,f&effvkdufvkd
aMumif;? aiG'*Fg;jzifh uRJ0,fvQif &ekdifovm;[kajymum aiG'*Fg;tenf;i,fukd usaemfhvufxJodkY
tyfygonf/ aiG'*Fg;ukdMunhfNyD; uRJ0,f&Ekdifygonf[k usaemftajzay;\/ olu aiG'*Fg;onf
aiG'*Fg;wkjzpfonf[k ajymum aiG'*Fg;yfonfh ud&d,mrsm;ukdvnf; ,ljyonf/ oljyaomaiG'*Fg;ukd
usaemfaocsmpGma'gifph MHk unh\
f / toHjrnfatmifw;D Munh\
f / oljyaomaiG'*Fg;tenf;i,fonf aiG'*Fg;
wk[k usaemfowKrcsEidk /f tu,fom zkw
d pfzdk vkw
H pfvHk aiG'*Fg;yu
f &d ,
d mjzihf pufrt
I ultnD
rygbJ aiG'*Fg;wkudk yuwdaiG'*Fg;ESirhf jcm;atmifvyk w
f wfygvQif OD;......onf oli,fpOfu acwfrDS
pufryI nm&yfudk oifMum;cGi&hf cJv
h Qif olonf urmausmf pufryI nmoQiw
f pfO;D rjzpf[k b,foal jymEkid f
ygrnfenf;/ usaemfawG;awmaepOf olu &ckid jf ynfojYdk yefvQif olwx
Ydk rH w
S pfqifjh yef&ef twif;wku
d w
f eG ;f
\/ usaemfrdbrsm;ESihf rawGU&onfrSmMumNyD/ rdbrsm;rnfodkYpDpOfrnfukd wyftyfrajymEkdifao;yg
[laom csKdomonfh pum;vkH;rsm;jzihf usaemfwkdY cyfvkH;vkH; tajzay;&onf/
vSnf;,mOfpD;vsuf
&ufowwpfywfausmMf umNy;D vQif OD;.......\nDr qdyjf zLNrKd UrS avmif;&SnNf rKd UodYk a&mufvm
onf/ olwkdYpDpOfay;onfhtwkdif; usaemfwkdYESpfOD;onf OD;.....eSihfa':..........wkdY\
wlEpS af ,mufjzpfonfqadk omb0jzihf qdyjf zLNrKd Uol a':ode;f jzLESit
fh wl vSn;f ,mOfp;D vsuf NAw
d o
d Quif;
pcef; ppfwyfrsm;ukdjzwfvsuf avmif;&SnfNrdKUrS xGufvmMuygonf/ avmif;&SnfNrdKU OD;.......u
olu
Y dk e,fwpf0rS ;f wGif rodo&l mS ;onf/ NAw
d o
d QppfwyfrjS zpfap? tjcm;vufeufuidk f tzGUJ tpnf;wpfck

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

29

bkHaygufomausmf

u jzpfapzrf;qD;vQif olw
Y rl sm;jzpfaMumif; tppfc&H ef txyfxyfrmS vku
d o
f nf/ jcLoHwpfNird Nhf ird hf acgif;
warmh a rmh j zif h k e f ; qG J a eaom EG m ;nD a emif ? aq;a&mif j c,f x m;aom vS n f ; ,mOf a y:wG i f
wufxu
dk o
f nft
h cgxkid ?f tanmif;ajyvrf;avQmufonft
h cgavQmufjzihf NAw
d o
d QppfwyfEiS fh *syefppfwyf
bwjyefusm;wjyef tBudwfte,f wkdufckdufodrf;,laeaom avmif;&SnfNrdKUe,f? qdyfjzLNrdKUe,fwkdYukd
jzwfausmfvmMuonf/ qdyfjzLNrdKU a':odef;jzL\acgif;aqmifrIaMumifh usaemfwdkY rSJUwpfaygufrpGef;?
qdwfjzLNrdKU&Sd a':odef;jzLtdrfodkY qkdufqkdufNrdKufNrdKuf a&mufoGm;Muygonf/
oabmjynfh0aom avmif;&SnfNrdKU aq;orm;awmfBuD; OD;.......\nDr yDyD a':odef;jzL?
juvnf; usaemfwt
Ydk m; wu,fw
h El pS Of ;D uJo
h Ydk {nh0f wfausyeG pf mG {nhcf yH gonf/ olwt
Ydk rd w
f iG f aeYvnf
ykid ;f wGif ckad tmif;p&mrvkyd g/ qdwjf zLNrKd U tESt
YH jym;ukd avQmufjyonf/ qdwjf zLNrKd UwGif rSwo
f m;p&mrsm;
ukad vQmufjy&if; ajymjyonf/ qdwjf zLNrKd Ua':ode;f jzLpDpOfay;vku
d o
f nft
h wkid ;f avSBuKH jzihf qifjzLuRe;f okYd
usaemfwkdYESpfOD; qkdufqkdufNrdKufNrdKufa&mufoGm;Muygonf/ avmif;&SnfNrdKU aq;orm;awmfBuD;
OD;.......oln
Y rD a':ode;f jzLwk\
Yd aus;Zl;ukpd mtkyjf zihf rSww
f rf;wifjHk zihf usaemfra&mif&h yJ g/ waeY
aus;Zl;wkHYjyefEkdifrnf[k usaemftm;cJxm;vsufyif&Sd\/
qifjzLuRef;NrdKU xrif;qkdifwpfqkdifwGif usaemfwkdY naepmpm;Muonf/ aevkH;uG,faysmuf&ef
ra0;awmhaomtcsdefjzpfaeNyD/ usaemfhcEmukd,fwGifvnf; tzsm;aoG;0if csrf;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfaeNyD/
&cdik jf ynf uJo
h Ykd rnforl qkd wnf;ck&d efciG jhf yKxm;onfh bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;wpfausmif;odYk wef;wef;rwf
rwf0ifomG ;Muonf/ bke;f awmfBu;D tm; uefawmhum avmif;&SnNf rKd U aq;orm;awmfBu;D OD;....\
wlrsm;jzpfaMumif;ESifh wnOfw
h nf;ckcd iG jhf yK&efavQmufxm;Muonf/ bke;f awmfBu;D u wnf;ckcd iG rfh jyKEidk ?f
*gwfokdYoGm;wnf;ckdMu[kajymNyD; teD;&Sd qifjzLuRef;&J|meukd vufId;xkd;jyonf/ usaemfwkdYESpfOD;
bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rSqif;csed w
f iG f aevk;H uG,af ysmuf arSmifrrJ jJ zpfaeNy/D bmrQroGm;vmwwfMuNy/D
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;atmufwGif aooGm;ol\tavmif;ukd wifxm;NyD; tavmif;,loGm;onfhtcg
bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;odYk vSLavh&adS om ukwifpw
k rf sm; &Sad eonf/ xku
d w
k ifpw
k rf sm;xJrS taumif;qk;H
ukwifudk a&G;um usaemfwt
Ydk yd Mf uonf/ wpfnvk;H wqwfqwfwu
Hk m usaemfzsm;\/ tykyd gvmaom
vkHcsnfwpfxnfukd NcHKxm;aomfvnf; tcsrf;rajy/ ewfuGef;ESifh ewfukd,kHMunfaomolrsm;qkdvQif
avmif;&Snfbkd;bkd;ewf 'kuay;NyD[k aMumuf&GHUaumif;aMumuf&GHUrnf/ wqwfqwfwkHwufaeaom
usaemf\tzsm;a&m*gonf aq;0g;r&Sdonfh *syefacwfwGifpGJcJhaom iSufzsm;a&m*g\uGif;quf
jzpfaMumif;ukd aumif;aumif;od&SdaeaomusaemfhtzkdYum; bmwpfckrQ ylyifaMumuf&GHUjcif; rjzpfay/
eHeuftkPw
f iG f usaemfwjYdk yefMurnf[ak vQmufxm;&ef bke;f Bu;D ausmif;ay:odYk wufcMhJ uonf/ tkPf
qGrf;bkef;ay;NyD;aom bkef;awmfBuD;? yJjyKwf ig;ajcmufzkwfwkdYjzihf tMurf;&nfaomufokH;aeonf/
usaemfwYdk jyefawmhrnf[ak vQmufxm;vku
d &f m bke;f awmfBu;D u nOfu
h wkNH y;D zsm;aeaomwumtwGuf
aq;wpfcu
G Ef iS hf vbuf&nfMurf;aomufomG ;[kajymojzihf bke;f awmfBu;D u ay;aomaq;wpfcu
G u
f dk

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

30

bkHaygufomausmf

usaemfaomufonf/ usaemfwkdYESpfOD; wpfOD;vQif ESpfcGufokH;cGufrQaom vbuf&nfMurf;ukdvnf;

aomufMu&\/ wnOfv
h ;Hk iSuzf sm;a&m*gqk;d ESyd pf ufraI Mumifh wkw
H &Hk &D jD zpfaeaom usaemfum; qifjzL
uRef;NrdKUwGif waeYwmavmuf tem;,lcsifygonf/ okdYaomf zsm;emvnf;aumif;? anmif;nm
vnf;aumif;? rem;&aomawmfvSefa&;orm;jzpfpOftwkdif; qifjzL;uRef;NrdKUrS tmvHodkY vlBuHK&vQif
vlBuHKjzifh? avSBuHK&vQif avSBuHKjzihf usaemfwkdY c&D;qufMu&onf/ aiGaMu;ay;jzpfap? apwemjzihf
jzpfap? xrif;&vQif xrif;pm;Mu\/ xrif;r&vQif vrf;ab;wGif a&mif;aeaom taMumfpkHESihf
vbuf&nfMurf;aomufvQuf atmifvHNrdKUodkYta&muf c&D;jyif;pkdif;Mu\/
1945 ck? arvwGif tmvHNrdKUe,f jyvkdpcef;odkY usaemfwdkYa&mufoGm;Muonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
ESihf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif usaemfESihf 'kd;wlabmifzuf qkd;wlaumif;zufvkyfukdifvmMuaom
Akv
d &f efatmif? ocifwifjrwku
Yd dk awGU&onf/ usaemftwkid ;f rod 0rf;ajrmufomG ;\/ aysmrf qk;H armfrqk;H
jzpfomG ;\/ c&D;a&mufrqku
d f &ckid jf ynf zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;ESifh uufpb
f v
D ufatmuf &ckid jf ynf
tajctaeqkd;rsm;ukd olwkdYtm; usaemfwifjyonf/ olwkdYvnf; usaemfwdkYtm; BudKqkdum
c&D;vrf;wpfavQmuf iwfjywfvmaom usaemfwt
Ydk m; aumif;pGmauR;arG;ygonf/ aumif;pGmae&mxkid f
cif;ay;ygonf/ Akv
d &f efatmif? ocifwifjr (xkpd Ofu Akv
d Bf u;D &mxl;wHqyd jf zifh awGU&onf)wk\
Yd pDpOf
ay;csut
f & Akv
d rf LS ;atmif (ygvDrefvw
GT af wmfOu|a[mif;ESifh ,aeYjynfajy;tzGUJ acgif;aqmifwpfO;D )
ponfAh v
dk rf sm;ukyd g &ckid jf ynfzufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;ESifh uufpb
f v
D ufatmuf &ckid jf ynftajctae
qkd;rsm;ukd aqG;aEG;wifjycGihf&&SdoGm;\/ txl;ojzihf 1945 ck rwfv zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;tNyD;
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyf\vlrqefaom vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd tao;pdwfusaemfwkdY wifjyMuonf/
aygufuv
JG q
k jJ zpfaeaom ,rf;tk;d rsm;\pHeufwu
H dk q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESiu
hf saemfwYdk toufay;cRw,
f l
xm;Mujcif;wkdYudkvnf; ajymjyMuonf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;orm; &Jabmfrsm;ESihfwuG
&ckid jf ynforl sm; txl;ojzihf ajrqDajrcGeu
f dk tMurf;zufenf;rsK;d pkjH zihf np,
f jl ck if;cHae&aom v,form;
xkwpf&yfvkH; uufpfbD(NAdwdoQtpkd;&)udk vufeufpGJukdifwkdufzsuf&efe tkH<uaeMujcif;rsm;ukdvnf;
usaemfwkdYtao;pdwf&Sif;jyMuonf/ usaemfwkYd rvmrDS ArmjynfodkY armifpdefvSacgif;aqmifaom
tzGUJ wpfzUJG ukd uk,
d pf m;vS,v
f w
T cf o
hJ nf/ ,if;tzGUJ avmif;&SnNf rKd Ue,f rkew
f idk af v; ykcH si;f &GmwGif csi;f vJ
AD;ESihf NAdwdoQppfwyfu zrf;qD; nOf;yrf;um ppfav,mOfjzihf wifaqmifoGm;onf/ ukdarmifpdefvSwkdY
owif;ukd pkpH rf;ay;&efEiS v
fh w
T af &;twGuf aqmif&u
G af y;Mu&efvnf; tm;uk;d wBu;D usaemfawmif;qkd
vku
d \
f / aqG;aEG;yGt
J Ny;D Akv
d rf LS ;atmifu,
dk w
f idk f ol\ taemufwidk ;f {&d,mwGif NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfrsm;
\ tvpfpD;vufeufrsm; odrf;jcif;rcH&atmif trdefYxkwfqihfcJhygonf/
usaemfEiS fh cifrif&if;ES;D aom Akv
d &f efatmifwt
Ydk m; usaemfEpS u
f ,
dk Mf um; aqG;aEG;Munhyf gonf/
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfcspOfuyif ArmhppfwyfoD;jcm;xlaxmifa&;?

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

31

bkHaygufomausmf

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;? jynfolYtpkd;&zGJUa&;qkdcsufrsm; rnfodkYjzpfaeovJ[l usaemfwD;acgufavhvm

ygonf/ wpfO;D rQ wduspmG tajzray;Ekid /f cyfv;Hk vk;H om tajzay;Mu\/ trSerf mS Armhppfwyfo;D jcm;
xlaxmifa&;ESihf ArmhvGwfvyfa&; jynfolYtpkd;&tzGJUtm; todtrSwfrjyKvQif zufqpf*syef
awmfveS af &;Ny;D vQif Ny;D csi;f NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ &if0okYd aoewfajymif;0 vSnv
hf u
dk f o
Hk m&S&d rnf/ ,ck olw\
Ydk
tajzrSm bmwpfckrQra&&m/ olwkdYvnf; a&SUqufNyD; bmvkyf&rnfukd rodMu/ olwkdYa&m usaemfyg
wdusaomvrf;pOfatmufwiG f vkyu
f idk af qmif&u
G v
f Mdk uonf/ &efuek w
f iG f Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;&Sad eav
NyD/ acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd &efukefwGifawGUEkdifonf/
&efuek o
f v
Ykd u
dk o
f mG ;&ef usaemfwt
Ydk m; wku
d w
f eG ;f Muonf/ usaemfwv
Ydk nf; wdusaomvrf;pOf
wdusaomtajzukdr&bJ &ckdifjynfodkYrjyefEkdif/ usaemfwkdY &efukefudkvkdufoGm;&ef oabmwlMuonf/
olwx
Ydk rH S zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;orm;wkid ;f tm;ay;aom Mu,fwpfv;Hk wHqyd yf gonfh vufarmif;
ywfESpfckukd usaemfwkdYtm; ulnD&efawmif;onf/ Mu,fwpfvkH;wHqdyfygaom vufarmif;ywfESpfckukd
olwkdfYtvG,fwulxkwfay;\/
b0oHo&m
Mu,fwpfyiG fh zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;wHqyd yf gaom vufarmif;ywfwpfcpk yD wf usaemfwYkd
ESpOf ;D &efuek o
f Ykd pkeq
f if;vmMu\/ wpfvceft
Y oufraobJ b0tzkzH u
Hk ;l ajymif;cJ&h aom usaemfb
h 0ukd
usaemf NyHK;&Drdonf/ q&mawmfOD;pdEm0&rf;ajy; awmckdae&aom r[mNrdKif (#)pcrf;rS oHacsmif;xJ&Sd
armifuGm&Gmxd usaemf\b0um; &ckdifzufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;orm;wpfOD;? zkd;acgifawmifxdyfrS
avmif;&SnfNrdKUxd usaemfhb0um; ausmif;q&m? avmif;&SnfNrdKUrS jyvkdpcrf;xd usaemhfb0um;
avmif;&SnNf rKd U aq;orm;awmfBu;D OD;......\wl&if;onf;csm/ a[m...,ckwzef zufqpf*syef
awmfveS af &;orm; jzpfae&jyefNy/D aemiftouf&n
S af o;vQif toufray;bJ b0aygif; rnfrQu;l &tk;H
rnfudk usaemfvnf;rod/ urmausmaf A'ifvuPm ynm&Sv
d nf; ajymEkid rf nfrxif/ wkid ;f jynfEiS v
hf rl sK;d
tay: opm&Sv
d Qif tvkyo
f rm;? v,form;wku
Yd dk cspjf rwfE;dk vQi?f vlrsK;d pkcH spMf unfa&;ESifh urmNh ird ;f csr;f
a&;wkdYudk ,kHMunfvQif xkdoltwGuf b0oHo&mvnf&rnf/
&ckid f ;dk rwpfavQmufuv
dk nf; ajcukwrf jzKw?f yJc;l k;d rwpfavQmufwiG v
f nf; tckid t
f rm tajc
pku
d x
f m;aom zufqpf*syefppfwyfrsm;u wpfbuf? r[mrdww
f yfrsm;ESifh ArmhrsK;d cspw
f yfrawmfwu
Ydk
wbuf ppfa&;iifaeMuonf/ tiftm;NydKifaeMuonf/ jyvkdpcrf;rS&efukefwpfavQmuf NrdKUjyrsm;xJrS
NrKd Ujyrsm;pGmonf zufqpf*syefppfwyfrsm;\ tvk;H t&if;ESihf xk;d ppfqifru
I kd tcsed rf a&G;cH&rnfh tajcqk;d
ESifh &ifqkdifae&ao;onf/ aeYykdif;wGif tcgcg NAdwdoQ ppfAkdvf ppfom;rsm;? armfawmfum;jzihf toGm;
tvm&Sdonf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;vufarmif;ywf pnf;xm;aomusaemfwkdYESpfOD;onf &efukef

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

32

bkHaygufomausmf

bufodkYpkefqif;onfh armfawmfum;[lorQukd vufjyNyD;wm;Mu\/ t*FvdyfppfAkdvfrsm;ESifhawGUvQif

t*Fvyd pf um;jzihf tultnDawmif;Ny;D wufp;D onf/ ukvm;ppfAv
dk rf sm;ESiafh wGUvQif [dEL pwefepD um;
jzihaf jymjyonf/ uyvpD pfom;rsm;ESiafh wGUvQif t*Fvyd pf um;? [dEL pwefepD um;rsm;jzihaf jymjyonf/
xkb
d mompum;rsm;ukd olweYdk m;rvnfvQiv
f nf; vuf[efjzihaf jymjyNy;D wufp;D onf? t&yfom; tiSm;
armfawmfum;BuKH vQiv
f nf; tcaMu;aiGay;wufp;D Mu\/ r[mrdwaf rmfawmfum;BuKH jzihf vku
d o
f mG ;
nOfhtdyfem;rnfholwkdY wyfpcrf;xJ a&mufoGm;vQif olwkdYtaqmuftOD;xJ tdyfcGifhjyKvQifvnf;
tdyfonf/ olwkdYtaqmuftOD;xJ tdyfcGifhr&vQifvnf; wrHwvif;wGifjzpfap? jrufcif;arGU,may:
jzpfap? usaemfwkdY tdyfoGm;Muonf/ odkYjzpfovkdpm;? jzpfovkkdtdyfNyD; vmcJh&m okH;nOfhtdyfNyD;
aemufwpf&ufwGif aejynfawmf&efukefodkY ab;roD &efrcbJ usaemfwkdY a&mufoGm;Mu\/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;
&efuek o
f aYkd &mufvQif *syefacwfwpfacwfv;Hk usaemf\wnf;ckad &;pcrf;jzpfaom a&Tw*d aHk jc&if;
ykvdyfyd#uwfausmif;wkdufaemuf&Sd(,ck t&d,m0dZm"romv a':aiGGefYtzGJU? yd#uwfwkduf)t&Sif
...\ausmif;wkdufokdY wef;wef;rwfrwfwufoGm;Muygonf/
q&mawmftm;uefawmhNyD; &ckfdifjynfwGif aqmif&GufcJh&aom zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;ESifh
uufpbDvufatmuf &ckid jf ynfjzpf&yfrsm;ukd usaemfavQmufwifygonf/ q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[tm;
tdE,
d jynfoYdk yihzf w
d af c:oGm;Ny;D tdE,
d wGif &Sad ernf/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm 0&rf;ajy;um awmckyd ek ;f atmif
vsuf ae&jcif;wkdYukdvnf; usaemf xnfhoGif;ajymjyygonf/ q&mawmftm; EIwfqufNyD; t0wfrsm;
vJum A[ef;bufoYkd usaemfwx
Ykd u
G v
f mMu\/ *syefacwfwpfacwfv
f ;Hk pnfum;cJah om A[ef;&yfuu
G f
onf pnfum;NrJ pnfum;aeonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; pkHprf;Munhf&m wm0gvdrf;? wm0g
a[mufp(f ,ck Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;jywku
d jf yKxm;aom taqmuftOD;) wGif Adv
k cf sKy&f adS Mumif; wduspmG
od&\/ &efuek af &mufNy;D aemufwpfaeY eHeufyidk ;f wGif wm0ga[mufpf Akv
d cf sKyt
f rd o
f Ykd usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D
oGm;Muonf/ AdkvfcsKyftm; umuG,fxm;aom &Jabmfrsm;ESihfawGYonf/ usaemfwkdYESpfOD; rdrdukd,fukd
rdwq
f ufMuNy;D &ckid jf ynfzufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;ESifh uufpbDacwf &ckid jf ynfa&;&mrsm; tusO;f csKyf
ajymjyMuonf/ Akv
d cf sKyEf iS ahf qG;aEG;&ef usaemfwYdk &ckid jf ynfrS vmMuaMumif;eSifh usaemfwjYkd zwfvmaom
'kur sK;d pku
H v
dk nf; &Si;f vif;jyMuonf/ reufjzefeeH uf 7em&Dcefw
Y iG f Akv
d cf sKyEf iS afh wGUa&; pDpOfay;rnf[k
olwkdY tmrcHcsufjyK\/
csed ;f qkv
d u
dk o
f nft
h wkid ;f eHeuf 7em&Drxk;d rDu
S yif Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;tdro
f t
Ydk a&muf usaemfwYdk
ESpfOD; taomhESifoGm;Muonf/ raeYuawGUcJhaom&Jabmfrsm;\ pDpOfay;onfhtwkdif; AkdvfcsKyftm;
olt
Y cef;wGif awGUqkaH qG;aEG;&ygonf/ [dwBf u;D [efBu;D r&Sad om Akv
d cf sKyo
f nf usaemfwt
Ydk m; aumfzD

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

33

bkHaygufomausmf

jzifh {nhcf NH y;D usaemfww

Ydk ifjyvkafd om tcsut
f vufrsm;ukd wifjyckid ;f av\/ &ckid jf ynfwiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd usaemfpwifNyD; ajymjyonf/ AkdvfcsKyf*kwpkduf
em;axmifaeonf/ AkdvfcsKyfta&;,l em;axmifaeonfukd awGU&avav usaemftm;yg;w&
ajymaumif;avavjzifh uufpbD(NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &;) vufatmuf &ckid jf ynf\qk;d 0g;aom tajc
taersm;\jzpfaMumif; ukepf ifudk usaemfwpfem&Dausmrf Q &Si;f vif;wifjyoGm;ygonf/ ,if;tjyif tqif
oif,
h v
l maom BuKd ;rdeYf 2xyfurG ;f ? 3xyfurG ;f csxm;cHae&olrsm;? axmif'PftrdecYf aH e&aom Ekid if H
a&;orm;rsm;\trnfrsm;? &GmvkH;uRwfvk,uf? rD;IdU? rk'def;usihfjyKjcif;cH&aom aus;&Gmtrnfrsm;
yg&Sdonfh pm&if;ukdvnf; AdkvfcsKyfvufokdY usaemfay;tyfvkdufygonf/ wqufwnf;yif usaemfu
]]t*Fvyd pf pfwyfawG nO;f yrf;ESyd pf ufveG ;f vmawmh &JabmfawGa&m jynfoal wGyg onf;rcHEidk Mf uawmh
bl;/ xcscsifaeMuNyD/ vufeufawGvJ usaemfwkdYvufxJ&Sdw,f/ xyfpk&ifvJ vufeufawG axmifeJY
csDNyD; &Edkfifao;w,f/ jrefrmwpfjynfvkH;eJY wpfNydKifwnf; xcscsifvkdY q&mawmfOD;pdEmeJY usaemfwkdY
xde;f xm;w,f/ Akv
d cf sKyw
f b
Ykd ,fvo
dk abmxm;ovJ}}[l usaemf 'k;d 'k;d a'gufa'guf Akv
d cf sKy\
f oabm
xm;ukd ar;vkdufygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfrdepftawmfMum Nidrfae\/ usaemfwifvkdufaompm&Gufukd ai;Munhfae\/ AkdvfcsKyf
Nird af eavav usaemf\&ifrES v
S ;Hk om;rsm; ckeaf vavjzpfaeonf/ Akv
d cf sKy\
f pum;ukd tm;xm;aom
pdwt
f jynft
h 0jzihf usaemfapmihBf uKd aeonf/ ]]cifAsm;jyem[m Ekid if aH &;jyemjzpfw,f}}[k tpcsD
um AkdvfcsKyfonf zufqpf*syefrsm;tm; wkdufckdufae&qJjzpf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESihfajyjypfa&;rSpNyD;
wyfrawmfwpfckvkH;\wm0efukd olxrf;aqmifae&aMumif;? ppfa&;ppf&mjyemrsm; olYtm; zdpD;ae
aMumif;wku
Yd dk &Si;f jyum ocifoef;xGe;f xHomG ;&ef wku
d w
f eG ;f onf/ ocifoef;xGe;f csucf si;f pmwpfapmif
a&;Ny;D usaemfv
h ufxt
J yfvu
dk yf gonf/ zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &; pDpOfpuyif vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pD
a&;? qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wkEYd iS t
hf wl arG;&mygjzpfonfh Armho;D jcm;wyfxal xmifa&; vGwv
f yfaomjynfot
Yl pk;d
&zGUJ a&;wkYd bmaMumifh b,fv?dk aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;&onfwu
Ydk dk odvadk ompdw"f gwf usaemf&h if0,ftjynhf
jzpfae\/
ocifoef;xGef;ESifh bkabmufus&NyD
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;xHrS ocifoef;xGef;xH ay;pmukd,lNyD; bmvkyfk&rnfukd tajz&Smr&bJ ?
ea0wdrfawmifjzpfaeaom usaemfwkdYESpfOD; ikdifikdifai;ai;xGufvmMu\/ ocifoef;xGef;b,frSmae
onfukd axmufvSrf;ar;jref;Muonf/ 1300jynhfta&;awmfykHtwGif; ausmif;om;nDvmcHukd
NrKd Urausmif;wGif usi;f ycJo
h nf/ ,if;nDvmcHaMumifh usaemfwaYdk usmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm ocifp;dk ?
ocifoef;xGef; ponfrsm;ESihf wykdif;wpfp oduRrf;bl;Muonf/ ocifav;armif? ocifpkd;?

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

34

bkHaygufomausmf

ocifoef;xGe;f paom ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;onf usaemfwYdk ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ av;pm;jcif;ukd

cH,l&aom acgif;aqmifrsm;yif/ xkdYtjyif ocifoef;xGef;ukd *syefacwfwGif zufqpf*syef
awmfvSefa&;udpESihfywfouf usaemfESpfBudrfcefY awGUbl;cJhavNyD/
&efuek Af m;u&mvrf;wGif Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD XmecsKyu
f dk zGiv
fh pS v
f Qu&f adS eNy/D emrnfBu;D
ocifoef;xGe;f ausmif;om;rsm; or*XmecsKyf acgif;aqmif ukAd [de;f polwu
Ydk kd &SmazG&ef rcufcaJ wmh/
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDXmecsKyfodkY usaemfwkdYoGm;Mu\/ ajreDukef;? ajrEkvrf;wGif ukdA[def;aejcif;?
prf;acsmif;&yfuu
G w
f iG f ocifoef;xGe;f aejcif;wku
Yd kd ae&yfvyd pf mtjynht
f pkjH zihf usaemfwYdk wduspmG od&a
avonf/ AuyXmecsKyfrSxGufNyD; ajreDukef; ukdA[def;tdrfokdYoGm;Muonf/ ukdA[def;wkdYZeD;armifESHukd
use;f rmpGmyif awGU&\/ olu
Y dk &ckid jf ynf zufqpfawmfveS af &;ESiw
fh uG uufpbDvufatmuf &ckid jf ynf
\'kuaygif;pkHukd usaemfaqG;aEG;wifjyonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtm; wGefvSefawmfvSef&ef toihf&Sdaom
&ckdifjynftajctaersm;ukdvnf; ajymjyonf/ olYxHrSvnf; wdusaom tajzukdr&/ cyfvkH;vkH;ESihf
r&Sif;vif;aom tajzukdom&&Sdygonf/
1945-ck arvwpfaeYaomeHeufykdif;wGif ajreDukef; ajrEkvrf; ukdA[def;tdrfodkY usaemfwkdY
xyfoGm;Muonf/ avmu0wfjyKwwfaom ukdA[def;onf bkdifusaeonfh olYb0xJrSusaemfwkdY
twefwefjiif;onfukd qefYusifNyD; aumfzDESihfrkefYwkdufauR;\/
ukAd [de;f ESihf pum;tenf;i,fomajymNy;D prf;acsmif;&yfuu
G &f dS ocifoef;xGe;f aetdro
f Ykd usaemf
wkdY oGm;Mu\/ Auyacgif;aqmifBuD;wpfOD;jzpfol ocifoef;xGef;ukd olYaetdrfwGif tqifoifhawGU&
onf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u olYxHay;vkdufaompmukd &ckdifjynf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;ESihfwuG
uufpb
f v
D ufatmuf qk;d 0g;aeaom&ckid jf ynf\jzpf&yfrsm;ukd EIwif t
Hk mikaH vmuf&aeaomusaemfwifjy
onf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfudk wGe;f vSew
f u
dk cf u
dk &f ef toifjh zpfaeaomtajctaersm;eSifh aygufuv
JG q
k J
,rf;tkd;rsm; taMumif;wkdYukdvnf; usaemfqufvufNyD; &Sif;jyonf/ tqifoifh,lvmaomBudK;'Pf
2xyfurG ;f csxm;cH&onfh Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;ESifh axmif'Pfc&H olrsm;ESifh zrf;qD;cHae&aom&Jabmfrsm;\
trnf? vk,uf? rD;IUd ? rk'rd ;f usicfh &H aom aus;&Gmrsm;\pm&if;ukv
d nf; olv
Y ufxu
J saemfx;dk tyfvu
dk af v
\/ usaemfu NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ wku
d af &;ukd pwifajymvku
d &f m? ocifoef;xGe;f u wpfred pfyif ai;ikid rf ae?
usaemfov
Yl ufxJ xk;d tyfaeaompm&Guu
f dk vSr;f ,l&if; ]]NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfudk vufeufuidk w
f u
kd zf Ydk rvkad wmh
bl;}} [k tpcsDum urmh'Drkdua&pDwyfaygif;pkxJwGif qkdAD,uf,leD,H\ MoZmtiftm;BuD;xGm;vmykH
urmjh ynforl sm; 'Dru
dk a&pDatmify&JG vmyk?H wkwjf ynf? tdE,
d jynfww
Ydk iG f vGwv
f yfa&;ESifh qk&d ,
S v
f pf
a&; atmifyJG qifrnft
h qifo
h aYdk &mufaeykH NAw
d o
d Qtm; tMurf;rzuf&? vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf vufeuf
ukdifwkdufyGJenf; ed*kH;csKyfcJhNyD/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf EkdifiHa&;? pnf;kH;a&;? wkdufyGJopfjzifh pwifwkdufyGJ
0if&rnf/ r[mrdwt
f m; vufeufjzihw
f u
dk o
f o
l nf *syefov
l QKjd zpf&rnf[k aumufcsucf savawmh\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

35

bkHaygufomausmf

zufqpf*syeftm; 1944-ck? 'DZifbmvrSpwifNy;D vufeufpu

JG idk af wmfveS w
f u
dk zf sucf phJ Ofu ]]a&T&ckid af wG
zufqpf*syefukd xcsMuNyD}}[k tkwftkwfaomif;aomif; Mobmay;jcif;cHcJh&onfrSm ylylaEG;aEG;om
&Syd gao;vsuEf iS hf zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;wGif usq;Hk cJ&h aom &Jabmfrsm;\aoG; &ckid af jrwGif rajcmuf
ao;ygvsufESihf ]]*syefolvQKd}}[k ocifoef;xGef; aumufcsufcs pGJcsufwifjcif;ukd usaemfraMueyf?
w&m;rJhvGef;onf/ atmufajcvGwfvGef;onf[k usaemf,lqvkduf\/
Ekid if aH &;tbd"rm? Ekid if aH &;oabmw&m;rsm;ukd ay;vQiw
f w
k w
f w
k rf QrvIyb
f J pGNJ rpJ mG em;pku
d ef m,l
wwfaomtavhtx usaemfhwGif&Sdonf/ xkdYtwl? EkdifiHa&;tbd"rm? EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;a&;&m
wkdYwGif rSm;onf[k,lqvQifvnf; ikHYcHraewwf? jyefajymwwfaomtusihfvnf; usaemfhwGif&Sdonf/
*syefolvQKdjzpf&rnfqkdonfh ocifoef;xGef;\vGJrSm;aom EkdifiHa&;aumufcsufukd qefYusifvkdojzihf
usaemfqw
d Nf ird pf mG raeEkid af wmhbJ NAw
d o
d QwyfawGudk wjynfv;Hk twkikd ;f twmjzihf wku
d zf sujf cif;uko
d m
usaemfwv
Ydk v
dk m;aMumif;? olwvl igwrif; wku
d cf u
dk jf cif;rsK;d rjzpf&atmif usaemfwYdk xde;f xm;aMumif;
pnf;kH;a&;enf;rsm;jzihf vGwfvyfa&;ukd r&rSomvQif vufeufjzihfwkduf&ef &nfrSef;NyD; usaemfwkdY
vufeuf0Sufxm;aMumif;wkdYukd olYtm; usaemf&Sif;vif;ajymjy\/
ocifoef;xGef;u vufeufukdifwkduf&efrvkdaMumif;ukd xyf&Sif;jyum NAdwdoQppfwyfxH
t<uif;rJh vufeuftyfa&;ukd ausmzd&ifzd xyfavmif;wkdufwGef;onf/ usaemfu BudK;rdefY xyfuGrf;cH
ae&olrsm;? axmif'PfcHae&olrsm;? vlrqefpGmzrf;qD; nif;qJcHae&ol &Jabmfrsm;tm;vTwfvQif
*syefaiGpuLw&m;r0ifjzpfoGm; ay;p&maiGr&Sdaom v,form;rsm;xHrS ajrcGefajrqDpf,ljkcif;?
&Gmrsm;ukd rD;IdUvk,uf? rk'drf;usihfjcif;rsm;ukd wm;qD;vQif &ckdifjynftm; vufeufukdifwkdufyGJrsm;rS
u,fwifEikd rf nfjzpfjcif;ukd usaemfot
Yl m; axmufjyonf/ ocifoef;xGe;f u NAw
d o
d Qr[mrdwrf sm;ESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&if; ajz&Sif;,lrnf[k cyfvG,fvG,f cyfvkH;vkH; tajzay;\/ ,if;tjyif
ocifoef;xGef;u ]]cifAsm;wkdY vufeufawG b,frSmxm;ovJ}}[k abmufqwfqwfar;vmonf/
ajym&if;aqG;aEG;Mu&if; usaemfav;pm;cJah om ocifoef;xGe;f ukd usaemfrausreyfjzpfvm\/ ]]ajrBu;D
xJwGif 0Sufxm;ygw,f}}[k usaemfutajzay;vkduf\/ ]]ajrBuD;xJ0Sufxm;&if aqG;ukefrSmaygh?
vufeufawGukd tyfvkdufyg}}[k ocifoef;xGef;u vufeuftyfa&;ukd xyfqifhwkdufwGef;onf/
]]wpfywfEpS Bf urd af jrBu;D rSazmf,Nl y;D wku
d cf Rwx
f m;ygr,f/ vufeufawGraqG;&ygbl;}}[k usaemfjyefajym
\/ ]]vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D &if cifAsm;wkv
Yd ufeufawG bmvkyt
f ;Hk rSmvJ}}[k ocifoef;xGe;f u xyfueG v
Yf m
onf/ ocifoef;xGe;f \pum;onf taESmift
h oGm;rvGw/f vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D vQif vufeufyek ;f rsm;
jzifh "m;jywkdufMurnfvm;[k aighawmhawmh ar;jref;onf[k ,lqvQifvnf; &\/ odkYr[kwf NAdwdoQ
ppfwyfxH t<uif;rJv
h ufeufcs&ef tMuyfuidk o
f nfo
h abmvnf;jzpfEifkd \
f / usaemfonf;rcHEidk af tmif
a'goxGufavNyD/ wpfa,mufaomolu NAdwdoQppfwyfxH t<uif;rJhvufeufcs&rnfhvrf;/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

36

bkHaygufomausmf

wpfa,mufaom olu NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukd vufeufrnfhwkdufckdufrnfhvrf;/ ]]vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&ifvJ

awm qifidk ;f awG? om;&Jw&d pmefawGaygwJh usaemfwYkd &ckid jf ynfrmS om;&Jw&d pmefawGudk ESrd ef if;a&;rSm
tokH;jyKoGm;ygr,f}}[kjyefajym&if; wqufwnf;yif usaemfu ]]....jzpfzkdY r[kwfa0;? jyefuwfar
(rjzpfawmhbl;uG? jyefMupkdY)}}[k ajymum ocifoef;xGef;tdrfrS ckefxGufvmonf/ ukdomxGef;atmif
(,ck A[kdjynfolYtvkyform;aumifpD XmecsKyf tvkyftrIaqmif) wkdYonf a'gyGyGjzihfxjyefvmaom
usaemf\aemufrSvkdufygvmMu\/ rsOf;NydKifrqkHovkd ocifoef;xGef;ESihfusaemf aemufxyfwpfcgrQ
rqkHavawmhyg/
b0wlcsif;aygif;qufMu
xkpd Ofu ckid rf mpGmxlaxmifxm;aom urmu
h eG jf rLepftzGUJ csKy\
f tbd"rma&;&m? t,ltqa&;
&m? oabmw&m;a&;&m? uGjJ ym;rIvnf;r&S/d acgif;aqmifvrl v
I nf; r&Sb
d /J urmwpf0rS ;f vk;H &Sd uGejf rLepf
ygwDtoD;oD;ESihf uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwkdY vufcHMuonfhtwkdif; ]]EkdifiHwumtvkyform;vlwef;pm;
aoG;pnf; nDw
G Mf u}}a<uaMumfoaH tmufwiG f qkAd ,
D uf,el ,
D EH iS fh r[mpwmvif\ acgif;aqmifrw
I u
Ydk dk
t<uif;rJv
h ufco
H nf/ t&if;rJv
h w
l ef;pm;wku
d yf rJG S t&if;rJt
h mPm&Sipf epfxal xmif&rnfudk t<uif;rJh
cH,o
l nf/ jynfoyl idk pf ;D yGm;a&;pepfrS uGejf rLepfp;D yGm;a&;acwfudk wnfaqmufomG ;&rnfudk t<uif;rJh
,kHMunfonf/ vlYavmuESihf vlYorkdif;jzpfay:a&; w&m;onf t&if;&SifacwfrSqkd&S,fvpfacwfokdY
ckeful;ajymif;vJa&; (awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh ajymif;vJa&;) rSty tjcm;r&Sdaom EkdifiHa&;tbd"rmukd
t<uif;rJhqkyfukdifxm;onf/ usaemf\EkdifiHa&;tbd"rmcH,lcsufESihf oabmw&m;onf usaemfhtm;
uGejf rLepfwpfO;D jzpfa&;okYd wGe;f ykaYd ekrH u vufawGUtm;jzihv
f nf; *syefacwfwpfavQmufv;Hk wGif tdE,
d
&Sd OD;ode;f azjrifEh iS w
fh uG ocifp;dk wkYd ajratmufAuyESiq
fh ufo,
G Nf y;D um,uHajrmuf oufpeG BYf uKd ;yrf;
aqmif&u
G v
f mcJo
h jl zpf&m usaemfonf uGejf rLepfwpfa,mufjzpfa&;vrf;rS aoGz,fomG ;p&mvrf;r&Syd g/
okaYd omf NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &; uufpb
f aD cwfwiG f awmfveS af &;wyfO;D pmwrf;ESihf vGwv
f yfa&;aMumfjim
csurf sm;wGif ygonf/ Armho;D jcm;wyfxal xmifa&;? vGwv
f yfaomArmjynfot
l pk;d & zGUJ pnf;a&;paom
tajccHaomhcsufBuD;rsm;ukd kdufcsKd;ypfNyD; uufpfbDtpkd;&xH t<uif;rJhvufeufcsckdif;onfukd usaemf
vufrcHEkdif/ ,if;tjyif vkdwpfrsKd;? rvkdwpfrsKd;vkyfwwfaom uGefjrLepfAsLkdu&ufrsm;\ qufqHa&;
ESihfajymqkdcsufrsm;ukdvnf; usaemf atmhESvkH;emvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh b0wlcsif;? cH,lcsufwlcsif;?
awGUvkdawGUjim; csmcsDvrf; (,ck ukd,fhrif;ukd,fhcsif;vrf;) wGif zGihfvSpfxm;aom zqyvXmecsKyfodkY
tNrJrjywfoGm;vm0ifxGufaeavh&Sdonf/
a,mifcsmcsmjzpfaeaomusaemf zqyvXmecsKyfrSxGufvmaomf ukdAaqG (xkdpOfu zqyv
XmcsKyfwGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)ukd rarQmfvifhbJ &ifqkdifwkd;rdoGm;\/ wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; vIdufvSJ

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

37

bkHaygufomausmf

tm;&pGm EIwfqufMuNyD; olu &ckdifjynfa&;&mrsm;ukd ar;avonf/ olESifhusaemf zqyvXmecsKyfrS

bkdvdrf;vrf;&Sd olYtdrfxd vrf;avQmufvmMu&if; &ckdifjynfwGif jzpfcJhaom zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;
ESiw
fh uG NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &; uufpb
f v
D ufatmuf tni;f qJc&H ckid jf ynf\Murmqk;d rsm;ESifh NAw
d o
d Q
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;ukd wGef;vSef&ef zGJUpnf;xm;aom ajratmufvufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJUrsm;?
raMujimaom pifNydKiftpkd;&vkyfief;rsm;? q&mawmfOD;pdEmwkdY 0&rf;ajy;awmckd aeMujcif;rsm;wkdYudk
tjynht
f pkaH jymqkw
d ifjyvku
d yf gonf/ olt
Y rd o
f aYkd &mufonfw
h idk f usaemfajymqkw
d ifjyaeaom jyem
rsm; rNyD;jywfao;&m olYtdrfwGifyif eHeufpmpm;NyD; vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd yGifhvif;pGmaqG;aEG;Muygonf/
ukAd aqGu olwUdk jynfot
Yl a&;awmfyHk ygwDvnf; NAw
d o
d QxrH S tomwMunfvw
G v
f yfaf &;&rnf
[k wpfzufowfr,kMH unf/ vkt
d yfvQiv
f ufeufjzifh vGwv
f yfa&;udk t&,l&ef olwv
Ykd nf; vufeufrsm;
0SuEf ikd o
f rQ 0Sux
f m;onf[k &Si;f vif;jy\/ ,if;tjyif AuyESifh wpfygwDjzpfa&;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;wGif
Auy\wpfzufp;D eif;tEkid u
f sijfh cif;rsm;? ajcxk;d jcif;rsm;? npfywfjcif;rsm;ukv
d nf;ajymjy\/ olEiS afh qG;
aEG;&onfrSm b0ifjrifhaeaom uGefjrLepfAsLkdu&ufESihf uGmjcm;aeonf/ AuyAsLkdu&ufrsm;u
ay;avh ajymavh&Sdaom t"dyg,faumufcsuf,lr&onfh cyfvkH;vkH;tajzrsKd;ESihf ajzmifhajzmifhBuD;
qefYusifum olYxHrSwdusaomtajzukd usaemf&&Sd\/ tajymtqkdESihfqufqHa&;wGifvnf; Auy
AsLku
d &ufrsm;ESifh rk;d aumif;uifEiS afh jrBu;D wrQumG jcm;\/ usaemfw&Ydk ckid u
f o
Jh yYdk if olvnf; Armpum;oH
ukd yDopGmrajymEkid /f oluyifqufvufNy;D &efuek w
f iG f usaemfw\
Ykd aea&;xkid af &;ukd ar;&m usaemfu
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif wnf;ckdae&jcif;? awGUqkHaom rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;xHrS
awGUovkd xrif;pm;NyD; aiGaMu;tultnD,lae&jcif;wkdYudk ajymjyvkduf\/ olu usaemfwkdYtwGuf
ae&mcsxm;ay;rnf/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if;tdrfwGif oGm;aeMu[kajymum AkdvfcsKyfae0if;xH pmwpfapmif
csucf si;f a&;ay;onf/ ukAd aqGa&;ay;aompmuk,
d &l if; usaemfu usaemfwYdk ArmjynfrvmrSD udak rmifped f
vS acgif;aqmifaom uk,
fd pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ wpfzUJG ukd apvTwcf jhJ cif;? avmif;&SnNf rKd Ue,f av;ykcH si;f &GmwGif
NAw
d o
d QppfwyfrS zrf;qD;i;f qJc&H aovkarsmyg;jzpfaeaom ukad rmifped v
f w
S t
Ydk m; ppfav,mOfjzihf
ac:aqmif o G m ;&m owif ; tpteyif r & jzpf a eaMumif ; uk d ajymjyonf / uk d a rmif p d e f v S w k d Y
owif;&a&;ESihf vGGwfa&;twGufyg aqmif&Gufay;&ef usaemftyluyfavawmh\/
aemufwpfaeYeeH ufapmapm ukAd aqGa&;ay;vku
d af om pmESit
fh wl prf;acsmif;vrf;&Sd Akv
d cf sKyf
ae0if; tdrfukd vkduf&SmMuav\/ ukdAaqGa&;ay;vkdufaomeHygwfeSihf tdrfukdawGUNyD/ tdrfxJ0if&ef
ajcvSr;f vku
d o
f nfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf aMumufrufz,
G af umif;aom t,fvaf Z;&Si;f acG;xD;Bu;D u usaemf
wkdYESpfOD;tm; [def;a[mufum ukdufpm;0g;pm;rnfjyKavawmh\/ tdrfay:rS Oywdkyfaumif;aom
vlwpfOD;u usaemfwkdYtm; vSrf;ar;&m usaemfu ukdAaqGvTwfvmaMumif; ukdAaqGxHrSpmvnf;
ygaMumif;ukd ajymjyygonf/ tdrf&Sifu ukdufpm;vkrwwf [def;a[mufaeaomacG;BuD;ukd ]]&efvkH}}[k

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

38

bkHaygufomausmf

aigufvu
dk &f m acG;xD;Bu;D z,fay;ojzihf usaemfwYdk tdraf y:a&mufomG ;&onf/ Akv
d cf sKyx
f u
H dk ukAd aqGxrH S
pmygvmonf[ak jym&m xkOd ywdyk af umif;oluyif olAv
dk cf sKyjf zpfaMumif;ajymojzihf usaemfu pmukd
Akv
d cf sKyv
f ufxo
J Ykd kad opGmay;tyfvu
dk af v\/ pmzwfNy;D Akv
d cf sKyu
f olt
Y rd o
f Ydk usaemfwYkd tcsed rf a&G;
ajymif;vmEkdifonf/ olwkdYpm;ovkd pm;Muwmaygh[k ajymum usaemfwkdYtm; vufcHavonf/
,if;aMumifh usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D naepmukd apmapmpD;pD;pm;Ny;D aer0ifrDS Akv
d cf sKyaf e0if;tdro
f aYdk jymif;vm
Muav\/
AkdvfcsKyfae0if;ESifhawmfvSefa&;
Akv
d cf sKyw
f t
Ykd rd w
f iG f naeykid ;f rdompk vlp&Hk MdS uonf/ Akv
d cf sKy\
f tdro
f t
l rd o
f m;rsm; ar;jref;ojzifh
usaemfwu
Ydk &ckid jf ynfwiG f jzpfcahJ om zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;? &ckid jf ynftm;
ukv
d edk u
D Rejf yKa&;&nfreS ;f csujf zihf NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &; uufpb
f t
D pk;d &u vlrqefaomzdEySd n
f i ;f qJrI
rsm;? BuKd ;'Pf2xyfurG ;f ? 3xyfurG ;f trdecYf sxm;cH&jcif;rsm; ponfwu
Ydk dk ajymjyMu&onf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ
pepfq;dk atmufrS vGwv
f yfa&;ukd vufeufuidk ef nf;jzihf wku
d ,
f &l rnfqv
dk Qiv
f nf; vufeufuidk ef nf;
jzifh wkduf,l&rnfqkdaom usaemfwkdY ckdifrmpGm pGJukdifxm;onfh 0g'ukd xkdtcsdefu AkdvfcsKyfuvnf;
vufcHxm;ygonf/
0g'wl pdwfwljzpfMuaom AkdvfcsKyfrdom;pkESihf usaemfwkdYajymp&m&SdvQifvnf; yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
ajym? vkypf &m&Sv
d Qiv
f nf; 0kid ;f ulvyk Mf uonf/ csujf yKwaf &;wm0efudk ukad rmifvaS usmf wm0ef,v
l u
dk &f m
AkdvfcsKyf\tdrfonf usaemfwkdYrdbtdrfuJhodkY rSDckdtm;xm;&m tdrfjzpfoGm;&\/
t,faZ;&Si;f ]]&efv}Hk }acG;Bu;D onf t[de;f ta[mufaumif;oavmuf uku
d 0f g;wwfaom acG;
r[kw/f &efvEHk iS fh aiGp;dk onf &ufowwpfywftwGi;f usaemfwEYkd pS Of ;D \porQ cH&aomb0a&mufomG ;
Muonf/ usaemfw\
Ykd upm;abmfrsm; jzpfomG ;Muonf/ odAYk v
dk cf sKyt
f rd w
f iG f rdom;pkb0jzihf usaemfwYdk
om,mpGmaexkdif&ygonf/ aysmufaeaom ukdarmifpdef vSwkdY owif;tpte &vkd&jim;ESihf
rdwaf umif;aqGaumif;awGUvQif aiGaMu;tultnD& &efuek w
f iG f ae&mtESu
YH saemfvn
S v
fh nfomG ;vm&
ygonf/ wcgcg aiGaMu;&Tiaf om rdwaf qGEiS afh wGUvQif xrif;t&ufpm;aomufNy;D aiG 25usyf 30usyf
&vmwwf\/ a,bk,stm;jzihf waeYvQif 3usyf 4usyx
f d usaemf&wwf\/ xkpd Ofu tvkyt
f ukid rf hJ
jzpfMuaom ,aeYxyd o
f ;D qko
d rl sm;vnf; usaemfwu
Ydk o
hJ yYkd if aeYwu
G u
f u
dk af tmif taygif;toif;rdwaf qG
rsm;\ tultnDukd ,lMu&olrsm;omjzpfMuonf/ ygwDtzGJUtpnf; &HykHaiGtwGuf &ovkdjzpfovkd
&SmazGMujcif;vnf; &SdMuao;onf/
Adv
k cf sKyt
f rd w
f iG f om,maom rdom;pkpw
d "f mwfjzihf &ufaygif;tawmfMum usaemfwYdk aexkid Mf u&
onf/ Adv
fk cf sKyo
f nf Oywdyk af umif;onf/ tom;ta&mif aumif;onf/ 6ayeD;eD;cefjY rifah om t&yfEiS fh

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

39

bkHaygufomausmf

nDrQonffh awmifw
h if;aom uk,
d u
f m,ykid &f iS jf zpf\/ Akv
d cf sKyEf iS fh [k[
d 'dk 'D D pum;ajym&if; Ekid if aH &;&mrsm;
ukdvnf; ajymqkdMu&ygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfonf ukdvkdeDuRefb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf vufeufukdif
awmfveS af &;ukd vkyaf qmif&ef 0efrav;aom rsK;d cspjf ynfcsppf w
d "f mwf jyif;xefcidk Nf ro
J w
l pfO;D jzpfonf/
tvkyo
f rm;? v,form;paom tnO;f qJcv
H w
l ef;pm;rsm;\ tusK;d aus;Zl;ukd ESpNf cKd uv
f v
dk m;olwpfO;D
jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmifraI y;Ekid o
f w
l pfO;D jzpfjcif;ukd awGU&S&d \/ Akv
d cf sKyu
f dk wpfcgrQ pdwn
f pfnL;rawGU
&bl;/ tNrw
J ef;NyKH ;&DaeaomrsuEf mS ESifh &D&aD rmarmajymqkad eonfuo
dk m jrif&\/ rnfoaYkd om tcuf
tcJurkd qkd rnnf;nL rjiLplbJ tNyKH ;rysuv
f yk u
f idk af qmif&u
G w
f wfonfudk odvm&\/ pum;ajymp&m
&Sv
d Qiv
f nf; taMumif;t&mwpfcck u
k dk a&yufr0ifatmif wdusyidk Ef idk pf mG ajymonf/ rjiif;ckEH idk af tmif
ckid rf monfh taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd ykid Ef idk pf mG pGu
J idk x
f m;wwfonf/ Akv
d cf sKyt
f m; teD;uyfavhvmav
av ol\Oywdkyfxuf ol\acgif;aqmifrIESihf rGefjrwfaom pdwfaeoabmxm;ukd jrif&avav
jzpfvm\/
aooGm;ol MumvQiaf rh? aysmufomG ;ol &SmvQiaf wGU qkd ;dk twkid ;f ukad rmifped v
f t
S m; rarQmv
f ifh
bJ A[ef;bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;wGif usaemfw
k w
f &ufawGU&onf/ usaemfEpS af xmif;tm;& 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om rk;d xdjrifrh m;oGm;\/ usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D \0rf;ajrmufru
I m; oufwrf;f r&SnEf ikd /f 'Pf&m'Pfcsurf sm;
jzihf jynhEf u
S v
f su&f adS om ol\cEmuk,
d u
f v
dk nf;jrif&/ olajymaomtcsurf sm;ukv
d nf; Mum;vm&aom
tcg usaemf,lBuHK;r& 0rf;enf;jcif;xJ epfjrKyfoGm;\/
NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfu zGUJ pnf;xm;onfh csi;f vJA;D rsm;u olwt
Ydk m; rkew
f idk ;f csi;f &Gmi,fwiG f vuf&brf;
qD;onf/ olwkdYtvsOf;rckcH/ olwkdYESihfygvmaom pwif;*ef;wpfvufESihf ajcmufvkH;jyL;wpfvufukd
tyfvu
dk o
f nf/ zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;wGif r[mrdwrf sm;u todtrSwjf yKxm;aom jrefrmEdik if aH jrykH
ygonfh jrefrmhrsK;d cspw
f yfO;D (BURMA PATRIOTIC FRONT) vnfqw
JG q
H yd rf sm;ukd csi;f vJA;D wyftm;jyum
olwkdY&ckdif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaMumif;/ Armjynf&Sd zufqpfawmfvSefa&;acgif;rsm;ESihf
qufo,
G &f ef vmaMumif;wku
Yd dk &Si;f vif;wifjyMuonf/ csi;f vJA;D wyfu olwt
Ydk m; r,kMH unf/ NAw
d o
d Q
e,fcsJUppfwyfodkY xkd;tyf\/ NAdwdoQppfwyftm;vnf; csif;vJAD;wyftm; &Sif;jycJhovkd &Sif;jyonf/
txl;ojzihf t*Fvyd pf um;ukd &nf&nfreG rf eG af jymqkw
d wfaom udak pmxGe;f OD;u NAw
d o
d QppfwyfrS ppfaq;
ar;jref;orQudk 'difk cf aH jym&onf/ NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfu ukad rmifped v
f ?S ukad pmxGe;f OD;wkYd wifjycsurf sm;ESifh
tppfccH surf sm;udk wqHcsnrf Qr,k/H olwt
Ydk m; ku
d Ef u
S n
f O ;f qJrHk u tpma&pmrauR;bJ ajcvufrsm;ukd
0g;jzihf wkwaf ESmifNy;D waeukew
f aecef; aevSe;f nO;f qJonf/ 3&ufajrmuf aevSr;f nO;f qJNy;D onfah eY
nOfb
h ufwiG f wkwaf ESmifxm;aom avxD;BuKd ;rsm;ukd ajzNy;D ajy;Munh&f ef Ed idI ;f aqG;aEG;Mu&\/ ajcjref
vufjrefaom uko
d ef;pdef BuKd ;ajzoGm; kww
f &ufawmifxyd o
f Ykd w[kex
f ;dk wufajy;oGm;Edik af omfvnf;
usef&Jabmfrsm;rSm teD;uyfapmifhaeaom NAdwdoQppfom;u aoewfjzihfypfonf/ uHaumif;aom

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

40

bkHaygufomausmf

ukdoef;pdef aoewfrayguf vGwfajrmufoGm;&\/ acgif;aqmifjzpfol ukdarmifpdefvStm; rajy;Ekdif

atmifvyk rf nf[k NAw
d o
d QppfAv
kd w
f pfO;D u Burd ;f 0g;Ny;D ajcovk;H ESifh vufzsrH sm;ukd ajcmufv;Hk jyL;aoewf
jzihf ypfcsK;d ypfonf/ ukad pmxGe;f OD;tm; vlrqefpmG nO;f qJojzihf owdro
hJ mG ;&onf/ olEiS u
fh akd pmxGe;f OD;
ukd ppfav,mOfi,fwpfp;D jzihf anmifO;D buf[k xif&onfh ,m,Daq;kjH yKvyk x
f m;aom trSwf (90)
pDtmtuf (90 C.R. S)aq;kHodkYykdYay;onf/ ukdapmxGef;OD;onf ppfav,mOfpD;&if; owdr&jzpfae&mrS
yg;pyfrS ]]'uf'}D } ]]'uf'}D }[kac:Ny;D olo
Y ciftm; t*Fvyd pf um;jzifh trsK;d rsK;d awmif;yefpum;ajymaMumif;/
]]uko
d mausm}f } ]]uko
d mausm}f }[k ac:um trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf rqkwef pfaomZGUJ owd
jzihf aqmif&u
G o
f mG ;&ef wzGzaG jymaMumif;/ ukad pmxGe;f OD; touftE&m,f&adS Mumif;wku
Yd dk udak rmifped v
f S
ajymjyonf/ udkarmifpdefvSuyif qufvufNyD; trSwf (90)qDtmtufwGif rsufESmjzLq&m0efESihf
rsuEf mS jzLolemjyKrsm;jzifh jyKpak Mumif;/ olt
Y m; ]]ppfoyYHk ef;}} (P.O.W.)wHqyd yf gaom tusu
dk 0wfay;um
ppfoyYHk ef;tjzpfxm;aMumif;/ ol'Pf&mrsm; rusurf DS aq;krH S tvpfxu
G af jy;vmaMumif;/ aumif;pGm
raxmufEidk af o;aom ajcaxmufrsm;ukd tm;xm;Ny;D rkid af v;&mausmaf 0;uGmaom rEav;rS &efuek Nf rKd U
okdY 16&ufMumaxmheif;axmheif; ajy;vm&aMumif;wkdYudk ajymjyoGm;ygonf/
ukdarmifpdefvSwkdYtm; NAdwdoQe,fcsJKUppfwyfrS vlrqefpGm nOf;qJNyD; ppfav,mOfi,fjzifh
wifaqmifoGm;&m aoonf&Sifonfukd rod jzpfaeaMumif;wkdYukd txyfxyftvDvDwifjyxm;NyD;
jzpfonfjh yif usaemfwt
dYk m;vnf; rdom;pk nD&if;wl&if;obG,f cifrifaeNyjD zpfojzifh ukad rmifped v
f t
S m;
ac:vma&;ukd wygwnf; Akv
d cf sKyw
f x
Ydk H cGiyfh efaep&mrvkNd y/D ukad rmifped v
f u
S dk wygwnf; Akv
d cf sKyt
f rd o
f Ydk
ac:vmav\/ oabmjzLpifNyD; odrfarGUpGmaexkdifwwfaom ukdarmifpdefvSudk wpfywfyifrjynhfrSD
Akv
d cf sKyw
f w
Ydk pftrd o
f m;vk;H cifrifomG ;Muygonf/ vlrrmwpfyidk ;f jzpfaeaom ukad rmifped v
f t
S m; 0kid ;f 0ef;
ulnDjyKpkMuygonf/ usaemfwkdYokH;OD;tm; pm;aomufaexkdifa&;omru 0wfqifa&;yg AkdvfcsKyfwkdY
ulnDMuygonf/
tao&& uGefjrLepfoifwef;
uGefjrLepfoifwef;ukd zGihfvSpfawmhrnf/ uGefjrLepf0g'a&;&mwGif yg&*lwpfql[k emrnfBuD;
aeaom ocifpkd;udk,fwkdif oifMum;ykdYcsrnf[k [kd;av;wausmfjzpfaeonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfxH
t<uif;rJv
h ufeufcs&rnfqadk om ba&muf'g0g'qk;d rS oufqif;vmonfh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD\
vufiif;vrf;pOfukd wa&G;om;rQ usaemfvufrcH/ odkYaomf ekdifiHa&;oabmw&m;? uGefjrLepfoabm
w&m;? qkd&S,fvpfoabmw&m;rsm;ukdum; tao&& t&Sif&& usaemfqnf;yl;vkdonf/ ,if;aMumifh
usaemfwdYk uGejf rLepfoifwef;wufrnf/ usaemfwrYdk nforl sm;jzpfonf/ &ckid jf ynfwiG f rnfoaYkd qmif&u
G f
cJhMuonf[k taMumif;pkHjyNyD; Am;u&mvrf;&Sd AuyXmecsKyfwGif pm&if;oGm;oGif;Mu\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

41

bkHaygufomausmf

AuyxdyfoD;wpfOD;jzpfaom ocifoef;xGef;tm; bkabmufjyKxm;onfh usaemfwkdYESpfOD;tm;

uGejf rLepfoifwef;wufciG jhf yKvadk omapwemukd AuyXmecsKyrf rS jy/ txl;ojzifh xkpd Ofu oifwef;a&;
&mudpr sm;ukd ukid w
f ,
G af eaom ocifausmNf ird ;f (tmwDw)D u rsuEf mS Bu;D &Spaf cgufusK;d aeonf/ rsuf
arSmifukwfaeonf/ rnfokdYjzpfap uGefjrLepfoifwef;ukd wufjzpfatmifwufrnf/ oifwef;wuf
wm;jrpfvQifvnf; wufrnf/ vufoD;jzifh 0kdif;xkd;u 'kwfjzihf ckcHrnf/ 'kwfjzifh 0kdif;kduf raovQif
"m;jzih0f ifcw
k rf nf[k pdww
f o
l abmwl rku
d u
f ef;uef;qk;H jzwfcsucf sxm;aom usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D a&SUqk;H rS
ae&m,lNyD; wufMuonf/
oifwef;wGif a&SUqkH;rSae&mukd ESpf&ufokH;&ufom usaemfwkdY vk,lxkdif&onf/ xkdae&monf
usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D \ ykrH eS af e&mjzpfomG ;\/ oifwef;om;wpfcsKUd tm; AuyXmecsKyrf aS y;xm;aom tEky#d
avmrkyf0g'pmwrff;ukd usaemfwkdYtm;ray;/ ocifpkd;&Gwfqkday;aom tEky#davmr kyf0g'rS pmvkH;
pmyk'd rf sm;ukv
d nf;aumif;? ocifp;dk a&;qGjJ yaom Z,m;ykMH urf;rsm;ukv
d nf;aumif;? usaemfwaYdk &;ul;jcif;
vk;H 0rjyK/ tjynft
h 0tmkpH u
dk Nf y;D oifMum;,lonf/ usaemfonf i,fpOfuav;b0uyif olrwlatmif
aqmhonf/ ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;ukd em&Daygif;rsm;pGm usufrSwf&rnfukdvnf; aMumufonf/ okdYESihf
usaemfhwGif tavhtxwpfck&Sdvmonf/ ausmif;q&moifMum;csdefwGif tjynhft0tmkHpkdufNyD;
&mEIef;jynhfrSwfrdatmif oifMum;,lonf/
ausmif;rSqif; tdrfa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; waeYoifMum;,lcJhaom oifcrf;pmrsm;ukd
aumif;pGm tjynht
f 0rSwrf o
d nf rrSwrf o
d nfudk rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk rdrpd pfaq;onf/ tjynft
h 0rrSwrf cd suf
rsm;vnf; &Sdao;vQif oifcef;pmpmtkyfukd zGihfNyD; tjynhft0rSwfrdatmifxd avhusifh,lonf/
tjynht
f 0 &Nyq
D v
dk Qiu
f m; aemufwpfaeYausmif;rwufrx
SD d pmtkyu
f dk rukid af wmh/ aqmhNy;D vQif aqmh
tcsefukefoGm;onf/
ocifp;dk oifMum;jyoaeaom tEky#davmrky0f g'ukv
d nf; enf;jzihf usaemfoifMum;,l\/
waeYwmoifwef;NyD; tdrfokdYjyefa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; ocifpkd; wpfaevkH;oifMum;cJhaom tEky#d
avmr ky0f g'rS 0gusrsm;? pmyk'd rf sm;udv
k nf;aumif;? Z,m;rsm;? ykMH urf;rsm;udv
k nf;aumif;? rSwOf mPf
xJrSxkwf,lNyD; vufa&;vSvSjzihf a&;ul;a&;qGJvkyfonf/ usaemfwdkYESpfOD;tm; tay:,HMunfhvQif
a&SUqk;H rSxidk Nf y;D tEky#dyk 0f g'avmrky0f g'ESifh ocifp;dk ukd jyuf&,fjyKovkd jrifEidk \
f / okaYd omf usaemfwYkd
wu,fjyuf&,fjyKaeonfrSm uGefjrLepfAsLkdu&ufwpfOD;ukdom jzpfaeonf/
uGejf rLepfpum;rsm;ukd [dwBf u;D [efBu;D avvk;H xGm;xGm;jzihf ajymNy;D rsuaf rSmifuw
k v
f suf AsLkd
u&ufqefaom OD;ausmfNidrf; (tmtD;wD)ukd usaemfwkdY wu,fysuf&,fjyKygonf/ AkdvfcsKyftdrfwGif
aeYpOfvv
dk dk om;pdr;f ig;pdr;f rsm;jzihf usaemfwYdk pm;aomufMu&ygonf/ wcgwcg tdro
f m;rsm;tm;vk;H
wpfae&modo
Yk mG ;Mu aps;0,fray;cJb
h J usaemfwt
Ydk m; aps;0,f&ef aiGtyfcv
hJ Qif csujf yKwaf &;wm0ef

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

42

bkHaygufomausmf

,lxm;aom ukdarmifvSausmfvnf; aps;r0,f/ usaemfvnf; aps;oGm;r0,f (,aeY usaemf om;pdrf;

ig;pdr;f aps;oGm;r0,fb;l ao;yg) jzpfwwfonf/ aeYrsK;d BuKH vQiyf if tedrq
hf ;Hk tqift
h aejzihf tdrw
f iG f
tqifoifh&Sdaom ig;&HUajcmufjzihf usaemfwkdYpm;Mu&ao;\/ uGefjrLepfoifwef; &Jabmfrsm;xJwGif
Auyacgif;aqmifrsm;u NAdwdoQppfwyfxH t<uif;rJhvufeufcs&rnfqkdapumrl usaemfwkYduJhodkY
vufeuf0u
S x
f m;aom &Jabmfrsm;ukv
d nf; BuKH awGU&onf/ xk&d aJ bmfrsm;ukd pdwaf &muk,
d yf g usaemfwYdk
aygif;oif;NyD; AdkvfcsKyftdrfwGif wpfeyfwpfav xrif;zdwfauR;vkdufao;onf/ uGefjrLepfoifwef;ukd
tcsed rf w
DS ufvo
dk jzifh rvTo
J m c&rf;oD;? yJ[if;? tmvl;yJ[if; ponfjzihf yJ[if;ukd a&vJtrsK;d rsK;d jzifh
csufxm;aom eHeufpmxrif;wpfeyfpDukd ausmif;wGif pm;Mu&\/ uGefjrLepfAsLkdu&uf OD;ausmfNidfrf;
(tmtD;wD) a&SUwGif vufrw
S x
f ;dk Ny;D rS xrif;pm;cGi&fh onf/ rsuaf rSmifuw
k v
f suf [dwBf u;D [efxmG ;ae
aom OD;ausmNf ird ;f a&SU&Sd pm&if;wGif usaemfweYdk mrnfudk jyckid ;f onf/ vufrw
S x
f ;dk &rnfah e&mukd jyckid ;f
onf/ pmvk;H 0rwwfou
l o
hJ Ykd Muufajccwfvufrw
S u
f dk vufwek w
f ek &f &D jD zihf a&;xk;d Ny;D eHeufpm xrif;
wpfeyfpu
D dk usaemfwYdk pm;Mu\/ usaemfwt
Ydk m; taMumif;rodaom oifwef;wufbuf&aJ bmfrsm;u
bmvlrsKd;vJ[k ar;avh&Sdonf/ awmawmifxlxyfaom &ckdifjynfukd &nfrSef;NyD; ]]awmifay:uyg}}[k
wkw
d w
dk w
k w
f w
k f usaemfwYdk tajzay;Muonf/ olwx
Ydk yf ]]pmrwwfb;l vm;}}[k ar;jref;pyfpv
k mvQif
ar;jref;ol&Jabmf\rsufESmukd cyfNyHK;NyHK;pkdufMunhfNyD; usaemfwkdY acgif;vnf; rNidrfh? acgif;vnf;rcg?
jyKxm;vkduf\/ usaemfwkYdrsufESmukd tuJcwfNyD; ar;jref;ol&Jabmfu ,lqcsifovkd ,lqoGm;Ekdif\/
]]pmrwwfbl;vm;}}[kar;vmvQif usaemfwkdYwpfBudrfwpfcgrQ tajzray;acs/
uGejf rLepfoifwef;wufNy;D rMumjrihrf yDS if uGejf rLepfoabmw&m;a&;&m yg&*l[ek mrnfBu;D ae
aom ocifp;dk \ra&r&maom tdraf xmifa&;jyemESiyfh wfoufNy;D useAf uyxdyo
f ;D rsm;ESifh ocifp;dk
oabmuGaJ eaMumif;? rMumrSD ygwDueG *f &ufac:um AuytaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;ae&mrS ocifp;dk tm;
jzKwcf sawmhrnfjzpfaMumif; ponfwu
Ydk dk odvm&\/ tEky#davmr ky0f g'pmwrf;Ny;D qk;H &ef eD;vmav
av ocifp;dk \ra&r&m tdraf xmifa&; jyemxdyw
f ef;a&mufvmavav jzpfvmonf/ olb
Y ufom;
ighbufom;[l tdrBf u;D xJ tdrif ,faqmufovkd AuyxJ *kP
d ;f *etkypf rk sm; rIv
d adk ygufae\/ ocifp;dk
\ ra&&maom tdrfaxmifa&;jyemukd rnfodkYajz&Sif;Murnfenf;/ zqyvXmecsKyfESifhwuG
wjynfv;Hk wGif Ekid if aH &;MoZmwdur Bu;D xGm;aeaom AuyrnfojYdk zpfvmrnfenf;[laomta&;tcif;
ukd Auyrsm;omru vuf0J0g'Drsm;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;pGm trsKd;rsKd; a0zefajymqkdaeMuonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

43

bkHaygufomausmf

jynfolYta&;awmfykH (qkd&S,fvpfygwD)
ygwDudkxlaxmifjcif;
AuyESihfwpfygwDjzpfa&;ukd vkH;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhaom jynfolYta&;awmfykHygwDonf wpfygwD
tjzpf wnfaqmufr&Ekdifonfh tajctaeodkYa&mufoGm;&m vlvlcsif;acgif;ykHjzwfrIuif;aom
qkd&S,fvpfvlYabmifopfwnfaqmuf&ef t"du&nfrSef;csufcsNyD; 1945-ck? pufwifbmv 1&ufwGif
qif;'0pfvrf;&Sd OD;ausmfNidrf;tdrfwGif pwifzGJUpnf;xlaxmifMuygonf/ zufqpf*syefwyfrsm;ESihftwl
weoFm&DbufoYkd vku
d yf goGm;&aom ocifjrtm; ygwD|mecsKyOf u|tjzpf wifajrm ufygonf/ vufiif;
t"du&nfreS ;f csurf mS vnf; AuyuJo
h Ykd tpGe;f wpfzufa&mufonfh NAw
d o
d QppfwyfxH t<uif;rJv
h ufeuf
cstyf&rnfh vrf;pOfr[kwf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUxHrS pnf;kH;a&;? EkdifiHa&;jzihf vlxkvlwef;pm;wkdufyGJrsm;
tkH<urIrsm;jzihf vGwfvyfa&;ukd ta&;qkd r&vQifvufeufjzifh wkdufNyD;vGwfvyfa&;ukd t&,lrnf
qkdonfhormorwfvrf;pOfjzpfonf/ usaemfwkdY BudKufeSpfNcdKufaomvrf;pOfjzpfae\/
usaemfwkdY wufa&mufoifMum;vsuf&Sdaom uGefjrLepfoifwef;ESifh qkd&S,fvpfoifwef;NyD;
rMumrSDjynfolYta&;awmfykH (qkd&S,fvpf)ygwDukd OD;ausmfNidrf;tdrfwGif ocifjr? AkdvfcsKyfae0if; (,ck
EkdifiHawmforwBuD;ESihf EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOu|BuD; OD;ae0if;)? ukdAaqG (0efBuD;csKyfESihf umuG,fa&;
0efBu;D tjzpf aqmif&u
G cf ahJ om OD;AaqG) ukad usmNf ird ;f ESpaf ygif;tawmfMum trsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&;pDru
H ed ;f
ukd ukid cf ahJ om trsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&; 0efBu;D a[mif; OD;ausmNf ird ;f )? ukad tmifBu;D (Armhwyfrawmf Akv
d rf LS ;
csKyaf [mif;atmifBu;D ) udak rmifarmif(ArmhwyfrawmfAv
dk rf LS ;csKyaf [mif;armifarmif)? ukv
d aS rmif (,ck
oHtrwfBu;D OD;vSarmif)? OD;uku
d Bdk u;D (ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBu;D a[mif; OD;uku
d Bdk u;D ) wku
Yd pwifzUJG
pnf;xlaxmifjcif;jzpfygonf/ usaemfwo
Ydk ;Hk OD;rSm &ufowywfcefY OD;ausmNf ird ;f tdrw
f iG f wnf;ckad exkid f
cJhbl;Mu&m tdrf&Sifrdom;pkxJ yg0ifaeolrsm;vkd jzpfaeMuojzifh <uvmMuaomolrsm;tm; aumfzD?
rkefY? aq;vdyfponfrsm;ESihf {nhfcH&mwGifvnf; usaemfwkdYyif {nhfcHMu&\/
qkd&S,fvpftvHawmfESihf qkdif;bkwfwif&mwGifvnf; usaemfwdkYuyif uruxjyKMu&\/
pnf;a0;yGt
J Ny;D use&f adS eaomaumfzED iS fh rkerYf sm;ukd t0tNypJ m;onfrmS vnf; usaemfwyYdk if jzpfMu&awmh
\/
xD;vkdeef;vkd
ocifpkd;\ra&&maom tdrfaxmifa&;jyemESifh ygwDuGef*&ufusif;ya&;wkdYaMumifh
tEky#davmr kyf0g'NyD;qkH;onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf qufvufwuf&ef owfrSwfxm;aom oifwef;ukd
&yfpJypfMuonf/ 1942ck NAdwdoQe,fcsJU awmfvSefa&;umvuyif usaemfESihfcifrif&if;ESD;aom
udak usm&f if(Auy A[kad umfrwDa[mif; uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;aom rEav;wuov
dk yf garmucsKy)f eSifh usaemf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

44

bkHaygufomausmf

usi;f yqJjzpfaom AuyuGe*f &ufupd E iS fh ywfouftawmftoifh aqG;aEG;Mu&ygonf/ ukad usm&f ifu

AuyxJwiG f OD;ode;f azjriht
f m; vkv
d m;aomolrsm;ESihf avxD;qif;rsm;vufO;D rIEiS hf acgif;aqmifr&I &Sad e
aMumif; OD;odef;azjrihftm; AuytaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wifajrmufMuawmhrnfjzpfaMumif;
usaemfwt
Ydk m;vnf; yg0ifvmapvkad Mumif;wku
Yd kd tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;jyonf/ usaemfu OD;ode;f azjrifh
tm;jzpfap? rnfot
Yl m;jzpfap AuytaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; wifajrm ufajrm uf usaemfwaYdk xmufcrH nf/
NAw
d o
d QppfwyfxH t<uif;rJh vufeufcsa&;vrf;pOfudk usaemfwYdk wku
d zf suv
f o
dk nf/ olwaYdk xmufcEH ikd rf nf
vm;[k olt
Y m;usaemfar;jref;vku
d o
f nf/ t<uif;rJv
h ufeufcsvrf;pOfudk ygwDueG *f &ufwiG f usaemfwYdk
acgif;aqmifNy;D wku
d zf su&f rnfqu
dk vnf; usaemfacgif;aqmifwu
dk rf nf/ vrf;pOfudk olwEYdk iS fh usaemf
wkdY yl;wGJwkdufzsufrnfqkdvQif AuyuGef*&ufodkY usaemfwkdYwufrnf[k olYtm;usaemfjywfjywfom;
om;&Si;f jyonf/ olx
Y rH S wdusaomtajzray;/ cyfv;Hk vk;H ajzonf/ ,if;aMumifh oaumifo
h m;usaemfwYdk
ESpOf ;D AuyuGe*f &ufoYkd wufciG &hf v
dS suEf iS rfh wufMu/ tu,fom Ekid if aH &;vrf;pOfukd t"durxm;bJ
rdrdae&maumif;&a&;ukd t"duxm;vQif ukdausmf&ifwkdYESifhyl;aygif;NyD; ae&m,lu ae&maumif;&Ekdif
bG,f tajccHrsm;&Sdonf/ udpESihfywfouf ocifwifjru ol\bkHb0rSmjzihf pmtkyfwGif ]]ygwD
uGe*f &ufoYkd &Jabmfwidk ;f yif rJay;Ekid o
f nfu
h ,
dk pf m;vS,t
f jzpf wufa&mufvMdk uygonf/ tcsKUd uk,
d pf m;
vS,rf sm;rSm tBuOH mPfomay;Ekid af om uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f jzpf odrYk [kwf {nho
f nftjzpfom wufa&muf
cGi&hf onft
h wGuf uGe*f &uforYkd wufa&mufbJ jyefaomolrsm;vnf; &Syd gonf/ uGe*f &ufoYkd wufa&muf
cGi&fh aomfvnf; ygwDucsrw
S x
f m;onfh Nird ;f csr;f pGmjzpfay:a&; oabmxm;ukd vufrcHojzifh uGe*f &uf
rwufawmhbJ jynfolYta&;awmfykHygwDodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;olrsm;vnf;&SdMuygonf/ xkd&Jabmfrsm;rSm
&ckdifrS bkHaygufomausmfESihf armifvSausmf? a&eHajrrSocifvGif? (,ck yrnwacgif;aqmifa[mif;
ocifviG )f wkjYd zpfMuygonf/ jrefatmifrS ocifcspaf rmif (,ck zqyv0efBu;D a[mif;)ESifh [oFmwrS
ukw
d ifxeG ;f (,ck 'kAv
dk rf LS ;Bu;D a[mif; wifxeG ;f yvu) wkrYd mS rlvu jynfot
Yl a&;awmfyyHk gwDrjS zpfNy;D
ygwDuGef*&ufodkY avhvmoltjzpf wufa&muf&ef Akdvfatmifrif;\axmufcHcsufjzifh a&mufvmMu
aomfvnf; Nird ;f csr;f pGmjzpfay:a&;oabmw&m;yif vufrcHEidk o
f jzihf uGe*f &uforYkd wufbJ jyefomG ;Mu
onf[k od&ygonf}}[k a&;om;azmfjyxm;\/
ocifwifjru ol\ bkHb0rSmjzihf pmtkyfwGif ,if;ygwDuGef*&ufwGif ukdausmf&if (uG,fvGef
ygarmucsKyf)wkdY ae&m,lcJhjcif;ESihfywfoufNyD; a&;om;&mwGif ,if;ygwDuGef*&ufu ocifpkd;tm;
2ESpf ygwD0iftjzpfrS &yfpJxm;&efoabmwlNyD; uGef*&ufaemufqkH;aeYjzpfaom Zlvkdifv 27&ufwGif
A[kad umfrwDa&G;&mwGif ocifwifjrESifh rapmjrwkYd rJt&enf;jcif;ukd atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;xm;\/
]]rlvpm&if;wifpOfu A[kad umfrwDtjzpf vsmxm; pm&if;wifjycJah om rapmjrESifh usaemfrmS
rJt&enf;ojzifh obmywdocifoef;xGef;u usaemfwkYdESpfa,mufESihfywfouf uGef*&ufodkY qE

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

45

bkHaygufomausmf

xyfawmif;ygonf/ uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;u ocifoef;xGe;f \wifjycsurf sm;ukd axmufcaH Mumif; qEjyK
Muonf/}}[k a&;om;xm;onf/ ba&muf'g0g'rS oufqif;vmonfh NAdwdoQppfwyfxH t<uif;rJh
vufeufcs&rnfqadk om Auy\vufiif;Ekid if aH &; vrf;pOfudk vufrcHaom usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D u Auy
uGef*&ufodkYvnf; rwufMu/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukd toufjzihf zvS,f&ef usaemfwkdY tqifoihf
jzpfae\/
AuyuGe*f &ufNy;D oGm;avNy/D ocifp;dk \ra&r&maom tdraf xmifa&;jyemESifh ygwDueG *f &uf
usif;ya&;udpwkdYaMumifh &yfqkdif;xm;cJhaom uGefjrLepfoifwef;jyefzGihf&ef usaemfwkdYapmifhMuao;\/
uGefjrLepfoifwef;jzpfay:rvmcJh/ OD;ukdukdBuD; zqyvacwf(ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBuD;a[mif;)
acgif;aqmifNy;D qk&d ,
S v
f pfoifwef;udk Munhjf rifwidk f wkwaf usmif;vrf;&Sd wku
d w
f pfwu
dk w
f iG f oifwef;
ay;ygonf/ txl;ojzihf qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDoifwef;qko
d nfxuf OD;uku
d Bdk u;D acgif;aqmifNy;D qk&d ,
S v
f pf
a&;&moabmw&m;rsm;? Ekid if w
H uma&;&mrsm;ukad qG;aEG;Muonfqv
dk Qif yko
d ifah vsmrf nfxifygonf/
,if;aqG;aEG;yGJokdY ukdarmifvSausmfESihf usaemftNrJwapwufa&mufMu\/ tcgcg pma&;q&mrBuD;
a':cifrsK;d cspw
f t
Ykd rd w
f iG v
f nf; aqG;aEG;yGjJ yKMu&m a':cifrsK;d cspu
f ,
dk w
f idk f wufa&muf\/ rQoifMum;
kHjzihf EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;a&;ukd tirf;r&vkdaom usaemf ra&mifh&J/ ,if;aMumifh qkdAD,uf,leD,H
ESiw
fh uG qk&d ,
S v
f pfEikd if rH x
S w
k af 0aompmtkyf [lorQudk vufvrS ;f rSo
D rQ usaemfzwf,0l g;NrKd vu
dk &f yg
onf/ rukecf rf;Edik af om Ekid if aH &;tbd"rmESifh oabmw&m;rsm;ukd usaemf&moufyefqnf;yl;oGm;&ef
ykdif;jzwfxm;vkdufygonf/
odYk OD;uku
d Bdk u;D acgif;aqmifNy;D qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;&moabmw&m;rsm;ESihf Ekid if w
H uma&;&mrsm;ukd
aqG;aEG;yGjJ yKaeMupOf ukad tmifBu;D (Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf [mif;) u usaemft
h m; ,kMH unfpw
d cf s&Ny;D tm;xm;&
olvnf;jzpfonf/ qkd&S,fvpfZif;oabmw&m;a&;&mrsm;ukd oifMum;jyoEkdifrnfholvnf; jzpfonf/
,if;aMumifh zGiv
fh pS af wmhrnfh qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDXmecsKyf Ekid if aH &;oifwef;wGif wm0ef,&l efwu
dk w
f eG ;f vm
\/ ukdatmifBuD;tm; usaemf yGifhyGifhvif;vif;aqG;aEG;jyvkdufygonf/
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;ukd vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;enf;jzihf t&,l&ef usaemft
h oufupdk eG v
Yf LS
&ef usaemf0efrav;/ xkt
Yd wl tvkyo
f rm; v,form;rsm;\ aumif;pm;a&;ESifh b0vGwaf jrmufa&;?
'Dru
dk a&pDa&;ESifh qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wkt
Yd wGuf aqmif&u
G &f ef? oufpeG BYf uKd ;yrf;BuKd ;pm;&ef usaemf0efrav;/
odkYaomf&ckdifjynfwGif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppftpkd;&u 0g;&rf;xkwfqifhxm;ajy;vTm;awmykef;ae&aom
q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESihf &Jabmfrsm;vnf; &SMd uonf/ BuKd ;rdeEYf iS fh axmif'PfcaH e&aom Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;
vnf;&SMd uonf/ rQ'u
k a &mufaeMuolrsm;ukd ypfy,frxm;Ekid /f vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;? qk&d ,
S f
vpfa&;twGuf usaemfu,
dk pf rG ;f OmPfprG ;f &So
d rQ oufpeG BYf uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G yf grnf/ rSmwm0efrxrf;
aqmifEkdifonfukd cGihfvTwfyg[k udkatmifBuD;tm; usaemf awmif;yefpum; ajymqkdvkduf&ygonf/
usaemf\wifjycsut
f m; ukad tmifBu;D vufco
H nf/ ukad usm&f ifEiS afh ygif;Ny;D AuywGif ae&mr,lco
hJ vkd
qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDwiG v
f nf; usaemfae&mr,l/ aeYwidk ;f em&Dwidk ;f aoyGo
J w
Ydk ;dk Ekid o
f nfh awmyke;f 0&rf;ajy;
q&mawmfOD;pdEmwdkYxH usaemfjyefvm\/ usaemfum; ae&mr,lwwf? tcGihfta&;r,lwwfaom
EkdifiHa&;vlrkdufr[kwfygavm/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

46

bkHaygufomausmf

tom;rJESvkH;jzL
&ckdifjynfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&onfhtwkdif; NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&; uufpbD
vufatmuf &ckid jf ynf\tajctaersm;ukv
d nf; wifjyNy;D cJNh y/D trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf NAw
d o
d Q
e,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd vufeufpu
JG idk af wmfveS af &;xd pdww
f o
l abmwljzpfMuaom qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDEiS w
fh uG
Auy&JabmftcsKUd ESiv
hf nf; em;vnfr,
I El idk cf NhJ y/D tdrjf yefzufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;orm;wkid ;f tm; ay;
onfh Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;vufrw
S yf g pm&Gu
G Ef iS fh rsuEf mS jzLar*smwpfO;D xHr&S aom pm&Gu(f tdrjf yefomG ;
aom zufqpf*syef&aJ bmfrsm;jzpf oufqidk &f mwyfzUJG rsm;u oGm;vma&;tultnDay;&ef pm&Gujf zpf
ygonf)pm&Guu
f ,
dk u
l m usaemfwYdk &ckid jf ynfoYdk jyefMuygonf/ &efuek rf S jynfNrKd UodYk oGm;Mu\/ jynfNrKd U
wpfbufurf;&Sd ya'gif;NrdKUodkY uwkdYul;NyD; ya'gif;rSawmifukwfoGm;onfh ppfarmfawmfum;BuHKrsm;ukd
BuKH ovkpd ;D Mu&ygonf/ ppfarmfawmfum;rsm;onf ya'gif;NrKd UrS awmifuw
k o
f Ykd wku
d f u
dk rf oGm;/ &ckid f ;dk r&Sd
ppfpcrf;wpfae&mrSwpfae&modkY oGm;Muaomum;rsm;omjzpf\/
&ckid f ;dk rppfpcrf; wpfavQmufwiG f ajzmifah jzmifBh u;D qefu
Y siaf om toGiEf pS rf sK;d ESppf m;ukd awGUjrif&
\/ tom;jzLazG;aeaom NAw
d o
d QppfAv
dk Ef iS fh tom;rJeufaeaom uyvv
D rl sK;d ppfom;/ k;d rawmifay:
okaYd ea&mifjzmvmvQif tyl'PfrcHEidk
f tusc Rwx
f m;&aom tom;jzLppfAv
dk Ef iS fh aea&mifjcnfjzmrS
aea&mifatmufwiG f xlxaJ omppfo;dk arG;apmifudk NcKH Ny;D tdyEf idk af om tom;rJppfom;wku
Yd kd awGU&S&d onf/
armfawmfum;rBuKH em;ae&aom? tdy&f aomppfpcrf;rsm;wGif uyvpD pfom;? uyvpD pfbek ;f Bu;D rsm;
ESihf ajym&if;qkd&if; vGwfvyfa&;&mudprsm;ukd aqG;aEG;cGifhBuHKwkdif; aqG;aEG;Mu\/
usaemfwdkYu usaemfwkdYtoufxuf cspfjrwfEkd;aom trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ u jynfoaYl wmif;qkckd suu
f dk qefu
Y siu
f m vGwv
f yfa&;tmrcHcsurf ay; 1942ckEpS w
f iG f
wjynfvkH; vufeufpGJukdifNyD; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukd armif;ESifxkwfcJh&NyD/
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf vlrqefatmif &ufpufMurf;MuKwo
f nfh zufqpf*syefppfwyfrsm;
ukd wku
d x
f w
k cf &hJ Ny/D igwkv
Yd w
G v
f yfa&;twGuf rnfrQtiftm;Bu;D aom &efow
l rYdk qkd igwk&Yd ifqidk rf nf/
wwkid ;f jynfv;Hk vnf; vGwv
f yfa&;&efou
l dk vufeufpu
JG adk wmfveS &f efxd toif&h adS eonf[k usaemfwYkd
t*Fvyd b
f mompum;jzihf olwt
Ydk m;ajymjyMuonf/ tom;eufuyvpD pfom;rsm;ESifh ppfbek ;f Bu;D rsm;u
vnf; olwNYdk Aw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepftwGuf touftaocHppfwu
dk af eonfr[kw/f ppftawGUtBuKH ppfynm
ukd ,l&if; tmz&duwkduf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvufwkdufyGJ0ifoGm;rnf/
tmz&dutrsKd;om;rsm; rMumrDS vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdrnf/ vufeufjzifh wGef;vSef&efvkduvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;&efolukd vufeufjzifh wkdufrnf/ igwkdYtom;rJeufonf/ okdYaomf ESvkH;om;jzLonf/
NAdwdoQppfAkdvfrsm; tom;jzLonf/ odkYaomf ESvkH;om;rJonf[kajym&m olwkdYa&m usaemfwkdYyg
wa[ma[m&,farmMu&onf/ olww
Ydk iG f r&Srd hJ &Srd hJ pkaqmif;xm;aom&dum rsm;ukv
d nf; usaemfwt
Ydk m;
aumif;rGefpGm auR;arG;{nhfcHMuygonf/
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf w
JG iG f Auyacgif;aqmifrsm;u NAw
d o
d QppfwyfxH t<uif;rJv
h ufeuf
cs&rnfh wzufpeG ;f vrf;pOfxJ ydwq
f o
Ydk mG ;aomfvnf; igwkw
Yd aumifwnf;r[kwNf y/D trsK;d om;vGwv
f yf
a&;twGuf vufeufpu
JG idk af &;0g'ukd olwAYdk uy&JabmftcsKUd yif vufcx
H m;Muonf/ jynfot
Yl a&;awmf
ykH (qkd&S,fvpf) ygwDESifh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tmz&duwkdufom;rsm;vnf; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
vufeufpu
JG idk f awmfveS &f eftqifoif/h e,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd oN*K [rf nfh trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf \
JG
acgif;avmif;oHrsm; rMumrSD jrnf[D;vm&awmhrnf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

47

bkHaygufomausmf

oabmw&m;wkdufyGJ
tom;rJESvkH;jzL tmz&duwkdufom;wkdY\ ppfarmfawmfum;BuHKjzihf vkdufvmMu&m 1946ck
pufwifbmvwGif &ckid jf ynfawmifuw
k Nf rKd UodYk usaemfwYdk a&mufomG ;Mu\/ &ckid o
f m;twGuf &ckid jf ynf
wGif oGm;vma&;tultnDudk rsuEf mS jzLar*sm\vufrw
S yf gpm&Guu
f dk rvk/d usaemfqw
k Nf zyJ pfvu
dk \
f /
vlBuv
H Qif vlBuKH ? avSBuKH vQif avSBuKH jzihf q&mawmfO;D pdEm &S&d m ajrykNH rKd Ue,f Mumtif;awmif&mG bufoYkd
usaemfwkdY 'vMurf;csDwufvmMuonf/
rarQmv
f ifb
h J q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[ukd Mumtif;awmif&mG bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;wGif awGUqkH
&onf/
c&D;a&mufrqku
d f q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[ESifh Ekid if aH &;udpr sm;ukd aqG;aEG;Munh&f m tdE,
d jynfoYkd
roGm;rSD usaemfawGUcJhaom OD;ynmoD[ESihf ajzmifhajzmifhBuD;qefYusifaom OD;ynmoD[jzpfaejcif;ukd
awGU&onf/
tddEd,okdY tvnftywfroGm;rSDu NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd vufeufpGJukdifawmfvSefNyD;
vGwfvyfa&;ukdt&,l&ef pdwfwlqEwljzihf q&mawmfOD;ynmoD[ESihfusaemf vufeufrsm; 0SufcJhMu
onf/
e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd u
f dk jyefcs&ef usaemfu,
dk w
f idk f vufeufrsm;ok0d u
S cf &hJ ygonf/ ,ck q&mawmfonf
ba&muf'g0g'rS oufqif;aom Nird ;f csr;f pGmjzpfay:a&; w&m;t& NAw
d o
d QEiS afh phpyfa&;? vufeufcsa&;
bufawmfom;jzpfaeavNy/D q&mawmf\OD;aESmufxJ ba&muf'g0g' twk;H vku
d t
f cJvu
dk f 0ifaeonf
ukd tHhMozG,fod&\/
Mumtif;awmif q&mawmfBu;D ESiw
hf uG OD;yOi;f OD;0PEiS fh q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[wku
Yd dk uefawmh
Ny;D Mumtif;awmif bke;f Bu;D ausmif;rS usaemfwYdk xGuv
f mMuonf/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm \wynfrh sm;tm;
avhvmMunh&f m OD;ynmoD[u q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESiw
hf uG 0g&rf;ajy;awmyke;f aeMuolw?Ydk olEiS w
fh yg
wnf;vku
d v
f mMu&ef Mumtif;awmifEiS rhf idk t
f enf;i,fcefo
Y ma0;rnfh arvGe;f &GmteD; jrpfxw
J iG f ppfa&
,mOfjzihf apmihaf ernfh rsuEf mS jzL &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D xH vufeufrsm; csMua&;wku
Yd dk OD;ynmoD[wku
d w
f eG ;f
aeaMumif; q&mawmfOD;pdEmESifolwkdY wdwdususqkH;jzwfcsufrcs&ao;aMumif;wkdYukd usaemfwkdYtm;
ajymjyMuonf/
c&D;Murf;csDvmaomusaemfwkdY tanmif;ajztem;r,lEdkif/ q&mawmfOD;pdEm&Sd&m r[mNrdKif
awmpcef;odYk c&D;qufMu&ygonf/ usaemf&h aJ bmf uko
d mausmw
f Ydk vGw&f adS eNyjD zpfjcif;ukd OD;ynmoD[wkYd
xHrS odcJh&avNyD/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmtm; xkH;pHtwkdif; NyHK;NyHK;&D&Djzihf usef;rm&Tifvef;pGm zl;ajrmfawGU&Sd&onf/
q&mawmfu OD;ynmoD[vufeufcsa&;twGuf olEiS w
fh ygwnf;vku
d v
f m&ef ac:&Sad Mumif;wku
Yd akd jym
jyonf/
q&mawmfEiS w
hf uG awmpcef;wGif &Sad eaomolrsm;tm; urmEh idk if w
H uma&;&mtajctaersm;?
txl;ojzifh qkAd ,
D uf,el ,
D EH iS fh qk&d ,
S v
f pfEidk if rH sm; iGm;iGm;um;um;jzpfay:ae&m e,fcsUJ vdyu
f ef*P
dk ;f
u ,cifuvkd urmBu;D tm; xifovkd rcs,v
f ,
S Ef ikd af wmhaMumif;/ e,fcsUJ pepfq;dk onf tvkyo
f rm;
tnOf;qJcH vlwef;pm;ESihf e,fcsJUy#dyu? ukdvkdeDEkdifiHrsm;ESihf e,fcsJUy#dyuponfh >yef;wD;aeaom
y#dyursm;atmufwGif jym;jym;0yf bkH;bkH;vJusqkH;&rnhftajcqkd;okdYa&mufaeaMumif;/ txl;ojzihf
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tpk;d &onf ppfEidk af om Ekid if [
H ek mrnfom &Sad omfvnf; a':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom
a<u;Nr;D rsm; zdp;D ae&m NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ onf tiftm;csed aYJ om b0odaYk &mufaeNyjD zpfaMumif;? ArmjynfwiG f

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

48

bkHaygufomausmf

Auyacgif;aqmifydkif;u ba&muf'g0g'ukd pGJukdifNyD; NAdwdoQppfwyfxH t<uif;rJhvufeufcsa&;ukd

vkyu
f idk af eaomfvnf; AuyxJraMueyfrrI sm; jynhv
f Qv
H su&f adS Mumif;wku
Yd dk usaemfwYdk uk,
d af wGUrsm;jzihf
vnf; wifjyonf/
jynfot
Yl a&;awmfy(Hk qk&d ,
S v
f pf)ygwD\ &yfwnfcsu?f trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf vufeuf
pGJukdifawmfvSefa&;xd vkyfrnfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;? qkd&S,fvpfygwDESihfusaemfwkdY em;vnfrI,lcJhcsufrsm;ukd
vnf; usaemf tao;pdwf&Sif;jyonf/
NAw
d o
d Qa'gufwidk f vuf&jdS refrmjynftpk;d &onf wpfjynfv;Hk tk<H uaeaom tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;
pm;wku
d yf rJG sm;? ykvyd ?f pma&;pmcspD aom tpk;d &ppfrx
I rf;aygif;pkH vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;? v,form;rsm;\wku
d yf JG
rsm;ESihf zqyvpaom ygwDrsm;\ EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJrsm;xJwGif epfjrKyfoGm;&rnfhtajctaewGif
&SdaeaMumif;wkdYudkvnf; usaemfajymjy\/
vGwv
f yfa&;r&ao;/ trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;ukd Ekid if aH &;? pnf;k;H a&;enf;jzihrf &vQi?f vufeuf
pGu
J ikd af wmfveS af &;ukd rvGo
J mbJ aqmif&u
G &f tk;H rnf/ ,if;aMumifh usaemfwYdk ,ckaqmif&u
G af eaom
vr;fpOfonf 'kuq
if;&JEiS t
fh ouftE&m,fBuKH ae&aomfvnf; arQmv
f ifch surf &Sad om vrf;pOfr[kw/f
rMumrSD vuf&SdNAdwdoQa'gufwkdif jrefrmjynftpkd;&jyKwfxGufoGm;NyD; jynfolYoabmustpkd;&
jzpfay:vmEkid af Mumif;wku
Yd kd usaemfzzd pd ;D pD;ajymqkw
d ifjyum vufeufrcsa&;vrf;pOfwiG f rm;rm;rwfrwf
usaemf&yfwnfvu
dk \
f / q&mawmfEiS w
fh uG usaemfwYdk em&Daygif;tawmfMum tBuw
d t
f e,faqG;aEG;
Muonf/ q&mawmfwYkd vufeufrcsa&;/ OD;ynmoD[ESihf vufeufcs&efwpfygwnf;vku
d rf oGm;[l
pdwfwloabmwl tqkH;tjzwfay;Mu\/
q&mawmfOD;ynmoD[xH q&mawmfOD;pdEmwkdY vufeufrcs/ wpfyg;wnf;vkdufvnf; rvkduf
awmhNy[
D k taMumif;Mum;vku
d o
f nf/ OD;ynmoD[ onf;rcHEidk af tmif &Supf w
d Ef iS afh 'gopdwrf sm; rTeo
f mG ;
onf/ Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,fv;Hk ukd tpnf;ta0;ac:onf/ Mumtif;awmif bke;f Bu;D ausmif;0if;wGif
wkdufe,fvlxktpnf;ta0;ukd OD;ynmoD[usif;yonf/
oD[[laomtrnfESihfukdufnDonfh OD;ynmoD[onf jcaoFhoHuJhokYd [def;aomtoHjzifh
wkdufe,fvlxktm; [def;NyD; ajcmufvSefYonf/ q&mawmfOD;pdEmwkdY aoab;BuHK&awmhrnf/
Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,fjynfoUl tk;d tdrrf sm; rD;IUd cH&awmhrnf/ jynforl sm; ESyd pf ufO ;f qJc&H awmhrnf
[k 0rf;enf;aMuuGJbG,fajymum ol\rsufESmwGif rsuf&nfaygufrsm; pD;qif;oGm;\/ wufa&mufae
aom Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,f jynfoljynfom;rsm;uvnf; 0rf;enf;aom pdwf"mwfjzifh ai;ikdifol
ai;ikdif? OD;ynmoD[ESSifhtwl rsuf&nfusolusjzpfoGm;Mu&onf/
q&mawmfO;D pdEd m wkv
Yd ufeufcsa&;? olEiS w
fh ygwnf; vku
d yf gMua&;ukd OD;ynmoD[ujynfojl zihf
tMuyfuidk v
f u
dk jf cif;jzpfayonf/ OD;ynmoD[a[majymNy;D vQif Ny;D csi;f usaemf kww
f &ufxum usaemf
tenf;i,fajymyg&ap[k tpcsDNyD;vQif urmhEkdifiHwumtajctaersm;ESihf bkH;bkH;vJusqkH;aeaom
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepf? NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &;? uufpbDvufatmuf vlrqefpmG ESyd pf ufcaH e&aom &ckid f
jynf\jzpf&yfrsm;? jrefrmjynfwiG f trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf wku
d yf 0JG ifaeMuaomjzpf&yfrsm;? urmh
ordik ;f wGif trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&; wku
d yf [
JG o
l nfrmS vufeufpu
JG idk af om jynfov
l x
l Ek iS hf e,fcsUJ pepfq;dk
wkdY wkduf&aom wkdufyGJjzpf toufpnf;pdrf tkd;tdrfrsm;ukd rpGefYvSLbJ r&Ekdif/
,aeYurmhxdyfoD; tar&duefEkdifiHyifvQif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukdvkdeDb0qkd;ukd vufeufpGJukdif
awmfveS Ef ikd cf
hJ ,aeYxyd o
f ;D Ekid if BH u;D wpfEidk if jH zpf&aMumif;wkt
Yd m; &Si;f jyum NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &;
twGuf usaemfaoG;qG vIUH aqmfay;vku
d o
f nf/ *syefaiGpuLukd w&m;r0ifvyk jf cif;aMumifh ay;p&mvnf;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

49

bkHaygufomausmf

aiGr&S?d ajy;p&mvnf; ajrr&Sad om Mumtif;awmifwu

dk ef ,f v,form;xktm; ajrcGeaf jrqDcray;a&;
ESihf vufikwfvuf&if; v,fykdifa&; wkdufyGJ0ifMu&efvnf; usaemfwkdufwGef;vkdufonf/
OD;ynmoD[a[majympOfu ai;ikid af eaom? rsu&f nfusaeMuaom Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,f
jynfolrsm; vef;qyfaoG;<uavNyD/ 1300jynhfta&;awmfykHuyif pdwfwlqEwl vkyfukdifcJhMuaom
OD;ynmoD[ESifh usaemf ,aeY jy'g;wvrf; oHwvrf;jzpfomG ;&Ny/D Ekid if aH &;oabmw&m;wGif wOD;ESihf
wpfOD;ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefYusifaeMu&NyD/
OD;ynmoD[tm; aemufxyfrnfonft
Y wkid ;f twmxd rnfonft
h csed x
f d usaemfqefu
Y si&f tk;H
rnfukdvnf; usaemfrrSef;qEkdif/ rnfonfhfvrf;qkHwGif vufwGJcsDwufEkdifrnfukdvnf; usaemfrod/
jrefrmwpfjynfv;Hk wGif arTaESmufvsu&f adS om ba&muf'g0g'rkew
f idk ;f Bu;D &ckid jf ynfwiG v
f nf; arTaESmuf
aeavNyD/
'kdYXmecsKyf
q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkYd vufeufcsa&;twGuf olEiS w
hf ygwnf;vkd vku
d v
f mMurnf[k &nfreS ;f xm;
onfh OD;ynmoD[onf olaY jrmfreS ;f csurf atmifjrifbJ av;yifwyfavS (Oa&myNyKd iaf vSrsm;ukd ajcuef
NyD;avSmf&ovkd vlwpfOD; avSwufwwufpDukd wNydKifwnf; avSmfcwf&aom avSwufav;wuf
wyfqifxm;onfhavS) jzihf jyefoGm;&onf/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmESifhwuG NAdwdoQ0g;&rf;xkwf awmykef;aeMu&aom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
usaemfwYdk rsuEf mS pkn
H D 'l;wku
d af qG;aEG;yGJ usi;f yMuygonf/ vufiif;tajctaersm;ESihf a&SUvkyif ef;pOf
rsm;ukd tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;wkdifyifMuygonf/
ajrqD? ajrcGerf ay;a&;? vufiyk v
f uf&if;ajrykid af &; wku
d yf rJG S ajratmuf vufeufuidk af wmfveS f
a&;wyfzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;xd vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd csrSwfMuygonf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;wGif NAdwdoQ
e,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd vufeufpu
JG idk af wmfveS &f ef pdww
f o
l abmwljzpfaeMuaom usaemfwYdk tppt&m&m
wGif qEuGJjym;rI r&SdMuyg/
oabmuGJjym;rIr&Sdaom usaemfwkdY XmecsKyfodkY usaemfjyefvmonf/ usaemfwkdYXmecsKyfukd NrdKU
a[mif;NrdKUe,f? jyaw;aus;&Gm[k trsm;uodMuonf/ trSefrSm jyaw;&Gm (&ckdiftrsKd;om;aus;&Gm)
onf usaemfwYdk XmecsKyrf [kw/f jyaw;ta&SUzuf 2zmvkcH efaY 0;onfh avmif;&Snaf csmif; (crT;D trsK;d om;
aus;&Gm)omvQif usaemfwkdYXmecsKyfjzpf\/avmif;&Snfacsmif;ESihf usaemfwkdYrSm waoG;wnf; wom;
wnf;/
xkpd Ofu crT;D vlrsK;d rsm;ukd ]]csi;f }}[korkwcf g &ckid v
f rl sK;d rsm;u vlrsK;d a&;t& csK;d ESrd rf jI yKvsu&f cdS hJ
Muonf/ odkYaomf usaemftygt0if t*Fvdyf-jrefrmpmwwfrsm; jzpfMuaom NrfdKUBuD;om; usaemfwkdY
vlpkum; [dwf[efrxkwf/ crTD;trsKd;om;rsm;ukd nDtukd&if;csmobG,f aygif;oif;onf/ pm;twl
tdyt
f wlaeMuonf/ olwt
Ydk a&;udpr sm; ay:aygufvmvQiv
f nf; usaemfwYdk ausmzd&ifzu
d n
l o
D nf/
avmif;&Snfacsmif;wpf&GmvkH;uvnf; usaemfwkdYtm; nD&if;tukdobG,f cspfcifMuonf/
rnfonfhtdrfwGifrqkd acgif&nft&uf? Muufom;okwf? 0ufom;okwf? EGm;csif;? uRJcsif;okwfpm;vQif
vnf; usaemfwkdYtm;&atmif zdwfac:NyD; t0tNyJauR;arG;onf/
avmif;&Sn&f mG onf NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd UrS ppfawGNrKd UodYk oGm;&mabmfjrpf\ezl;urf;ay:wGif wnfxm;
onf/ &Gm\ajrmufbufwGif tkyfqkdif;aeaom opfyifBuD;rsm;\tv,fwGif Munfvifat;jraom
uefBuD;wpfuef&Sdonf/ {uaygif;rsm;pGmaom v,fuGif;jyifBuD;onf oHo&macsmif;ezl;xd us,fjyefY

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

50

bkHaygufomausmf

ae\/ &Gm\awmifbufwpfzmvkcH efY us,rf nfah bmfjrpfudk ul;vku

d v
f Qif jyL;awmjymawm (uepkx
d if;
awmrsm;uJo
h aYkd omtyifrsm; csKyH w
k jf zifh xlxyfvQu&f &dS m rdausmif;rrsm; toku
d t
f tkzH UJG um OEkid o
f nfxd
IyfaxG;aeaomawmjzpfonf) rsm;jzihf jynhfMuyfIyfaxG;aeaomawmrsm;&Sdonf/
,if;awmwGif &maygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom *Pef;rsm; ckad tmif;aeMuonf/ 'Da&usqif;
oGm;vQif 4aycefY&Sdaom oHcGef;(8ykdif; 1ykdif;vufrcefY&Sdrnfh oHvkH;ukd tzsm;wGif acgufauGUxm;onfh
oHcRe;f )wpfcjk zifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom *Pef;wGi;f xJrS *Pef;rsm;ukd ukwcf spx
f w
k ,
f &l onf/ wem&D
avmufwGif *Pef;aumif 50rS 70xd &awmh\/ *Pef;rsm;ukd <uuf<uufqlaeaom a&aEG;jzihf
jyKwMf uonf/ *Pef;om;rsm;? *Pef;Orsm;ukd xkw,
f Nl y;D oHy&k m&nf? jiKw&f nfrsm;jzifh okwpf m;Muonf/
vwfqwfcsKdjraom *Pef;okwfukd acgif&nfjzihfjzpfap? t&ufjzihfjzpfap NrD;pm;&onfrSm tm[m&
wpfrsKd;yif/
qefreI rYf sm;ukd rD;zkwu
f m tqkyif ,frsm;qkyNf y;D a&pyfwiG f BucJ sxm;vku
d o
f nf/ wufvmaom
'Da&ESit
hf wl ygvmMuaom ykpeG Bf u;D ykpeG w
f w
k rf sm;onf BucJ sxm;aom qefreI q
Yf w
k rf sm;ukd 0kid ;f zGUJ pm;Mu
&m ykdufuGefi,fwpfckjzifh ypf zrf;,lMu&onf/ wem&Davmufzrf;,lvQif ykZGefwkwfBuD; ykpGefjym;
5ydomrS 7ydomxd &awmh\/
vwfqwfaom ykZeG w
f w
k Bf u;D rsm;ukd a&G;xkyNf y;D iSuaf ysm&GuEf jk zifh vkaH tmifywfonf/ iSuaf ysm
&Guu
f dk &TUH ap;rsm;jzifh rGr;f rHNy;D &J&aJ wmufaeaom rD;cJrsm;wGif zkwx
f m;vku
d o
f nf/ rdepf 30cefzY w
k x
f m;
aom ykpeG w
f w
k zf w
k u
f dk rD;xJrS y,
f Nl y;D tenf;i,ftat;cHxm;cg ylaEG;aeaom &TUH ukd cGmypfvu
dk v
f Qif
&TUH ESifh ykpeG w
f w
k cf yHG g uGmusomG ;\/ ylaEG;vwfqwfaom ykpeG w
f w
k o
f m;ukd rdrBd uKd uo
f vkd "g;jzifv
h ;DS um
oHyk&ma&? jiKyfa&wkdYjzifh aESm acgif&nfwjrjrESihfaomufpm;&onfh taumif;qkH;tpm;tpmxuf
t&om&Srd nfxifygonf/ (usaemfrnfonfEfh idk if o
H rYdk Q ra&mufb;l urmeh mrnfBu;D a[mfw,frsm;wGif
rpm;bl;yg/ rdwfaqGrsm;\ ajympum;ukdom Mum;emrSwfom;bl;ygonf/)
*Pef;pdr;f aumifrsm;ukd pm;&aygif;rsm;vmaomtcg usaemfwYdk k;d k;d *Pef;pdr;f ukd rpm;csijf zpf
vmonf/ *Pef;aEG; (*Pef;rsK;d wGif tpOftvmt& tcGrH mukd obm0tavsmuf cGmcsxm;Ny;D wGi;f
atmif;aeaom tcsdeftcg&Sdonf/ ,if;odkY tcGHrm cGmcsxm;csdefwGif *Pef;aumifrSm rmaomtcGH?
rmaomajcvufrsm;r&SdawmhbJ *Pef;wpfaumifvkH; tqDwkH;vkdvkdjzpfaeonf)rsm;ukd &SmNyD; ESrf;qD
ppfppfjzifh aMumfpm;Muonf/ taumif;qk;H rvkid cf x
J uft&om&S\
d / vwfqwfaom uRcJ si;f EGm;csi;f ukd
csufcsif; usufatmifjyKwfNyD; twkH;i,frsm;vSD;um oHyk&m&nfESihf jiKyfoD;pdrf;rsm;jzihf okwfNyD; ylylaEG;
aEG; t0tNyJpm;Muonf/
usaemfwx
Ydk w
H iG f xrif;wpfeyfpm;vQif Ekq
Yd b
D ;l 3bl;cefY csuaf omxrif;ukeaf tmif pm;wwfol
rsm; &SMd uygonf/ emrnfBu;D rsm;rSm udo
k mausm(f Akv
d rf LS ; ,ck qifrvku
d o
f abFmusi;f TeMf um;a&;rSL;)
ukad rmifat; (zufqpf*syefawmfveS rf nfq
h q
J w
J iG f t&ufr;l orm; ausmOf ;D \vufcsujf zifh aoqk;H oGm;
&ol) OD;omxGe;f OD;( ,ck awmckd &ckid jf ynf Auy) ESihf usaemfjzpfygonf/ aumif;rGeaf om om;ig;rsm;
jzifjh zpfap? *Pef;aEG;aMumf? ykpeG w
f w
k o
f w
k rf sm;jzihjf zpfap? t0tNypJ m;&onft
h csed Bf uKH vQif usaemfwYdk
av;OD;avmif;aMu;jzifh xrif;pm;NyKd iMf u\/ usaemfwaYdk v;OD;wpfa,mufuw
dk pfa,muf wpfBurd w
f pfcgrQ
tjywftowfrEkdif? vufwpfvkH;jcm;Edkifa&;ukdyif atmifhtD;pm;,lMu&onfcsnf;jzpf\/
rnfonfNh crd ;f ajcmufr?I &mxl;tcGit
fh xl;jzihf zsm;a,mif;rIrygbJ trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf
toufpeG v
Yf LS &ef pdww
f u
l ,
dk w
f l tdyt
f wl ajymrem qkrd emaecJMh uaom usaemfwYkd &Jabmfb0 usaemfwYdk
b0ESifh waoG;wnf; wxyfwnf;jzpfaeaom usaemfwkdY\avmif;&Snfacsmif;&Gm/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

51

bkHaygufomausmf

q&mawmfOD;pdEmwkdYESifh tBudwfte,f? a'gifhpkHbufpkH? 'l;wkdufaqG;aEG;MuNyD;? wm0efrsm;ukd

cG J a 0,l u m jyef v mMuaom usaemf w d k Y o k H ; OD ; avmif ; &S n f a csmif ; &G m xd y f o d k Y a&muf v mMuNyD /
avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmudkawGUvQif usaemf\pdwfraem tvkdvkd <ujrL;vm\/ &GmxdyfrS&yfNyD; ]]ta0
0gBu;D }} ]]a[h 0gBu;D }}(0gBu;D rSm avmif;&Snaf csmif;&Sd usaemfwYkd pm;aomuftrd &f iS f crG;D emrnfjzpfonf)[k
usaemf atmfBu;D [pfus,[
f pfvu
dk \
f / usaemf[
h pfoaH Mumifh &GmrS&mG om;rsm;a&m usaemfw&Ydk aJ bmfrsm;yg
xGufvmMuonf/
usaemfArmjynfoGm;pOfu NrdKUa[mif;&JXmetcsKyfwGif zrf;qD;cHae&aom ukdomausmf?
ukad usmaf ZmESiw
fh uG &Jabmfrsm;tm;vk;H ukd use;f rm&Tiv
f ef;pGm jyefvnfawGUqkMH u&Ny/D usaemfwt
Ydk m;vk;H
cav;i,frsm;ozG,f ckefaygufrdonftxd aysmf&TifjrL;wl;oGm;Mu\/
usaemfwdkYjyefa&mufaom txdrf;trSwftjzpf Muufom;[if;ESihf t&uf0kdif;yGJusif;yMuav
onf/ usaemfu avmif;&Snaf csmif;&GmwGif wm0efjzifh xm;cJah om &Jabmf apmxGe;f OD;ukd t&uf0idk ;f wGif
rawGU/ ,if;aMumifh aomufpm;Mu&if; &JabmfapmxGe;f OD; b,fomG ;aeovJ[k usaemfpyfpak r;jref;vku
d f
\/ &Jabmfrsm;a&m? &Gmom;rsm;yg wduspGmrajzqkdMu? cyfvkH;vkH;tajzudkom usaemf&\/
zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &; tarGtESpt
f jzpf usaemf,x
l m;vku
d af om ypn;f ESpcf &k o
dS nf/ *syef
"g;&Snw
f pfvufEiS hf ajcmufv;Hk jyL;wpfvuf? ,if;ypn;f ESpcf u
k dk usaemftm;xm;,kMH unfaom uk0d gBu;D
xHwGif usaemftyfESHxm;cJhonf/ aomufpm;Mu&if; ,if;ypnf;ESpfck &Sdonf r&Sdonfukd ukd0gBuD;tm;
ar;jref;Munho
f nf/ olv
Y ufxw
J iG f &Sad eaMumif; olajym&m olx
Y rH S ajcmufv;Hk jyL;aoewfudk usaemfjyef,l
vkduf\/
pifNydKifEkdifiHa&;oifwef;
usaemfwkdYXmecsKyf avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmwGif ukdarmifpdefvS(,ckausmif;q&m) ukdomausmf
(AkdvfrSL; qifrvkdufoabFmusif; TefMum;a&;rSL;) ukdausmfaZm(uG,fvGef jynfaxmifpk ppf&JAkdvf)
ukduHBuD; (,ck ausmif;q&m) ukdoef;pdef (zqyvXmecsKyf twGif;a&;rSL; 2ESihf EdkifiHawmfaumifpDt
zGUJ 0if) ukv
d jS zLoH( ,ck ppfawGNrKd Ue,f jynfoaYl umifpOD uX OD;vSjzLoH) ukOd ;D a&Tom (,ck ausmif;q&m)
udak &TausmOf ;D (,ck a&Tjym;&yfuu
G f jynfoaYl umifpOD u| armfueG ;f yxrtqif)h ESiw
fh uG OD;ynmoD[\
wynh&f if;csmrsm; jzpfaomfvnf; Auy\ [dwBf u;D [efBu;D jyKrcl suEf iS fh ba&muf'g0g'ukd vufrcHojzihf
usaemfpnf;k;H ,laom OD;avomatmif (aemifzqyvtpk;d &ESifh vufeufuidk w
f u
dk cf &hJ pOf NrKd Ua[mif;
NrKd Ue,femrnfBu;D &ckid jf ynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKyf tvkyt
f rIaqmifwpfO;D jzpfco
hJ l OD;avomatmif)
ESifh OD;Akv
d af tmif (aemifzqyvtpk;d &ESifh vufeufuidk w
f u
dk cf u
dk &f pOf NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd Ue,fEiS hf aygufawm
NrKd Ue,f ajrmufyikd ;f wGif emrnfBu;D cJNh y;D AuyppfawGckid f tvkyt
f rIaqmiftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&if;
tcsif;csif;owfjzwfcHoGm;&aom OD;Akdvfatmif)wkdY pkkH;rdMuonf/
ArmjynfodkY usaemfoGm;cJh&aom udprSpNyD; usaemfwdkY awGUBuHKcJh&aom jzpf&yfrsm;ukd wpfvkH;
wpfyg'rusef tdwo
f eG zf marSmuf usaemfwYdk wifjyMu\/ 'lw
l u
dk af qG;aEG;yGjJ yKMu\/ &ckid jf ynfvil ,frsm;
tpnf;tk;H xlaxmifum vli,fnv
D mcHac:qkad &;ESifh NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd awmfveS rf nhaf jratmuf
vufeufuidk f wyfzUJG rsm;ukd us,jf yefpY mG zGUJ pnf;xlaxmifomG ;Mu&ef qk;H jzwfMuonf/ Ekid if aH &;oifwef;ukd
usaemfacgif;aqmifNyD; zGifhvSpfoifMum;ay;&efvnf; tm;vkH;oabmwlMuonf/
,if;aMumifh avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmwGif usaemfacgif;aqmifum EkdifiHa&;oifwef;ukd ay;&yg
onf/ avmif;&Snaf csmif;&GmwGif usaemfwYdk Ekid if aH &;oifwef;rpwifru
DS yif &ckid w
f idk ;f zqyvXmecsKyf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

52

bkHaygufomausmf

wnf&m jyaw;&GmwGif rpwm*k&d ,

S (f jzKw?f xkw?f owfvrf;pOfatmufwiG f tcsi;f csi;f owfjzwfco
H mG ;&
aom Auyay:vpfAsLkt
d zGUJ 0if OD;bwif)acgif;aqmifNy;D Ekid if aH &;oifwef;ay;vsu&f adS ecJah vonf/
rpwm*k&d ,
S o
f nf tdE,
d jynfueG jf rLepfygwDrx
S w
k af 0aom ]]jynfopYl pf (THE PEOPLE WAR) owif;pm
\ owif;axmuf vufrw
S jf zihf ppfowif;,l&ef taMumif;jyum &ckid jf ynfoYdk pwif0ifa&mufvmjcif;
jzpfonf/
oabmw&m;q&mBu;D rpwm*k&d ,
S w
f \
Ykd &ckid w
f idk ;f zqyvXmecsKyw
f nf&m jyaw;wGif q&m
awmfO;D ynmoD[u Ou|? OD;ausmjf r (,ck awmckd Auy A[kad umfrwD) u twGi;f a&;rSL;? a':rGeYf
(Auy OD;ausmjf r\ uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;aomZeD;)u b@ma&;rSL;? OD;OD;apmu aumfrw
D t
D jzpf aqmif&u
G f
aom&ckdifwkdif; zqyvtzGJUudk tckdiftrmxlaxmifxm;NyDjzpfonf/
ba&muf'g0g'rS jrpfzsm;cHonhf NAdwdoQppfwyfxH t<uif;rJhvufeufcsa&;*kdPf;ESihf NAdwdoQ
e,fcsUJ ppfwyfudk vufeufuifdk af wmfveS af &;*kP
d ;f [l *kP
d ;f ESp*f P
dk ;f jzpfaeMu&onf/ usaemfwv
Ykd pl t
k m;
rpwm*k&d ,
S w
f v
Ydk pl k rsurf ek ;f usK;d jcif;? NiKd jiifjcif;jyKvmMuonfrmS tHMh op&mr[kwyf g/ tdrBf u;D xJ tdrif ,f
aqmuforl sm;[lvnf;aumif;? tqk;d aumifq&dk ,
S v
f pfrsm; (*kPo
f a&rJah om Ekid if aH &;awav*sy;dk rsm;
jzihf zGUJ pnf;xm;aom qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwD[q
k v
dk o
dk nf) [kvnf;aumif; usaemfwt
Ydk m; olwo
Ydk ykwaf vvGihf
jyKvmMuonfrSmvnf; txl;tqef;r[kwfay/
&JabmfapmxGef;
avmif;&Snaf csmif;wGif tEky#avmr ky0f g'ESifh urmEh idk if w
H uma&;&mrsm;ukd oifwef;ykcYd s&if;
aysmufcsufrvSaysmufaeaom &JabmfapmxGef;OD; jzpf&yfrSefukd EIdufEIdufumum usaemfavhvm\/
avmif;&Snaf csmif; crT;D trsK;d om;xJwiG f usaemfEiS fh nD&if;tukw
d rQ cspcf if&if;ES;D Muolrsm; &SMd uonf/
olwEYdk iS hf pm;twl tdyt
f wljyKum &JabmfapmxGe;f OD;taMumif;ukd usaemfEu
dI ,
f \
l / &JabmfapmxGeG ;f OD;
um; ppfawGckdkif ausmufawmfNrdKU e,fpGefe,fzsm;rS v,frJh,mrJh v,f,mtvkyform; vlwef;pm;rS
aygufzGm;vmoljzpfonf/
qif;&Jaom v,fulvDrdbrsm;'Pfukd oli,fpOfuyif cHvm& pmayynmrwwf/ olonf
i,fpOfuyif uRJEGm;tiSm;ausmif;b0wGif aexdkdifcJh&onf/ uRJEGm;ESifh xyfwlxyfrQkef;uef&aom
v,f,mtvkyform;b0jzihf olt&G,fa&mufvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh ol\aexkdifpm;aomufrIrsm;?
ajymqkrd rI sm;onf r[mrqef/ Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;aexkid w
f wfonf/ 'k;d 'k;d a'gufa'gufajymwwfonf/
odkYaomf &JabmfapmxGef;OD;wGif EkdifiHtwGuf BuD;rm;aom t&nftcsif;&Sd\/ olonf trsKd;om;
vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf w
JG iG o
f m toufEiS v
fh NJ y;D aqmif&u
G rf nfr[kwaf o;/ v,f,mtvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESifh
pufrt
I vkyo
f rm;rsm;\b0 vGwaf jrmufa&;wku
d yf rJG sm;ESifh qk&d ,
S v
f pfwu
dk yf rJG sm;wGiv
f nf; toufjzifh
zvS,frnfh &JabmfwpfOD;jzpfonf/
olonf pmayrwwf qkd&S,fvpfpmtkyfBuD;rsm;ukd rzwfEdkif/ r&GwfqkdEkdif/ odkYaomf
ol\ke;f uefvmcJ&h aom v,f,mtvkyo
f rm;b0aMumifh qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;&mukd b0todjzihf olvufcH
,kMH unfonf/ zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;wpfavQmufv;Hk wGif olonf tm;xm;&aom &JabmfwpfO;D jzpf
\/ uif;apmih&f efwm0efusvQif uif;ukd riku
d rf edS ;f bJapmih\
f / wyfuif;axmufxu
G v
f Qif a&SUwrf;rSae
vif;,kefiSufuJhodkY &J&ifhvsifjrefpGmaxmufvSrf;ay;onf/ wkdufyGJwGifvnf; olraMumuf &Gwf&Gwf
cRefcRef olwkdufckduf\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

53

bkHaygufomausmf

,ckol ba&muf'g0g'\ om;aumiftjzpf paw;cHvu

dk &f Ny/D jyaw;&Gm &ckid w
f idk ;f zqyvXme
csKyf tmPmykid rf sm;\trdejYf zihf olt
Y m;okwo
f ifvu
dk &f avNy/D &JabmfapmxGe;f OD;um; olcspjf rwfE;dk aom
vGwfvyfa&;? qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdYukd r&rSDuyif ausmckdif;oGm;cJh&&SmavNyD/
ba&muf'g0g'vufcsufjzihf v,f,mtvkyform;om;ysKd &JabmfapmxGef;OD;aoqkH;cJh&ovkd
aygif;wnfNrKd U ,pfrsK;d 0efaxmuf OD;atmifvo
S \
H om;Bu;D &JabmfapmxGe;f OD;vnf; NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyf
\ vlrqefaomnOf;qJrIatmufwGif toufaysmufcJh&onf/
*syefzufqpfacwfwiG ;f u &ckid jf ynfrS &efuek Nf rKd UodYk oGm;vm&wkid ;f aygif;wnfNrKd U olwt
Ydk rd w
f iG f
usaemftNrv
J v
dk w
dk nf;cko
d nf/ ,kMH unfpw
d cf s&olrsm;ESiBhf uKH vQif zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;? vGwv
f yf
a&;? 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;? qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;&mrsm;ukd usaemftm;abmiftm&if;oefpmG ajymavh&o
dS nft
h wkid ;f
olwt
Ydk rd w
f iG v
f nf; usaemfajym\/ vli,fv&l ,
G yf yD D pGepYf m;vkad om &JabmfapmxGe;f OD;? zufqpf*syef
awmfvSef&ef usaemfwkdYESihftwl vkdufvmonf/
a&TbaHk y:wGif Bu;D jyif;vm&aom &JabmfapmxGe;f OD;? usaemfwEYdk iS hf &ckid o
f cYdk sv
D monfah eYrpS Ny;D
tzufzufrq
S if;&J'u
k a &muf&onf/ jzpfovkt
d yd ?f &ovkpd m;? tiwfiwftjywfjywfjzihf usaemfwEdYk iS fh
twl udk,fa&mpdwfyg qif;&JpGmjzihf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf\/ tajymtqkd
taetxkdifrSpNyD; odrfarGUEl;nHhaom &JabmfapmxGef;OD;ukd ppfajrjyifwkdufyGJwpfBudrfrQ usaemfwm0ef
ray;cJh/ kH;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukdom xrf;aqmifapcJhonf/
&ckid jf ynf zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;tNy;D olrY b
d rsm;xH tjrefjyefvo
dk jzihf udak rmifped v
f S acgif;;
aqmifaom uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ ESit
fh wl olu
Y v
dk u
dk yf &Ydk onf/ rke;f wkid ;f csi;f &GmwGif csi;f vJA;D rsm; zrf;qD;
jcif;ukd olwcYdk o
H mG ;&onf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfu vlrqefaom nO;f qJEydS pf ufraI Mumifh oltoufq;Hk
IH;oGm;&avNyD/ vGwfvyfa&;uefabmifkd;wGif olpaw;cHoGm;&avNyD/
avmif;&Snaf csmif; Ekid if aH &;oifwef;rNy;D qk;H rDS avmif;&Snaf csmif;&GmrS vlBu;D wcsKUd ? avmif;&Snf
acsmif;rS xGucf mG oifNh yjD zpfaMumif; usaemft
h m; wk;d wk;d Buw
d Bf uw
d f vmajymMuonf/ jyaw;&Sd &ckid w
f idk ;f
zqyvESifh AuywkYd tefwak eaom usaemfwt
Ydk m; rIprd Ehf idk jf zpfMuNy[
D k usaemft
h m; owdvmay;\/
&efukefNrdKU&Sd &efukefwkdif; zqyvvlBuD;wkdYuyif tqkd;aumif qdk&S,fvpf bkHaygufwkdYtm;
okwo
f if&ef pma&mufaeNy[
D
l vnf; usaemftm; ajymjy\/ usaemf wqHcsnrf Q rwkev
f yI /f jyaw;&Sd
tmPm&Sifrsm;onf NAdwdoQppfwyfuzrf;&ef vkdufvHae tm;ukd;wBuD; ckd;atmif;vmaom
OD;pH*kd;atmif (NAdwdoQe,fcsJUESifh zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;ESpf&yfvkH;wGif rdrdESifhwuG rdom;pkrsm;yg
yg0ifcJhNyD; aygufawmNrdKUe,f v,form;xktm; acgif;aqmifcJhol) tm; NAdwdoQppfwyfxH tzrf;cHap
onfxd MoZmoufa&mufaomffvnf; usaemfwkdYtm; olwkdY MoZmrjyEkdif/ ba&muf'g0g'ukd vufukdif
xm;aom olw\
Ydk pum;ukd wpfceG ;f yif usaemfweYkd m;raxmif/ odaYk omfjyaw;tmPm&Sirf sm;onf usaemf
wkdYESifh,SOfNydKifNyD; olwpfcsuf igwpfcsufrjypf&JMu/ rrkduf&JMuonfukd usaemfwkdY tpif;odjzpfonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

54

bkHaygufomausmf

usaemft
h m; nD&if;wrQcifrif vmajymaom crT;D vlBu;D wkt
Yd m; ]]cifAsm;wkYd ighudk rowf&ufyg
bl;}}]]igwkYd vlq;dk "m;jyr[kwb
f ;l }}[k &,f&,farmarmajymqkv
d u
dk o
f nf/ oifwef;Ny;D onfxd usaemfwYdk
avmif;&Snfacsmif;wGif aexkdifMuygonf/
usaemfwYdk vlq;dk "m;jyvnf;r[kw?f rk;d om;aom olrsm;vnf; r[kwMf u/ Ekid if aH &;ukd rdr,
d MHk unf
cH,lcsuftjynhft0jzifh tepfemcH? taocHaeMuolrsm;om jzpfMuonfukd avmif;&Snfacsmif; &Gmol
&Gmom;rsm;odMu\/
avmif;&Snaf csmif;wpf&mG vk;H onf *syefwpfacwfv;Hk wGif usaemfwt
Ydk m;uk;d &mvnf;jzpfonf/
usaemfwkdYESihfaoabmfaobufrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/ b,ftmPm&Sifckdif;apumrl usaemfwkdYtm; olwkdY
'kuray;&Jonfukd rowf&ufonfukd usaemfwkdY aumif;pGmod&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfonf/
Akdvfa&G;yGJ0ifMuonf
avmif;&Snaf csmif; Ekid if aH &;oifwef;Ny;D qk;H wm0efcaJG 0,lum e,fqif;Mu&ef aqG;aEG;aeMupOf
Akv
fd af &G;yGJ jyemay:aygufvmonf/ uEpD mcsKyt
f & jynford ;f NAw
d o
d Qta&SUawmif tm&Sppfwyfrsm;
ESihf twlygvmaom bm;rm;kdifz,fwyfrsm;ESifh zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif tiftm;BuD;xGm;vm
aom ArmhrsK;d cspw
f yfrawmfy;l aygif;a&;? NAw
d o
d Qppfrpf&iS u
f yl;aygif;rnfh Armhwyfrawmfudk avhusichf ef;
ay;a&;rSpNyD; acwfrSDvufeufrsm; wyfqifa&;xd zGJUpnf;BuD;Muyfa&;rsm; jyKvkyf&efjzpfonf/
,if;aMumifh BuD;xGm;aeaom ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfwGif ppfAkdvf ppfom;rsm;udk avQmh&onf/
Akdvfjzpfxkdufolrsm;ukdvnf; rsufESmjzLppfAkdvfrsm;BuD;Muyfonfh Akdvfa&G;tzGJUrS a&G;cs,faecsdefjzpf\/
usaemft
h m;vnf Akv
d af &G;yGo
J 0Ykd if&ef wcsKUd vma&mufajymqkzd sm;a,mif;onf/ trsK;d om;vGwv
f yf
a&;ukd NAdwdoQe,fcsJU ukdvkdeDvufatmufrS vufeufpGJukdifNyD; tvGwfkef;xGufvkdu kef;xGufrnf/
pdwfxufoefaeaomusaemfum; Akdvfa&G;yGJ0ifa&;ukd cg;cg;oD;oD;jiif;y,fvkdufonf/
usaemfwkdY jcaoFhatmif aysmufusm;wyfzGJUxJrS wyfzGJUwyf&if;acgif;aqmifrsm; vkyfcJhMuaom
uko
d mausm(f Akv
d rf LS ; ,ck qifrvku
d o
f abFmusi;f TeMf um;a&;rSL;)? ukad usmaf Zm(uG,v
f eG f jynfaxmifpk
ppf&JAkdvf) ESihf ukdomxGef;OD; (,ckawmckd Auy &ckdifjynfaumfrDwD)wkdY vkdufygoGm;Muonf/
ukv
d jS zLoH(,ck ppfawGNrKd Ue,f jynfoaYl umifpOD u|)vnf; trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf w
JG iG f
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; wwyfwtm;ygvmatmif pnf;k;H a&;twGuf &efuek w
f iG f ausmif;qufae
&ef &efuek o
f v
Ykd u
kd yf goGm;\/ uko
d mausmf (,ck 0efBu;D )rSm ArmjynfwiG f tqifoif&h adS e &ckid jf ynfoYkd
jyefvm&efrvkdawmhbJ &efukefodkY wef;oGm;NyD; Akdvfa&G;yGJokdY 0ifvkdufonf/
&ckdifjynf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;tNyD;wGif ukdomausmf(,ck 0efBuD;) ESihf usaemfrawGUvkduf&/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

55

bkHaygufomausmf

uko
d mausmf ausmufawmfNrKd Ue,f nDacs&mG teD;wGif avxD;jzifq
h if;Ny;D MuLaysmufusm;wyfzUJG rsm;ESit
hf wl
wyfzGJUwpfzGJUukd acgif;aqmifum zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd awmfvSefcJhonf/
MuLaysmufusm;wyfzGJUrsm; usaemfwdkY jcaoFhatmif ajymufusm;xuf &ufowESpfywfausmf
apmNyD; NAdwdoQppfwyfxH vufeuftyfvkduf&&m ukdomausmf tdEd,okdY vkdufygoGm;onf/ tdEd,rS
wqifh jrefrmjynf awmifilckdifwGif ukdomausmf avxD;jzihfqif;um zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd qufvuf
awmfvSefoGm;onf/ awmifilckdifwGif avxD;jzifh qif;a&;twGuf tdEd,okdYroGm;rSD ukdomausmf
usaemfx
h o
H Ykd owif;ykcYd o
hJ nf/ ausmufawmfNrKd Ue,f ,k;d acsmif;? ,k;d wkw&f mG rS tdE,
d OD;ode;f azjrifx
h H
oloGm;pOf? vrf;wGif OD;pHomausmf(,ck 'g'g ykd;xnfpuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;)ukd awGU&onf/
olwEYkd pS Of ;D ukd vrf;jyu e,fpyfxyd \
Ydk / tdE,
d e,fx0J ifvQif e,fajrvkNH cKH a&;wm0ef,al eonfh
a&SUwef;NAdwdoQppfwyfu olwkdYESpfOD;tm; zrf;onf/ olwkdY zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;
jzpfaMumif;/ olwt
Ydk m; umvuwm;trSwf 136 ppfXmecsKyEf iS fh OD;ode;f azjrifx
h H ydaYk y;yg[k olwt
Ydk ul
tnDawmif;Muonf/ odkYaomf olwkdYtm;oGm;cGihfrjyK? 2vausmfceYf &yfwefYxm;onf/
umvuwm;NrdKUrS uywdeftif*gvma&mufac:,lrS olwkdYvGwfvmMuonf/ vkHNcHKpdwfcsa&;
twGuf olwt
Ydk m; uywed t
f if*gu ]]vkNH cKH a&;}}txl;&xm;wGjJ zihf ppfwaumif;odaYk c:vmonf/ vkNH cKH a&;
twGuf ppfwaumif;axmifwGifyif wnf;ckdMu&onf/
od k Y p pf w aumif ; axmif w G i f wnf ; ck d a e&pOf uk d o mxG e f ; atmif (Armh w yf r awmf
AkdvfBuD;omxGef;atmif) ukdarmifpdefatmif polwkdYukd ,if;axmifwGif zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;onfukd
awGU&onf/ uko
d mxGe;f atmifwv
Ydk pl o
k nf yvuf0NrKd Ue,fzufwiG f *syeftBuaH y;t&m&Srd sm;u Bu;D Muyf
aomvufeufuidk f &ckid w
f yfzUJG tjzpfaexkid Mf u&m jyaw;rSpNy;D zufqpf*syefudk awmfveS v
f u
dk o
f nft
h cg
zufqpf*syefwyfrsm; yfydwfcH&rnfpkd;ojzihf zufqpf*syefrsm;r&Sdaom e,fpyfrSolwkdYjzwfausmf
vSnhfqif;vmMuonf/
e,fpyfvkHNcHKa&;twGuf uif;csxm;aom NAdwdoQppfwyfESifhwkd;rdNyD; zrf;qD;jcif;cHMu&\/
ukdomxGef;atmifwkdY vGwfa&;ukd uywdeftif*gxH ukdomausmf? ukdpHomausmfwkdY tyluyfMuonf/
,if;aMumifh ukdomxGef;atmifwkdY vGwfvmNyD; avxD;jzifhqif;um olwkdYESifhtwl zufqpf*syef
awmfvSefa&;ukd oufpGefYBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
,ck oltEd ,
d okv
Yd u
dk o
f mG ;rnf/ zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;twGuf jrefrmjynfwiG q
f if;Ny;D us&m
wm0efudk oufpeG BYf uKd ;yrf; xrf;aqmifomG ;rnf[
l yif uko
d mausmu
f usaemfx
h o
H wif;ay;ykcYd yhJ gonf/
usaemfwv
Ykd pl k Akv
d af &G;yGt
J wGuf &efuek v
f u
dk o
f mG ;Muovkd MuLaysmufusm;wyfzUJG rsm;xJrv
S nf;
ukdpHomausmf (,ck 'g'gykd;xnfpuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;) ukdarmifapmjzL (,ck bDtD;'DpD)? ukdOD;apm(,ck
ppfawGNrKd Ue,f or0g,rOu|)? ukad &Tom (,ck 0efBu;D OD;omausmt
f pfu)dk ukad bmfvpD aomolwv
Ydk nf;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

56

bkHaygufomausmf

&efukefAkdvfa&G;yGJodkY vkdufoGm;Muygonf/
1944-ck 'DZifbmvwGi;f upNy;D zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd awmfveS &f mwGif &ckid af jymufusm;wyfzUJG
rsm;tjzpf toufay;aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ rl sm;onf Akv
d w
f pfO;D wpfav&a&;twGuf Akv
d af &G;yGw
J iG f yg0ifqifEJT
cJhaomfvnf; ukdomausmf(,ck0efBuD;) wOD;wnf;om Akdvfa&G;aumufcHcJh&onf/ tjcm;wpfOD;
wpfa,mufurdk Q Akv
d af &G;aumufrcHc&hJ ? Akv
d af &G;aumufrcH& &ckid jf ynfjyefvmMuolrsm;vnf; &So
d nf/
kd;kd;ppfom;b0rS tpysKd;cJh&olrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ kd;kd;ppfonfawmfb0rS tpysKd;cJh&olrsm;xJwGif
ukdomausmf (AdkvfrSL;) ESihf ukdausmfaZm (jynfaxmifpk ppf&JAkdvf)wkdYESpfOD;vnf; yg0ifcJhMuygonf/
ocifwifjr\ bkb
H 0rSmjzihf pmtkyw
f iG f ArmhrsK;d cspw
f yfrawmfrygbJ ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;jzihf
jynfov
l x
l ak &;? wku
d cf u
dk af &;yg zufqpf*syeftm;awmfveS Ef idk cf o
hJ nfrmS &ckid af jymufusm;wyfzUJG rsm;ESifh
awmificl kid f ukjd rwkyYd if jzpfaMumif;ukad zmfjyxm;ygonf/ ol\,if;pmtkyw
f iG f ]]ajymufusm;rsm;tae
jzifh oD;jcm;wyfrsm; zGJUpnf;NyD; zufqpf*syeftm; xda&mufpGm wkdufckdufEkdifcJhonfrSm &cdkifwkdif;ESifh
awmifilckdifwGifom jzpfygonf}}[k azmfjyxm;\/
,if;tjyif ocifwifjru ol\,if;pmtkyw
f iG f qufvufNy;D a&;oGm;onfrmS ukjd r(tvif;0if
AuyA[kdaumfrwDa[mif; ,ck kH;tzGJUrSL; jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme &Jabmfjr) ESihf AkdvfrSL; av;oD[
(67 ckESpfu uG,fvGefoGm;aom tmwDbDtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; AkdvfrSL;a[mif;armifarmif) wkdYacgif;aqmif
ajymufusm;wyfzUJG rsm;ukd wyf&if;trSwf 5 tjzpf jyefvnfzUJG pnf;Ny;D rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmfwiG f xnfo
h iG ;f
cJhonf) [k a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
&ckid af jymufusm;wyfzUJG acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS uEpD mt& jyefvnfzUJG pnf;aom Armhwyfrawmf
Akv
d af &G;yGw
J iG f uko
d mausm(f ,ck 0efBu;D ) wOD;wnf;om ta&G;cH&onf/ ukjd rwkYd ajymufusm;wyfzUJG rsm;
wyf&if; 5 rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmftjzpf zGJUpnf;cHoGm;&onf/
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0rS tvGwf ;Hk xGu&f mwGif tEkenf;jzihf jzpfap? tMurf;zufenf;jzifh
jzpfap? &ovkd ek ;f xGuv
f Mdk uaom usaemfwt
Ykd zkYd ArmhwyfrawmfoYkd 0if&onfjzpfap? r0if&onfjzpfap
&mxl;tcGix
fh ;l tjzpf rpOf;pm;Mu/ trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;ESifh qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;rsm; aqmif
&Guf&ef usef&Sdao; ausmif;qufae&if; aqmif&Guf&ef &efukefokdYjyefoGm;awmh\/
vli,fnDvmcH
avmif;&Snaf csmif; XmecsKyf Ekid if aH &;oifwef;tNy;D &ckid jf ynfvil ,f tpnf;tk;H xlaxmifa&;
(ajray:)ESihf vQKdU0SufwyfzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;(ajratmuf) wkdYkukd toD;oD;cGJa0NyD; wm0ef,lMuonf/
udkarmifvSausmfESihf ukda&TausmfOD;wkdYukd &aohawmifNrdKUe,f OD;avomatmifESihf OD;AkdvfatmifwdkYudk
NrdKUa[mif;awmifydkif;ESifh aygufawmNrdKUe,f? ukdarmifvSpdef( ,ck ausmif;q&m)? ukdoef;pdef (,ck

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

57

bkHaygufomausmf

EkdifiHawmfaumifpDtzGJU0ifESihf ygwDXmecsKyftwGif;a&;rSL;2)wkdYudk ajrmif;abGESihfausmufawmfNrdKUe,f?

usaemfrif;jym;ESihf ajrykHNrdKUe,fwdkYudk toD;oD;wm0ef,lNyD; w&Gm0if w&GmxGuf pnf;kH;Muavonf/
NAdwdoQukd vufeufpGJukdifwkdufckdufa&;wGif wuf<uaomvli,frsm;xJrS vufa&G;pifvli,frsm;ukd
a&G;cs,fNyD; ppfavhusifha&;ESihf vufeufwyfqifa&;ukdvnf; jyKMuavonf/
EkdifiHa&;oifwef;NyD; avmif;&Snfacsmif;XmecsKyfukd kyfodrf;NyD; 1945 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvukef
avmufwGif q&mawmfOD;pdEmxH usaemf'kef;pkdif;oGm;onf/ q&mawmfESihfwuG acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
usaemfwYkd aqG;aEG;Muonf/ &ckid jf ynfvil ,frsm;onf tpnf;tk;H ukd ajray:tzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yftjzpf
xlaxmif&ef qEwlnDMuonf/
ajratmufEdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;onf vufjiif;tm;jzihf vufeufukdifwyfzGJUrsm;ukd pnf;urf;
wusjzpfvma&;? ppfynmay;a&;ESifh wk;d csUJ zGUJ pnf;a&;ukd aqmif&u
G rf nf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf om
tzGUJ tpnf;[lorQEiS fh r[mrdwzf UJG rnf/ ajrcGef ajrqDvmT cray;a&;ESifh vufiw
k f vuf&if; vufrvGwf
a&;? v,fvkyfolom v,fykdifa&;? vkyfief;rsm;jzihf v,form;xktm; vIHYaqmfpnf;kH;um v,form;
vlwef;pm; tzGJUtpnf;zGJUMuonf/
trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf; zGJUpnf;Murnf ponfwkdYukd nDnmaomqEwlnDrIjzifh qkH;jzwfjzpfMu
onf/ ]]&ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKy}f }wnf;[laomtrnfjzifh Ekid if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf; xlaxmifMu
onf/ ,if;tzGUJ wGif q&mawmfO;D pdEm u em,u? ukb
d ;dk OD;u Ou|? usaemfu taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;
rSL;? ukdapmvSOD; (Mumtif;awmif&Gm rlvwef;ausmif;tkyf)u wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wkdYjzifh
A[kt
d vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ ukv
d nf; zGUJ pnf;Muonf/ ,if;tjyif usaemft
h m;oD;jcm;ay;tyfaom wm0ef
wpf&yfrSm ajratmufvufeufukdiftzGJUrsm; zGJUa&;rSpNyD; ,if;ajratmufvufeufukdif tzGJUrsm;ukd
acgif;aqmif&efjzpfonf/
odkYa&SUvkyfief;pOfrsm; csrSwfNyD; OD;aqmifEkdifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;?
ajratmufvufeufukdiftzGJUtpnf;rsm; pnf;urf;uem;rsm;ukd a&;qGJjcif;ukd jyKMu&if; r[mNrdKif
awmpcef;wGif q&mawmfOD;pdEmESifh usaemf wpfywfcefYaexkdif&onf/
q&mawmf\ xl;jcm;aomvuPmwpfcsKUd udv
k nf; jrifvm&onf/ q&mawmfonf Ekid if aH &;&m?
ppfrufa&;&mudpr sm;ukd a'grmefygygjzihf aqG;aEG;onfudk rnfonft
h cgrQ rawGU&/ aqG;aEG;wifjyol
[lorQ\ pum;vk;H wkid ;f ukd tav;teufxm;Ny;D em;axmifonf/ aqG;aEG;yGw
J iG f tjyif;txef jiif;ckef
rIrsm; ay:vmvQifvnf; ol\tNyHK;rysufaomrsufESmjzihf xdef;xm;wwfonf/ q&mawmf ukd,fwkdif
yg0ifaqG;aEG;vmvQifvnf; ighpum;EGm;&jzihf wpfzufowftEkdifr,l/
olwifjyaomtcsuftvufrsm;ukd qefYusifbufwifjyol\ tcsuftvufrsm;u ckdifrm
tEkdif,loGm;vQifvnf; oltvG,fwulvkdufavsm0efcH\/ odkYaomf tajccHt,ltqa&;&mrsm;wGif

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

58

bkHaygufomausmf

oltckid t
f rm&yfwnfae&um; eufeaJ v;eufpmG awG;ac:wwfaom olt
Y m;vSnpfh m;r&Ekid /f waeY
aqG;aEG;aeMupOf Mumtif;awmif&mG q&mawmfwynh&f if;wpfO;D u ppfwyfwufa&muf arTaESmufrnfh
owif;&aMumif;ukdvmajymonf/
awmpcrf;wpfae&modYk a&TUajymif;&onf/ 10rkid cf efaY 0;rnfh awmawmifc&D;Murf;ukd jzwfoef;&
onf/ vrf;c&D;xuf0ufavmufwGif rGef;wnfh 12em&Da&mufawmhrnf/ rGef;wnfh 12em&Drxkd;rSD
tcsdefvkNyD; tmkPfqGrf;useftenf;i,fukd pm;um q&mawmfwif;wdrf a&mifh&Jvkdufonf/
Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,f awmpcef;rsm;xJwiG f ckad tmif;aebl;olwidk ;f ,if;awmpcef;rsm;wGif
a,bl,stm;jzifh awmo&ufuif;yifudk t"du[if;tjzpf pm;Muonfudk odMurnf/ awmo&ufuif;
yifonf teHt
Y m;jzifh arG;T ovkv
d dk teH&Y adS omfvnf; ig;yd? jiKyrf sm;jzihf csuNf y;D pm;vQi,
f m;,Hwwfonf/
vQm;,HrIoufomap&ef awmif*Pef;i,f( pwk&ef;wpfvufrcefY&Sdonhf *Pef;i,f) rsm;ukd zrf;NyD;?
if;*Pef;i,frsm;jzihf a&maESmcsuf&onf/
awmif*Pef;i,f zrf;&onfrmS rvG,/f tNrw
J rf;a&pD;aeaom vQKad jrmifwiG ;f wGif ausmufzsm
rsm;ukd 5OD;xufrenf;aom vltm;jzihf azmf,Nl y;D zrf;,l&\/ *Pef;i,ftawmftoifzh rf;rdaeaom
aeYwiG f aemufwpfaeYcsupf m;&ef oHpnfyidk ;f wGif xnhx
f m;avh&MdS uonf/ *kPmBu;D aomq&mawmf
onf nOft
h csed f oHpnfarSmufNy;D *Pef;i,frsm;ukd vTwyf pfavh&o
dS nf/ &Jabmfrsm;\ ylnH ylnaH jymqkd
jcif;rsm;ukd cH&wwfonf/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESihf odaYk qG;aEG;aecJph OftwGi;f tHb
h ,
G af umif;aom awmc&D;uRr;f usio
f l
wpfO;D ukad wGU&onf/ nOft
h csed w
f iG f awmBuKd awmifMum;rsm;wGif arSmifBu;D rJraJ tmufwiG f bmrQrjrif&/
qifidk ;f oGm;vmaeaom vrf;usO;f i,frt
S y tjcm;tok;H jyKp&mvrf;vnf;r&S/d vrf;cGiJ ,fwpfcck w
k iG f
vrf;vGJoGm;vQif eHeufrdk;vif;xdapmihfNyD; rwfapmufaom awmawmiftxyfxyfukd em&Daygif;rsm;
pGm tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;jzihf ausmfjzwf&onf/
rQIyfaxG;aomawmvrf;i,frsm;ukd Mumtif;awmif&Gmom; OD;iaxmifeDb,fvkd trSwf
tom;jyKxm;onfukd usaemf,aeYtxd rajymwwf/ ydef;ydwfatmif arSmifaeaom awmifBudK
awmifMum;&Sd vrf;i,fvrf;cGrJ sm;ukd bdeyfwpfcgrQrpD;aom olaY jcaxmufjzihf prf;oyf vrf;rSev
f rf;rSm;
ukd olcGJjcm;odonf/ olESifhoGm;vQif vrf;rSm;rnfukdvkH;0raMumuf&/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmtaMumif;a&;vQif q&mawmfESihf tNrJwGJzufaeaom &JabmfeDatmifudp
udv
k nf; a&;&rnf/ &JabmfeaD tmifonf t&yf 6aycef&Y adS om axmifaxmifarmif;armif; vloefw
Y pfO;D
jzpfonf/
olonf awmvrf;c&D;Murf;rsm;wGif t&yf 5aycefY&Sdonfh ydefydefyg;yg;q&mawmfOD;pdEmtm;
xrf;yk;d ,lonf/ Avaumif;aom vloefBu;D eDatmifonf jrifrh m;Murf;wrf;aomawmifrsm;ukd q&m

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

59

bkHaygufomausmf

awmftm;ykd;NyD; vlBuD;wpfOD;u cav;wpfOD;ukd o,fykd;ovkd tvG,fwulo,fykd;oGm;onf/

tNrJwrf;vkdvkd avema&m*gx<uaom q&mawmftm; olum;xkdifaeaom olY'l;ESpfzufMum;
oGif;um tm;yg;w& ESdyfe,fay;onf/ q&mawmftwGuf tkPfqGrf;rSp qGrf;uGrf;udpt00ukd
olwm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;onf/ kd;om;aom &ckdifawmifolv,form; rsKd;kd;rSqif;oufvmaom
&JabmfeDatmifonf NyHK;NyHK;&D&DaewwfNyD; kd;om;ojzihf olYtm; rcifrifol[lr&Sday/
k;d om;Ny;D cifrifp&maumif; vlcspv
f cl ifaygrsm;aom &JabmfeaD tmifum; &ckid jf ynf jynfoYl
vGwv
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKyEf iS fh q&mawmfwYdk tvif;0ifvm&mwGif ,if;tzGUJ csKyrf t
S vif;r0ifbJ ae&pforl sm;
\ zrf;qD;owfjzwfrIjzihf toufaoqkH;oGm;&avNyD/
udkapmvSOD; (uG,fvGef? rlvwef;ausmif;tkyf) ESifh usaemfwwGJwGJNyD; Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd
tajccHum Mumtif;awmifwu
fkd ef ,f&dS aus;&Gmrsm;wGif ajray:tzGUJ rsm; jzpfonfh &ckid jf ynfvil ,frsm;
tpnf;tkH;? &ckdifjynfawmifolv,form;tpnf;tkH;ESifh &ckdifjynftrsKd;orD;tzGJUrsm;ukd w&m;0if
xlaxmifavonf/
w&Gm0if w&GmxGuf wwJ0if wwJxu
G f oGm;&\/ zsm;yif tem;r,lbJ ajrykNH rKd Ue,faus;&Gm
rsm;ESifh rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f awmifyidk ;f aus;&Gmrsm;okYd pnf;k;H a&;qif;Muonf/ MuyfpifuRe;f ? ig;ref;&JuRe;f
odkY pnf;kH;a&;qif;wkdif; uHom&Gm ukdapmvSOD;\ zciftdrfwGif usaemfwkdY pcef;cswnf;ckdMuonf/
zqyvESifh NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ MoZmBuD;xGm;aejcif;aMumifh olwyg;rvkyf&Jojzihf ukdapmvSOD;
\ aqGrsKd;&if;csmrsm;ukd tajccHNyD; pnf;kH;,l&onf/ ukdapmvSOD;\ aqGrsKd;&if;csmxJrS olYbaxG;
OD;omGefYOD; (,aeYxd v,form;) rSm MuyfpifuRef; awmifolv,form;ESifh vli,facgif;aqmifjzpf
vmonf/ if;tdrfwGif tom;jzLkyfacsmaom ukdapmvSOD;\nDri,f rdef;rysKdwpfOD;ukd awGU&onf/
zufqpf*syefacwfwpfcsed u
f usaemfw&Ydk ckid u
f se&f pfom; &Jabmf 7OD;? (ukad rmifat;? ukv
d x
S eG ;f
ausmf? ukdomausmf (AdkvfrSL;)? ukdvSjzLoH(AkdvfBuD;) ukdarmifapmjzL ('kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf av)
ukad pmxGe;f OD;ESifh usaemf &ckid jf ynfoYdk jyefvmcJ&h mwGif 0ufacgif;aus;&GmwGif aexkid cf phJ Ofu usaemfwYdk
wnf;ckt
d rd o
f Ydk vmMunhMf uaom rde;f cav;rsm;xJrS 'Dred ;f cav; tysK&d nf0ifvQif rde;f racsmwpfO;D jzpfrnf
[l ukdbat;ukd usaemfajymcJhbl;aom rdef;rysKdjzpfaeavonf/
usaemfuo
hJ yYkd if OD;armifped v
f ?S uko
d ef;pde?f ukv
d aS usm?f OD;avomatmif? OD;Akv
d af tmif polrsm;
vnf; ausmzd&ifzd wpf&mG 0if wpf&mG xGuf pnf;k;H Muonf/ &ckid jf ynfvil ,frsm;tpnf;tk;H ukd pepfwus
pnf;urf;rsm;jzihf xde;f uGyNf y;D a&SUaqmifa&SU&Gujf yKEidk af &;twGuf &ckid jf ynfvil ,frsm; nDvmcH usi;f y&ef
usaemfwkdY qkH;jzwfMuavonf/
1946ck azazmf0g&DvwGif vli,fnDvmcHukd usaemfwkdY tm;xm;rSDckd&mvnf;jzpf? usaemfwkdY
pm;aomufwnf;ckdae&mvnf;jzpfaom OD;aomMumtdrf\ ajrmif;abGpmoifausmif;wGif om,m

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

60

bkHaygufomausmf

wuf<uaom twD;trIwfjzifh zGifhvSpfavonf/ ukdpHa&T( ,ck rif;jym;rlvwef;ausmif;tkyf)?

uko
d ef;Munf (,ck ausmif;q&m) wkaYd cgif;aqmifaom vli,focD si;f rsm;jzihf NrKd iNf rKd iq
f idk q
f idk zf iG v
hf pS Mf u
onf/
vli,fnDvmcHwGif tajccHvli,fvrf;pOf0g'rsm; vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd csrSwf&mwGif wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD; jynhf0aom &Jabmfpdwf"mwfaMumifhvnf;aumif;? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom &cdkifvli,frsm;ukd
uk,
d pf m;jyKwufa&mufvmMuaom vli,fnv
D mcHu,
dk pf m;vS,rf sm;twGi;f NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ xHrS vGwv
f yf
a&;jzihf toufzvS,f,lrnf[laom BuD;rm;aom &nfrSef;csuf&Sdojzifhvnf;aumif;? nDvmcHwGif
BuD;rm;aom oabmuGJvGJrIwpfpkHwpf&mr&Sd/
vli,fnv
D mcH 3&ufusi;f yum tajccHr0l g'? tajccHvrf;pOfeiS hf vkyif ef;rsm;ukd wnDwGwf
wnf; twnfjyKEdkfifMuonf/ t"duEkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdcsuftjzpf q&mawmfOD;pdEmESihfwuGi 0g;&rf;
xkwcf x
H m;&aom Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;tm; 0g;&rf;rS t<uif;rJh yk o
f rd ;f &efjzpfNy;D NAw
d o
d Qppfwyf? ykvyd w
f yf
wku
Yd &Gmvk;H uRwrf ;D IUd ? vk,uf? rk'rd ;f usirhf rI sm;? zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;tm; i;f yrf;ESyd pf ufrrI sm;ukd vli,f
nDvmcHrS jyif;xefpGm Iwfcsvkduf\/
Oya'twGif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;wkdufyGJrsm;
vli,fnDvmcHrS NAdwdoQukdvkdeDuRefb0rS vGwfvyfa&;ukd toufjzihf zvS,f,l&ef csrSwfNyD;
tm;opfavmif;ay;vku
d o
f jzifh &ckid jf ynfvil ,fxt
k wGi;f tk<H uvIy&f mS ;rIrsm; jzpfvmonf/ &ckid v
f il ,f
ausmif;om;oydwrf sm;ESihf v,form;xk\ ajrcGef ajrqDcray;a&;? vufiw
k v
f uf&iuf; v,fyidk af &;
wkdufyGJrsm; qufpyfNyD; oGm;avonf/
ajray:tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihf ajratmufvufeufukdif tzGJUtpnf;rsml; *Gif;qufwpfckwnf;
jzpfvmonf/ ajratmufvufeufuidk t
f zGUJ tpnf;\ vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;ukd NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tpk;d & rsuaf jcjywf
oGm;atmif ajray:vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u tumtuG,fjyKxm;onf/
NAw
d o
d QrsuEf mS jzL bk&ifcH a':refprdwt
f pk;d &tkycf sKyrf &atmif aus;&Gmrsm;wGif NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ
'vH&GmolBuD;[lorQukd jzKwfypfMu&onf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukdqefYusifaom &GmolBuD;rsm;ukd
jzKwf? xkwf? armifESifvkyfypfMuonf/ aus;&Gmrsm;wGif awmfvSefa&;tmPm us,fjyefYonfxuf
us,fjyefYoGm;atmif enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh BudK;yrf;um NAdwdoQbk&ifcH a':refprdwftpkd;&ESihfrausnmaom
ppfNydKiftpkd;&tzGJUukd zGJUpnf;xlaxmifMuonf/
ajrykjH rKd Ue,f Mumtif;awmif&mG onf usaemfwYdk XmecsKyjf zpfonf/ XmecsKyrf aS eNy;D ajrmufyikd ;f
wkid ;f Xme? taemufyidk ;f wkid ;f Xme? awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f Xme ponfjzihf Xmersm;zGiv
fh pS u
f m BuKd ;ukid x
f m;onf/
XmetoD;oD;wGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif? ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ XmecsKyfwGif

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

61

bkHaygufomausmf

Ekid if aH &;? ppfa&;oifwef;rsm;ukd zGiv

fh pS o
f ifMum;onf/ ukad &TausmOf ;D ( armfueG yf xrqif?h ,ck a&Tjym;
&yfuGuf jynfolYaumifpDOuX OD;a&TausmfOD;) ukd ppfa&;ppf&m oifwef;rSL;tjzpfxm;NyD; usaemfu
Ekid if aH &;oifwef;ukd OD;aqmifavonf/ XmecsKyw
f iG f vufa&G;pif&aJ bmfrsm;ukd a&G;cs,Nf y;D oifMum;ykYd
csonf/ OD;a&Tom (,ck ausmif;q&m)? ukdpHa&T (,ck awmckdAuy &ckdifjynfaumfrDwD) udkarmifausmf
(,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f or0g,r)? ukdxGef;om (,ck xkwfukefoGif;ukefaumfykda&;&Sif;) ukdatmifjrom
(,ck ppfawGNrKd Ue,f awmifov
l ,form; aumifpND rKd Ue,f twGi;f a&;rSL;)? ukad rmifomjr (,ck ppfawG
NrdKUe,for0g,r)? ukdapmxGef;atmif (ukefpkHqkdifykdif&Sif)? ukdOD;ausmfaZm (,ck ausmif;q&m)
ukdat;armif? ukdarmifom'if (,ck qm;vkyfief;Xme)? ukdykxGef;? ukdatmifbpdef? ukdatmifvSjzL
(,ck &ckid jf ynfe,f jynfoaYl umifpt
D zGUJ 0if) udak &TvS (uG,v
f eG f ausmif;q&m)? udak rmifbpde?f ukad rmif
ESif;vS? ukdijyL; paom vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;wufa&mufMuonf/
odYk Mumtif;awmifXmecsKyw
f iG f oifwef;ay;aepOf Akv
d rf LS ;xGe;f wif acgif;aqmifaomtzGUJ u
ajymufusm;wyfzUJG wGif yg0ifco
hJ rl sm;twGuf omrefppfom;\ 8-vpmukd ausmufjzLrSaeNy;D xkwaf y;ae
onf/ Akv
d x
f eG ;f wifrmS qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDrjS zpf&m udOk ;D a&Tomukd acgif;aqmifapNy;D usaemfv
h ufrw
S jf zihf
zufquf*syefawmfvSefa&;orm; jcaoFhatmifajymufusm; &Jabmfrsm;twGuf aiGukdxkwf,lap
avonf/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESiw
fh uG NAw
d o
d Qtpk;d &0&rf;xkwx
f m; ajy;aeMu&aomacgif;aqmifrsm;onf
Mumtif;awmifteD;wpf0u
dk f awmawmifrsm;wGif ckad tmif;ae&onf/ usaemfEiS fh tcsed rf a&G;? em&Dra&G;
qufo,
G jf cif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;ukv
d nf; jyKMuonf/ q&mawmfwEYdk iS fh usaemfwYkd rjywfrvyfaqG;aEG;
Mu&if; tqifhjrihfaom EkdifiHa&;nDvmcH usif;ya&;ukd tjrifwlvmMuonf/ oabmwlvmMuonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUESihfwkdufyGJrsm;
ajrmif;abGvli,fnDvmcHu trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukd toufjzifh zvS,f,l&rnfjzpfaom
vr;fpOfjzihf aoG;opf? tm;opfavmif;ay;vkdufonf/ wuf<uaom vli,fau'grsm;xJrS EkdifiHa&;ukd
tcsdefjynfhvkyfrnfh vli,frsm;ukd a&G;cs,fNyD; wm0eftoD;oD;csay;&onf/
ausmufawmfNrKd Ue,f yvuf0ckid ?f (xkt
d csed u
f yvuf0ukd ckid t
f jzpfxm;onf) wdu
Yk dk pnf;k;H
vIaYH qmf&ef ukb
d om? udo
k ed ;f a&TG (Akv
d [
f m&DjzL)? wku
Yd v
dk nf;aumif;? ajrykNH rKd Ue,fawmifyidk ;f eSifh trf;NrKd Ue,f
wkdYwGif ukdOD;a&Tom (,ck ausmif;q&m) ukdatmifjrom (,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f awmifolv,form;
aumifpt
D wGi;f a&;rSL;)? OD;pdev
f eG ;f OD;? ukv
d eG ;f omatmif (Akv
d v
f eG ;f omatmif) ukb
d pH? ukad tmifomvS
(,ck rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f jynfot
Yl vkyo
f rm;aumifpOD u|)wku
Yd v
kd nf;aumif;? aygufawmNrKd Ue,fawmifyidk ;f
ESihf ajrykHNrdKUe,f iref;&JuRef;rsm;bufodkY OD;pdefausmfOD;( ausmif;q&m) ukdOD;pHvS (ausmif;q&m ,ck

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

62

bkHaygufomausmf

ukeo
f nf) udak usmZf &H DT (,ck &ckid jf ynfueG jf rLepfygwDacgif;aqmif)wku
Yd v
dk nf;aumif;? rif;jym;e,fwiG f
AkdvfpdefxGef;atmif (uG,fvGef) udkarmifausmf (,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f or0g,r) ukdat;armifwkdYukd
vnf;aumif;/ &aohawmifNrKd Ue,fwiG f ukpd aH &T(,ck awmckd Auy&ckid jf ynf aumfrw
D )D udak rmifa&Tatmif
(Akv
d af rmifa&TaG tmif wku
Yd v
kd nf;aumif; ukad rmifvaS usmu
f dk NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U ajrmufyidk ;f ? ausmufawmfNrKd U
e,fESihf &aohawmife,frsm;wkdYwGifacgif;aqmif&efvnf;aumif;? udkarmifpdefvS (,ck ausmif;q&m)
uko
d ef;pdef (Ekid if aH wmfaumifpt
D zGUJ 0ifEiS hf ygwDXmecsKyf twGi;f a&;rSL;-2)OD;avomatmif? OD;Akv
d af tmif
wkdYudk ,cifwm0efrsm;twkdif;vnf;aumif;? wm0eftoD;oD;cGJa0ay;vkdufonf/
XmecsKyfwGif em,uq&mawmf OD;pdEm? OD;bkd;OD;? ukdapmvSOD;(ausmif;q&m) ESihfusaemfu
tcsed jf ynhf wm0ef,Nl y;D XmetoD;oD;odYk TeMf um;jcif;? jyem[lorQ? tcuftcJ[o
l rQudk ajz&Si;f jcif;
jyK&onf/
NrKd Ue,ftoD;oD;wGif wm0ef,&l aom &Jabmfau'grsm;\wm0efrmS &ckid jf ynf jynfoYl vGwv
f yf
a&; tzGJUcsKyfESihfwuG awmifolv,form;tzGJU? vli,frsm;tpnf;tkH;? trsKd;orD;rsm; tzGJUwkdYukd
owfrSwfxm;aompnf;urf;rsm;ESihf vrf;pOfrsm;twkdif; zGJUpnf;xlaxmif&rnfomru vufa&G;pif
vli,frsm;ukd a&G;cs,fNyD; ppfynm&yfrsm;? EkdifiHa&;ynm&yfrsm; oifMum;ay;um NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukd
wGe;f vSerf nfh ajratmufvufeufuidk w
f yfzUJG rsm; zGUJ &ef? zGUJ &efuv
dk nf; t"duwm0eftjzpf xrf;aqmif
&onf/ *syefaiGpuLukd w&m;r0ifvyk v
f u
dk o
f jzifh ay;p&mvnf; aiGr&S?d ajy;p&mvnf; ajrr&Sjd zpfaeMu
aom v,form;xktm; ajrcGeaf jrqDc ray;a&;wku
d yf ?JG vufiw
k v
f uf&if; v,fyikd af &; wku
d yf rJG sm;jzihf
wkdufyGJ0if&ef OD;aqmifay;onf/
tdrw
f iG ;f yke;f wpfyidk ;f jzpfaeaom &ckid t
f rsK;d orD;rsm;tm; a,musm;rsm;ESifh wef;wla&;ESifh NAw
d o
d Q
e,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifvmatmif vIaYH qmfpnf;k;H ,lonf/ wuf<uvmaom &ckid t
f rsK;d
orD;rsm;onf ykvdyfrsm;u zrf;qD;ac:,laom usaemfwkdY &Jabmfrsm;tm; 0kdif;vkonfxd wkdufyGJ0if&J
vmMuonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,f usykdufauaus;&GmwGif &JabmfeDatmifwkdYtm; zrf;qD;aomykvdyfrsm;
vufxrJ S &JabmfeaD tmifwu
Ydk dk ]]'g usra,musmf ;}}? ]]'g usrarmif}} [kajym&if; a':rJrBu;D acgif;aqmif
aom trsKd;orD;rsm;u vk,lvkdufMuonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpkd;&u cefYxm;aom &GmolBuD;rsm;ukd rdrdwkdYzufodkYygatmif rdrdwkdYckdif;oa&GU
aqmif&Gufay;atmif EkdifiHa&;t& pnf;kH;,lonf/ pnf;kH;r&aom NAdwdoQtpkd;&&GmolBuD;rsm;udk
enf;rsK;d pkjH zihf armif;ESix
f w
k Mf uonf/ aus;&Gmrsm;ukd jynforl sm; a&G;ajrm ufaom aus;&Gmtkycf sKyaf &;
tzGUJ u Ou|pepfjzifh tkycf sKyo
f nf/ NrKd Ue,faygif;rsm;pGmwkw
Yd iG f axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfov
l x
l k
rsm; pnf;a0;NyD; q&mawmfOD;pdEmESifh 0&rf;xkwfxm;aom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; 0g&rf;kyfodrf;a&;?

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

63

bkHaygufomausmf

ajrcGef ajrqDcray;a&;? vufikwfvuf&if; v,fykdifa&; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd csrSwfum ajr,mrsm;ukd

a0iSay;NyD; EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJ qifETJMuonf/
yGiyfh iG v
hf if;vif;a&;&vQif &ckid jf ynf&dS &maygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom aus;&Gmrsm;tm; NAw
d o
d Q
e,fcsUJ bk&ifcH a':refprdw\
f vufatmufrS vGwv
f yfNy;D tmPmeDaus;&Gmrsm; xlaxmifum usaemfwYdk
pifNydKiftpkd;&toGifjzifh aqmif&GufaeMujcif;jzpfygonf/
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tpk;d &onf wa&G;om;rQ avQmrh ay;? ykvyd w
f yf? ppfwyfrsm;ESihf aus;&GmtESt
YH jym;
wufa&mufNyD; ajrcGefajrqDcrsm;ukd &orQnpf,lonf/ usaemfwkdY au'g&Jabmfrsm;ukd ae&mra&G;
vkdufzrf;onf/ vufeufrsm;ukd jyefodrf;&Ekdif&ef enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh tMurf;zufonf/ &GmvkH;uRwfrD;IdU?
vk,uf? rk'drf;usifhjcif;rsm; jyKMuonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUxH t<uif;rJhvufeufrsm; ay;tyf&rnf[laom ba&muf'g 0g'vrf;pOfukd
usepGm qkwfukdifxm;onfh &ckdifwkdif; zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; e,ftoD;oD;odkY qif;um
ajrcGefay;a&;? vufeufykef;rsm; tyfMua&;wkdYudk vIHYaqmfa[majymMuonf/ XmecsKyfe,fajrtjzpf
owfrw
S x
f m;aom Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,f? uefew
D u
dk ef ,f? ,k;d acsmif;wku
d ef ,f? Burd af csmif;wku
d ef ,f
SESifh MuyfpifuRef;wkdYukd udkapmvSOD;( ausmif;q&m? XmecsKyf &vz wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)
ESifhtwl usaemftacgufacguftcgcg oGm;vm&onf/ ukdapmvSOD;\ baxG; OD;omGefYOD; rSm
v,form;xkESihf vli,frsm;\wkdufe,f acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfaeonf/
ol\orD;acsm rapmqkdaom rdef;rysKdrSmvnf; ,if;wkdufe,ftrsKd;orD;tzGJU\ twGif;a&;rSL;
wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/ rdef;rysKdrapmonf usaemf\ wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
ukad pmvSO;D \nDrvnf;jzpfonf/ usaemfwYdk tNrw
J rf;pcrf;cs wnf;ckad eaom uHom&Gm ukad pmvSO;D \
bcifESifhtwl aexkdifMuonf/
usaemfomG ;vmwnf;ckad exkid jf cif; rsm;vmaomtcg rde;f rysKrd apm\ tdrrf w
I m0efaqmif&u
G f
csufrsm;ukd jrifawGUvm&onf/ olronf eHeuf 5em&DcefYuyif tdyf&mrSx\/ olrwkdYtdrfom;ESihf
{nho
f nfrsm; pm;a&;twGuf pyg;ukd vufayGUusnjf zihf yifyef;wBu;D axmif;zGy&f \/ wtdrv
f ;Hk ok;H a&
aomufa&rsm;ukd 2zmvkcH eYaf 0;onfh a&uefrS acgufwek aYf cgufjyef a&cyfa&jznh&f \/ xrif;csu&f \/
nOfyh idk ;f wGif nOfo
h ef;acgif,x
H d pma&;pmzwfavh&adS om usaemfu eHeuf 7em&Dausmrf S tdy&f mrSxcsed f
wGif a&csKd;NyD; xrif;pm;&efom &Sdawmhonf/
olronf aeYvnfaeYcif;rsm;wGiv
f nf; olrsm;wum rde;f rrsm;vkd [kt
d rd f 'Dtrd o
f mG ;Ny;D twif;
tzsif;ajymavhr&Sd/ tdrfwGif &TGHUrsm;jzihf tkd;vkyfaewwfonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU\zdESdyfrI? &ckdifwkdif;
zqyv\ EkdifiHa&;rIdif;csrIatmufwGif olronf rsKd;cspfjynfcspfpdwf"mwfaMumifh raMumuf&GHUbJ
wku
d ef ,f trsK;d orD; twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifae&onf/ tysKad bmf0ifp &Tr;f &Tr;f 0if;0if;
ESihf uk,
d [
f efausm&h iS ;f aom olr\kyx
f uf olr\rsK;d cspjf ynfcspf pdw"f mwfudk usaemfav;pm;vmonf/
,if;aMumifh usaemf cspBf uKd urf v
d monf/ olrukd usaemf wkq
Yd w
d w
f q
Ydk w
d f pMunho
f nf/ okaYd omf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

64

bkHaygufomausmf

ausmif;om;vlrr,f 17ESpo
f m;t&G,u
f yif Ekid if aH &;xJ ajcpkyH pf0ifum ocifaygufptjzpf yifet
D us
ESihf ckzH ed yfudk pD;Ny;D ausmif;olrsm;ukd wpfcgrQ &nf;pm;pum;rajymbl;aom usaemf? ,ckvnf; olrukd
&nf;pm;pum;ajymcsifygvsuf bmup&rnfrod jzpfaeav\/
ocifjrukd ckd;onf
1945 ck Zlvidk v
f wGif usi;f ycJah om jrefrmjynf uGejf rLepfygwD uGe*f &uftNy;D ra&r&maom
ocifp;dk tdraf xmifjyemaMumifh ocifp;dk tm; tjypfay;jcif;? Bu;D av;onf rBu;D av;onf[al om
jyemESiw
hf uG vlreS af e&mrSecf sxm;a&;jyemESifh ba&muf'g 0g'\ arTaESmufrw
I aYkd Mumifh Armjy
fuGefjrLepfygwD 2jcrf;uGJtufoGm;&onf/
OD;odef;azjrifh ocifoef;xGef;wkdYacgif;aqmifaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESihf ocifpkd;
acgif;aqmifaom uGejf rLepfygwD Armjynf[k jzpfay:vm&onf/ ocifp;dk onf ]]*k&d ,
S f ode;f oef;tE
&m,f}}[laom pmwrf;jzifh ba&muf'g0g'\w&m;cHrsm;tjzpf rpwm*k&d ,
S (f OD;bwif)f OD;ode;f azjrifEh iS fh
ocifoef;xGe;f wkt
Yd m; jynfov
l x
l x
k H pGcJ suw
f ifvu
dk \
f / &efuek t
f rd cf ef;jyem ppfajy;'kuo
nfrsm;
tm; ajrae&mcsay;a&; jyemrStp twGi;f 0ef;Hk ukd vlx0k idk ;f jcif;xd wku
d yf t
JG rsK;d rsK;d xd aMumzd&ifzd
vkyfavawmh\/
odYk tuGt
J jyjJ yemrsm;ay:aygufvmpOf zqyvtzGUJ csKyu
f dk acgif;aqmifraI y;xm;aom
Ak d v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; ES i h f ocif j rwd k Y 1946ck rwf v yxrywf u k e f a vmuf w G i f
ajrykNH rKd UokaYd &muf&v
dS mMuonf/ Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf ocifjrwkYd &ckid jf ynfe,foYkd e,fvn
S x
hf u
G v
f mjcif;
rSm zqyvtzGUJ csKy\
f 0g'vrf;pOfEiS hf vufawGUvkyif ef;rsm;ukd &Si;f jya&;? &ckid t
f ygt0if vlrsK;d a&;&mESifh
zqyvtzGJUcsKyf\oabmxm;ukd &Sif;jya&;wkdYjzpfygonf/
ae&mwumwGif jynfov
l x
l k pnf;a0;yGrJ sm;vkyNf y;D &ckid jf ynfae&mtES&YH adS eaom zqyvtzGUJ ukd
vnf; ckid rf mNrNJ rjH cif;ESifh wk;d csUJ zGpYJ nf;a&;twGuf tm;opfavmif;ay;&efjzpfygonf/ Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;
ESio
hf cifjrwkYd rsuEf mS jzLt*Fvyd rf sm;ykid f tm&uHzvkw
d ;D ,m; ukrP
\
D rD;oabFmjzifh ajryko
H Ykd a&mufrnf/
ajrykHNrdKUqdyfurf;wGif xkH;pOftwkdif; ,if;rD;oabFm wnOfhem;rnfukd usaemfBudKwifod&ygonf/
,if;aMumifh av;yifwufavSEiS fh avSavSmrf nfo
h rl sm;ukd r[mNrKd iaf wmpcrf;rS ausmufEmG ;&Gm OD;xGe;f pdef
(q&mawmfwynhf&if;csm) \wJodkY nOfhtarSmifwGif ajymif;xm;&ef pDpOf&ygonf.
naepm apmpD;pGm usaemfwkdY pm;Muonf/ toifhjyifqifxm;aom av;yifwufavSESihftwl
avSavSmo
f rm; 4 OD;? yJu
h idk w
f pfO;D jzihf usaemfajrykNH rKd UokYd pkeq
f if;vm\/ nOfah rSmif&yd o
f ef;onfEiS w
hf pfNyKd if
eufajrykHNrdKUteD;wGif ausmufcsxm;aom rD;oabFmay:okdY usaemfwkdYavSukd xkd;uyffvkdufonf/
oabFmtxl;cef;okdY r&yfrem; usaemfwufoGm;onf/ txl;cef;okdY0ifvsifyif AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifh ocifjrwku
Yd dk usaemfEw
I q
f ufNy;D csucf si;f ocifjrxH usaemfcsO;f uyfomG ;onf/ ta&;Bu;D
aom pum;wpfceG ;f ajymyg&ap[k usaemfocifjrukd ajymum ocifjrESiu
fh saemf txl;cef;tjyifbuf
okdY xGufvmMu\/
ocifjrtm; q&mawmfO;D pdEm r[mNrKd iaf wmpcef;rS xGuv
f mNy;D ocifjrtm; awGUa&;twGuf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

65

bkHaygufomausmf

ausmufEGm;&GmwJi,fwpfckwGif apmihfaejcif;? usaemfESihf a&qefavqef tcsdefra&G;oGm;Ekdifaom

av;yifwufavS ygvmjcif;? eHeufr;dk rvif;rSD oabFmodYk ocifjrukd usaemfjyefyaYdk y;rnfjzpfaMumif;wkYd
ukd ajymjyonf/ ZDZmrus,o
f nfh acgif;aqmifwpfO;D jzpfaom ocifjr usaemfEiS hf csucf si;f vku
d v
f m\/
nOfhoef;acgifrwkdifrSD OD;xGef;pdefwJ&Sd&mqdyfurf;okdY a&mufoGm;onf/ ocifjrESihfusaemf nOfharSmif
atmufwGif &THUAGuf &THUtkdifrsm;ukd jzwfoef;NyD; OD;xGef;pdefwJi,fwGif;wGif &Sdaomq&mawmf OD;pdEmxH
vmMuonf/
q&mawmf rusdef;pufbJapmihf&Sdae\/ za,mif;wkdif rD;tvif;a&mifatmufwGif q&mawmf?
ocifjrESifh usaemftrsKdf;om;vGwfvyfa&;udpukd t"duxm;aqG;aEG;onf/ wcgcg 'Drkdua&pDa&;?
qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wku
dY v
dk nf; ajym&if;qk&d if; a&muf&o
dS mG ;\/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm u trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;
wkdufyGJtwGuf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd vufeufukdifenf;jzifh awmfvSef&efvkdonf/ rvkdonfukd
tao;pdwaf r;onf/ ocifjru trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf t
JG wGuf tqk;H tjzwfay;rnfh tajctae
odYk ra&mufao;/ zqyvXmecsKyEf iS fh qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDXmecsKyw
f u
Ydk vnf; vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf Ekid if aH &;
pnf;k;H a&;enf;? vlxv
k w
l ef;pm;wku
d yf rJG sm;jzifh tk<H urIenf;rsm;jzihf vkyu
f idk af qmif&u
G af eonf/ NAw
d o
d Q
ESihfta&;qkdaeonf/
zqyvESihf qkd&S,fvpfygwDrS NAdwdoQe,fbufppfbuft&m&Sdrsm;ESihf ta&;qkdrIrsm;ukdvnf;
ocifjr&Si;f jyonf/ pnf;k;H a&;? Ekid if aH &;enf;rsm;jzifh r&vQif rvTaJ &SmifombJ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd
vufeufjzihf awmfveS &f awmhrnf/ q&mawmfwYdk ,ck&adS eonft
h wkid ;f vufeufpu
JG idk pf nf;k;H xm;jcif;
onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf rygrjzpfaom vkyfief;pOfjzpfygonf/
wynhaf wmfwv
Ydk nf; pnf;k;H a&;ckid rf maom ae&mrsm;wGiv
f ufeufuidk f pnf;k;H a&;ukd vkyu
f idk f
pnf;k;H vsu&f ydS gonf/ (ocifjr jrpf0uRe;f ay:ae&mtcsKUd wGif vufeufuidk pf nf;k;H a&;vkyaf qmifxm;
jcif;rsm;ukd wifjyoGm;onf/) rMumawmhrnf tcsed u
f mvwGif vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf tqk;H tjzwfay;rnfh
tajctaeokdY a&mufawmhrnf[k ocifjru q&mawmftm; &Snfvsm;pGm avQmufwifoGm;\/
q&mawmf? ocifjrESifh usaemfaqG;aEG;yGJ 3em&DcefMY umonf/ &TUH AGuf &TUH tkid rf sm;ukd arSmifru
dk x
f J
wGif prf;avQmufNy;D avSxm;&modYk ocifjrESiu
fh saemfvmMuonf/ ikwpf ;l jcif;? acsmv
f jJ cif;r&Sb
d J avSoYdk
usaemfwYdk a&mufomG ;Mu\/ avSorm;rsm;tm; ajryko
H t
Ykd jyif;txef avSmcf wf&efajymNy;D avSwNird Nhf ird hf
pD;&if; avSAu
dk w
f iG t
f oifch if;xm;aom aumuf;Hk ykw
H iG f ocifjrESiu
fh saemf ab;csi;f ,SO
f tdyaf ysmo
f mG ;
Muonf/ avSorm;rsm;u EI;d usaemfwx
Ydk xkid v
f u
dk cf sed w
f iG u
f m; tmkOH ;D oef;aeavNy/D rD;oabFmukd
ukdufwpf&mtuGmcefYwGif rm;rm;&yfawGUae&NyD/

vGwfvyfa&;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
tm&uH zvkdwD;,m; rD;oabFmay:&Sd txl;cef;odkY ocifjrESihf usaemfwef;wef;rwfrwf
wufomG ;Muonf/ rMumjrifrh yDS if ajrykNH rKd UrS ppfawGNrKd Uodo
Yk mG ;rnfh c&D;onfrsm; tpkv
H u
dk t
f NyKH vu
dk jf zifh
qlqlnHnHoabFmay:odkY wufvmMu\/
eH e uf 6em&D c ef Y u yif rD ; oabF m ppf a wG N rd K Uod k Y xG u f v monf / usaemf h t m;awG U vQif
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u tajctaersm;ukd ar;jref;onf/ usaemfu AkdvfcsKyfay;vkdufaompmjzihf
ocifoef;xGe;f ESifh usaemfwYdk awGUqkaH qG;aEG;cJo
h nfrpS Ny;D ,aeYxd vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ukd tusO;f csKyf
ajymjyonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

66

bkHaygufomausmf

Oya'wG i f r S &ck d i f j ynf v l i ,f r sm; tpnf ; tk H ; uk d xl a xmif p nf ; k H ; NyD ; uuf p bD

(NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &;) acwfuyif awmckid 0f g&rf;ajy;ae&aom q&mawmfO;D pdEm wdEYk iS fh yl;aygif;um
ajratmufvufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;jcif;? tmPmeDe,fajrxlaxmifvsuf&Sdjcif;
ponfOh ya'vkyif ef;rsm;ukd &Si;f jyvku
d yf gonf/ ocifjruvnf; q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESio
fh l awGUqkaH qG;aEG;
cJhjcif;wkdYudkvnf; tawmftoifhajymjy\/
q&mawmfEiS w
hf uG awmck0d g&rf;ajy;ae&aom Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm; vGwaf &;udpu
dk ta&;qkMd u
&ef ajymMu\/ Akv
d cf sKyw
f Ydk usaemfwYdk pum;0kid ;f onf wajz;ajz;touf0ifpadk jyvmvmonf/ trsK;d om;
vGwfvyfa&;ukd tEkenf;jzifhjzpfap? tMurf;zufawmfvSefa&;enf;jzihfjzpfap? &ovkdt&,la&;/
tvkyo
f rm;? v,form;vlwef;pm;ponfh tO;f qJcv
H w
l ef;pm;rsm;\ 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;ESifh qk&d ,
S v
f pf
a&;wkdYukd us,fjyefYpGm? vGwfvyfpGm a0zefMuygonf/
rGe;f wnfyh ikd ;f wGif eHeufpm pm;Mu\/ eHeufpmpm;Ny;D wnOfv
h ;Hk aumif;pGmrtdycf &hJ aom usaemf
oabFmckHwef;wpfckay:wGif ESpfcsKdufpGm tdyfaysmfoGm;av\/ usaemf tdrf&mrS xcsdefwGifum;?
ukvm;wef;jrpfukd jzwful;aeaom rD;oabFm ppfawGNrdKUteD;odkY a&muf&SdoGm;avNyD/
1946ckESpf? rwfv 11&uf
eHeufapmapmuyif Muufukdif;wef&GmESifh teD;wpf0Srf;aus;&Gmrsm; tkyftkyfaomif;aomif;
jzpfaeMu\/ (xkt
d csed u
f ppfawGNrKd UwGif Ekid if jH cm;om; rsuEf mS jzL(t*Fvyd )f rsuEf mS rJ (uyv)D ? rsuEf mS
kd (tdEd,)? ppfAkdvfppfom;rsm; aomif;odef;csDwyfpGJxm;ojzifh ppfawGNrdKUESifh 6rkdifcefYa0;uGmonfh
Muufuidk ;f wef&mG teD;tem;wdw
Yk iG o
f m ppfawGNrKd Uol NrKd Uom;rsm;ukd aexkid cf iG jfh yKxm;onf/) oGm;vmvIyf
&Sm;aeonfrSm cgwkdif;ESihfrwl? vlrsm;jymavmifcwfaeMuonf/
,aeYreG ;f wnfch sed w
f iG f Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef; acgif;aqmifNy;D trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&; Ekid if aH &;w&m;
yGu
J dk Muufuidk ;f wefwiG f usi;f yrnfjzpfaMumif;? vlwidk ;f odaeMuNy/D ,if;w&m;yGo
J w
Ykd uf&ef jynforl sm;
wmplaeMuonf/ rdrt
d jrifjzifh ,if;w&m;yGt
J aMumif;ukv
d nf; trsK;d rsK;d BuKd wifa[mude;f xkwv
f su&f dS
Mu\/
BuD;us,faom taqmifta,mif tcrf;tem;rygbJ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\
edkifiHa&;w&m; a[majymyGJodkY jynfolvlxk ESpfaomif;ausmfwufa&mufygonf/ OD;ynmoD[u
obmywdtjzpf aqmif&u
G o
f nf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &;ESifh uufpbD (NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &;acwf)
acwfwGif vlrqefpGm NAdwdoQwkdY\nOf;qJrIrsm;ukd jywfjywfom;om;jzifh obmywd OD;ynmoD[u
tzGihfrdefYcGef;pum;ajymMum;oGm;ygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhocifjrwkdYuvnf; EkdifiHwuma&;&mESifh trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;wkdYudk
a[majymMuonf? trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf tMurf;bufawmfveS af &;enf;jzihjf zpfap? tEkenf;jzihf
jzpfap? vGwfvyfa&;ukd &ovkd t&,lrnfukd AkdvfcsKyfwkdYtm;wufoa&majymoGm;Mu\/
txl;ojzifh NAw
d o
d Qb&k ifcH a':refprdw\
f twkid yf ifcH tpk;d &tzGUJ wGif acgif;aqmifaeaom
qmay:xGef;? qmxGef;atmifausmfwkdYrSm &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm; jzpfMuonfukd wduspGmod&Sdxm;aom
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygif;pkH aoG;pnf;nDw
G af &;
ukd tajccHxm;NyD; &Sif;jy\/
vGwv
f yfa&;&vQif wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d u tjcm;vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d ukd cs,v
f ,
S af oG;pkwcf iG rfh &Sd
awmhbJ Armwpfusyf? &ckdifwpfusyfjzpfap&rnfponfwkdYukd tao;pdwfa[majymvkdufonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

67

bkHaygufomausmf

&J0Hhjywfom;pGm uwday;vkdufonf/ MobmvufckwfoHrsm; rkd;xdatmifjrifhwufoGm;onf/

Akv
d cf sKyw
f Ydk Ekid if aH &;w&m;a[majymyGt
J Ny;D wGif OD;ynmoD[ tygt0if ta&;ygaom &ckid t
f rsK;d
om; acgfi;f aqmifrsm;ESifh vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;? qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wku
Yd kd yGiv
fh if;pGm 'l;l wku
d af qG;aEG;
oGm;Muonf/
vGwv
f yfa&;ESifh Akv
fd cf sKyaf tmifqef;\ Ekid if aH &;w&m; a[majymyGNJ y;D avNy/D yGiv
hf if;aom'l;wku
d f
aqG;aEG;yGv
J nf; Ny;D avNy/D ppfawGNrKd Uay:&Sd usaemfwYdk au'g&Jabmfrsm;ESiv
fh nf; usaemftaustvnf
ajymqkdaqG;aEG;NyD;avNyD/ ausmufawmfNrdKUbufodkY c&D;qufMurnfh AkdvfcsKyfwkdYESifhusaemf vkdufyg
roGm;awmhbJ usaemfwkdY XmecsKyfwnf&m Mumtif;awmifokdY usaemfjyefvmcJh\/
awmuHnDvmcH
NAd w d o Qe,f c sJ U uk d v k d e D u Ref b 0rS vG w f a jrmuf a &;twG u f pk p nf ; aygif ; pyf x m;aom
Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;ukd wpkwk;H wnf;jzpfapa&;eSifh q&mawmf OD;pdEm ESiw
fh uG 0g&rf;ajy;ae&aom
Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;? vGwaf &;wkt
Yd wGuf us,jf yefaY om Ekid if aH &;nDvmcHwpf&yf qifE&JT efvadk Mumif;
ukd usaemfwkdYoabmaygufvmonf/
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tpk;d &u 0g&rf;xkwx
f m;aom q&mawmfO;D pdEm tm; obmywdtjzpf wifajrm uf
NyD; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpkd;&xkwfxm;aom 0g&rf;ukd vGifhpifyaysmufoGm;atmifvkyf&rnfjzpfonf/
,if;aMumifh r[mNrKd iaf wmpcef;wGif q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESiw
hf uG &ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;
tzGJUcsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh usaemftygt0if &ckdifjynfvli,frsm;tpnf;tkH; acgif;aqmifrsm;\
pnf;a0;aqG;aEG;yGJukd 1946ck rwfvwGif pnf;a0;jyKvkyfonf/
xkt
d pnf;ta0;rS Mumtif;awmifwiG f jynfon
Yl v
D mcHudk tjrefq;Hk usi;f ya&;? xkn
d v
D mcHwiG f
q&mawmfO;D pdEm u obmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? usaemft
h m; twGi;f a&;rSL; (,ck tac: tcrf;tem;
rSL;) tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&u
G af &;wku
Yd kd qk;H jzwfMuonf/ nDvmcHwiG f qk;H jzwfrnft
h a&;ygaom
Ekid if aH &;qk;H jzwfcsuw
f u
Ydk v
fkd nf; owfrw
S af y;avonf/ ,if;jynfon
Yl v
D mcHjzpfa&;twGuf q&mawmf
ESifh usaemfwkdYtm; wm0efykHtyfoGm;Muonf/
&ckid w
f idk ;f zqyvtzGUJ uJo
h Ykd usaemfwYdk NrKd Uay:wufNy;D &HyaHk iG&mS Ekid o
f nfr[kw/f usaemf\b0
vnf; rsufESmESpfzufjzpfaeonf/ &ckdifjynfvli,frsm;tpnf;tkH;ukd NAdwdoQbk&ifcHtkyfcsKyfaeaom
NrdKUjya'orsm;wGif xlaxmifwnfaqmufcGihf&xm; usaemfNrdKUjyodkY oGm;vmEkdifonf/
okaYd omfajratmuftzGUJ tpnf;jzpfaeaom &ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKyEf iS fh ajratmuf
vufeufuidk w
f yfzUJG rsm;\ ta&;ygaomtaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;vnf; usaemfyifjzpfae&m &vztzGUJ
csKyaf cgif;aqmifrsm;ESit
fh wl aus;&Gmrsm;okq
Yd if;Ny;D pnf;k;H vIaYH qmfcsed rf sK;d wGif ykvyd w
f yf? ppfwyfEiS rfh wk;d
rd&atmif usaemfaqmif&Guf&onf/
aiGaMu;tcuftcJEiS fh BuKH ae&aom usaemfwt
Ydk bkYd axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwufa&mufrnfh jynfoYl
nDvmcHusi;f y&rnfrmS rvG,u
f /l ok;H &ufusi;f yrnfh jynfon
Yl v
D mcHoYdk wufvmaomav;aomif;cefY
&Sdrnfh jynfolvlxktm; xrif;auR;&ef qefawmifykH&mykHvkdonf/ ig;ajcmuf? xif;ESihf [if;oD;
[if;&Gurf sm; awmifvydk
Hk okad vSmifxm;&rnf/ vlav;aomif;qefrY nfrh @yfuem; wnfaqmuf&rnf/
,if;aMumifh Xmeacgif;aqmifrsm;ukdac:NyD; txyfxyfaqG;aEG;Mu&jcif;? usaemfukd,fwkdifvnf;
e,ft&yf&yfodkY tvDvDqif;&jcif;rsm;ukd r&yfrem;vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufae&onf/
usaemfwkdY tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;xJrS tm;wufoa&m BudK;pm;jcif;aMumifh usif;yqJjzpfaeaom

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

68

bkHaygufomausmf

Mumtif;awmifnDvmcHusif;y&ef &ufykdif;rQtvkdwGif 1946ck {NyDv 6&ufaeY &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m

zqyvnDvmcHukd ppfawGNrdKUteD; awmuH&GmwGif usif;yoGm;cJhonf/
ausmufawmfe,fzufrS OD;xGef;0if;acgif;aqmifaom v,form;xk? &aohawmife,fzufrS
rsKd;cspfausmfOD; acgif;aqmifaomv,form;xk? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUe,frS OD;armifeDacgif;aqmifaom
v,form;xk? ppfawGaus;vufEiS fh ykPm ;uRe;f e,frS OD;armifwal cgif;aqmifaom v,form;xkrsm;
tokwfvkduf tokwfvkduf csDwufNyD; r@yfodkY 0ifvmMuonf/
nDvmcHoYkd jynfov
l x
l k av;aomif;ausmf aomif;aomif;zszs wufa&mufMuonf/ q&mawmf
OD;ynmoD[u obmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? twGif;a&;rSLK;tjzpf udkausmfjr (,ck awmckd Auy
A[kdaumfrDwD) uvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ESihf bk&ifcHa':refprdwftpkd;&tzGJUtm; uJh&JUIwfcsjcif;? vGwfvyfa&;
twGuf ta&;qkdjcif;rsm;twGuf awmuHnDvmcH\awmif;qkdcsufrsm;onf rkd;aumif;uifxd
jrihfrm;vsuf&Sdonf/ nDvmcHudpESifhywfouf 1946ck {NyDv 4&uf (1307 ck wefcl;vqef;
2&uf)aeYxw
k af 0aom ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ]{NyD 6&ufaeY ppfawGteD;wGif &ckid jf ynfv;Hk qkid &f m zqyv
uGezf &ifo
h Ykd &efuek Nf rKd U A[kzd qyvrS uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;wufa&muf&ef zdwMf um;xm;aomfvnf; raeYu
naexd &ckid jf ynfomG ; ppfbufqidk &f m rD;oabFmESiv
hf u
dk yf goGm;Ekid af om oufqidk &f moabFmvufrw
S f
rsm;ukd &&Sjd cif;r&Sad o;onft
h wGuf uGezf &iho
f Ykd tcsed rf o
DS mG ;a&muf&ef cJ,Of;aeonfqadk Mumif;}[l
azmfjyxm;onf/
aomif;aygif; ode;f aygif;rsm;pGmaom NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfrsm; wyfpx
JG m;aom ppfawGNrKd UeSifh rkid t
f enf;
i,fcefo
Y m a0;onfh awmuH&mG wGif usi;f yaom &ckid jf ynfv;Hk qkid &f m zqyvuGezf &ihu
f dk NAw
d o
d Qppfwyf?
ykvdyfwyfwkdYrS wpkHw&m aESmuf,Sufjcif;rjyK/ vGwfvyfa&;ta&;qkdaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESihftwl
EkdifiHa&;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfNyD;aom awmuHnDvmcHonf atmifjrifpGm usif;yoGm;EkdifNyD/ NAdwdoQ
ppfwyf? ykvyd w
f yfrsm; a0;uGmaomusaemfwYdk Mumtif;awmifnv
D mcH usi;f ya&;um; toJwxdwx
f w
d f
jzihf/
Mumtif;awmif jynfolYnDvmcH
1946ck {Nyv
D 'kw,
d ywfwiG f Mumtif;awmif jynfon
Yl v
D mcHudk usi;f y&ef ausnmvku
d \
f /
nDvmcHtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf BuD;rm;aomwm0efukd ,lxm;ojzihf e,ftoD;oD;rSwufvmMuaom
jynfou
Yl ,
dk pf m;vS,rf sm; pm&if;,ljcif;? uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh Ed idI ;f Ny;D nDvmcHwifrnfh
tqkrd sm; a&G;cs,jf cif;? uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;ESiw
hf ufa&mufvmrnfh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfov
l x
l k
tm; ae&mcsxm;a&;ESifh auR;arG;a&;twGuf pDpOf&jcif;? nDvmcHox
Ykd u
G v
f mrnfh q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkYd
tm; tcrf;tem;jzihf BudKqkda&;ESihf obmywdtjzpf wifajrmufa&;twGuf jyifqif&jcif; paom
ra&rwGuEf idk af om vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;aMumihf {Nyv
D yxrywfuyif usaemf nOfh 2em&D 3em&Dxd
tvkyfvkyf&onf/
aemufaeYeeH ufuyif Mumtif;awmifnv
D mcHudk pwifusi;f y&rnfjzpfojzihf aqmif&u
G b
f ,
G &f m
rsm;ukd nOfh 2em&Dx
d d aqmif&u
G Nf y;D usaemftenf;i,fom tdy&f ao;onf/ usaemft
h m; uif;wm0efus
&JabmfwpfO;D u vIy
f EI;d onf/ eHeuf 4em&Dcefo
Y m &Sad o;onf/ usaemfxidk v
f u
dk af omfvnf; rsupf rd sm;
zGirfh &? iku
d rf sn;f aeqJjzpf\/ &Jabmfu Mumtif;awmif&mG ukd ppfwyf0idk ;f xm;vsu&f adS vNy[
D k wD;wk;d ajym
onf/ usaemfkwfw&uf tHhMooGm;um ab;em;csxm;aom pwif;*ef;aoewfukd qGJ,lvkdufonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

69

bkHaygufomausmf

,aeYeeH uf 8em&Dcefw
Y iG f OD;pdEm obmywdtjzpf aqmif&u
G rf nfn
h v
D mcH&o
dS nf/ wku
d yf rJG qif
Edkif? pwif;*ef;ukd ykckH;wGifvG,f? tay:u apmifkHNyD; tdrfay:rS usaemfqif;vkdufonf/ usaemfhtm;
vIyEf ;dI vmaom&Jabmfuv
dk nf; vufeufrsm; vufx&J adS eaom &Jabmfrsm;\vufeufrsm;ukd teD;tem;
&Sd xlxyfaomNcKH yw
k rf sm;wGijf zpfap? pyg;usrD sm;wGijf zpfap? 0Sux
f m;&ef ajymckid ;f vku
d o
f nf/ usaemfu,
fdk f
wkdifvnf; usaemfhtdrfteD;&Sd xlxyfaomNcHKukd twif;wkd;0ifum usaemf\pwif;*ef;ukd vkHNcHKatmif
0Sufvkdufonf/ uif;wm0efus &JabmfwpfOD;tm; q&mawmfOD;pdEmxH Mumtif;awmifukd ppfwyf0kdif;
xm;NyD? ighxHrS taMumif;rMum;bJ Mumtif;awmifodkY rxGufvm&ef owif;ykdYckdif;\/
q&mawmf OD;pdEm ,aeYusi;f yrnfh nDvmcHwiG f obmywdtjzpf aqmif&u
G &f ef cgwdik ;f aexkid f
aom r[mNrdKifawmpcef;rSxGufvmNyD; Mumtif;awmif&GmrS 3zmvkHcefYoma0;rnfh awmpcrf;wGif
&Sdaeonf/ tmkPfOD;a&mifeDvmonfESihfwpfNydKifeuf Mumtif;awmif&GmxJwGif wnf;ckdaeMuaom
uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf toufpeG v
Yf LS xm;aom au'g&Jabmfrsm;ukd EI;fd vku
d o
f nf/
ppfwyf0kdif;xm;vsuf&SdaMumif; ajymvkdufonf/
taocHau'g&Jabmfrsm;ukd wef;pDNyD; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jynfolYnDvmcH jzpfajrmufa&;
twGuf toufpeG v
Yf LS &rnfw
h m0ef ykc;Hk ay:a&mufaeNyjD zpfaMumif; usaemf&iS ;f jyonf/ toif&h adS eaom
wyfzUJG ykpH t
H wkid ;f rdrw
d v
Ydk pl jk zihf rdrw
d cYkd sw
D ufrnfw
h m0efudk cGaJ y;vku
d o
f nf/ usaemfwYdk au'g&Jabmfrsm;
,leaD zmif;tjynht
f pk0H wfqifNy;D t*Fvyd rf suEf mS jzLppfAv
dk rf sm;? a*:&cg;ppfom;rsm;ESifh aygufawmNrKd U?
rif;jym;NrdKU? ajrykHNrdKUwkdYrSac:,lxm;aom ykvdyfrsm;jzihf pkpkaygif; 300cefY&Sdrnfh NAdwdoQvufeufukdif
wyfzUJG rsm;u csed &f ,
G x
f m;aom b&if;*ef;aoewfrsm;? kid zf ,faoewfrsm;ukd &ifqidk w
f ;dk Ny;D xGuo
f mG ;Mu
onf/
uefeDbufrSvnf;aumif;? ausmufEGm;bufrSvnf;aumif;? j*[if;cg;bufrSvnf;aumif;?
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfov
l x
l Ek iS t
fh wl trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&; 'kt
Yd a&;....'kt
Yd a&; ? v,fvyk f
ol v,fyidk af &; 'kt
Yd a&; ....'kt
Yd a&; ...? q&mawmfO;D pdEm touf&mausm&f n
S yf gap...[laom
rkd;NydKvk a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzihf usaemfwkdY au'g&Jabmfrsm; acgif;aqmifcsDwufvmMuonf/
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tk<H uaeonfh jynfov
l x
l o
k nf rk;d xdvk a<u;aMumforH sm;ukd vufo;D
vufarmif;wef; 'DvidI ;f wufovkd wufvmMuonf/ Mumtif;awmifEiS hf Mumtif;awmif&mG teD;wGif
x,f0gceYfjim;pGm wnfaqmufxm;aom nDvmcHr@yfukd txyfxyf0kdif;xm;aom NAdwdoQppfwyf
ykvyd w
f yfrsm; bmrQrwwfEikd /f ab;z,fay;&\/ tk<H uaom jynfov
Yl idI ;f wHy;dk atmufwiG f jrKyef pfomG ;
\/
NAw
d o
d Qvufeufuidk rf sm; ab;z,fay;&onfudk BuKH awGU&aom jynforl sm;onf yk
d yk
d tk<H u
vmonf/ yk
d yk
d pdw"f gwfwuf<uvmonf/ nDvmcHr@yfudk 0kid ;f Ny;D a<u;aMumforH sm;ukd toHtjrihq
f ;Hk
xd a<u;aMumfavonf/ vufarmif;ukd tjrifhqkH;xd jrihfvmMuonf/ 8em&Dxkd;awmhrnf/ NAdwdoQ
vufeufuidk rf sm; rkyo
f rd ;f ao;/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm jynfon
Yl v
D mcH obmywdtjzpf aqmif&u
G Ef idk rf nfh
vrf;r&SdNyD/ usaemfq&mawmfxH ,kHMunf&aom vufa&G;pifwyfom;wpfOD;ukd vTwfvkduf&onf/
q&mawmfobmywdtjzpf aqmif&u
G Ef ikd af wmhrnfr[kw/f NAw
d o
d Qvufeufuidk rf sm; 300cef&Y dS
aeonf/ awmrsm;ukd 0kdif;NyD;arTaESmufEdkifonf/ q&mawmfwkdY awmeufxJodkY qkwfoGm;&efjzpfonf/
usaemfeiS fh acgif;aqmifprk sm; csucf si;f aqG;aEG;um Mumtif;awmifq&mawmfBu;D tm; obmywdtjzpf
wifajrmuf&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufMu&\/
Mumtif;awmifq&mawmfBu;D (oufawmf 70cef&Y adS eNy)D tm; yifzh w
d &f ef oGm;olu oGm;Mu\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

70

bkHaygufomausmf

usaemfwYdk nDvmcHr@yfoYdk wef;wef;oGm;Ny;D tvHawmfwifrnfah e&mwGif ae&m,lvu

dk Mf u\/ Mumtif;
awmifq&mawmfBuD; <uvmNyD/ usaemfwdkYESihftwl a&m,lavNyD/ NAdwdoQppfwyfESifh ykvdyfwyfrsm;u
0kid ;f Munhaf eavav? a<u;aMumforH sm;ukd toHuek [
f pfNy;D tk<H uaeaomjynfoal v;aomif;cefrY mS ckeq
f G
ckeq
f jG zpfae\/ usaemf &ifw'de;f 'de;f ckeaf eonf/ tu,fom wpfpw
Hk pfO;D ? wpfpw
Hk pfO;D u teD;uyf
0kid ;f Munhaf eaom NAw
d o
d Qvufeufuidk rf sm;xHrS aoewfvrk yd gu q&mawmfBu;D ESiw
hf uG usaemfwEYdk iS hf
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom jynforl sm; twk;H vku
d t
f cJvu
dk f aoyG0J if&rnfjzpf\/ toHcsUJ pufr&Sad omfvnf;
au'g&Jabmfrsm;\vIHYaqmfrIaMumifh tvHwifrnfhae&modkY jynfolav;aomif;cefY tcsdeftenf;i,f
twGif; pka0;vmMuonf/
q&mawmfBu;D tvHawmfuw
dk if&ef BuKd ;ukq
d v
JG u
dk o
f nf/ tvHxuf0ufcefw
Y iG f BuKd ;jywfomG ;\/
BuKd ;topfvNJ y;D tvHawmfudk q&mawmfBu;D ESifh usaemfw0Ydk idk ;f qGNJ y;D xdyq
f ;Hk ta&mufwifvu
dk Mf uonf/
teDa&mifaemufcHwGif t0ga&mifxGufp aea&mifjzmjzihf jyKxm;onfh &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;
tzGUJ csKy\
f tvH avvIid ;f wGif vl;vGeaYf e\/ uk,
d pf m;vS,f 700ausmEf iS fh jynfo4l aomif;cefY r@yfwiG ;f
okaYd &mufMuNy/D rlvtpDtpOft
f wkid ;f eHeuf 8em&DwiG f nDvmcHrzGiv
fh pS Ef idk /f eHeuf 9em&DcefrY S nDvmcHudk
pwifzGihfvSpfEkdif\/
nDvmcHzGihfvSpfNyD; Mumtif;awmif q&mawmfBuD;u nDvmcHobmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;?
usaemfu twGi;f a&;rSL;(,ck tac: tcrf;em;rSL;) tjzpf aqmif&u
G o
f nf/ obmywdq&mawmfBu;D
obmywdckHay:wGif a&mufaeygNyD? uefawmhMuyg[k usaemfaMujimvkduf\/
obmywdq&mawmfBu;D oufawmf&ifah &mfaeNyjD zpf obmywdred cYf eG ;f ukd usaemfzwfjyygawmh
rnf[k aMujimNyD; q&mawmfOD;pdEmtwGuf usaemftoifha&;xm;aom obmywdrdefYcGef;ukd usaemf
toHukef[pf zwfjyavawmh\/ obmywdrdefYcGef;\ twkdcsKH;aom t"dyg,frSm EdkifiHwuma&;&m
rsm;wGif e,fcsJUpepfqkd; bkH;bkH;BuD;vJ usqkH;aejcif;ESihf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf nDGwfaom
tk<H uaom trsK;d om;nDw
G rf jI zifh toufudk r"merxm;bJ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0rS vufeuf
ukdif kef;xGufMu&efjzpfonf/
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf toufudk pGev
Yf LS Mu&ef vIaYH qmfjcif;jzpfonf/ obmywdred cYf eG ;f ?
{nhcf aH umfrw
D OD u| rdecYf eG ;f rsm; Ny;D pD;csed w
f iG f eHeuf 10em&Dausmcf NhJ y/D uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;? uk,
d pf m;vS,f
xrif;pm;r@yfodkY vnf;aumif;? jynfolrsm; jynfolxrif;pm;r@yfodkYvnf;aumif;? oGm;a&mufNyD;
eHeufpm pm;Muyg[k aMujimNyD; nDvmcHukd &yfem;vkduf&awmh\/
usaemf nDvmcHr@yfjyifox
Ydk u
G v
f m\/ rsuef mS jzLume,fBu;D wpfO;D ESifh rsuEf mS jzLppfAv
dk rf sm;
tygt0if NAdwdoQvufeufukdifwyfESihf ykvdyfwyfzGJUxJwGif usaemfESihf cifrif&if;ESD;olrsm; ygMuonf/
&JXmemtkyOf ;D armiftek ;f (,ck vl0ifrBI u;D Muyfa&; tifpydwaf wmf) polwu
Ydk kd usaemfEiS t
fh wl eHeufpm
pm;&ef zdwaf c:onf/ wOD;wa,mufrQ zdwaf c:r&/ BuKd u&f mxrif;qkid w
f iG f 0ifpm;Muyg[kajymNy;D
usaemfxrif;pm;vufrw
S rf sm; xkwaf y;aomfvnf; olwv
Ydk ufrcHMu/ eHeufpm pm;&efnv
D mcH&yfem;xm;
pOf 0kdif;xm;aom NAdwdoQvufeufukdifwyfzGJUrsm;ukd kwfodrf;NyD; xGufcGmoGm;Mu\/
NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfu vkv
d m;csurf jynhrf 0 jzpfomG ;&\/ NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfu Mumtif;awmifnv
D mcH
onf 0g&rf;ajy;\nDvmcH? 0g&rf;ajy;rsm;ukd awGUvQizf rf;rnf/ ckcv
H Qiyf pfrnf[al om olw&Ydk nfreS ;f csuf
ratmifjrifc/hJ NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfrv
S adk om 0g&rf;ajy;rsm;onf av;aomif;cef&Y rdS nfh jynfov
l x
l rk sm;xJwiG f
yg0ifvmMuygonf/ tkH<uaom jynfolY'DvIdif;xJukd 0g&rf;ajy;rsm; epfjrKyfae NAdwdoQvufeufukdif
rsm; rjrifco
hJ avm/ aoG;acsmif;pD;rnfp;dk &dr
f a&SmifcgG oGm;oavm/ usaemf rajymwwfyg/ rGe;f vGyJ ifkd ;f

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

71

bkHaygufomausmf

wGif nDvmcHukd qufvufusif;yonf/

urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;tqkdukd usaemfwifoGif;aeqJ? qkwfcGmoGm;aom NAdwdoQvufeufukdifrsm;?
tcsuaf ygif;rsm;pGm tajrmufjzifyh pfonf/ tajrmufusnq
f rH sm;onf usaemfwYdk nDvmcHwiG f rayguf
uGJ/ usaemfwkdY nDvmcHESihfwpfrkdifcefYa0;rnfh Muyfpifawmifwef;wGif w0kef;0kef;uGJoGm;\/
nOfOh ;D ,HwiG f Ekid if aH &;w&m; a[myGrJ sm;tNy;D nvk;H aygufr;dk tvif; ZmwfyrJG sm;? odro
hf rd o
hf o
J J
usif;yMuonf/ (1)bk&ifcH a':refprdwftpkd;&tzGJUudk zsufodrf;NyD; vGwfvyfa&;tjynfht0ay;a&;?
(2)q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESiw
fh uG 0&rf;ajy;ae&aom Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;tm; t<uif;rJv
h w
T af &;? (3)urmh
NJ ird ;f csr;f a&;/ (4)ajrqDajrcGef ray;a&;/ (5)vufiw
k v
f uf&if; ajrykid af &;ponht
f qkrd sm;ukq
d ;Hk jzwfum
Mumtif;awmif jynfon
Yl v
D mcHatmifjrifpmG Ny;D qk;H oGm;\/ nDvmcHatmifjrifonf/ odaYk omf usaemfwYdk
t"du&nfreS ;f csuw
f pfck ratmifjrifc&hJ / jynfon
Yl v
D mcHobmywdtjzpf q&mawmfO;D pdEm tm; usaemf
wdkY rwifajrmufEdkifcJh&/
tkd;csif;xm; tkd;csif;xd
Mumtif;awmifjynfolYnDvmcHu q&mawmfOD;pdEmESihfwuG 0&rf;txkwfcH&aom EdkifiHa&;
orm;rsm;tm; jynfoeYl nf; jynfoUl [efjzihf 0&ef;vGw&f ef BuKd ;pm;rIratmifjrifc/hJ ,if;aMumifh nDvmcH
tNyD;wGif te,fe,ft&yf&yfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh usaemfwkdY qufvufaqG;aEG;Muonf/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESiw
fh uG 0&rf;txkwcf &H aom Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm; vGwv
f yfa&;ukd t"duxm;
Ny;D Mumtif;awmifnv
D mcHq;Hk jzwfcsurf sm;ukd te,fe,ft&yf&yfwiG ef taumiftxnfazmfxw
k Mf u
&ef wnDwnGwfwnf;oabmwlMuonf/
ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0oko
Yd rd ;f oGi;f &ef &nfreS ;f csut
f jynht
f 0&Sad eaom NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfonf jynfoYl
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukd wqHjcnfrQavQmhray;ao;/ usaemfwkdY &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyfukdom
zdEydS o
f nfr[kw/f &ckid w
f idk ;f zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;ukyd if yk'x
f ;D -yk'rf trsK;d rsK;d wyfNy;D axmif'Pfay;
aeqJjzpfonf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfudk tm;uk;d wBu;D jyKxm;aom &ckid w
f &m;olBu;D qko
d rl sm;onf &ckid f
EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd riJhruGuf zdESdyfaeqJjzpfonf/
1945-ckESpf? rwfv 14&ufaeYxkwf ol&d,owif;pmukdMunhfvQif xkdacwforkdif; IuGuf
wpfuu
G u
f dk awGU&onf/ ]]zqyvOu|ESifh axmif'Pf18v[laom acgif;pOfatmufwiG f odaYk &;
xm;\/
]]vGecf ahJ omvu usaemfwYdk owif;pmwGif azmfjyyg&Scd ahJ om &ckid jf ynfppfawGNrKd U zqyvOu|
OD;apmvSjzLESifh twGi;f a&;rSL;OD;ausmZf w
H t
Ydk m; &mZowfy'k rf 124-t&vnf;aumif;? umuG,af &;yk'rf
36^5t&vnf;aumif;? ppfawGNrKd U txl;tmPm& OD;zaxmfO;D k;H awmfrS axmif'Pf 18vcsrw
S o
f nfudk
rauseyf &efuek f 13-3-47aeY wku
d u
f w
k f w&m;0efBu;D OD;at;armif;Hk odYk wifoiG ;f t,lc&H m yk'rf rsm;
Bu;D vGe;f aomaMumifh 0efBu;D OD;at;armifu qmbOD;? OD;ausmjf rifw
h EYdk iS hf wkid yf ifaqG;aEG;MuaMumif;}}[k
a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Mumtif;awmif jynfolYnDvmcHtNyD; ,if;nDvmcHu qkH;jzwfvkdufonfh q&mawmfOD;pdEmESifh
wuG 0g&rf;ajy;ae&aom Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;vTw
G af &;? ajrqDajrcGerf ay;a&; wku
d yf rJG sm;onf te,fe,f
t&yf&yfwGif awmrD;avmifouJhodkY wr[kwfcsif; jyefYESHYoGm;onf/ NrdKUe,f? wkdufe,ftoD;oD;wGif
axmifaygif;rsm;pGm jynfolvlxk\awmif;qkdcsufrsm; jzpfvmavonf/
jzKw-f xkw-f ajy;vrf;pOfatmufwiG f NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ 'vHaus;&GmolBu;D rsm;ukd &Gmvk;H uRwpf nf;a0;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

72

bkHaygufomausmf

rsm;rS jzKwcf sypfNy;D ? aus;&Gmtkycf sKyaf &;tzGUJ ukd Ou|pepfjzifh tpm;xk;d zGUJ pnf;Muonf/ jynfoq
Yl EEiS fh
jynfoo
Yl pmukd rapmiho
f ad om NAw
d o
d Q'vHaus;&GmolBu;D ajrmufrsm;pGm NrKd Ujyrsm;okYd xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smif
oGm;&\/
tESpo
f m&tm;jzihf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ESi,
fh OS Nf yKd i
f ppfNyKd it
f pk;d &tzGUJ rsK;d ukd usaemfwaYdk us;&Gmrsm;ukd
tajccHNy;D xlaxmifvmavav? NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfEiS hf ykvyd w
f yfrsm;\ zdEydS rf I jyif;xefvmavav
jzpfvmonf/
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfEiS fh ykvyd w
f yfrsm;uvnf; olvufvrS ;f rSo
D rQwiG f usaemfwaYdk us;&Gmtkycf sKyf
a&;tzGUJ rsm;ukd NzKd ciG v
fh monf/ usaemfw\
Ydk aus;&GmOu|rsm;? wku
d ef ,fOu|rsm;vnf; rdrw
d &Ydk yf&mG ukd
pGefYvTwfxGufajy;&onf/
usaemfwYkd A[kXd mecsKyjf yKxm;aom Mumtif;awmif&mG ESifh teD;tem;aus;&Gmrsm;wGif ckad tmif;
aexkid v
f m&onf/ odYk tk;d ypftrd yf pfajy;vm&aom Ou|rsm;txJwiG f &ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;
tzGUJ csKyf wGb
J uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; ukad pmvSO;D \bcifwYdk tdro
f m;rsm;ESifh olb
Y axG; OD;omGeYf
OD;wkdY tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;vnf;ygvmonf/ rdom;pkxJwGif usaemfwkdYqdwf wkdYqdwfpbl;aom
OD;omGeOYf ;D \orD; wku
d ef ,ftrsK;d orD;twGi;f a&;rSL; tvSyidk &f iS f rapmvnf; ygvmonf/ olwo
Ydk nf
usaemfXmecsKyfpcef;zGifhxm;aom Mumtif;awmif&Gmom; ukdxGef;vS\tdrfa&SU&Sd ukdapmvSOD;tdrfwGif
aexkdifMuonf/
tvSykdif&Sif rapm\b0ukd teD;uyfusaemfavhvmEkdifaom tcGihfta&;&oGm;onf/ olr\
armif ukdapmvSOD;ESifh usaemfvGwfvyfa&;udprsm;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;? qkd&S,fvpfa&;rsm;ukd ukdapmvSOD;
tdrw
f iG f tcGio
fh mwdik ;f aqG;aEG;avh&MdS uonf/ aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;wGif olronf oabmw&m;a&;&mrsm;
ukd pl;pl;pkdufpkdufrSwfom;,lavh&Sdonf/ olr\0g0if;pkdajyaomtom;ta&? tcsKd;usaom ukd,fcEm
ysKd&G,faomb0aMumifh olrukd usaemfwkdYvlpk 0kdif;ykdf;Muonf/
okaYd omf olronf at;aq;wnfNird o
f nf/ jym,djym,mr&S?d rsuEf mS rrsm;? tdrw
f iG f Am[d&tvkyf
rsm;ukd waeukew
f aecrf; rNi;D rjiLvkyu
f idk af qmif&u
G o
f nf/ olr\rdbrsm;ESifh oufBu;D rsm;u wOD;OD;ukd
tac:vTwfvQif atmf[pfrac:? tac:cH&olxH kdaopGmcsnf;uyfNyD; nifnifomom]]tazu
ac:ygw,f}}[k ajymqkw
d wfonf/ olrukd usaemf olr\acsmarmvSyaom ky&f nfxuf olr\odraf rGU
aomtrlt&m? rNi;D rjiLwpfaeukef wpfaecrf; aqmif&u
G af om tdrrf w
I m0efaMurIrsm;ukd oabmus
vmonf/
xkx
d uf olr\ rsK;d cspjf ynfcsppf w
d u
f dk ykrd adk v;pm;vm\/ rsK;d cspjf ynfcsppf w
d "f mwfjzihf Ekid if t
H wGuf
vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf tvkyo
f rm; v,form;vlwef;pm;rsm;twGuf tepfemcHEikd rf nfh rde;f rysK;d wpfO;D
[k usaemf,MHk unfvm\/ olrukd tdraf xmifbufjyK&ef usaemfq;Hk jzwfjy|mef;vku
d o
f nf/ &nf;pm;pum;
b,fup bmajym&rnfukd usaemfrod? qGHUttjzpfae\/ usaemfwwfEdkifaom ukd,ftrlt&mjzihf
olrtm; cspfaMumif; usaejyo\/
usaemf XmecsKypf cef;csxm;aom tdraf emufzmvk0H ufcefw
Y iG f vlw&yfausmf teufw;l xmaom
prf;a&wGif;i,fwpfck&Sdonf/ xdka&wGif;i,frSa&ukd teD;tem;tdrfrsm;rS csKd;a&okH;a&tjzpf tokH;jyK
Muonf/ xkda&wGif;i,frSa&ukd ajrtkd;wpftkd;jzifhcyfNyD;? naeqnf;psmwkdif usaemfa&csKd;av&Sd\/
a&rcsKd;rDtem;,lum a&wGif;i,fteD; aq;vdyfvnf; usaemfaomufavh&Sdonf/
waeYaom naeqnf;psmwGit
f vSyidk &f iS f rapm a&tk;d wpft;dk jzihf usaemft
Y eD;rS a&wGi;f i,foYdk
jzwfavQmufomG ;onf/ tjcm;wpfO;D wpfa,mufrQr&S?d olrESiu
fh saemf ESpOf ;D wnf;/ jynfv
h QaH oma&tk;d

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

73

bkHaygufomausmf

jzihf olr usaemft

h eD;rS jzwfvmonf/ usaemfx&yfvu
dk \
f / ]]pum;wpfceG ;f ajymyg&ap}}[k tpcsu
D m
usaemforl ukd cspaf eNy?D tdraf xmifbuftjzpf jy|mef;xm;Ny;D ? usaemft
h ay: rnfoaYdk om oabmxm;
ovJ[k 'k;d 'k;d a'gufa'guf usaemfar;rdav\/ orikid u
f somG ;onf/ rdepftenfi,fMumxd bmrQrajym
bJ &yfaeonf/ usaemft
h wGuf vufeufuidk w
f u
dk yf w
JG u
dk &f rnfudk raMumuf? &nf;pm;pum;ajym&onf
rSm wkdufyGJwufyif tcufBuHaeonf/
usaemfacR;pkdYvm\/ &ifw'kdif;'kdif; ckefvm\/ olrxHrS pum;wpfcGef;rQ jyefrMum;? ajrBuD;ukd
acgif;pku
d x
f m;aomolr\ rsuEf mS armhvmonf/ rsuEf mS wGif NyKH ;a&mifoef;vsu?f olr usaemft
h cspu
f dk
vufcaH Mumif; wr[kwcf si;f usaemf em;vnfomG ;onf/ jynfv
h QaH om a&tk;d ukd csNy;D olrtm; usaemf
arT;arT;ay;avonf/ tBurd af ygif;&mcsaD xmifcs
D usaemf arT;arT;ay;csiv
f \
S / odaYk omf &mcsaD xmifcsD
usaemf arT;arT;ray;&uf/
,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
xkad pmvSO;D 0rf;xJwiG f tcJa&m*g jzpfay:vmonf/ usaemfwYdk ppfawGNrKd Uodo
Yk mG ;Ny;D ,if;tcJudk
cGJpdyfuko&ef wkdufwGef;onf/ ukdapmvSOD;[k rodap&/ ukdatmifjrombcif q&m0ef OD;pdefxGef;ESihf
qufoG,fNyD; aqmif&Gufay;rnf/ pdwfcs&jcif;wkdYukd usaemfwkdY wifjyonf/
okdYaomf ukdapmvSOD;\bcif aq;q&mBuD;u oabmrwl? usaemfwkdY bmrQ r w w f E k d i f /
vufridI cf sxm;&onf/ ukad pmvSO;D tcJa&m*g wjznf;jznf;&ifrh mvmonf/ olwtdtjd zihf vlyk rf ayguf
jzpfvmonf/
a&m*gonf ukdapmvSOD;twGuf q&mawmfOD;pdEma&m usaemfwkdYa&m olwkdYrdom;pka&m
pdwrf aumif;Mu/ wa&G;om;rQ avQmrh ay;aom ukad pmvSO;D \ bcif aq;q&mBu;D ukv
d nf; rnforl Q
rvGefqef&JMu/ aq;q&mBuD;u olYaq;jzihf aumif;&rnf[k wxpfusqkdxm;onf/
tvSykdif&Sif rapmESihf usaemfwkdY cspfBudKufoGm;MuNyD/ arT;arT;ay;MuNyDqkdaom tcsufrsm;tm;
usaemfaeYpOf 'kid ,
f m&Drw
S w
f rf;rsm;ukd usaemft
h vpfc;dk MunhMf uojzihf usaemfwYdk au'g&Jabmfrsm; odomG ;
Muonf/ 0kdif;ykd;aeMuolrsm; vufavQmhoGm;Mu\/
usaemfwkdY cspfolESpfOD;vnf; tcGihfta&;&vQif &ovkd qkHMuonf/ awGUMuonf/ arT;arT;ay;
Muonf/ cspo
f El pS Of ;D um; ukad pmvSO;D a&m*gaMumifh pdwrf aumif;aMumif;vnf; ajymMuonf/ Ekid if aH &;
&mrsm;vnf; ajymMuonf/ wa,mufukdwa,muftoJpGJaMumif;vnf; ajymMuonf/
rMumvSyg/ ukad pmvSO;D ,if;tcJa&m*gjzihf aoqk;H oGm;ygonf/ ukad pmvSO;D tm; rD;oN*K [u
f
tav;jyKvu
dk Mf uygonf/ ukad pmvSO;D aoqk;H Ny;D rMumrDrmS yif olrwkt
Yd rd o
f m;vnf; &GmpGe&f dS aq;orm;
BuD; OD;<uif;usHatmif tddrfwGif ajymif;a&TUaexkdifMuygonf/
usaemfwcYkd spo
f El pS Of ;D wpfO;D ESiw
fh pfO;D toJpJG cspMf uygonf/ odaYk omf vufveG af jcvGet
f qifo
h Ydk
ra&mufatmif ESpb
f ufEpS Of ;D pvk;H u wm;jrpfcsKyx
f ed ;f Muygonf/ usaemf olrY b
d rsm;xH em;axmuf&ef
usaemhfwm0efjzpfvmygonf/
EkdifiHa&;&mudprsm;wGif olr\bcifESifhusaemf aqG;aEG;ajymqkdavh &Sdygonf/ olYorD;udpESifh
em;azmuf&rnfukd usaemf r0Hh&Jyg/ usaemfhtm; om;&if;wrQ cspfcifaom usaemf A[kd&fXmecsKyf
pcef;csxm;aom a':rIHacs\rdcifonf olr\rdom;pkxH oGm;a&mufem;azmuf\/
olrwkdYrdom;pku vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufpGefYvSLvkdaom usaemfhtm; rwm;jrpf? olwkdY
3-ESpf? 4-ESpfxd apmifhrnf[k pum;jyefonf/ a':rIHacs\rdciftdrfonf usaemfwkdY XmecsKyfpcef;?

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

74

bkHaygufomausmf

,if;tdro
f nf usaemfph m;tdr?f usaemft
h yd rf uf/ olrwdrYk o
d m;pkxrH S pum;&Ny;D wkad wmif;aom&ufyidk ;f
wGif usaemf\pm;tdrt
f jzpf olrwkt
Yd rd u
f dk usaemfajymif;vku
d o
f nf/ odrYk Qom eHeufxrif;pm;csed Ef iS fh
naexrif;pm;csdefwkdYwGif usaemfwkdY cspfolESpfOD; rsufESmcsif;qkdifum ajymvkd&m ajymEkdifMurnf
r[kwfygvm;/
tvkyform;vlwef;pm; wkdufyGJ tkH<urI? ykvdyfESihf tpkd;&trIxrf;aygif;pkH oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;?
ajrqDajrcGerf ay;a&;ESifh v,form;xkt<Hk urIrsm;? ysO;f rem;? v,fa0;? &ckid jf ynfww
Ydk iG f vufeufpu
JG idk f
ckcaH wmfveS rf rI sm;? zqyvtzGUJ ? Auyqk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDEiS fh tvHew
D \
Ydk Ekid if aH &;xk;d ESurf rI sm;wku
Yd dk rcHr&yf
Ekid o
f jzihf rsuEf mS jzLbk&ifcH a':refprdwaf jy;&Ny/D bk&ifcH twkid yf ifcH qmay:xGe;f ? qmxGe;f atmifausmf
tpkd;&tzGJU jyKwfoGm;&NyD/ bk&ifcH qmtdyfcsftD&efY (H.E. Rancer) a&mufvmonf/
1946-ck pufwifbmv 26-&ufwiG f bk&ifct
H wkid yf ifcH trIaqmifaumifpD tpk;d t&tzGUJ wGif
zqyvtzGUJ yg0ifaqmif&u
G o
f nf/ Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;u 'k-obmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? ocifjru
jynfxJa&; 0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; acgif;aqmifMuygonf/
aumufuspfpOf;vJ&mwGif o&zlaqmif;aomNAdwdoQe,fcsJU\ vufukdif'kwf ppfAkdvfppfom;
wpf&mausmyf gaomppfwyfonf 1946-ck Ek0d ifbmvwGif Mumtif;awmif&mG okYd OD;wnfcsw
D ufvm\/
aerGef;wnfhtcsdefcefY&SdavNyD/ Mumtif;awmif&GmteD;wpf0kdufwGif wm0efcsxm;aomt&yfuif;rsm;
teuf ausmufiEGm;&Gmt&yfom;uif;u ppfoabFm 3-pif;tjynhfygaom NAdwdoQppfom;rsm;
ausmufiEGm;&Gmqdyfurf;okdY wufaeMuNyD[k owif;vmykdYonf/
usaemfwt
Ydk m;vk;H vlwpfa,mufrusef pm&Guw
f pf&u
G f usnq
f w
H pfawmihrf csef odr;f qnf;Ny;D
Mumtif;awmif&mG rS xGuo
f mG ;Mu\/ &Gmta&SU 2-zmvkcH efaY 0;rnfh awmifuek ;f wpfuek ;f ay:wGif usaemf
wkdY em;aevkdufMuonf/ Mumtif;awmif&Gm wnf&mt&yfrS rD;ckd;rD;vQHrsm; rkd;aumif;uifodkY
wufaeonf/ NAdwdoQppfwyfrSrD;IdUaeNyD[k usaemfwkdY,lqMu\/
usaemfwaYdk ernfh awmpcef;odYk ajymxm;cJ&h m twdtusoad eaom Mumtif;awmif&mG uvyf
pnf; acgif;aqmif OD;,ufao;atmif rsupf rd suEf mS ysupf mG jzihf nae 2-em&Dcefw
Y iG f usaemfwx
Ykd aH &muf
vmonf/
Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd wpf&GmvkH;rD;IdUoGm;NyD/ w&GmvkH; vk,ufoGm;NyD/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY
rD;IUd ckid ;f awmyke;f "m;jyXmecsKyu
f dk rD;IUd &onf[k NAw
d o
d Qppfbufe,fbuf tBu;D tuJrsm; ajymoGm;
aMumif;wkdYukd olajymjy\/ usaemfwkdY rDSckdtm;xm;&mvnf;jzpf? rdbaqGrsKd;obG,fvnf;jzpfaeaom
Mumtif;awmif &Gmol&mG om;rsm; vk,ufr;D IUd cH&onfudk od&vQif csucf si;f usaemfwYdk a'golyek x
f oGm;
Muonf/
pdw"f gwfjyif;xefaom &Jabmfrsm;u rD;IUd Ny;D xGucf mG vmrnfh NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfukd wku
d cf u
dk f
&ef vufiif;awmif;qkdvmMu\/ usaemfwkdY\ ypf-ajy;ajymufusm; ppfy&d,m,ft& usifhokH;vQif
rD;IdUNyD; xGufcGmvmrnfh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfukd usaemfwkdY tustqkH;rsm;atmif NcHKckdwkdufyGJ? ypfajy; wkdufyGJrsm; jyKvkyfoGm;Ekdifonf/ okdYaomf ,ck AkdvfcsKyftrIaqmifaumifpD tpkd;&jzpfaeNyD/
Akv
d cf sKyw
f u
Ydk usaemfwXYkd mecsKyf Mumtif;awmifudk rD;IUd ckid ;f rnfudk usaemfwYdk r,kMH unf/ usaemf
usnq
f w
H pfawmihrf QypfciG rfh jyK/ Akv
d cf sKyw
f Ydk ocifjrwkEYd iS fh awGUqkNH y;D ajz&Si;f ,lrnf[k usaemfwm0ef,l
vkduf&\/ uufpfbD(NAdwdoQ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwf) acwfESifh qmay:xGef;wkdY tpkd;&acwfuyif
Mumtif;awmif? jynfon
Yl v
D mcHusi;f yaom Mumtif;awmif&mG ukd usaemfwYkd XmecsKyw
f nfaqmufxm;
ygvsufESihf xkdpOfu rD;rIdUchJ/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

75

bkHaygufomausmf

,ck Akv
d cf sKyw
f Ydk trIaqmifaumifpt
D pk;d &zGUJ Ny;D rS wrifwum &Gmvk;H uRwf rD;IUd vk,ufrjI yKonfudk
usaemftcJraus? ,kwrf maumufusppf Of;vJaom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ opfEidk if aH &; ajcxk;d rIaMumifh igwkaYd oG;
rcGJEkdifNyDukd oifodoifhvSNyD/ AkdvfcsKyfwkdYu usaemfwdkY XmecsKyfMumtif;awmif&Gmtm; rD;IdUvk,ufckdif;
rnf[k wqHjcnfrQ usaemfr,kHMunf/
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJU
usaemfwdkY awmpcef;rSxGufvmMuonf/ rD;IdUrcH&aom Mumtif;awmifbkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif
usaemfwdkY XmecsKyfukd zGihfvSpf\/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUu usaemfwkdYtygt0if awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ukd
vufrcH&JatmifESihf rMumao;rDu &mxl;vufcHcJhaom AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdYtm; tMunfkdysuf
atmif Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd wrifwum rD;IdUavNyD/
okdYaomf e,fcsJUNAdwdoQ\ tBuHtpnf ratmifjrif? Mumtif;awmif&Gm rD;IdUcH&jcif;aMumifh
&ckdifwjynfvkH;u NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd atmhESvkH;emvmatmif usaemfwkdY vIHYaqmfonf/
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom aus;&Gmrsm;? NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd ykdykd pufqkwf&GHU&SmvmMuonf/
aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfov
l x
l rk sm;? Mumtif;awmif&mG ol&mG om;rsm;ukd *kPmoufvm
Muonf/ ulnv
D mMuonf/ Mumtif;awmifEiS hf teD;tem; aus;&Gmrsm;rS k;d om;aom v,form;rsm;?
rdr&d ifaoG;om;ysKrd sm;ukd vufqNJG y;D NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tm; wGe;f vSe&f ef usaemfwYdk wyfzUJG rsm;xJ oGi;f vmMu
onf/
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom awmfvSefa&;wyfom;opfrsm;ukd usaemfwkdY &&Sdavawmh\/ usaemfwkdY
XmecsKyf Mumtif;awmif rD;IUd vk,ufc&H Ny;D rMumjrifrh D q&mawmfO;D pdEm tm; vTwNf y[
D al omowif;ESifh
twl aMujimcsurf sm; yvlyso
H vkyd sv
H monf/ &ckid w
f pfjynfv;Hk tkwt
f w
k af omif;aomif;jzpfaeMu\/
1946-ck 'DZifbmv21&uf paeaeYxkwfa0aom ol&d,owif;pmwGif q&mawmfvGwfonfhudpESifh
ywfouf atmufygtwkdif;a&;om;xm;onf/
(1)OD;pdEmESihf if;\aemufvkdufwynhfwkdYonf ,ckaMujimcsufukd xkwfonfhaeYrSp wpfv
twGif;teD;qkH;&GmolBuD;? ykvdyfuif;*wf (odkYr[kwf) Xmem(okdYr[kwf) e,fykdif0efaxmuf? NrdKUykdif
(odrYk [kw)f 'kw,
d NrKd Uykid x
f H rdrw
d v
Ykd ufwiG ;f &Sd vufeufrsm;ESiw
fh uG rdrw
d u
Ykd ,
dk u
f dk rdrw
d t
Ydk vkt
d avsmuf
0ifa&muftyfESH&rnf/
(2) OD;pdEm tm; tpk;d &rif;wku
Yd k;H wifw&m;pGq
J jdk cif; tvsi;f jyKrnfr[kw/f if;enf;wl OD;pdEm
\aemufvkduf wynhfrsm; rnfolrqkd rdrdwkdYukd,fwkdifvlowfrI? vlaorI (odkYr[kwf) BuD;av;aom
'Pf&m&aprIwkdYudk ukd,fxdvufa&mufrusL;vGefvQif if;wkdYtm;vnf; tpkd;&kH;wGif w&m;pGJqkdjcif;
wpkHw&mjyKvdrfhrnfr[kwf ponfwkdYjzpfaMumif; a&;om;azmfjyyg&SdcJhonf/
aMujimcsuu
f dk usaemfwYdk oabmvnf;rus? oabmvnf;rayguf? uufpb
f (D NAw
d o
d Qppftyk f
csKyfa&;) acwfuyif rdrdwdkYpGJukdifxm;aom vufeufrsm;? cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;? tm;vkH;ukd tyfESHvQif
ao'Pftjypf&o
dS nfw
h idk f ao'Pfray;[k aMujimajymqku
d m usaemfwt
Ykd m; vufeufcs&ef txyfxyf
vIaYH qmfcMhJ uNy/D NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd awmfveS &f ef qEtmoDojyif;xefaom usaemfwv
Ydk ufeufrcs
cJhMu/
&Gmvk;H uRwrf ;D IUd cH&onf/ &Gmvk;H uRwv
f ,
k ufc&H onf/ &Gmvk;H uRwrf 'k ed ;f usicfh &H onf/ okaYd omf
usaemfwYdk vufeufrcs/ ,ck Akv
d cf sKyw
f Ydk trIaqmifaumifpt
D pk;d &uvnf; rdrw
d v
Ykd ufwiG ;f &Sd vufeuf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

76

bkHaygufomausmf

tm;vk;H ESiw
fh uG rdrw
d u
Ydk ,
dk u
f rdk rd w
d Ydk tvkt
d avsmuf0ifa&muftyfE&HS rnfqcdk suu
f dk usaemfwYdk wa&G;om;
rQ vufrcHMu/
q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY acgif;aqmifrsm; ta&;ay:pnf;a0;Muonf/ Mumtif;awmif&GmodkY
ylyal EG;aEG;vk,ufc&H aom jyemukw
d ifjya&;ESifh vufeufrcsbJ q&mawmfwt
Ydk m; 0g&rf;kyo
f rd ;f a&;
wkdYukd aqG;aEG;&ef ukdarmifpdefvS( ,ck ausmif;q&m) ESihf OD;armifarmifwkdYukd ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
&efukefokdYvTwf&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;? ocifjr( jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D ) OD;AaqG (zqyvXmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSK;) OD;ausmNf ird ;f (qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDXmecsKyaf cgif;aqmifwpfO;D ) wkx
Yd H ay;pmrsm;ukv
d nf; q&mawmfEiS fh
usaemf vufrw
S af &;xk;d MuNy;D oifah vsmaf om aiGaMu;ukad y;um ukad rmifped v
f v
S ufxt
J yfvu
dk o
f nf/
&efukefokdY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwfvkdufonf/ &ufowESpfywftwGif; jyefvm&ef taotcsm
q&mawmfEiS u
hf saemf xyfwvJvJ rSmMum;ajymqkv
d u
dk o
f nf/ uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ ESihf usaemfwYdk rSmp&m
ajymp&mrsm;ukd acgif;csi;f ku
d Nf y;D avNy/D udak rmifped v
f w
S Ydk &efuek o
f mG ;&ef r[mNrKd iaf wmpcef;rS rqkid ;f r0Hh
bJ xGufcGmoGm;Mu\/
q&mawmfESihf ukdAaqG
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfESihf ykvdyfwyfrsm;u aus;&Gmrsm;ukd &GmvkH;uRwfrD;IdU? vk,uf? rk'def;usihf
jyKaeMuonf/ xifovkdzrf;qD;NyD; vlrqefpGm nOf;qJaeonf/ xifovkd axmif'Pfao'Pfay;ae
onf/ odaYk omf tk<H uaeaom &ckid jf ynfov
l x
l k wpfvufrrQaemufrwGe?Yf trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd tzufzufrq
S efu
Y sio
f nf/ ajrcGeaf jrqDcray;? vufiw
k v
f uf&if; ajrykid af &;
pepfjzifh v,f,mpkdufysKd;xGef,ufMuonf/
NAw
d o
d Q'vH&mG olBu;D rsm;ukd jzKwNf y;D aus;&Gmrsm;ukd rdrw
d aYdk &G;aumufaom aus;&Gmtkycf sKyaf &;
tzGUJ jzihf tkycf sKyMf uonf/ ajratmufvufeufuidk f wyfzUJG rsm;ukv
d nf; tajccHusus zGUJ pnf;xlaxmif
Muonf/ tmPmeDe,fajrrsm;wGif Zmrdwmajr&SifBuD;ykdif {uaxmifaygif; aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom
v,fajrrsm;ukd vufikwfvuf&if; v,form;rsm;? qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;ESihf ajrrJh,mrJh v,f,m
tvkyform;rsm;tm; a0iSjzefYjzL; ay;vsuf&SdaeavNyD/
Mumtif;awmif jynfon
Yl v
D mcHrS owfrw
S af y;vku
d af om vrf;pOfEiS fh q&mawmf OD;pdEm wkt
Yd m;
0g&rf;kwo
f rd ;f a&; awmif;qkcd surf sm;onf &ckid t
f rsK;d om;awmif;qkcd sut
f qifx
h d a&muf&adS e\/ awmckd
0g&rf;ajy;ae&aomfvnf; Ekid if aH &;MoZmwdur &Sad om q&mawmfO;D pdEm xH ocifjr( Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;
wkdYESifhtwl vkyfBuHcHoGm;&aom tmZmenfocifjr) vnf; a&mufonf/
udkbapm (0efBuD;a[mif;ESihf ,ck oHtrwfBuD;) ukdomxGef;wkdYvnf; rMumcPa&mufonf/
ukdkdxGef; (0efBuD;a[mif;ESihf ,ck oHtrwfBuD;) vnf; tNrJvkdvkd a&mufonf/ zqyvXmecsKyf
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; ukAd aqG (0efBu;D csKyaf [mif;ESihf umuG,af &;0efBu;D a[mif; OD;AaqG) q&mawmf
xHa&mufrnf/ olt
Y m; BuKd qadk &;ESifh w&m;a[myGu
J si;f ya&;ukd q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwYdk zkwyf rl ;D wku
d f
pDpOf&awmh\/
usaemfwkdY XmecsKyf Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd rD;IdUkHjzihf bmwpfckrQ wefjyefwkHYjyefrIvufeufjzifh
ckcrH rI &aomtcg aumufusppf Of;vJaom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfonf Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgif;aqmif
aom trIaqmifaumifpDtpkd;&ESihf usaemfwkdY xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifjzpfvmapa&;twGufvnf;aumif;?
q&mawmfwkdY Oya'twGif;odkY r0ifvmEkdifapa&;twGufvnf;aumif;? q&mawmfOD;pdEmtm; kH;wif

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

77

bkHaygufomausmf

w&m;rpG?J wpfvtwGi;f rdrw

d Ykd vufeufrsm;ESiw
fh uG rdrw
d u
Ykd ,
dk u
f dk tyfEMHS u&ef aMujimcsux
f w
k x
f m;
NyD;jzpfygvsufESihf Mumtif;awmifteD;tem;&Sd &Gmrsm;ukd &GmvkH;uRwfrD;IdUvk,ufrk'def;usifhjcif;rsm;ukd
xyfqifhjyKvkyfvmMu\/
q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwYdk ckad tmif;aexkid rf nfxifaom awmawmifrsm;ukv
d nf; a&armifjrpf&dS
ppfoabFmrsm;rS acgufwkHYacgufjyefckwfarmif;&if; tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfonf/ ukef;wyfrSvnf;
okH;vufr tajrmufrsm;jzihf tESHYtpyf ypfcwfonf/ NAdwdoQppfwyf ykvdyfwyfrsm;u q&mawmfESif
usaemfwt
Ydk m; awmeif;arTaESmuf&mS azGvsu&f adS e\/ &yf&mG rsm;ESihf tvSr;f a0;uGmaom awmeufxw
J iG f
q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY tiwftjywfcHumn ckdatmif;ae&\/
ukdarmifpdefvSESihf OD;armifarmifwkdYtm; &efukefokdY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwf &ufowESpfywfyif
rjynhrf w
DS pfnaom n 10em&Dcefw
Y iG f a&SUwef;uif;pcef;wpfae&mwGif qlnq
H n
l jH zpfaeonf/ wa&;
warS;tdy&f ef vSaJ vsmif;aeaom usaemfcsucf si;f xNy;D qlnaH eaom a&SUwrf;uif;pcrf;okYd vmcJo
h nf/
rarQmfvifhbJ udkarmifpdefvSukd cGqkH&Gmom; vrf;jywpfOD;ESihf yufyif;ygawGU&onf/ ola&m
usaemfyg 0rf;omrqkH; jzpfoGm;Mu\/ q&mawmf? ukdarmifpdefvSESihf usaemfwkdY 'l;wkdufaqG;aEG;yGJudk
csufcsif; usif;yMu\/ ukdarmifpdefvSu olawGUBuHKaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd wifjyonf/
olw&Ydk efuek Nf rKd UodYk a&mufvQiaf &mufcsi;f zqyv XmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;? OD;AaqG?
jynfxJa&;0efBuD; ocifjrwkdYESifh oGm;awGUonf/ usaemfwkdY XmecsKyf Mumtif;awmif&Gm rD;IdUvk,uf
rk'def;usihfcH&jcif;ESihf rD;IdUMuaom NAdwdoQppfbufESihf NrdKUjybuft&m&Sdrsm;u AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY
rD;IdUckdif; rD;IdU&aMumif; 0g'jzefYoGm;jcif;wkdYukd olwkdYwifjyMuonf/
q&mawmfwkdYtm; vufeufrcs&bJ 0&rf;kyfodrf;a&;udpukdvnf; olwkdYawmif;qkdMuonf/
ocifjraetdrfwGif ocifjr? OD;AaqG? ukdkdxGef;ESihf olwkdY n 2em&Dxd 'l;wkdufaqG;aEG;Muaomfvnf;
wdusaomtajzr&/ Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;xH w,fvzD ek ;f qufMu&\/ aemufwpfaeY rGe;f wnfyh idk ;f wGif
AkdvfcsKyfESihf awGUqkHaqG;aEG;Mu&ef w,fvDzkef;jzifh csdef;vdkfufMu\/
aemufwpfaeY rGe;f wnfyh idk ;f wGif ocifjr? OD;AaqG? OD;kx
d eG ;f (0efBu;D a[mif;ESihf ,ck oHtrwf
Bu;D ) ? OD;omxGe;f (,ck oHtrwfBu;D ) ESifh olww
Ykd m0gvdr;f vrf;? Akv
d cf sKyt
f rd (f ,ck Akv
d cf sKyjf ywku
d w
f nf
xm;aomaetdr)f odYk oGm;Muonf/ Akv
d cf sKyu
f aumfzjD zihf {nhcf NH y;D rsuEf mS pkn
H &D aJ bmfpw
d f tjynhjf zihf
yGihfvif;pGmaqG;aEG;Muonf/
uufpb
f (D NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &;) acwfuyif XmecsKyw
f nf&mjyKxm;aom Mumtif;awmif&mG ukd
Akv
d cf sKyw
f Ydk trIaqmifaumifpt
D pk;d &wufNy;D rS rD;IUd vk,uf rk'ed ;f usicfh &H jcif;ESiw
hf uG rD;IUd aom ppfbufk
NrKd Ujybuf t&m&Srd sm;u Akv
d cf sKyw
f u
Ydk awmyke;f "m;jyXmecsKyu
f dk rD;IUd ckid ;f rD;IUd &aMumif;ajymoGm;jcif;wkYd
ukd olwifjy&m Akv
d cf sKyu
f a'gorcsKyw
f nf;Ekid b
f J ]]'DaumifawGudk bmaMumifw
h u
dk rf xkwo
f vJ}}[kar;
um rD;IUd vk,ufwhJ e,fcsUJ aumifawGudk y,fy,fe,fe,fwu
dk x
f w
k af rmif;ESiaf &;ukd Akv
d cf sKyt
f m;yg;w&
ajymjyjcif;ukdvnf; oltao;pdwf&Sif;jy\/
q&mawmfwkdY vufeufrtyf&bJ 0&rf;kyfodrf;a&;ESihf t<uif;rJhvTwfa&;ukd olwkdYwifjy&m?
AkdvfcsKyfu pwdavmufvufeuftyfNyD; Oya'wGif; 0ifvma&;? NAdwdoQe,fcsJUxHrS vGwfvyfa&;ukd
tEkenf;a&m? tMurf;enf;yg ok;H oifo
h vko
d ;Hk Ny;D t&,la&;twGuf vufwaJG qmif&u
G Mf ua&;wku
Yd v
kd nf;
Akv
d cf sKy&f iS ;f vif;jyvku
d jf cif;ukd olwifjyonf/ olu q&mawmfwv
Ydk ufeuf wpfvufrQrtyfbJ t<uif;rJh
vTwfa&;a&; xyfwvJwifjy&m? AkdvfcsKyfu 'kdYvufxJ oabFm 2-pD;cefYrQ vufeufrsm;&Sdonf/
vkdtyfvQif cGJay;rnf[kajymaMumif;ukdvnf; olqufvufajymjy\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

78

bkHaygufomausmf

,if;tjyif olwkdY&efukefu rxGufvmrSDuyif jynfxJa&;0efBuD; ocifjrudk,fwkdif ppfwyfrsm;

kyo
f rd ;f xm;&ef aMu;eef;ku
d t
f aMumif;Mum;xm;cJNh yjD zpfaomfvnf; ,aeYxd Mumtif;awmif wku
d ef ,f
wGif ppfwyfykvdyfrsm; arTaESmufvsuf&Sdao;onfukd oltHhMoaMumif;? olESihfukdkdxGef; a&SUajy;tjzpf
vmMuaMumif;? ,ck ukdkdxGef; ppfawGNrdKUwGif ocifjrESihf OD;AaqGwkdYtm; apmifh&if;ae&pfaMumif;/
uk
d x
dk eG ;f ESifh OD;AaqGwYdk ajrmif;abGoYkd a&mufMurnf/ q&mawmfEiS fh aqG;aEG;&ef OD;AaqG qEtmoDo
&SdaMumif;wkdYudk ol&Snfvsm;pGmwifjyoGm;onf/
,if;aMumifh vufeufrsm; tyfa&; rtyfa&;ukd aemifaqG;aEG;rnf/ q&mawmfESihf OD;AaqGwkdY
awGUqk&H a&;twGuf ajrmif;abGoYdk usaemfvu
dk o
f mG ;rnf/ OD;AaqGtm; Mumtif;awmifwYdk rD;IUd cH&rIudk
vnf; uk,
d af wGUavhvmEkid af &;ESifh Ekid if aH &;a[myGw
J pf&yf usi;f ya&;wku
Yd kd jyKvyk Mf u&ef usaemfajymqkd
vkdufonf/ tm;vkH;qEwlnDMu wm0eftoD;oD;cGJa0,lMu\/
wa&;rQrtdyv
f u
dk &f aom ukad rmifped v
f ES iS fh usaemf tmkPOf ;D a&mifjcnfvmcsed u
f yif? awmBu;D
rsurf nf;xJrS prf;w0g;0g; owdBu;D pGmjzifh xGuv
f mMu\/ usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D obm0 ausmufawmifrsm;rS
'vdrfhacGusrnfxuf ae&mra&G;awGUEkdifonfh NAdwdoQvufeufukdifrsm;ukd ykdowdxm;&onf/
,aeYtpkd;&\ toGifvuPmESpfrsKd;jzpfae\/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; 'kwd,obmywdtjzpf
aqmif&u
G af om trIaqmifaumifpD tpk;d &[lxdyyf idk ;f rS Akv
d cf sKyw
f u
Ydk &Sad e\/ okaYd omf wkid ;f rif;Bu;D
ta&;ykdif? ckdif&mZ0wf0ef polwkdYrSm tm;vkH;vkdvkd rsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm;csnf; jzpfae\/
'kwd,urmppfBuD;twGif;u jrefrmjynfodrf; NAdwdoQppfwyfwGif tmPmt&SdqkH;aom
ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;wyf (Field Security Service)ukd ukid cf o
hJ nfh ar*smtqif&h o
dS o
l nf ppfwq
H yd f Mu,fEiS fh
ppf,lepfazmif;ukd cRwfNyD; t&yf0wfjzihf ,aeYtpdk;&\ ckdif&mZ0wf0ef (D.S. P)jzpfaeonf/
ume,fESihf vufzwifheifhume,f vkyfcJhMuaom ppfbuft&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf ,cktpkd;&\
wkdif;rif;BuD;? ckdif0ef polrsm; jzpfaeMu&NyD/ ,aeYolwkdY ppf,leDazmif; 0wfqifrxm;aomfvnf;
NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwfuyif olwkdYonf q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY\urmh&efolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
,if;tjyif ,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQppfbufESihf NrdKUjybuft&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf AkdvfcsKyfwkdY
zqyvtzGJUu trIaqmifaumifpDtpkd;&tzGJUwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufNyD;rS usaemfwkdY XmecsKyf
Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd rD;IdU? vk,uf? rk'def;usifhrIrsm; wrifwumjyKMu\/ usaemfwkdYtm; olwkdY
wqHjcnfrQ iJn
h m jcif;rjyK? q&mawmfO;D pdEm tm; k;H wifw&m;rpG[
J k tpk;d &tzGUJ u aMujimcsuf xkwaf 0
xm;ygvsuEf iS fh jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D u ppfwyfrsm; kyo
f rd ;f xm;&ef aMu;eef;jzihf taMumif;Mum;Ny;D ygvsuf
ESifh ,ck Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,f&dS aus;&Gmrsm;ukd rD;IUd ? vk,uf? rk'ed ;f usirfh rI sm; aomufaomufvv
J J
wrifwumjyKaeNyD/
tajrmufrsm; ypfcwfum q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwt
Ydk m; awmeif;arTaESmuf&mS azGaeNy/D usaemfwYdk
tm; NAw
d o
d QppfwyfrS awGUvQif ypfowfaumif; ypfowfrnfjzpfae&m usaemfwEYkd pS Of ;D oGm;k;d oGm;pOf
vrf;rS roGm;Mu&/ NAw
d o
d Qppfwyf? ykvyd w
f yfwEYdk iS afh 0;uGmaom ab;uif;aomvrf;ukd xGiu
f m awmif
txyfxyf awmtxyfxyfukd azmufxGif;NyD; auGUum jzwfumvmcJhMu&\/
waeukew
f aecrf;Bu;D rm;pGm yifyef;qif;&JcjH um rem;raevmcJMh uaom usaemfwYdk ESpOf ;D aevk;H
uG,faysmufrS ajrmif;abGodkY a&muf&SdoGm;Mu\/ ukdAaqGESifh udkkdxGef;wkdYukd ukdarmifpdefvS\zcif
q&mBuD; OD;aomMumatmif tdrfwGif tqifoifhawGU&onf/ Mumtif;awmifodkY ul;wkdYykdY&ef vlwOD;
ESihfavSwpD;ukd tylwjyif; &SmazG&if; naepmpm;Mu\/ vlwOD;ESifh avSwpif;&ygonf/
odkYaomf avStayguf? 'Da&vnf; qefaeonf/ wnOfhvkH; r&yfrem; tvSnhfus avS0rf;rS

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

79

bkHaygufomausmf

qm;iefa&rsm;ukd cGupf yk w
f pfcjk zifh jyufxw
k af e&\/ ukAd aqG? uk
d x
dk eG ;f ? uku
d BH u;D ESiu
fh saemf wa&;rQ
rtdyfvkduf&/ rkd;pifpifvif;onfhwkdif Mumtif;awmifodkYra&muf? uef;eDacsmif;0em;okdYom
a&mufMuonf/ usoifah iGudk avSorm;tm;ay;Ny;D uef;eDacsmif;0rSurf;okw
Yd ufum csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;
\ cGq&Hk mG odaYk jcvsiaf vQmuf&onf/ cGq&Hk mG wGif csi;f trsK;d om;acgif;aqmifk OD;armifw;dk ukd olt
Y rd w
f iG f
tqifoifh awGU&onf/
Mumtif;awmife,fwiG f NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfrsm; vk;H 0r&SNd yu
D dk od&\/ (aemifo&d onfrmS jynfxaJ &;
0efBu;D ocifjr ppfawGa&mufNy;D ppfwyfrsm;ukd kyo
f rd ;f ckid ;f kyo
f rd ;f oGm;aMumif; od&onf)/ olt
Y rd w
f iG f
Muufwpfaumifudk jyKwu
f m MuufjyKw[
f if;&nfEiS fh usaemfwpYdk m;Muonf/ jyif;xefaomaeyl&edS af tmuf
wGif Mumtif;awmifoYkd usaemfwYkd ajcvsiaf vQmufvmMu\/ Mumtif;awmifoYkd a&mufvQiaf &mufcsi;f
ukdAaqGESifhusaemfwkdY a&mufaeaMumif;ukd q&mawmfxH usaemftaMumif;Mum;vkdufonf/
naeqnf;qmcsed w
f iG f Mumtif;awmif bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;&Sd usaemfwXYdk mecsKyjf yKxm;aom
ae&mwGif q&mawmfO;D pdEm ? ukAd aqG? uk
d x
dk eG ;f ? udu
k BH u;D ESihf usaemfwYdk k;d om;yGiv
hf if;pGm 'l;l wku
d af qG;
aEG;Muygonf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukd t"dutajccHxm;um tvkyform; v,form;ta&;ESifh
qkd&S,fvpfa&;&m? EkdifiHwuma&;&mrsm;ukd tjrifcsif;zvS,fMuygonf/
q&mawmftm; pwdavmufvufeuftyfNyD; awmckd0&rf;ajy;b0rS Oya'wGif;odkY0ifvma&;?
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUxHrS tEkenf;jzifhjzpfap? tMurf;enf;jzihfjzpfap vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwGif vufwGJa&;
twGufvnf; ukdAaqGwkdY zdwfac:ygonf/ q&mawmfOD;pdEmxHvmMuaom EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;
ESihf aqG;aEG;yGJ[lorQwGif usaemfrygaomaqG;aEG;yGJ[l r&Sdoavmufyifjzpfonf/
vmorQaomacgif;aqmifrsm;onf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukdvkdeDuRefb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
ajratmufawmfveS af &;vufeufuidk f wyfzUJG rsm; zGUJ pnf;xm;onfh q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfw\
Ydk vkyif ef;
aqmifwmrsm;ukd tjypfrajymMukHru ajratmufawmfvSefa&;tzGJUrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
t"dutm;xm;&rnfh tzGJUjzpfonf/ tmPmeDe,fajrxlaxmifNyD; v,fajra0iSay;jcif;onf
awmfvSefa&;\ t"du0ifkd;jzpfonf[lyif csD;usL;axmyemjyKygao;onf/ ukdAaqGtm; EkdifiHa&;
w&m;yGJusif;y&ef pDpOfxm;aMumif;ukd usaemfwdkYwifjy&m oloabmwlojzifh EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[myGJ
usif;ya&;ESifh vlxkcsDwufvma&;twGuf vIHYaqmf&ef zkwfylrD;wkduf aqmif&Guf&av\/
q&mawmfvGwfNyD? usaemfvGwfNyD
rD;IUd cH&jymykjH zpfaeaom Mumtif;awmif&mG ukv
d nf; ukAd aqG uk,
d af wGUjrif&Ny/D if;&GmESiw
hf uG
rD;IUd vk,uf rk'ed ;f usicfh &H aom teD;tem;aus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmol&mG om;rsm;ESiv
fh nf; ukAd aqG 'l;wku
d af qG;
aEG;&NyD/ rGef;wnfh 12em&DcefYwGif Mumtif;awmiffq&mawmfBuD;u obmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;?
usaemfutwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? aqmif&Gufaom jynfolwpfaomif;cefYwufonfh
tpnf;ta0;wGif ukAd aqG Ekid if aH &;w&m; a[majymoGm;\/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyf\ zdEydS rf u
I dk ukad wGU
od&adS omukAd aqGonf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &;ESifh trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;ukv
d nf;aumif;? Ekid if w
H um
a&;&mwku
Yd v
dk nf;aumif;? 2-em&DMumrQtus,w
f 0ifh ajyma[moGm;ygonf/ ukAd aqG? uk
d x
dk eG ;f ESit
hf wl
toifph pD Ofxm;aomavSjzihf usaemfajrmif;abGoYkd vku
d v
f m\/ c&D;Murf;ESicf &hJ jcif;ESifh uk,
d af &mpdwyf g
yifyrf;aom ukdAaqG ajrmif;abGwGif zsm;em;oGm;onf/
rlvpDpOfxm;onfhtwkdif; pufbD;jzifh NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUodkY oGm;Muum NrdKUa[mif;wGif jynfxJa&;
0efBuD; ocifjrESifhqkHMua&;ukd y,fzsufvkduf&\/ ukdAaqGzsm;emae roGm;vmEkdifjzpfaeojzifh

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

80

bkHaygufomausmf

ajrmif;abGodkY ocifjroabFm vSnhf0ifac:a&;ukd ukdkdxGef; pma&;NyD; ykdYckdif;vkduf&onf/ jynfxJa&;

0efBuD;ocifjr trf*sDbDppfoabFmjzihf ajrmif;abGodkYvmonf/ ocifjr ppfoabFmESifhtwl ukdAaqG?
ukdkdxGef;? ukdMumvSatmif (MuLaajymufusm;wyfzGJYacgif;aqmif)ukdazmfoif( ,ck &ckdifjynfe,f
w&m;olBuD;tzGJU0if)ESihfusaemfwkdY ppfawGodkYvkdufoGm;Mu\/ wpfvrf;vkH; trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;rS
qkd&S,fvpfa&;xd a'gifhpkHbufpkH aqG;aEG;Muonf/
q&mawmfwYdk pwdavmuf vufeuftyfa&;jyKrnfqv
dk Qif wpfpw
Hk pf&mraESmif,
h u
S af &;twGuf
&ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D rStp ppfbufEiS Nfh rKd Ujybuft&m&Srd sm;ukd olajymxm;cJrh nf[k jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D ocifjr
av;eufpGmuwdjyK\/
ppfawGNrdKUwGif usaemfwdkY tcsdefjzKef;rcH? q&mawmfxH usaemfwkdY 'kef;pkdif;jyefvmMuonf/
(1)q&mawmfwdYk pwdavmuf vufeuftyfa&;- rtyfa&;/ (2)trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;ukd tEkenf;jzihf
jzpfap? tMurf;enf;jzihfjzpfap? zqyvXmecsKyfESihf vufwGJaqmif&Gufa&;-raqmif&Gufa&;[laom
jyemrsm;ukd t"dutajccHaqG;aEG;Ekdifa&;twGuf us,fjyefYaom pnf;a0;aqG;aEG;yGJukd usif;y&ef
usaemfwYdk pDpOfcMhJ uonft
h wkid ;f ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f rS Akv
d pf ed x
f eG ;f atmif? Akv
d b
f om? Akv
d [
f m&DjzL? taemuf
wkdif;rS OD;avomatmif? OD;Akdvfatmif? OD;pdefausmfOD;? OD;OD;pHvS? AkdvfausmfZH&TD; awmifykdif;wkdif;rS
AkdvfvGef;omatmif? OD;a&Tom? ukdatmifjrom? &rf;NAJuRef;rS OD;a&Tatmif? OD;xGef;jzL polrsm;ukdvnf;
ac:,lxm;avNyD/ &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf XmecsKyfOu| OD;bkd;OD;ESihfwuG
acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; pkHvifaeNyD/ &ckdifjynfvli,frsm;tpnf;tkH; acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf;
tm;vkH;wufa&mufMuNyD/
r[mNrKd iaf wmpcef;wpfae&mwGif us,jf yefaY ompnf;a0;yGu
J dk pwifusi;f yonf/ q&mawmfu
obmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? usaemfu twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&u
G o
f nf/ tpDtpOf
twkdif; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom trIaqmifaumifpDtpkd;&tzGJU\ q&mawmfudpESihf
ywfoufaMujimcsufukd usaemfwvkH;wyg'rusef zwfjyvkdufonf/
(1) OD;pdEm ESifh if;\aemufvu
dk w
f ynhw
f o
Ydk nf ,ckaMujimcsuu
f dk xkwjf yefonfah eYrpS wv
twGif; teD;qkH;&GmolBuD;? ykvdyfuif;*gwf(odkYr[kwf) Xmem(odkYr[kwf) e,fykdif0efaxmuf? NrdKU0ef
(odrYk [kw)f 'kw,
d NrKd Uykid x
f H rdrw
d v
Ykd ufwiG ;f &Sd vufeufrsm;ESiw
fh uG rdrw
d u
Ykd ,
dk u
f dk rdrw
d t
Ykd vkt
d avsmuf
0ifa&muftyfESH&rnf/
(2) OD;pdEm tm; tpk;d &rif;wku
Yd k;H wifw&m;pGjJ cif; tvsO;f jyKrnfr[kw?f if;enf;wl OD;pdEm \
aemufvu
dk f wynhrf sm; rnforl qkd rdrw
d u
Ykd ,
dk w
f idk v
f o
l wfr?I vlaorI(okrdY [kw)f Bu;D av;aom 'Pf&m
&aprIwu
Ydk dk uk,
d x
f v
d ufa&mufrusL;vGev
f Qif if;oltm;vnf; w&m;k;H wGif w&m;pGq
J jdk cif; wpfpw
Hk pf&m
jyKvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k azmfjyyg&SdcJhaomaMujimcsufukd usaemfbwfjy\/
aMujimcsufESihfywfouf &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;xJwGif
t,ltqESprf sK;d uGv
J monf/ acgif;aqmifpw
k pfcsKUd u q&mawmf OD;pdEm uko
d m k;H wifw&m;rpG[
J yk g&Sd
onf/ tjcm;ol 0&rf;ajy;Ekifd if aH &;orm;rsm;ukd k;H wifw&m;rpG[
J k qkrd xm;/ Oya'wGi;f a&mufvmvQif
zrf;qD;nif;qJjcif;cHMu&rnf/
,if;aMumifh Oya'wGif r0iftyf[k ajymqkv
d mMuonf/ usaemfwYdk taejzihf usaemfw\
Ydk t,l
tqukd usaemfjywfjywfom;om; wifjyonf/ ,aeYNAdwdoQbk&ifcHtpkd;&jzpfonf/ 'kwd,urmppf
twGif; jreffrmjynfodrf; NAdwdoQppfwyfonf ar*smESihf ume,fpaom ppfbuft&m&Sdrsm;yif ,aeY
wkid ;f rif;Bu;D ? ta&;ykid ?f &mZ0wf0ef ponfjzihf tkycf sKyaf &;tmPmukd ,lxm;Mu tESpo
f m&tm;jzihf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

81

bkHaygufomausmf

NAdwdoQe,fcsJU ppf0g'Dtpkd;&toGif&Sd BuD;rm;aom tE&m,f&Sdaeonf/

olrsm;yif Mumtif;awmif&GmwkdYudk rD;IdU? vk,uf? rk'def;usifhMuonf/ odkYaomf zqyvESihf
Akv
d cf sKyw
f Ydk yg0ifvmjcif;aMumifo
h m q&mawmfO;D pdEm tm; k;H wifw&m;rpG[
J k jzpfvm&onf/ usaemfwYdk
zGUJ pnf;xm;aom ajratmufawmfveS af &;vufeufuidk f tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;onf jrefrmwEkid if v
H ;Hk ESi,
hf OS f
NyD; trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ0if&ef zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
q&mawmfOD;pdEm Oya'wGif;odkY csufaumif;wGif 0if&rnf/ q&mawmfOD;pdEmESihf &ckdifjynf
jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&; tzGUJ csKyu
f dk r@dKijf yKNy;D NAw
d o
fd Qe,fcsUJ wku
d zf suaf &;twGuf vuf0n
J
D w
G af &;udk
tajcpkdufum trsKd;om;nDGwfa&;ukd &EkdiforQ &,lwnfaqmuf&rnf[k usaemfjywfom;pGm
wifjyvku
d o
f nf/ tBuw
d t
f e,f aqG;aEG;vmaomtcg usaemfwYdk t,ltqukd tm;vk;H vkv
d dk aMueyf
vufcHvmMu\/
odkYaomf q&mawmfOD;pdEmukd,fwkdif &GmolBuD; (odkYr[kwf) &JXmewpfckckodkY oGm;a&mufNyD;
vufeufrtyf? NAdwdoQtpkd;&u &GmolBuD;[k todtrSwfjyKxm;aomfvnf; usaemfwkdY TefMum;orQ
aqmif&Gufay;aom q&mawmf wynhf ausmufiEGm;olBuD; ukdxGef;jzLatmif&Sdonf/ olYukdac:NyD;
awmfr*D ef;tysuw
f pfvufEiS fh armif;usK;d armif;ysuf kid zf ,f? 3-vuf? 4-vufwu
Ydk kd ay;Ny;D ? ajrykNH rKd Uykid f
xH tyfap&efjzpfonf/ trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf w
GJ iG f jynf0h aomvGwv
f yfa&;&a&;twGuf zqyv
XmecsKyEf iS jfh zpfap? tjcm;rnfonfh tzGUJ tpnf;ESijfh zpfap? vufwaJG qmif&u
G rf nf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk
tm; vufeufpu
JG idk af wmfveS af &;odYk a&SUIaqmif&u
G rf nfwu
Ydk v
kd nf; taustvnfaqG;aEG;oabmwl
Muygonf/
qk;H jzwfcsut
f wkid ;f yif ukx
d eG ;f jzLatmifudk ac:Ny;D vufeufpw
k ?f vufeufysut
f enf;i,f
ukd ajrykNH rKd Ue,f OD;armifomyGix
hf H oGm;a&muftyfaponf/ q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwt
Ydk m; tNrv
J v
dk u
dk n
l D
aeaom OD;armifomyGio
fh nf jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D ? &ckid w
f ikd ;f rif;Bu;D ESihf ckid 0f efrsm;xH OD;pdEm vufeuftyf
Ny;D [k aMu;eef;ku
d af y;um usaemfwt
Ydk m; ulnaD v\/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm Oya'twGi;f 0ifyu
JG dk 1308
ckESpf jymokdvqef; 14&ufESihf vjynfhaeYtxd usif;y&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/ taumif;qkH;aom ZmwfyGJ
ukid mS ;Ny;D ? jymokv
d qef; 14&ufwiG f q&mawmf OD;pdEm Oya'wGi;f 0ifyu
JG kd Mumtif;awmifwiG f csrd chf srd hf
oJoJusif;yonf/ jymokdvjynfh naeykdif;xd/ ,cifMumtif;awmif nDvmcHukd NAdwdoQppfwyfrsm;?
ykvdyfrsm; 0kdif;ovkdr0kdif;? ajrykHNrdKU? rif;jym;NrdKU? ppfawGNrdKUwkdY\ uvyfpnf;rsm;xHrSvnf; wpkHw&m
taESmuft,Suf jyKbG,fr&Sd[k owif;ykdYonf/
q&mawmfOD;pdEm Oya'wGif;0ifyGJ atmifyGJ&NyDukd usaemfwxpfcsodNyD/ q&mawmfOya'wGif;
0ifyJG atmifjrifa&;twGuf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm?naygif;rsm;pGm rem;raeaqmif&u
G cf &hJ aomusaemf ,aeYrS
rcsdatmif anmif;nmaeayNyD/ usaemfum; vlwpfrsKd;? EkdifiHa&;&mudprsm;&SdvQif rem;rtdyf? rpm;
raomufbJ ZGJowd&Sd&Sdjzihf ukd,fpGrf;OmPfpGrf;&SdorQ npfxkwfvkyfwwfovkd udprsm;NyD;jywfoGm;vQif
t&ufaomufwwfaomtusifh *syefacwfuyif usaemfpGJcJhygonf/
zufqpf*syefajratmufawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;cJhpOfu aeYnem&Dra&G;
zufqpfvufxJ aoEdkif&mvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; tm;vyfoGm;wkdif; t&ufjzifh rdrdb0ukd aysmfovkd
aeavhaex usaemf&cdS o
hJ nf/ ,aeYnae usaemft&ufaomufonf/ cspo
f cl ;l cyfay;aom naepmukd
pm;&if; cspfoltm; usaemf nOfheuf12em&DZmwfESpfyg;oGm;uaeMupOf awGUMu&efcsdef;onf/
,aeYaemufq;Hk n ygwDXmecsKyu
f ,
dk pf m; ESpyf g;oGm; rif;om;rif;orD;rsm;ukd a&Twq
H yd q
f ck s&ef
usaemf\wm0ef/ qkcsNyD; oD;csif;wpfyk'fqkdNyD;vQif usaemfyGJxJrSxGufoGm;rnf/ yGJjyifwpfae&mwGif

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

82

bkHaygufomausmf

awGUMu&efjzpfonf/
nae 7em&DcefYwGif naepm pm;NyD; tdrfrSxGufvm\/ e,ftoD;oD;rSa&mufaeaom
acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd wtdr0f ifwtdrx
f u
G f usaemfawGUqkEH w
I q
f uf\/ wcsKUd acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd t&uf
0kid ;f wGif awGUqko
H nf/ olwEYdk iS t
hf wl usaemfa&maESmt&ufaomufonf/ aomuf&if;pm;&if; Ekid if aH &;
udpr sm;ukv
d nf; ajymMu? aqG;aEG;Muonf/ vufa&wjyifp;D tjrifcsi;f zvS,Mf uonf/ nOfh 12em&DcefY
&SdavNyD/ ESpfyg;oGm; qkdwD;uckefae usaemfqkcs&rnfhtcsdefwGif tvGeftusL;t&ufaomufpm;
xm;jcif;aMumifh usaemf ',dr;f ',kid jf zpfaeNy/D yGMJ unhaf eMuolrsm;tm; vrf;z,fay;&ef wD;wk;d awmif;yef
NyD; usaemfyGJupifodkY wef;oGm;onf/ ESpfyg;oGm;uaeMuaom rif;om; rif;orD;rsm;ukd qkcsvkduf\/
&ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKyrf S q&mawmfO;D pdEm \ 0&rf;kyo
f rd ;f yGEJ iS fh 0&rf;ajy;Edik if aH &;orm;
rsm; Oya'wGi;f 0ifyt
JG wGuf ay;aoma&Twq
H yd q
f u
k dk axmifjyNy;D rif;om;rif;orD;ESifh vl&iT af wmfrsm;u
trsKd;rsKd;csD;usL;pum; ajymMuonf/ trsKd;rsKd;qkrGefawmif;Muonf/
rif;om;rif;orD;ESihf vl&iT af wmfwYdk cs;D usL;axmyem pum;ajymaepOf usaemfxidk af eaom ae&m
teD; rarQmfvifhbJ usaemfhcspfolukd awGU&onf/ twkdif;rod usaemf0rf;ajrmufoGm;\/ olrteD;odkY
usaemfcsO;f uyfEidk o
f rQ csO;f uyfomG ;onf/ qkcsNy;D Ny?D ZmwfyjJG yifbufukd xGuaf wmhrnf/ ZmwfyjJG yifbuf
odkY xGufcJh[k wD;wkd;wD;wkd; wwGwfwGwf usaemfajymav\/
rMumvSyg/ ',dr;f ',kid jf zif usaemfZmwfyt
JG jyifbufoYkd xGuv
f monf/ vbuf&nfqidk w
f pfqidk f
aemufu,
G f arSmif&yd u
f susae&mbufwiG f t&ufyv
k if;axmifum usaemhcf spo
f u
l dk apmif&h if;? wpfcu
G f
NyD;wpfcGuf usaemfaomufaeav\/ t&ufESifhacgifa&wkdYukd [kdtpk0if 'Dtpk0if aomufvmcJhNyDjzpf
aom usaemfhtwGuf t&ufcsdefvGefuJaecJhNyD/ ,ckquf usaemfaomufaeao;onf/
usaemfh cspo
f El iS hf tazmfred ;f rwpfO;D ZmwfyjJG yifbufoYkd xGuv
f monf/ usaemft&ufaomuf
aeaom vbuf&nfqkdif rD;a&mifa&SUrS jzwfavQmufoGm;Muonf/ olrwdkYaemufodkY usaemfvkdufoGm;
\/ arSmif&yfd o
f ef;aeaomae&mwpfcw
k iG f usaemfch spo
f El iS hf &ifqidk af wGUygonf/ olr\vufudk qkyu
f idk f
Ny;D olrtm; tcspx
f ;l cspo
f nfudk ukid Mf unhyf g[kajym&if; usaemf&h ifbwfay:okYd olrvufudk wifvu
dk f
onf/
usaemfajcvSrf;ysufaeonfukd apmifhMunhfaeaom &Jabmfau'grsm; t&ufESifhtcspfa&;
a&maxG;aeaom cspo
f El iS u
fh saemfu
h dk kww
f &uf0idk ;f zrf;Mu\/ ck;d 0efc;dk xkyEf iS fh vufy;l vufMuyftrdcH
&Ny/D usaemfbmrQrwwfEidk /f olrtm; olwt
Ydk rsK;d rsK;d ar;jref;Muonf/ usaemftwif;vufqx
JG m;ovm;
cspo
f vm;[lolrukd olwaYkd r;jref;Muonf/ olru olrwko
Yd abmwl cspBf uKd uaf eMuonfrmS MumygNyD
[kajzqkdonf/ olwkdYxHrS usaemfz,fxGufvm\/
BuD;rm;aom&SufpdwfESifh t&ufpdwfjzihf usaemfhukd,fukd owfao&ef ykdif;jzwfvkduf\/ usaemfh
vufpGJawmf &JabmftcifBuD; (tcifBuD;rSm ol\emrnf&if;r[kwf? odkYaomf ygwDtzGJUtpnf;wkdif;u
ol Y u k d tcif B uD ; ]]OD ; av;BuD ; }}[k a c:Muonf / ol o nf usaemf \ pm&G u f p mwrf ; ES i f h w uG
usaemf\vufeufypnf;rsm;ukd xddef;odrf;& usaemfoGm;av&mwGif usaemfESihftwl tNrJwef;&Sdae
aom usaemfhvufpGJ&Jabmfjzpfonf) ukd vkduf&Sm&\/
olYukd ZmwfyGJjyifbufwpfae&mwGif awGUonf/ bmwpfckrQajymraebJ olYvufxJ&Sd usaemfh
ajcmufv;Hk jyL;ukd usaemfv\
k / t&ufveG u
f RpH mG rl;,pfaeaom usaemfv
h ufxo
J Ydk tvG,w
f ul ke;f xGuf
oGm;\/ xGuaf jy;oGm;\/ uif;csxm;aom&Jabmfrsm;xHomG ;onf/ cgwkid ;f qkv
d Qif usaemfu
h dk jrifonfEiS fh
wNyKd ief uf tav;jyKNy;D usaemfh TeMf um;csuu
f dk vdu
k ef mMuaom uif;orm;&Jabmfrsm;onf usaemfu
h dk

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

83

bkHaygufomausmf

jrifonfESihfwpfNydKifeuf rqkdif;rwGxGufajy;oGm;Mu\/
usaemfajcOD;wnf&modkY avQmufoGm;aepOf ukdarmifpdefvSwkdY usaemfhtm; azsmif;zsNyD;
Mumtif;awmifbek ;f awmfBu;D ausmif;odYk wGaJ c:oGm;Muonf/ vrf;wpfavQmufv;Hk usaemfaovkad Mumif;
usaemfBuD;rm;pGm &SufaMumif; ponfrsm;ukd atmfBuD;[pfus,f usaemfajymvsuf vkdufvmonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif usaemfhtm; olwkdYacsmarmhazsmifhzsNyD; tdyfckdif;onf/ usaemfhteD;wpf0kdufwGif
vufeufrJhuif;rsm; csxm;Mu\/
usaemfeeH uf 9em&DrS Ek;d vmonf/ au'g&Jabmfrsm;vmNy;D usaemft
h m; ESpo
f rd phf um;vmajymMu
\/ a&csK;d Ny;D eHeufpmpm;&ef wku
d w
f eG ;f Mu\/ eHeufpm rpm;Ny/D quftyd rf nf[k usaemf ,wdjywfajym
vkdufonf/ ,lBuHK;r&aom aemifw&jcif;? BuD;rm;aom&Sufjcif;wkdYjzihf awG;csifovkdawG;NyD;? usaemf
arS;vku
d f tdyv
f u
dk jf yKae\/ nae 2em&Dcefw
Y iG f usaemfa&qif;csK;d onf/ vbuf&nfwpfcu
G af omuf
onf/ rnfolESifhrQrawGUvkdojzihf bkef;BuD;ausmif;&Sd usaemfh tdyf&mwGif vJavsmif;aevkdufonf/
nae 4em&Dcefw
Y iG f &ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&; tzGUJ csKyEf iS hf &ckid jf ynfvil ,frsm;tpnf;tk;H rS
acgif;aqmifrsm; usaemfhxH wpkwkH;wnf;a&mufvmMu\/ ta&;BuD;aom udpwpf&yf&yfaMumifh
vlpk wpkwk;H wnf;vmMujcif;ukd usaemfoad eNy/D usaemfEiS fh rapmukd ,aeYr*Fvmaqmif&ef Ny;D pD;
aeNyD/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmESifhwuG rapm\rdbaqGrsKd;rsm; oabmwlMuNyD/ usaemfwkdY r*Fvmaqmif
txdr;f trSwt
f jzpf Zmwfobifyu
JG kd ,aeYwnOfq
h ufvufNy;D usi;f yoGm;rnf[ak jymMuonf/ t&uf
orm; irkdufom;usaemf bmwwfEdkifao;ovJ/ ]]'g;ukdzsuf 0g;rsuf? vlukdzsuf t&uf}}/ trsKd;om;
vGwv
f yfa&;r&rD tdraf xmifrjyK[al om usaemf\qk;H jzwfcsuu
f dk usaemfwnfaqmufEidk t
f ;Hk rnfvm;}}
n ae0ifcsdef 7-em&DcefYwGif usaemfhtm; ukdiatmifacs (,ck armfuGef;0ifyxrqifh) wkdY
vmac:onf/ usaemfhukd,fykdiftjzpf vkHcsnf-2xnf? umuDvuf&Snf 2-xnfESihf? pGyfus,f 2-xnf&Sd
onf/ aqmif;tat;'Pfudk OD;yOi;f Bu;D OD;ok0PxrH S taygpm;*Gr;f apmifwpfxnfimS ;Ny;D umuG,cf ck H
xm;&\/ OD;ok0PxH usaemfcsO;f uyfNy;D taygpm; *Gr;f apmifudk qufNy;D iSm;yg/ usaemfavQmzf w
G af y;yg
rnf[k avQmufwifonf/
OD;yOi;f Bu;D u wa&G;om;rQ avQmrh ay;/ xkyyf ;dk xm;aom vG,t
f w
d x
f rJ S *Gr;f apmifudk ay;vku
d &f
\/ r*Fvmaqmifowko
Yd m; usaemft
h m; ukid atmifacswYdk tNct
H &Hjzihf olrwkt
Yd rd o
f Ydk wef;wef;rwfrwf
ykMYd uonf/ olrwkt
Yd rd u
f vbuf&nfwjYdk zihf {nhcf yH gonf/ nOfh 9-em&Dcefx
Y d pm;aomufajymqkMd uNy;D
owkdYom;tm; owkdYorD;tdyfcef;okdY ykdYMu\/
jymokdv tat;'Pfjyif;xefqJtcsdefwGif owkdYom;wGif taygpm; *Grf;apmifyifr&Sd/ odkYESifh
owkdYorD;tm; apmiftykd&Sdu apmifwxnfay;yg&ef awmif;&\/ owkdYorD;wGifvnf; apmiftykdr&Sd?
olrwkdYwpftdrfom;vkH; NAdwdoQe,fcsJU\ppfwyf? ykvdyfwyfukd aMumuf ajymif;a&TUvm&jcif;aMumifh
apmiftykrd yg/ olrqGr;f ykv
Yd Qif NcKH avh&adS om uwyD gyk0gukd xkwaf y;onf/ uwyD gyk0gu usaemft
h wGuf
ajcrvkH acgif;rvk?H nOfh tat;'PfatmufwiG f tvl;tvJ cH&awmhrnf[k usaemfpw
d yf yl ifomG ;\/
usaemfwdkY r*Fvmaqmiftxdrf;trSwftjzpf ujyvsuf&Sdaom ZmwfyGJrS qkdwD;uckefoHrsm;ukd
twkid ;f om;Mum;ae&onf/ Zmwfyo
JG Ykd Mumtif;awmifeiS w
hf uG teD;tem;aus;&Gmrsm;rS aomif;aomif;
jzjz ysm;yef;cwfwrQ oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;aeMuonf/ &maygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm arT;arT;uav;ay;vkd
aom usaemfq
h Eudk ,ck csK;d ESrd x
f m;p&mrvkNd y/D &mEIe;f jynf cspEf idk Mf uNy/D cspo
f u
l dk usaemfu ayGUzufxm;
vkduf\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

84

bkHaygufomausmf

[kdar; 'Dar; oluukd usaemfu wwGwfwGwf wnif;nif;ar;jref;\/ usaemfhar;cGef;rsm;wGif

Ekid if aH &;&mrsm;vnf; yg\/ tem*wftrd af xmifa&;rsm;vnf; yg\/ uHom&GmwGif awGUqkpH Ofu usaemf
wkdYpwkdYpvkyfygvsufESifh bmaMumifh ta&;rpkdufovJ[k ar;rdonf/ qHyifpkwfzGm; rGJjymjymvkHcsnfESifh
ta&miftqif;ysuaf om uGuu
f sm;ukwt
f us 0wfxm;aomusaemft
h m; vlysK[
d yk if olrjrifc[
hJ k ajym
um &DBuJBuJvkyfae\/ usaemfu olrtysKdb0wGif &D;pm;rsm; &SdcJhonfjzpfap? ajcvGefvufvGefjzpfcJh
onfjzpfap usaemf t<uif;rJh cGihfvTwfonf/ tdrfaxmif&Sif usaemfhZeD;jzpfonfhaerSp wpfOD;ukd
wpfOD; opmapmifhodMu&rnf/ usaemfvnf; rnfonfhrdef;rESifhrQ razmufjyef/ olrvnf; rnfonfh
a,musmf ;ESirfh Q razmufjyef&[kajymum wpfO;D ESiw
fh pfO;D &J0phH mG uwdjyK\/ trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf JG
wGif usaemfaoqkH;oGm;onfhwkdif tdrfaxmifxyfjyK&ef olrqEr&Sd[kqkd\/
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D om,m0ajymvmrnfh Edik if EH iS u
fh saemfwYdk xlaxmifrnfh tdraf xmif
a&; jyemukdvnf; &Snfvsm;pGm aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ cspfolESpfOD; wpfOD;ukd wpfOD; ayGUzufNyD;
vGwv
f yfpmG ajymqkMd u &DMujyKMuonfrmS cPwmrQ rdepfwmrQxifcahJ omfvnf; nOfw
h pfem&DcD ef&Y o
dS mG ;
avNy/D NcKH rvkaH om uwyD gyk0gukd aemufaMumbufvaHk tmif NcKH Ny;D a&SUbufwiG f olrukd ayGUzufxm;
um usaemfwoufwGif wcgbl;rQrawGUbl;aom tdrfrufrsm;jzifh ESpfNcdKufpGm tdyfaysmfoGm;av\/
jynfolY em,uq&mawmf
usaemftm; r*FvmaqmifNyD; aemufwpfaeYwGif q&mawmfOD;pdEm\c&D;pOfukd aqG;aEG;Muyg
onf/ q&mawmfvw
G v
f yfa&;twGuf rD;usK;d armif;ysuf aoewfpw
k f 4-vufcefu
Y dk q&mawmfwynhf
ausmufiEGm;&GmolBu;D ukad c:Ny;D NrKd Uykid o
f Ydk tyfapcJo
h nf/ tpd;k &aMujimcsuw
f iG f ygovkd rdrw
d v
dYk ufwiG ;f
&Sd vufeufrsm;ESiw
fh uG rdrw
d u
Ydk ,
dk u
f dk rdrw
d t
Ydk vkt
d avsmuf 0ifa&muftyfE&HS rnfqcdk sut
f wkid ;f usaemf
wkdYrvkdufemcJhMu/ odkYESihf usaemfwkdY pdwfrvkH/ ,if;aMumihf prf;oyfrnfh EkdifiHa&;w&m;yGJ ESpfae&mukd
usaemfwYdk tckid t
f rm ajcukw,
f x
l m;onfh 'vufacsmif;w0Sr;f wGif jyKvyk &f efjzpfonf/ 'vufacsmif;
w0Sr;f wGif vufeufuidk f ajratmufawmfveS af &;wyfzUJG rsm;ukd tckid t
f rm usaemfwYdk zGUJ pnf;xm;onf/
&ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ ? &ckid jf ynfvil ,frsm;tpnf;tk;H ? awmifov
l ,form;tpnf;tk;H ?
trsK;d orD;rsm;tzGUJ ponfh vlxv
k w
l ef;pm; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;vnf; taumiftxnfazmf&adS eNyjD zpfonf/
q&mawmfEidk if aH &;w&m;yGw
J iG f NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfEiS fh ykvyd w
f u
Ydk q&mawmftm; zrf;vQif 0ifv&k ef
vnf; pDpOfxm;onf/ tpDtpOfrsm;ukd OD;aqmif&ef ukdvGef;omatmif? ukdOD;a&Tom (,ck
ausmif;q&m) ukdbpH( *l&GmajratmufawmfvSefa&; wyfzGJUacgif;aqmif)wkdYukd a&G;cs,fMuygonf/
usaemf ,ciftpDtpOftwkdif; usaemfq&mawmf ESifh wygwnf; rvdkfufEkdifNyD/ &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;\
"avhxkH;pOftwkdif; r*Fvmaqmifowkd;om;onf r*Fvmaqmifonfh nOfhrSpNyD; &ufowwygwfxd
tkd;tdrfruGm aexkdif&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
'vufacsmif;odYk oGm;Murnfh q&mawmfEiS w
hf uG udak rmifped v
f ES iS fh &Jabmfrsm;ukd Mumtif;awmif
&GmrS N*Hh[if;cg;&Gmxd usaemfvkdufykdYonf/ r*Fvmaqmifowkd;om; usaemfhtm; aemufajymifolu
aemufajymif? [kad r; 'Dar; ar;oluar;jzihf waomaom &DoaH rmoHrsm;jzihf usaemfwYkd vrf;avQmufvm
Muonf/ N*[
hH if;cg;&GmwGif rem;bJ q&mawmfEiS hf &Jabmfrsm;qufvuf vrf;avQmufomG ;Mu&if; usaemfh
tm; atmf[pfaemufajymifomG ;Muonf/ usaemf &Gmxdyw
f iG f rwkerf vIyf &yfuse&f pf\/ usaemf&h ifxJ
wGif [muGufBuD;wpfuGuf ae&m,lae\/ cgwkdif;qkdvQif usaemf acgif;aqmifNyD; tpDtpOfrsm;ukd

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

85

bkHaygufomausmf

csonf/ usaemfyifvQif ae&mwuma&mufonf/ usaemfyifvQif Ekid if aH &;w&m;yGrJ sm;wGif vufo;D vuf

armif;wef;Ny;D a[majymonf/ ,ck q&mawmfwEYdk iS t
fh wl usaemfrvku
d &f ? q&mawmfEiS hf &Jabmfrsm;tm;
rsufpdwqkH;rjrif&aomtcg aES;auG;aomajcvSrf;jzihf Mumtif;awmif&GmodkY usaemfjyefvmonf/
ysif;ovkdvkdESihf awG;csif&mawG;NyD; arsmaeaompdwfukd pDyDtuf,lbD (qkdAD,uf,leD,HuGefjrL
epforkdif;) pmtkyfxJ epfjrKyfxm;&av\/ aeYykdif;wGif pDyDtuf,lbD pmtkyfxJepfjrKyf? nOfhykdif;wGif
cspo
f &l ifciG x
f eJ pfjrK yjf zifh r*Fvmaqmifig;&ufajrmufaeYwiG f q&mawmfwYdk atmifjrifaom c&D;pOfjzihf
Mumtif;awmif&GmodkY jyefa&mufMuygonf/
q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwYkd qufxu
G &f rnfh c&D;um; tE&m,fvnf;rsm;onf? &Snv
f nf; &Snv
f sm;
onf/ ,if;aMumif tao;pdwftpDtpOfukd us,fjyefYpGm aqG;aEG;&onf/ rif;jym;NrdKU? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUwkdY
wGif EkdifiHa&;w&m;yGJ usif;yrnf/ odkYaomf nrtdyf? w&m;yGJNyD;vQif NrdKUrSxGufNyD; vkHNcHKpdwfcs&aom
aus;&GmwGiftdyfvnf;tdyfrnf/ vufeufukdif ajratmufawmfvSefa&;wyfzGJUacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
rsufESmpkHnD aqG;aEG;yGJusif;yrnf/ NrdKUjywGif EkdifiHa&;w&m;yGJ usif;yaepOf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfESihf
ykvyd w
f yfwu
Ydk zrf;vQif vlxek nf;jzifh 0kid ;f vk&rnf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ \ uvdru
f snpfywfrrI sm;ukd tvDvD
cH&NyDjzpf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukd wa&G;om;rQ usaemfwdkY r,kHMunf/ NrdKUjyrsm;wGif usif;yrnfh usaemfwkdY
Ekid if aH &;w&m;yGo
J Ykd aomif;aomif;zszsvx
l ck sw
D ufvma&;? jynfov
l x
l pk m;aomufaexkid af &;? acsmif;?
jrpfxx
l yfaomae&mrsm;wGif csw
D ufvmMuaomjynforl sm; tvG,w
f ul oGm;vmEkid af &;twGuf tcrJh
ul;wkdYukd aus;&Gmom;rsm;tultnDjzifh aqmif&Gufa&;wkdYukd tao;pdwfpDpOf&ygonf/
rif;jym;NrdKUe,ftwGuf AkdvfpdefxGef;atmif (uG,fvGef) ukdxGef;omatmif( ,ck NrdKUla[mif;NrdKU
orm;awmfBuD;) ukdeDxGef;atmif (&ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyf XmecsKyf Ou|a[mif;)
wkdYtm; vnf;aumif;? ajrmif;abGESihf NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUwkdYtwGuf ukdarmifpdefvS (,ck ajrmif;abG
ausmif;q&m)uko
d ef;pdef (Ekid if aH wmfaumifpt
D zGUJ 0ifEiS fh ygwDXmecsKyt
f wGi;f a&;rSL;-2) OD;avomatmif
OD;Akv
d af tmif? Akv
d yf ef;omOD; polwt
Ydk m;vnf;aumif;? ausmufawmfNrKd UtwGuf OD;armifvaS usmf (e,fcsUJ
awmfveS af &;wyfaygif;pk XmecsKyf wGb
J uftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;)? ukb
d mom (&ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G f
vyfa&;tzGUJ csKyf A[kt
d vkyt
f rIaqmif) wkt
Yd m;vnf;aumif; wm0efrsm;ukd tao;pdwf cGaJ 0ay;vku
d f
ygonf/
q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwYdk rif;jym;NrKd UodYk a&mufomG ;aomtcg urf;Twv
f rk Q pdwt
f m;xufoef
pGm BuKd qadk eMuaom jynfov
l x
l k ESpaf omif;ausm\
f wuf<uaomBuKd qrdk u
I kd &,lvu
dk &f \/ jynfol
rsm;onf rif;jym;NrKd UodYk em&Dyidk ;f twGi;f a&mufaeMuolrsm;csn;f r[kwMf u/ rkid af ygif; 30ausmaf 0;rnfh
aus;vufaus;&Gmrsm;rS acsmif;jrpfrsm;ukd twefwefjzwfNy;D rif;jym;NrKd UwGif nOft
h yd af pmifq
h idk ;f aexdik Mf u
olrsm; aomif;csDygae\/
rif;jym;NrKd Uvli,facgif;aqmif ukad 0ausmf (csi;f armifumG &GmwGif &JeaD tmifvif;? &JerD if;vGiw
f Ydk
ESihftwl csif;trsKd;om;rsm;vufxJ aoG;at;at;jzifh towfcHoGm;&aom usaemfhrdwf&if; &Jabmf
ukad 0ausm)f ESiv
fh il ,frsm;tultnDaMumihf rGe;f vGJ 12em&Dausmaf vmufwiG f Ekid if aH &;w&m;a[majym
yGJ vG,fulpGm usif;y&onf/
q&mawmfu obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ usaemfu urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;? trsKd;om;
vGwv
f yfa&;ukd vufeufjzihf wku
d ,
f al &;? ajrqDajrcGerf ay;a&;ESifh vufiw
k v
f uf&if; v,fyidk af &;rsm;
ukd a[majym\/ q&mawmfu EkdifiHwum tajctaersm;? vGwfvyfa&;&mrsm;ukd a[majymonf/
wm0efcGJ,lxm;onfhtwkdif; txl;ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDESihf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

86

bkHaygufomausmf

uGefjrLepfygwD(Armjynf) uGJtufaecsdef? zqyvXmecsKyfwGif acgif;aqmifygwDvkaecsdef? wygwDukd

wygwDMoZmcs? wOD;ukw
d OD;tjyif;txef ykwcf wfjzpfaecsed f q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwu
Ydk NAw
d o
d Qe,feUJ ukd
vufeufjzihf wkdufa&;twGuf *kdPf;*eygwDra&G; usaemfwkdY nDGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk zGJUpnf;rnf[k
jynfov
l x
l w
k &m;yGw
J idk ;f ? ae&mwumwkid ;f wGif a[majymMu\/ Ekid if aH &;w&m;yGt
J Ny;D usaemfwYdk cP
MumrQyif rif;jym;wGifrae/ tpDtpOftwkdif; jynfolvlxkESihf a&maESmNyD; jym;acsmif;&GmokdY ta&muf
csDwufvmMuonf/
pDpOfxm;onft
h wkid ;f jym;acsmif;&GmwGif Akv
d pf ed x
f eG ;f atmifEiS hf &Jabmfrsm;ukd awGUonf/ olw\
Ydk
vG,t
f w
d rf sm;xJwiG f vufypfA;Hk ? ajcmufv;Hk yl;? tykid ;f ykid ;f jzKwx
f m;aom pwif;*ef;aoewfrsm; ygMu\/
vrf;qkv
H rf;0toD;oD;wGif &Jabmfrsm;ukd uif;csonf/ nOft
h csed f NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfEiS fh ykvyd w
f yf
rsm; tvpfp;D 0kid ;f ydwjf cif;rcH&atmif jym;acsmif;teD;wpf0u
dk &f mG rsm;wGiv
f nf; toD;oD;uif;yke;f rsm;
csxm;vkdufonf/
usaemfwkdY naepm pm;NyD;qJ ukdkdxGef;(0efBuD;a[mif; ,ck oHtrwfBuD;)ESihf ukdvSarmif
(,ck oHtrwfBuD;) wkdY jym;acsmif;odkY aygufa&mufvmMu\/ c&D;a&mufrqkduf usaemfESifh ajymrem
qkrd em &if;ES;D aom ukv
d aS rmifu usaemfu
h dk tyluyfygonf/ olEiS Xhf mecsKyrf aS y;vku
d af om aiGig;axmif
ygvmonf/ ,if;aiGig;axmifudk ,lNy;D vufeufrsm;0,fyg/ usaemfwv
Ydk ufx&J dS armif;usK;d r[kwaf om
vufeufwpfcsKdUukd tyfyg/ ,ck usaemfwkdYtyfcJhaom aoewfrsm;rSm wpfvufrQ raumif;r[kwf[k
ajymav\/ aoewfc,
J rf;rD;ausmufupd u
kd usaemfwpfO;D wnf;oabmjzihf raqmif&u
G Ef idk /f q&mawmf
OD;pdEmyg aqG;aEG;yg/ aiGukdvnf; q&mawmfvufxJtyfyg[k ajymvnf;ajym? olYvufukdvnf;qGJNyD;
OD;&mpdEbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wGif wnf;ckdaeaom q&mawmf OD;pdEmxH olYukd usaemfac:oGm;\/
q&mawmf OD;pdEm tm; ukv
d aS rmifonf qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDXmecsKyw
f iG f ta&;ygaom acgif;aqmifwpfO;D
jzpfaMumif; rdwfqufay;\/ ukdvSarmifu q&mawmftm; aiGig;axmifuyfvSLonf/
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;? Ekid if w
H uma&;&mrsm;ukd q&mawmf? ukv
d aS rmif? uk
d x
dk eG ;f ESifh usaemf
wdkY 2em&DcefYaqG;aEG;Muonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJNyD;oGm;onfwGif aiGig;axmifjzifh vufeuf0,fyg/ ,ck
vufeufaumif;wcsKUd xyfNy;D tpk;d &xHtyfyg[k ukv
d aS rmif wcGe;f rQrajym? Ekid if aH &;'l;wku
d af qG;aEG;yGJ
wGif epfjrKyfoGm; ukdvSarmif arhoGm;ovm; usaemfrajymwwf/
nOfh 10em&Dcefw
Y iG f vufeufuidk f ajratmufawmfveS af &;wyfzUJG acgif;aqmif Akv
fd pf ed x
f eG ;f atmif
wkt
Yd m; oD;oefaY c:Ny;D q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemf aqG;aEG;wifjyygonf/ urmEh idk if aH &;&mrsm;? jynfwiG ;f tajc
taersm;ukd tao;pdw&f iS ;f jyonf/ olwpYdk nf;urf;ao0yfpmG aexkid af &;? wyfzUJG &Jabmfrsm;ukd aus;&Gm
rsm;wGif a&maESmxm;a&;wkdYukd tao;pdwfpDpOfMu\/ &Jabmfopfpkaqmif;a&;? vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;
xyfjznhfa&;? avhusihfay;a&;rsm;ukdvnf; qEwlnDrI&onfxd &Jabmfpdwftjynhft0jzifh oabmwl
Mu\/ ukdvSarmifay;vSLcJhaom aiGig;axmifxJrS aiGaMu;wcsKdUukd zJJhNyD; olwdkYtm; ay;vkdufonf/
tNrJwrf; bkdifusaeaom usaemfwdkY aiGaMu;w&Tif&Tif/
eHeuftmkHa&mufavNyD/ q&mawmfOD;pdEmtmkHqGrf; bkef;ay;aeqJ usaemfwkdY aumufif;
aygif;ESifh vbuf&nfaomufNy;D aeMuavNy/D ukv
d aS rmifu vufeufaumif;wpfcsKUd ukd tyfNy;D raeYu
olay;vSLcJah omaiGjzifh vufeufc,
J rf;rsm; tpm;xk;d 0,f,al &;ukd q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;ay;&ef
usaemhtm; wkdufwGef;\/ q&mawmftm; aqG;aEG;wifjyay;rnf[k usaemfwm0ef,lvkdufonf/
q&mawmfqGrf;bkef;ay;NyD; q&mawmfESifh usaemfwkdY jym;acsmif;&GmrS ajrmufbuft&yf
ajrmif;abGodkY vmMuonf/ ukdvSarmifESifh ukdkdxGef; awmifbuft&yf rif;jym;odkY jyefoGm;Muonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

87

bkHaygufomausmf

ajrmif;abGwGif udkarmifpdefvSwkdY twD;trIwfESihfwuG &maygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolrsm; vIdufvSJpGm

BuKd qadk eMuonf/ rGe;f wnfh 1em&Dcefw
Y iG f Edik if aH &;a[majymyGJ usi;f yygonf/ waomif;ausmrf Q&rdS nfh
jynforl sm; pdwt
f m;xufoefpmG jzihf usaemfw\
Ydk NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfwu
dk zf suaf &;? trsK;d om;nDw
G af &;?
vGwfvyfa&;vrf;pOfukd nDnmaomif;zsaxmufcHMu\/
Ekid if aH &;w&m;yGt
J Ny;D ukv
d aS rmifajymcJo
h nfv
fh ufeufwpfcsKUd xyftyfa&;ESihf vSLcJah omaiGjzifh
vufeuftpm;xkd;0,fa&;udpukd q&mawmftm; usaemfESpfOD;csif; aqG;aEG;jyonf/ q&mawmfu
udpr sK;d ukd olEiS u
fh saemfEpS Of ;D wnf;oabmjzihf raqmif&u
G o
f if/h c&D;rSjyefrS ta&;ygolrsm;yg ac:Ny;D
aqG;aEG;wkid yf ifoifah Mumif; &Si;f jy\/ usaemfw\
Ydk Ekid if aH &;w&m;yGEJ iS fh usaemfw\
Ydk aexkid pf m;aomuf
a&; paomudpt
00ukd ajrmif;abGpmoifausmif;tm; aiGaMu;tuket
f uscNH y;D uk,
d yf ikd x
f al xmifcahJ om
ukad rmifped v
f S zcif q&mBu;D OD;aomMumatmifEiS hf wuG ukad rmifped v
f ?S uko
d ef;pdew
f u
Ydk vkad vao;
r&Sdatmif ulnDMuojzifh usaemfwkdY wpkHw&mrQ tcuftcJr&SdMu/
aemufwaeYeHeuf 9em&DausmfcefYwGif NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU 0ifaygufokdY q&mawmfESihfusaemfwkdY
a&mufomG ;Muonf/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfov
l x
l \
k wuf<uaom? tk<H uaom vIu
d v
f aJS om
BudKqkdjcif;ukd cH,l&&Sd\/ rGef;wnfh 12em&DausmfcefYwGif EkdifiHa&;a[majymyGJukd pwifusif;yygonf/
ok;H aomif;ceY&f rdS nfh jynfov
l x
l k tkwt
f w
k o
f o
J aJ &mufaeMu\/ csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;pGmvnf;yg0ifonf/
olwo
Ydk nf rkid af ygif; 30ausmaf 0;uGmrnfh av;NrKd Uacsmif;zsm;rSae w&m;yGo
J Ydk ajcvsiv
f mMuolrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwm0efc,
JG x
l m;onft
h wkid ;f usaemfu urmNird ;f csr;f a&;ukd tpcsND y;D
a[majymMuonf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ wku
d zf suaf &;twGuf *dP
k ;f *eygwDra&G; wyfaygif;pkzUJG a&;ESihf trsK;d
om;nDGwfa&;wnfaqmufa&;wkdYukd usaemfwkdY t"duxm;NyD; a[majymMuygonf/
BuKd wifppD Ofxm;Muonft
h wkid ;f NrKd Ua[mif;Ekid if aH &;w&m;yGt
J Ny;D xGucf mG oGm;Muaomvltyk Ef iS fh
twl q&mawmfESihfusaemfwkdY wdrfkd&GmbufokdY xGufvmMuonf/ a0omvDbk&m;BuD;wGif usaemfwkdY
pcef;csMu\/ vG,t
f w
d rf sm;wGif vufypfA;Hk rsm;? ajcmufv;Hk jyL;rsm;ESifh jzKw,
f v
l maom pwif;*ef;rsm;ukd
vG,x
f m;onfh ajratmufawmfveS af &;&Jabmfrsm;ukd tqifoifah wGU&\/ nOft
h csed w
f iG f NAw
d o
d Qe,fcf sUJ
'vHppfwyfrsm; tvpfpD;jcif;rcH&atmif teD;em;aus;&Gmrsm;okdY uif;cGJcsxm;vkduf\/
teD;tem;rS a&mufvmMuaom aus;&Gm? wkdufe,f? NrdKUe,f acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf bk&m;BuD;
odraf wmfatmufwiG f yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif;aqG;aEG;Mu\/ nOfh 9em&Dcefw
Y iG f ac:,lxm;aom Akv
d af &Tom?
Akdvfyef;omatmif paomajratmufawmfvSefa&;wyfzGJUESihf jynfolvlxk waoG;wnf; wom;wnf;
jzpfa&;twGuf vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd toD;oD; cGJa0wm0ef,lMuonf/
ukv
d aS rmifay;cJah om aiGrsm;xJrsS oifah vsmaf omaiGaMu;ukv
d nf; olwt
Ydk m; cGaJ 0ay;vku
d o
f nf/
wyfom;opfrsm;ESifh tiftm;jznhw
fh if;a&;ESihf Ekid if aH &;ynm? ppfa&;ynmwku
Yd dk oifMum;jyornfh au'g
&Jabmfrsm; ykdYa&;twGuf usaemfwm0ef,l&onf/
xkH;pHtwkdif; q&mawmfOD;pdEm tmkHqGrf;pm;aepOf usaemfwkdY tqD&TJ&GTJxaeaom uRJEkdYukd
xef;vsufESihf pm;aomufNyD;MuavNyD/ qGrf;pm;NyD; q&mawmfESifh usaemfwkdY r[mrkedbk&m;bufodkY
OD;wnfcsw
D ufvmMuonf/ rkid af ygif;wpfq,fausm&f o
dS nhf vrf;wpfavQmufwiG f usaemfwYkd pdwBf uKd uf
vrf;avQmufciG rfh &/ rMumcP&yfem;&\/ vrf;wpfavQmufwiG f wvif;vSnafh eMuaom v,form;wJ
pkrsm;rS tpkvu
dk x
f u
G v
f mNy;D q&mawmftm; ukid ;f Twaf om pdw"f mwftjynht
f 0jzihf vuftyk cf su
D ef
awmhMu\/ a&yla&csrf;uyfvSLMu\/
olwkdYar;vkd odvkdaom EkdifiHa&;&mrsm;ukdvnf; ar;Mu\/ us,fjyefY xkxnfBuD;rm;aom

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

88

bkHaygufomausmf

awmifolv,form; pdwf"mwfwGif q&mawmfonf olwkdYacgif;aqmif?q&mawmfonf olwkdYzcif?

q&mawmfonf trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf tptqk;H r&S?d tepfemcH? taocHaeaom ydou
k m[k
olwkdYodMuonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd q&mawmfvufeufukdifwkdufyGJjzihf wkduf&ef 0efrav;?
vufiif;tm;jzihv
f nf; rsupf w
d qk;H Munhrf qk;H onfh jyKpak *gif;rsm;ykid f v,fajrrsm;ukd ajrqDcwjym;wcsyf
ray;bJ vkyu
f idk pf m;aomufaexkid &f onfrmS vnf; q&mawmfwYdk a&SUaqmifraI Mumifh jzpfonfudk olwYdk
vkH;0oabmaygufMuygonf/
r[mrkeb
d &k m;odrYk a&mufrDS zgvkt
H enf;i,fcefu
Y yif wD;rIwo
f rH sm; tkwt
f w
k o
f o
J jJ zpfaeaom
jynfov
l x
l \
k a<u;aMumforH sm;ukd Mum;ae&Ny/D r[mrkeb
d &k m;ra&mufrD 2-zgvkcH efu
Y yif ukv
d aS usmEf iS hf
BudKqkda&;tzGJUrS q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdYtm; a<uaMumfoHrsm;ukd vufoD;vufarmif; wef;NyD; BudKqkdf
aeMuNy/D q&mawmfjzwfomG ;onfEiS w
fh pfNyKd ief uf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomjynforl sm; ajrBu;D ukd 'l;wkwf
NyD; vuftkyfcsDuefawmhMu\/
q&mawmfEiS ahf &SUqifah emufqifh csw
D ufygvmaom ukad rmifped v
f ES iS hf usaemfx
h H trsK;d orD;xk
0kdif;vmMu\/ twefwefawmif;yefaeygvsuf usaemfwkdYESpfOD; yef;ukH;pGyfcH&onf/ a':r,fapmESihf
a':omrjzLwkYd acgif;aqmifaom trsK;d orD;xk\ tk<H urIudk xl;jcm;pGmawGU&onf/ vrf;ab;wpfbufpD
wGif BudKqkdaeMuaom jynfolvlxkrsm; a&SUarSmufrS q&mawmfjzwfoGm;onf/ ajrBuD;'l;wkwfNyD;
vuftyk cf su
D efawmhMuaom jynfov
l x
l rk sm;onf aumuf&w
d pf ufjzifh aumufyifrsm;ukd jzwfvu
dk o
f vkd
&yfae&mrS ajrBuD;odkY 'l;wkwfusoGm;\/
q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkYd ,m,Dwnf;ckd&ef aqmufvkyfxm;aom tdrfi,fxd ta&muf
ESpfaomif;rQaom jynfolwkdYu usaemfwdkYtm; tlvIdufoJvIdufBudKqkdMu\/ reufjzefusif;yrnfh
ajrmufykdif;wkdif; awmifolv,form; nDvmcHESihf usaemfwkdY\ EkdifiHa&; w&m;a[majymyGJ&SdaMumif;
ausmufawmfNrKd Ue,f? yvuf0ckid Ef iS fh NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd Ue,f ajrmufyidk ;f wkw
Yd iG f awmrD;yrm jyefEY v
YHS su&f adS e
avNyD/
nOft
h csed w
f iG f e,ftoD;oD;rSa&mufaeMuaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh usaemfwYdk Ekid if aH &;&mudp
ESifh reufjzefusif;yrnfh awmifolv,form;nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;rnfhtqkdukd a&G;cs,fMuygonf/
vufa&wjyifpD; pm;aomufaexkdifNyD; wu,fhjynhf0aom &Jabmfpdwf"mwfjzihf 'l;wkdufaqG;aEG;Muyg
onf/
vGwfvyfa&;tqkdESihfwuG 0&rf;xkwfcHae&aom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; vkH;0vGwfa&;? *syefaiG
puLukd w&m;r0ifjyKcjhJ cif;aMumifh ay;p&mvnf; aiGr&Sad om v,form;rsm;tm; ajrcGev
f w
G cf iG jfh yKa&;
ESifh vufikwfvuf&if;rsm; v,fajrvufrvGwfa&;wkdYudk nDvmcHodkY wifoGif;&ef wnDwGwfwnf;
oabmwlMuNyD/ a'oqkdif&mtqkdrsm;wGif tenfi,fjiif;MuckHMujzpfum wifoGif;rnfhtqkdrsm;udp
vG,v
f ifw
h ulNy;D jywfomG ;ygonf/ wcsrd chf srd jhf zpfaeaom Zmwfyb
JG ufoYkd aqG;aEG;yGNJ y;D vQif Ny;D csi;f usaemf
wkdYxGufvmMu\/ ZmwfyGJwGif wyg;oGm; rif;orD;uckefae\/
usaemfwkdYvlpk t&ufBudKufolu xrif;qkdifESihf wGJbufxm;aomt&ufqkdif? vbuf&nf
BuKd uo
f u
l vbuf&nfqidk ?f rkew
Yf BD uKd uo
f u
l rkew
Yf q
D idk rf sm;wGif 0ifNy;D pm;aomufMu\/ c&D;&Snv
f nf;
xGufcJh&? EkdifiHa&;&m? ppfrufa&;&mrsm;ukdvnf; vrf;wpfavQmufvkH;aqmif&GufcJh& EGrf;&daeaom
usaemf? vbuf&nfEiS fh rket
Yf enf;i,fpm;Ny;D wnf;ckpd cef;odjYk yefvmonf/ uif;vkNH cKH atmifjyKNy;D tdy&f m
odkY usaemfwef;0ifum ESpfNcdKufpGmtdyfvkdufonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

89

bkHaygufomausmf

,aeYr[mrked bk&m;yGJawmfaeYr[kwf/ odkYaomf eHeuf 6em&Dausmfavmufuyif r[mrked

uke;f awmfEiS fh ,ifjyifay:wGif jynforl sm;\ a<u;aMumforH sm;jzifh jynfv
h Qv
H Qu&f adS eavNy/D av;aomif;
cef&Y rdS nfh jynfo\
l a<u;aMumfoo
H nf rk;d aumif;uifxd jrifrh m;ae\/ wu,fw
h uf<uaeaom jynfoYl
tm;rmef? NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukd &ifqkdifrnfh jynfolYtm;rmef/ eHeuf 7em&DcefYwGif q&mawmfobmywd
rddefYcGef;ajymNyD; tpnf;ta0;ukd pwifvkdufonf/
q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemf rdrw
d m0efcaJG 0,lxm;onft
h wkid ;f a[majymMuonf/ tqkrd sm;wifoiG ;f
jcif;?axmufcjH cif;wku
Yd dk b0emaeaom wu,fv
h ,form;acgif;aqmifEiS fh trsK;d orD;acgif;aqmifrsm;
wifoiG ;f a[majymMuonf/ tqkrd sm;ESifh axmufccH surf sm;ukd olwb
Ydk 0vufawGUjzihf ,SONf y;D wifjyMu&m
v,form;acgif;aqmifrsm;u *syefaiGpuLw&m;r0ifjyKvkdufNyD; ppfwyfESihf ykvdyfwyfwkdYu 0kdif;
ajrcGeaf jrc wpf&mG 0ifwpf&mG xGuf aumufcjH cif;? ajrcGerf ay;Ekid
f waeYv;Hk aevSe;f xm;jcif;? *wfcsKyf
xJwiG f tpma&pm vk;H 0rauR;bJ ESmacgif;xJ a&aEG;ylavmif;xnfh ppfbed yfjzihf &ifbwfudk uefausmuf?
'kwjf zihf u
dk jf cif;wku
Yd kd wifjyMuonf/ uREJ mG ;rsm;tkyv
f u
dk f todr;f cH&jcif;rsm;ukd &ifeifb
h ,
G f a[majymMu
onf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;uvnf; rdrdb0 ukd,fawGUrsm;ukd wifjyMuonf/
ajrqDc tjynht
f 0ay;ygvsuEf iS fh aemufEpS t
f wGuf v,fo;D pm;csc&H ap&ef orD;ysKu
d adk c:Ny;D
ZmrD'gjyKpak *gif; ajr&SiBf u;D tdrw
f iG f taptyg;tjzpf aiGaMu;wpfjym;rQ r&bJ vkycf &hJ jcif;? yk*w
H pfcsyf
uGJvQif wpfcsyfbkd;avsmfaMu;ay;&jcif;? vlom;pm;wwfaom jyKpka*gif;wkdY ajcawmfwifcH&jcif;wkdYukd
&Sif;jy&if; tqkdrsm;ukd wifoGif;jcif;? axmufcHjcif; jyKoGm;Muonf/ nDvmcHokdYwufa&mufaeonfh
av;aomif;cef&Y adS om jynfov
l x
l o
k nf tHwBuw
d Bf uw
d jf zihf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfudk rke;f wD;aeMuonf/
ZmrD'gjyKpka*gif;rsm;ukd atmhESvkH;emaeMu\/
olwkdY\b0tawGUtBuHKrsm;jzihf NAdwdoQe,fcsJU ukdvkdeDuRefb0u vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh Zmrd'g
ajr&Sipf epfq;dk wku
d zf suaf &;twGuf aoG;w<u<ujzpfaeMu\/ NAw
d o
d Quv
dk edk u
D Reb
f 0qk;d ? Zmrd'gajr&Sif
pepfq;dk wku
Yd kd wku
d af &;twGuf olwaYdk oG;jzihf &if;ES;D &ef 0efrav;Mu/ eHeuf 10em&Dcefw
Y iG f nDvmcHNy;D pD;
kyfodrf;ygNyD[k aMujimvkdufonfhwkdif ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmef wuf<uaeaom jynfolYtm;rmefukd
jynfolrsm; jyaeqJyif &SdaeMu\/
ausmufawmfyv
k yd o
f r*\ zdwaf c:csut
f wkid ;f q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwYdk ykvyd o
f r*raS uR;arG;
aom abmZOft[m&rsm;ukd pm;aomufMuygonf/ usaemfwYkd rif;jym;NrKd U? NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U paom NrKd Uwku
Yd dk
jzwfoef;vmcJhpOfuyif ykvdyfor*tzGJUxJ&Sd usaemfwkdYvl,kHrsm;jzihf usaemfwkdY qufoG,fcJhygonf/
usaemfwkdYtm; zrf;qD;aESmuf,Suf&ef jynfxJa&;XmerSvnf;aumif;? txuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS
vnf;aumif;? TGefMum;csufvkH;0r&SdaMumif;ukd usaemfwkdY odcJh&NyD/ ,if;tjyif ausmufawmfykvdyf
or*xJwGif usaemfESihf ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif; ukdapmxGef;wkdY ta&;ygaom wm0efrsm;ukd
xrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/ olwkdYuvnf; q&mawmfESifh usaemfwkdYtm; txufrS trdefYay;onfhwkdif
zrf;qD;aESmuf,u
S jf cif;rjyK/ olwt
Ykd vkyjf yKwcf &H rnfudk tmrcHcsujf yKxm;ojzifh q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwYdk
olwaYdk uR;arG;orQudk ausmufawmfNrKd UwGif at;aq;pGm pm;aomufaexkid Mf ujcif; jzpfygonf/ ukv
d x
S eG ;f
ausmf (NAdwdoQe,fcsJUESihf zufqpf*syefukd vufeufukdifawmfvSefcJhaom uG,fvGefol awmfvSefa&;
acgif;aqmif) u vTwfvkdufaom vli,fwpfpk? ausmufawmfodkYa&mufvmMuonf/ q&mawmfESihf
usaemfwt
Ydk wGuf pk;d &drpf &m wqHjcnfrQr&SNd y/D ppfawGNrKd UodYk <u&ef zdwaf c:av\/ ppfawGNrKd UodYk vku
d o
f ifh
rvkdufoihfukd q&mawmfESifhusaemfwkdY bufpkHa'gifhpkH waeukefwaecrf; tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;Mu
onf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

90

bkHaygufomausmf

q&mawmfEiS hf usaemfwt
Ydk m; zrf;qD;aeSmuf,u
S cf &H rnfh tajctaeqk;d rsm; r&Sad wmhNy/D tcGifh
omonft
h cg ppfawGNrKd Uomru &ckid jf ynfwpfjynfv;Hk odYk oGm;oifo
h nf/ trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tm; vufeufpu
JG idk f wku
d af &;vrf;pOfEiS fh trsK;d om;nDw
G af &;vrf;pOfwu
Ydk dk jynfov
l x
l k
rsm;ESifh ygwDtzGJUtpnf;rsm;vufcHvm&ef aqmif&Guf&rnf/ vufiif;tm;jzihf ppfawGNrdKUokdYoGm;um
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk tm; vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;ESifh trsK;d om;nDw
G af &;rsm; vkyo
f ifah Mumif;wku
Yd dk
usaemfwkdY wnDwGwfwnf; qEwlnDoGm;Muygonf/
ppfawGNrdKU tm&uH zvkdwD;,m;ukrPD (,ck ppfawGjynfwGif;a&aMumif; ykdYaqmifa&;aumfykd
a&;&Si;f ) qdyu
f rf;odYk ,if;ukrP
yD idk f rD;oabFmjzihf q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwaYdk &mufcsed w
f iG f aepkwpf w
k f
0ifaeavNy/D odaYk omf BuKd ;rJah Mu;eef;jzihf taMumif;Mum;xm;csuaf Mumifh ukv
d x
S eG ;f ausm?f ukad rmifausmf
(,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,for0g,r OD;armifausmf)paom vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf jynfolig;&mcefY
usaemfwkdYtm; BudKqkdorIjyKMuygonf/
tqifoifh&Sdaeaomarmfawmfum;rsm;jzihf ppfawGNrdKU &Gmya*gif;&yf&Sd usaemhftcif(OD;av;)
yGpJ m;Bu;D OD;xGe;f atmifausmt
f rd o
f Ydk usaemfwYdk wef;wef;rwfrwfomG ;Muygonf/ if;tdrw
f iG yf if usaemf
wkYd wnf;ckv
d u
dk Mf uygonf/ ppfawGNrKd UrS tjcm;NrKd Ursm;okYd ,aeYwidk v
f nf; uke;f vrf;c&D;? armfawmfum;
rD;&xm;jzifh oGm;r&? xkpd Ofu av,mOfc&D;vnf;r&S/d tm&uHzvkw
d ;D ,m;ykid f rD;oabFmjzihf &ufow
wpfywfvQif aygufawmNrKd UodYk ESpBf urd o
f mG ;vmaeonf/ reufjzef rD;oabFm aygufawmNrKd UodYk xGurf nf/
aygufawmNrKd UESifh ppfawGNrKd UrSm 10rkid cf efo
Y m a0;uGmrnfjzpfaomfvnf; a&vrf;rSty tjcm;enf;jzihf
oGm;r&/ ,if;aMumifh tcsdefwkdtwGif; ppfawGwGif EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[myGJwpf&yf usif;yEkdif&ef
tylwjyif; pDpOf&\/
udv
k x
S eG ;f ausm?f ukad rmifausmpf aom vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;\ tm;BuKd ;rmefwufaqmif&u
G f
ay;jcif;aMumifh ppfawGem&DpifBu;D atmufwiG f usaemfwYdk Ekid if aH &;w&m;a[mcGi&fh cJ&h onf/ q&mawmf
OD;pdEm ESihf usaemfwYdk Ekid if aH &;w&m;a[mrnfuadk rmif;xkaMujimjcif;? vli,frsm;u tpkvu
dk af e&mtESYH
vIHYaqmfjcif;wkdYaMumihf wkdawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif; ig;axmifcefY&Sdrnfh ppfawGNrdKUol NrdKUom;rsm; nOfh
9em&DcefYwGif em&DpifBuD;atmufodkY pkkH;a&muf&SdvmMuonf/
ppfawGvli,frsm;tm;rmefjzihf rdepftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif tNyD;aqmufxm;onfh EkdifiHa&;
pifjrifw
h iG f q&mawmfO;D pdEm ? q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[? ukad rmifvaS usm?f OD;vSxeG ;f ausmEf iS fh usaemfwYdk
ae&m,lvu
dk &f \/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm ? q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[? ukad rmifvaS usmEf iS fh usaemfwYdk Ekid if aH &;
w&m;a[majymMuygonf/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm ? ukad rmifvaS usmEf iS fh usaemfwYkd a[majymk;d ajympOftwkid ;f urmNh ird ;f csr;f a&;?
Edik if w
H uma&;? trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfudk vufeufjzihf wku
d zf suaf &;? trsK;d
om;nDGwfa&;ukd a[majymMuygonf/
txl;ojzihf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd awmfveS &f ef pdraf c:vku
d Mf uygonf/ ppfawGNrKd Uol NrKd Uom;
rsm;twGuf q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESifh usaemfw\
Ykd olyek Ef idk if aH &; w&m;yGJ (NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfudk awmfveS f
&efvaYHI qmfy)JG ukd tBurd o
f nf yxrtBurd f Mum;em&jcif;yif jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf/ xkpd Ofu ppfawG
NrdKUonf tpOftvmtm;jzihf ZmrD'gjyKpka*gif; ajr&SifBuD;rsm;\ MoZmoufa&mufrIatmufwGif &Sdae
onf/
ZmrD'gjyKpka*gif;onf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUvufyg;apvufa0cHtjzpf cH,lum {uaxmifaomif;&Sd
aom v,fajrrsm;ukd ESpf 90-*&H,lonf/ ajr,mrJhrsm;ukd oD;pm;csonf/ v,fw&SOf; (6.4 {u)ukd

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

91

bkHaygufomausmf

oD;pm;c pyg; awmif;okH;&mxd ,lonf/ &ckdifpyg;awmif;pHcsdefrSm 12okduf (wokdufwGif EkdYqDbl;

4vH;k &S\
d /) awmif;jzpfaomfvnf; oD;pm;c,laom ZmrD'gjyKpak *gif;ajr&SiBf u;D \awmif;rSm 14oku
d 0f if
pyg;awmif;jzpfonf/ ZmrD'gajr&SifBuD;onf tqrwefaps;ESdrfNyD; pyg;rsm;ukd0,fonf/ BuD;rm;aom
pyg;wkd;ukd,lonf/ bPfrsm;zGifhvSpfNyD; a&Taygif ajraygifcHonf/ a&Twpfusyf aiG 30d? wefzkd;&SdvQif
15usyjf ziht
f aygifcNH y;D twk;d Bu;D pm;pepfq;dk jzifh v,form;rsm;\ a&Trsm;uko
d rd ;f ,lonf/ v,fw&SO;f
aiG 1000dwefzkd;&SdvQif aiG 500day;NyD; twkd;BuD;pm;pepfqkd;jzihf v,form;rsm;\ v,fajrrsm;ukd
odrf;,lonf/
vlru
dk rf sm;arG;Ny;D olwjYdk yKp&k dS v,f,moD;pm;orm;rsm;\toufudk aeYpOfEiS t
fh rQ Ncrd ;f acsmuf
xm;onf/ r,m;uGm vifuGmrsm;ukd olwkdYqkH;jzwfonf/ Budrf'Pftjypfay;onf/ aiG'Pftjypfay;
onf/ vlom;pm;wufaom jyKpak *gif;rsm;ESihf arG;xm;aom vlru
dk rf sm;\ vufcw
k x
f w
J iG f v,form;
orD;ysKdrsm; vlrqefpGm b0ESpfjrKyf&onf/
twkr&Sdcsrf;om <u,f0vmaom ZmrD'gjyKpka*gif;ajr&SifBuD;rsm;onf olwkdYom;orD; aqGrsKd;
nmwdrsm;ukd bDvyf(vef'efNrdKU) okdYykdY trsKd;rsKd;aom 'D*&Drsm;ukd &,laponf/ omrefjynfolxJrS
xl;cReaf om tkid -f pD-tuf(I.C.S)ay:vmvQiv
f nf; aiGjzifah ygufNy;D rdrw
d o
Ykd rD;ysKd om;ysKrd sm;ESifh r*Fvm
aqmif ay;um olwkdYbufodkY odrf;oGif;,lonf/
odkYjzihf ZmrD'gjyKpka*gif; ajr&SifBuD;rsm;vufwqkwfpmonf &ckdifjynfwGif v,f,majr{u
aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmukdykdifonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd ukdifonf/ w&m;pD&ifa&;ukd ukdifonf/ jrefrmjynf
ygvDref(NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ acwf ygvDrefvw
T af wmf) yif olwMYdk oZmavmif;&dyaf tmufrS rvGwcf &hJ / (OyrmOD;a&Tom? qmxGef;ay:? qmxGef;atmifausmf? OD;a&Tjr) ZmrD'gjyKpka*gif; vufwqkyfpm ajr&SifBuD;wkdY
onf ajrqDcray;a&;ESihf vufikwfvuf&if; v,fajrvufrvGwfa&;wkdufyGJukd taumiftxnfazmf
aesaom q&mawmfOD;pdEmESihfusaemfwkdYtm; atmhESvkH;emonfrSm obm0usygonf/
ZmrD'gajr&SiBf u;D rsm;ESifh olv
Y ufyg;ap vlru
dk w
f \
Ydk ab;tE&m,frS ukv
d x
S eG ;f ausmf acgif;aqmif
aom usaemfwkdY vli,frsm;onf EkdifiHa&;w&m;yGJwGif wpkHw&m aESmuf,Sufjcif; rjyK0Hhatmif &J0HhpGm
wm0ef,lMuonfukd usaemfrSwfwrf;rwifbJ raeEkdifyg/
Ekid if aH &;w&m;yGNJ y;D usaemfww
Ydk nf;ckad om OD;xGe;f atmifausmf tdro
f aYdk &mufaomtcg nOfh
11 em&DcefY&SdaeNyD/ OD;xGef;atmifausmfu q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdYoGm;vma&;p&dwftjzpf aiGig;&m
vSLonf/ usaemfwdkYwGif aiGaMu;tvkHtavmuf&Sdojzihf usaemfwkdY twefwefjiif;onf/ odkYaomf
ol\xufoefjzLpifaom apwemukd jiif;y,fraumif;ojzihf aiGig;&mukd vufcHvkduf&onf/
usaemfwkdY yifyef;EGrf;&daeMuonf/ tdyfcsifaeMuygNyD/ okdYaomf usaemfwkdY rtdyfMu&/
ukv
d x
S eG ;f ausmf tygt0if ppfawGvil ,facgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf usaemfwYkd 'l;wku
d &f ifziG afh qG;aEG;Mu&\/
a&SUvkyif ef;pOfrsm;ESifh ppfawGNrKd U vli,frsm;ukd tajccHNy;D pnf;k;H vIaYH qmfa&;rsm;ukd tao;pdyaf qG;aEG;
Muygonf/ ukdvSxGef;ausmfESihf vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; 0rf;ajrmuf&Tifvef;pGmjzihf vGwfvyfa&;
'Drkdua&pDa&;ESifh qkd&S,fvpfa&;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif&ef wm0ef,loGm;Muygonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJU ukdvkdeDpepfqkd;atmufrS vufeufukdifkef;xGufa&;twGuf ajray:ajratmuf
vkyif ef;rsm;ukd wm0ef,o
l mG ;Muygonf/ aemufwaeYeeH ufapmapm tm&uHzvkw
d ;D ,m; rD;oabFmjzihf
q&mawmfOD;pdEmESihfusaemfwkdY aygufawmNrdKUodkY vmMu\/ aygufawmNrdKUq&mawmf OD;em&'\
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wGif wnf;ckdvkdufMu\/ q&mawmfOD;em&'? OD;vSxGef;abmf(tNidrf;pm; vlrI
0efxrf;)ESihf OD;pH*;dk atmif rdom;pkrsm;\tultnDjzihf toif&h adS om jynfov
l x
l Ek pS af omif;ausmf tm;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

92

bkHaygufomausmf

q&mawmfESifh usaemfwkdY EkdifiHa&;w&m; a[majymMuygonf/

trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; wkdufyGJacgif;aqmif? awmifolv,form;xk\bcif? ajratmuf
awmfveS af &;wyfzUJG rsm;\ tm;xm;rScD &dk mjzpfonfh OD;pdEm \Ekid if aH &;MoZmonf rd;k xdatmiftwkid ;f r&Sd
jrifrh m;aeonf/ q&mawmfEiS hf usaemfwYdk zdwaf c:aom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0rS vGwaf jrmuf
a&;twGuf zGUJ pnf;rnfh trsK;d om;nDw
G af &; wyfaygif;pkvrf;pOfudk ode;f aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfov
l x
l k
axmufcHvm\/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;trsKd;rsKd;uvnf; axmufcHvm\/
q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[? OD;ausmjf r( ,ck awmckd AuyA[kad umfrw
D )D ? OD;kx
d eG ;f (0efBu;D a[mif;
,ck tzGJUacgif;aqmif)? OD;MumvSatmif (xkdpOfu &ckdifjynfolY&JabmftzGJUacgif;aqmif)? OD;bapm
(0efBu;D a[mif;ESihf oHtrwfBu;D )? OD;omxGe;f (,ck oHtrwfBu;D ) OD;b[ef (awmckd Auy a&epfaoqk;H
oGm;ol)? OD;bk;d EG,(f ausmufjzLckid f NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ESifh *syefzufqpfawmfveS af &;acgif;aqmif)ponfrsm;
ESifh q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwYdk tBuw
d t
f e,f aqG;aEG;Muonf/ zsm;a,mif;rI? Ncrd ;f acsmufrI wpkw
H &mryg
bJ yGifhvif;pGm tvDvD'l;wkduf&ifzGihfMuygonf/
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0rS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf vufeufpu
JG idk f wku
d zf suaf &;tygt0if
Edik if aH &; pnf;k;H a&;enf;rsK;d pkjH zihf trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;ukd t&,l&ef qEwn
l o
D mG ;Mu\/ wyfaygif;pk
nDvmcHudk q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwYkd vkyt
f m;tjynht
f 0ay;Ekid o
f nfh a'ojzpfaom ajrykNH rKd UwGif usi;f y
&efvnf; tm;vk;H oabmwlMu\/ wyfaygif;pknv
D mcHudk jrefrmjynf&dS ygwDtoD;oD;ESifh vlxv
l w
l ef;pm;
rsm;\ 0g'oabmxm;vrf;pOfrsm;ukd nDvmcHjynfolrsm;tm; a[majymcGihfjyKrnf/
rw&m;toif; aMujimcHae&aom tvHe(D uGejf rLepfygwD Armjynf) ygwDuv
dk nf; tjcm;ygwD
rsm; ESihf wef;wlzw
d af c:rnf/ jrefrmjynf&dS ygwDtoD;oD;ESihf vlwef;pm;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;tm; zdwaf c:
&mwGifvnf;aumif;? &cdkifjynf&Sd ygwDtoD;oD;ESifh vlwef;pm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; zdwfac:&mwGif
vnf;aumif;? tjcm;udpt00ukd aqmif&Gufa&;wGifvnf;aumif;? q&mawmf OD;pdEm? q&mawmf
OD;ynmoD[wku
Yd jynfoeYl m,uq&mawmfrsm;tjzpfEiS fh usaemfu aqmfMooltjzpf wm0ef,&l efudk
vnf; wpkHwOD;rQ uefYuGufa0zefjcif;r&SdbJ wm0ef,lMuygonf/
,if;aMumifh q&mawmfOD;pdEm? q&mawmfOD;ynmoD[ESihf usaemfvufrSwfa&;xkd;NyD; tvHeD
ygwDtygt0if jrefrmjynf&dS Ekid if aH &;ygwDtoD;oD;ESihf vlxv
k w
l ef;pm; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;tm; tcsK;d us
ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwf&efvnf; zdwfac:ygonf/
&efukefodkY ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJU
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUvufxJrS trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukd vufeufukdifenf;jzifh wkdufckduf,l&eftxd
&ckid jf ynf&dS xdyw
f ef;Ekid if aH &;ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh MunfjzLpGmoabmwlnrD I &&Scd ahJ vNy/D q&mawmf
OD;pdEm tygt0if &ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKyEf iS fh &ckid jf ynfvil ,frsm; tpnf;tk;H acgif;aqmif
rsm;\ &ifziG afh qG;aEG;yGu
J dk usi;f yonf/ usaemfacgif;aqmifNy;D q&mawmf\wynh&f if;rsm; jzpfMuaom
armifESif;vSESihf ijyL;wkdYukd &efukefNrdKUokdY ukd,fpm;vS,fapvTwfonf/
uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ 0if\t"duwm0efrmS NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk atmufrS trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;
ukd vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh,lrnfh ygwDtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh r[mrdwfjyKa&;yifjzpfonf/
xkad wmfveS af &;ygwDtzGUJ tpnf;rS uk,
d pf m;vS,u
f dk ac:,lEidk u
f ac:,lvma&;jzpfonf/ 1947-ckEpS f
azazmf0g&DvwGif armifEiS ;f vS? ijyL;ESifh usaemfwo
Ydk ;Hk OD; avSi,fwpfp;D jzihf ausmufiEGm;&GmrS rtDacsmif;
&Gmr&Gmxd? avSi,fay:wGif rvl;om rvGefYombJ okH;&ufokH;aeY 'kucHvmMu&\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

93

bkHaygufomausmf

rtDacsmif;&Gmr&GmrS awmifuw
k Nf rKd UodYk aeylBuBJ uaJ tmufwiG f ajcvsiaf vQmufum awmifuw
k f
rS ya'gif;NrKd UodYk tiSm;armfawmfum; bwfpu
f m;jzifh vku
d o
f mG ;&\/ awmifuw
k rf S &ckid f ;dk rawmifay:odYk
wufNy;D rkid 2f 0-ceft
Y uGmwGif tqifoifah e&m,lxm;aom aoewfvufeufuidk f "m;jyrsm;u armfawmf
um;ukd &yfckdif;onf/
vlrqefaom kd;r"m;jyrsm;\taMumif;ukd tpif;odNyD; vdrmyg;eyfaom 'kdifbmonf
armfawmfum;ukd puf&edS o
f wfovkjd yKum "m;jyrsm;\a&SUarSmufa&mufonfEiS w
fh pfNyKd ief uf w[kex
f ;dk
puf&Sdefukd tpGrf;ukefjrihfNyD; armif;xGufoGm;\/ w0D0D w'kdif;'kdif;"m;jyrsm; kdifz,faoewfpwif;*ef;
aoewfrsm;jzihf ypfcwf\/ um;ay:ygolrsm; tvsm;vku
d af rSmufNy;D jzpfomG ;ojzihf wOD;rS 'Pf&mr&/
usaemfwdkYokH;OD; acsmarmpGm &efukefokdYa&mufoGm;onf/ qef;'0pfvrf;&Sd jynfxJa&;0ef;BuD;jzpfvkqJ
jzpfaeaom OD;ausmfNidrf;tdrfwGif wnf;ckdMuygonf/
OD;ausmNf ird ;f ESiw
fh uG qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDXmecsKyf Ou|ocifjr(Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wkEYd iS t
fh wl vkyBf uH
owfjzwfco
H mG ;&aom acgif;aqmifBu;D ocifjr) ESifh OD;AaqG(0efBu;D csKyEf iS fh umuG,af &;0efBu;D a[mif;
OD;AaqG) paomyk*Kd vrf sm;ukv
d nf; usaemfw\
Ydk NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepf wku
d zf suaf &;ESifh trsK;d om;vGwv
f yf
a&;vrf;pOfudk us,jf yefaY omygwDtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;jzihf ajrykNH rKd UwGif nDvmcHusi;f yNy;D wyfaygif;pkzUJG a&;
udpr sm;? 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;ESifh qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wkt
Yd wGuf usaemfw\
Ydk vky&f yfwu
Ydk dk tao;pdwu
f saemfwifjy
ygonf/ q&mawmfOD;pdEm? q&mawmfOD;ynmoD[ESihf usaemfvufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;aom ajrykH
wyfaygif;pknDvmcHbdwfpmukdvnf; ay;tyfygonf/ qkd&S,fvpfygwD\tajccHrl0g'ESifh vrf;pOfrsm;
vky&f yfrsm;ukd ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHwiG f rysurf uGuf a[majymvmMu&efvnf; usaemfwifjyygonf/
usaemfwkdY &efukefokdYa&mufaomaeYwGif a&Twd*kHbk&m;ajc&if;&Sd yd#uwfwkdufZ&yfwGif usif;y
onfq
h &dk ,
S v
f pfygwD nDvmcHNy;D pD;aeonfh aeY&ufEiS w
fh u
dk q
f idk af eygonf/ ,if;aeYnae ygwDnv
D mcH
tNy;D ocifjrwkEYd iS u
fh saemfomG ;wk;d &m olwb
Ydk w
d af c:ojzihf pm;aomufqidk w
f pfqidk 0f ifNy;D pm;aomufMu
&\/ ygwDnv
D mcH\oabmxm;ESifh qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;ukv
d nf; odciG &hf \/ zqyvrS ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwDukd xkwfy,fvkduf&m AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhocifjrwkdY tay;t,lvkyfMujcif;? qkd&S,fvpfygwDrS
ta&;ygaom jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D Xmewdu
Yk dk &&Srd nfjzpfjcif;wku
Yd v
dk nf; usaemfo&d onf/ ocifjru usaemfh
tm; &ckid jf ynfwiG f vufiif;tm;jzihf wkid ;f pnf;k;H a&;rSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifoifah Mumif;/ vpOfaxmuf
yHah Mu;aiGvnf; tvkt
H avmuf&rnfjzpfaMumif; aemifusaemft
h wGuf wufvrf;rsm;pGm &Sad o;aMumif;
wkdYudkvnf; vrf;zGihfxm;um ajymjy\/
usaemfvufiif; bmwm0efrQr,lEidk /f usaemf\vufiif;wm0efrmS ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHudk
usi;f y&ef tm;wufoa&mvky&f rnf/ &ckid jf ynfwiG f NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ uReb
f 0rS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf
vufeufuidk w
f u
dk yf x
JG d 0ifrnfyh gwDtzGUJ aygif;pkyH gaom wyfaygif;pkBu;D wpfcu
k dk rMumrDxal xmif&awmh
rnf[k tpcsu
D m &ckid jf ynfwiG f usaemfwYdk aqmif&u
G af eaom vGwv
f yfa&;'Dru
dk a&pDa&;ESifh qk&d ,
S v
f pf
a&;rsm;ukd usaemftus,fw0ifh&Sif;jyvkduf&ygonf/
usaemf\wm0ef0w&m;twkdif; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD XmecsKyfodkYoGm;onf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
pepfqkd;ESihf zufqpf*syefpepfqkd;wkdYukd awmfvSefcJhMuaom aoabmfaobuf vkyfazmfukdifbuf
OD;odef;azjrifhukd uGefjrLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufvsufawGUonf/ olYtm;
usaemfawGU& usaemfEpS af xmif;tm;&0rf;ajrmufovkd olvnf; usaemft
h m; ESpNf cKd upf mG BuKd qv
dk ufcH
\/ usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D Ekid if aH &;vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;ukd tm;yg;w&ajymMuonf/ olt
Y rd o
f Ydk nOfOh ;D ykid ;f wGif

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

94

bkHaygufomausmf

vm&ef usaemft
h m; olv
Y yd pf mukd ay;onf/ usaemfvnf; ajrykn
H v
D mcHwyfaygif;pk bdwpf mukd olv
Y ufxJ
tyfvkduf\/
,if;tjyif tvHeDygwDESihfb,fvkdqufoG,fvQif &rnfenf;[k olYukd pdwfcs,kHMunfpGm
ar;jref;vkdufonf/ olwkdYygwDXmecsKyfab;em;&Sd "gwfykHwkdufwGifar;vQif tvHeDygwD A[kdaumfrDwD
xGef;oef;qkdolESihf qufoG,f&EkdifaMumif; olvrf;Tefjyonf/ tvHeDygwD( uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynf)
ESihf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwkdY\ BuD;rm;aom y#dyuonf xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifjzpfaumif;jzpfaernf/
odaYk omf OD;ode;f azjrifEh iS fh usaemfrmS wOD;ESiw
hf OD; a*smufweG ;f &rnfo
h rl sm; r[kw&f um;? OD;ode;f azjrifh
ukd wxpfcs,kHojzihf olwkdYXmecsKyfkH;rSxGufvQifxGufcsif; oG,f0kdufroGm;awmhbJ ,if;"gwfykHwkdufokdY
usaemfwef;wef;rwfrwf0ifoGm;\/
&ckid jf ynfrS usaemfrnfojl zpfaMumif;ESifh usaemfaqmif&u
G cf chJ surf sm;ukd tusO;f csKyaf jymjyum
ukx
d eG ;f oef;ESiu
hf saemf awGUqkv
H adk Mumif;ukd awmif;qkv
d u
dk \
f / "gwfyw
Hk u
dk w
f iG f ukx
d eG ;f oef;ESiw
fh u
dk f u
dk f
rawGU? tvHeyD gwD0if&aJ bmfwpfO;D ESiafh wGU&onf/ olu tvHeyD gwDaqmif&u
G cf surf sm;ukd ajymjyonf/
aemufESpf&ufcefYwGif ukdxGefoef;tm;awGU&ef "gwfykHwkdufokdY vm&ef usaemfhtm; csdef;avonf/
csmcsDvrf; (,ck ukd,fhrif;ukd,fhcsif;vrf;)&Sd zqyvXmecsKyfokdY ajrykHwyfaygif;pk nDvmcHzdwfpmukd
usaemfoGm;ykdYonf/
zqyvtzGUJ csKyw
f iG f &ckid jf ynfrx
S nfo
h iG ;f xm;aom uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ xJrS tzGUJ 0if OD;cs;D 'k;d ukd
awGU&onf/ usaemft
h m; zqyvXmecsKyf k;H a&SU&Sd Bu&H nfqidk o
f Ydk ac:oGm;onf/ Bu&H nfwu
dk af uR;&if;
&ckdifjynftajctaeukd ar;jref;onf/ ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHjzpfa&;xd wuf<uaeaom&ckdifjynf
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;ukd olt
Y m;usaemf&iS ;f jyonf/ wqufwnf;yif usaemf
u q&mawmfO;D pdEm 0&rf;ajy;b0rSvw
G cf ahJ omfvnf; use0f &rf;ajy;Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm; ra&r&mjzpfae
&jcif;ukd usaemfnnf;nLvku
d \
f / olu OD;armifausmt
f m; &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D tjzpf cefEY idk v
f Qif 0&rf;ajy;
Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;udp tqifajyEkid rf nf/ OD;ausmNf ird ;f uk?d uko
d mausmaf jymvQif &Ekid o
f nf[k wku
d w
f eG ;f
\/ olYwifjycsufukd usaemfoabmrayguf? pdwfvnf;r0ifpm;/
OD;odef;azjrifhay;vkdufaom vdyfpmtwkdif; prf;acsmif;&yfuGuf? rD;owftaqmuftOD;teD;&Sd
OD;odef;azjrihftdrfwGif nOfhOD;ykdif; usaemfoGm;awGUonf/ EkdifiHwuma&;&mrsm;ESihfwuG trsKd;om;
vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJrsm;ESihf qkd&S,fvpfa&;&mrsm;ukd acgif;csif;kdufMuonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfxH
t<uif;rJhvufeuftyf&rnfh ba&muf'g0g'ukd usaemfvufrcHEkdif jzpfcJh&aom jzpf&yfrsm;rS ,aeY
ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk nDvmcHusi;f ya&;xd jzpfay:aeaom &ckid jf ynftajctaersm;ukd usaemfwifjyonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyf? ykvdyfwyfrsm; vlrqefpGm if;qJxm;onfh NAdwdoQajcz0g;atmufrS
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf vufeufpu
JG ikd af wmfveS &f ef tqifoifjh zpfaeaom &ckid jf ynfov
Yl yI &f mS ;
rIrsm;ESifh wku
d yf rJG sm;ukv
d nf; usaemfajymjyonf/ vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;? qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wkt
Yd wGuf
r&Sdrjzpfonfh trsKd;om;nDGwfa&;ukd vuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm;u pkaygif;rIjzihf wnfaqmufrnfh ajrykH
wyfaygif;pknDvmcH\ tajccHEkdifiHa&;t,ltqrsm;ESihf &ckdifwjynfvkH; tkH<uawmfvSefa&;twGuf
a&SUIrnhfvkyfief;pOfrsm;ukdvnf; usaemf&Sif;jyygonf/
OD;odef;azjrifhu urmhEkdifiHwuma&;&mrsm;? e,fcsJUpepfxuf qkdAD,uf,leD,HESihf qkd&S,fvpf
pepf? uGefjrLepfMoZmBuD;xGm;vmjcif;rsm;ukd tao;pdwfajymjyonf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
usaemfwkdY ta&;omvQuf&Sdaeaom urtajctaersm;ESihf e,fcsJUpepftMuyftwnf;rsm;ukdvnf;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

95

bkHaygufomausmf

ol&iS ;f jy\/ zqyvESifh Auy? tvHeED iS fh Auy? qk&d ,

S v
f pfygwDEiS fh Auya&;&mrsm;ukv
d nf; ol&iS ;f jy
onf/
zqyv|mecsKyEf iS w
fh uG Armjynf&dS ygwDtzGUJ toD;oD;ukd ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHow
Ydk uf&ef
zdwaf c:jcif;ESifh ,if;ygwDtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ tajccHEikd if aH &;t,ltqrsm;? 0g'oabmxm;ESifh vkyif ef;
pOfrsm;ukd usaemf acgufwaYHk cgufjyefomG ;a&mufavhvmaeqJwiG f &ckid v
f il ,frsm;xJrS ,kMH unftm;xm;
&aom ukdvSjzLoH (,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f jynfolYaumifpDOu| OD;vSjzLoH) ESihf rarQmfvifhbJ yufyif;yg
&ifqkdifwkd;rdonf/ usaemfwkdYESpfOD; tlvIdufoJvIduf aysmfjrL;oGm;Mu\/ ukdvSjzLoHonf &ckdifjynf&Sd
zufqpf*syefwyfrsm;ukd awmfvSef&ef &ckdifjynfodkY jyefvmcJhaom &ckdifusef&pfom;tzGJU0if 7OD;wGif
wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/
usaemfwEYdk iS t
fh wl &ckid u
f se&f pfom;tzGUJ jzifh &ckid jf ynfoYdk oljyefrvmrDuyif olonf Akv
d &f efEidk f
acgif;aqmifaom bDtidk af twyfzUJG ESit
fh wl trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tm; vufeuf
pGJukdif awmfvSefcJh&m emrnfausmf a&TawmifwkdufyGJwGif xdckduf'Pf&m&cJholvnf; jzpfonf/ 1945ckj
Zefe0g&DvwGif NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfrsm;? ppfawGNrKd Uodr;f Ny;D rMumjrifrh D trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;vIy&f mS ;rIaMumifh
NAdwdoQ tzftuftuf(NAdwdoQppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyf)rS zrf;qD;Of;qJcHcJh&ao;onf/
,ck olt
Y m; rarQmv
f ifb
h J olEiS u
fh saemf &efuek w
f iG f yufyif;yg &ifqidk q
f rHk Md u&Ny;D teD;uyfq;Hk
vbuf&nfqidk w
f pfqidk 0f ifNy;D vbuf&nfaomufMu&if; usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D jzpfaMumif;ukepf if &ifziG afh qG;
aEG;Mu\/ olppD Ofay;csut
f wkid ;f &efuek Nf rKd U&Sd vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
vnf; usaemftvDvDaqG;aEG;cJh&onf/
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;rS qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdufyGJrsm;xd usaemfwkdYwm0efcGJa0,lMuygonf/
vufiif;tm;jzihf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ xH t<uif;rJv
h ufeufcs&rnfqadk om ba&muf'g0g'rIid ;f ukd vli,fxk
twGi;f rS wku
d x
f w
k af &;ukv
d nf; qEwn
l pD mG vufcMH uygonf/ olwx
Ydk rJ S wuov
dk af usmif;okYd jyefae
vko
d u
l vnf; ausmif;jyefaeNy;D &ckid v
f il ,fausmif;om;rsm;uko
d mru jrefrmwpfjynfv;Hk &Sd ausmif;om;
vli,frsm;ukdvGwfvyfa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;? qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdYwGif wpfwyfwpftm; yg0ifvmatmif
pnf;k;H ,lMurnfuv
dk nf; oabmwlMuygonf/ oabmwlcsut
f & ukv
d jS zLoHwYdk wuov
dk af usmif;
ok0Yd ifMuNy;D vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf rJG sm;wGif ausmif;om;vli,feiS t
fh wl tm;wufoa&m yg0ifqifEMJT uav
\/
ESp&f ufveG af jrmufaomaeYwiG f csed ;f vku
d o
f nft
h wkid ;f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDXmecsKyf ab;em;&Sd
"gwfykHwkdufodkY usaemfoGm;\/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrwDtzGJU0if ukdxGef;oef;ESifhawGUonf/
*kd&S,f? OD;odef;azjrifh? ocifoef;xGef;wkdY vSnhfpm;rIaMumifh ocifpkd; ba&muf'g0g'ukd vufcHrdjcif;?
,ck ba&mufk'g0g'ukd y,fEkdifNyDjzpf ckdifaygif;rsm;pGmwGif olwkdYvufeufpkaqmif;NyD; ajratmuf
awmfvSefa&; wyfzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;? NrdKUjyrsm;wGif tdrfcef;wkdufyGJrSpNyD; wkdufyGJ0ifvsuf&Sdjcif;?
]]oydwftpkH olykefx}} a<u;aMumfoHjzihf qkdAD,uf,leD,Hvrf;pOftwkdif; vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdjcif;rsm;ukd
&Snfvsm;pGm &Sif;jy\/
usaemfuvnf; ba&muf'g0g'ukd vufrcHc
hJ usaemfwYdk oufpeG BYf uKd ;yrf;vkyaf qmifc&hJ csurf sm;
ESifh vuf&&dS ckid jf ynftajctaersm;ukd ajymjyNy;D ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk nDvmcHzw
d pf mukd usaemfay;vku
d yf g
onf/ olu q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkt
Yd m; Ekid if aH &;&mrsm;uk&d iS ;f jyEkid af &;twGuf olwx
Ydk rH w
S OD; usaemfwYdk
ESifhtwl vkdufvkdaMumif; awmif;qkdvmonf/ usaemfvufiif;tajzray;Ekdif/ ,if;aMumifh usaemfwkdY
rjyefrD 3&ufcefYwGif vmajymygrnf[kajymvkduf&\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

96

bkHaygufomausmf

OD;cs;D 'k;d \pDpOfay;csut

f & ukuKd i;f vrf;&Sd OD;atmifZaH 0tdrw
f iG f OD;atmifZaH 0 (0efBu;D a[mif;
OD;atmifZaH 0) ESihf usaemfwYdk awGUqkMH u&ygonf/ OD;atmifZaH 0u usaemft
h m; &ckid jf ynftajctaersm;
ukd ar;jref;Ny;D ajrykw
H yfaygif;pkn
H v
D mcHrwkid rf D 0&rf;ajy;Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm; udpu
dk &Si;f vif;oifah Mumif;/
okrYd o
S m ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHwiG f Ekid if aH &;orm;wkid ;f wufa&mufciG fh ta&G;cHciG &fh &Srd nfjzpfaMumif;/
tcsdefwkdtwGif; EkdifiHa&;0&rf;ajy; jyemukd OD;armifausmf &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;
aqmif&vQif olwkdYvnf; ajymay;Ekdifojzihf tvG,fwulajz&Sif;EdkifaMumif;wkdYukd usaemfhtm;
OD;atmifZHa0u zdzdpD;pD;ajym\/
aemufwaeYwiG f OD;armifausmt
f m; usaemfEiS afh wGUqkaH &;ukd pDpOfMu\/ OD;armifausmu
f dk *syef
zufqpfacwfwiG f usaemfEiS Efh pS Bf urd af wGUMubl;onf/ q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[ESifh q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkYd
tm; qGr;f pm;zdwaf uR;&mwGif usaemfygoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ olonf q&mawmfEpS yf g;tm; Munfo
dk nfudk
jrifb;l onf/ ol\tpk;d &trIxrf; b0tawGUtBuKH rsm;ukd q&mawmfwt
Ydk m; olavQmufxm; Mum;bl;
onf/ olEiS u
hf saemfwpfcgrQ &if;&if;ES;D ES;D raqG;aEG;bl;/ OD;atmifZaH 0wkYd a&SUaqmifa&SU&Guaf qmif&u
G af y;
jcif;aMumifh OD;atmifZHa0wkdYESihfusaemf OD;armifausmftdrfodkY qkdufqkdufNrdKufNrdKufa&mufoGm;onf/
OD;armifausmu
f usaemfwt
Ydk m; vIu
d v
f aJS zmfa&GpmG BuKd qydk gonf/ tEkynmajrmufaom yef;cuf
rsm; azmfxm;onf {&mr qifp,
G Bf u;D ESpaf csmif;ukd atmufajcrSaiGrsm;jzifh uGyu
f rJ rG ;f rHxm;onfh {nhcf ef;
wGif usaemfwkdYtm; aumif;aompm;zG,faomufzG,frsm;jzihf {nhfcHygonf/ OD;atmifZHa0u EkdifiHa&;
0&rf;ajy;orm;rsm; udpESihf ywfoufusaemfwdkY tcuftcJukd tpazmfvkdufonfESihf wNydKifeuf
OD;armifausmu
f pdwaf &muk,
d yf g ajymavawmhonf/ olwidk ;f rif;Bu;D tjzpf aqmif&u
G &f vQif tpcsu
D m
wkdif;rif;BuD;\wm0ef0w&m;ESihf tmPmrsm;ukdajymjyum usaemfwkdY\ EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd
a[mwa,muf a[mwa,mufvTwfypfEkdifonf/
NAw
d o
d Qacwfuyif ypfy,fxm;aom &ckid pf ;D yGm;a&; vlraI &;rsm;wGif oltm;oGef aqmif&u
G Ef ikd f
rnf/ a&tm;vQypf pf pkid ;f 'ifa&wHceG rf pS Ny;D xlaxmifrnfh &ckid jf ynfp;D yGm;a&;&mrsm;? ynma&;&mrsm;ukd
tawmrowf a[majymavawmh\/ tajymaumif;aom OD;armifausm\
f pum;vk;H rsm;xJwiG f usaemf
wajz;ajz;epfjrKyo
f mG ;\/ ok;H em&DcefMY umrnfh pum;0kid ;f yGJ Ny;D qk;H avNy/D usaemf ea0wdraf wmifjzpfomG ;
NyD/
aemufESpf&ufcefYMuaomtcg OD;armifausmftm; usaemfoGm;awGUqkHygao;onf/ usaemfu
q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESihf usaemfwYdk ajratmufvufeufuidk f wyfzUJG rsm; zGUJ pnf;xm;jcif;rStp NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ
pepfq;dk ukd vufeufjzihf wku
d zf suNf y;D trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;t&,l&ef BuKd ;yrf;xm;jcif;rsm;wku
Yd kd wif
jyygonf/
&ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D tjzpf olxrf;aqmif&vQif Oya'twGi;f rS tumtuG,t
f rsK;d rsK;d ay;Edik jf cif;?
NAw
d o
d Qwx
Ydk u
G af jy;vQif olvef'efvu
dk o
f mG ;rnfo
h l r[kwjf cif;ESiw
fh uG &ckid jf ynfwiG f olaqmif&u
G af y;
rnfh pD;yGm;a&;udprsm;? vlrIa&;udprsm;ukd &ckdifrsKd;cspfyk*dKvfBuD;ozG,f ajymjyav\/
OD;armifausmfukd usaemftm;ukd;,kHMunfvmonf/ usaemfESifhygvmaom q&mawmfOD;pdEm
wynh&f if;csmESpOf ;D ukd OD;armifausmu
f pd E iS yfh wfouf tpk;d &trIxrf;wpfO;D jzpfaomfvnf; tm;xm;&
rnfh &ckdifrsKd;cspfyk*dKvfwpfOD;[k q&mawmfrMumcPajymbll;aMumif; ajymMu\/ OD;armifausmftm;
&ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D tjzpf ceft
Y yfa&;ukd topfpufpufe jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D OD;ausmNf ird ;f tm; ajym&efusaemf
wkdY qkH;jzwfvkdufMu\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

97

bkHaygufomausmf

OD;ausmNf ird ;f ESiu

fh saemf naeykid ;f wGif aeYwidk ;f vkv
d dk awGUqkcH iG &fh ygonf/ naepmxrif;rpm;rD
0DpuDtenf;i,f OD;ausmfNidrf;aomufavhaomufx&Sd\/ odkYaomufwkdif; usaemfhtm; ac:onf/
OD;ausmfNidrf;ESihfwuG olYZeD;ESihfusaemf aemufaz;xrif;pm;yGJ0dkif;wGif aomufpm;&if; EkdifiHa&;&mrsm;
ajymMuygonf/
txl;ojzihf OD;ausmNf ird ;f u vufiif;jrefrmEkid if aH &; tajctaersm;? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDEiS fh
qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDtiftm;NyKd ijf cif;rsm;ukd tao;pdwu
f iG ;f uGi;f uGuu
f u
G f ajymavh&\
dS / odpYk um;vufqHk
usaepOf OD;armifausmt
f m; &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D tjzpf ceft
Y yfa&;udpu
dk usaemfwifjyvku
d \
f / OD;ausmNf ird ;f
u cg;cg;oD;oD;jiif;y,fonf/
uufpbDacwf (NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;acwf) OD;armifausmfonf jrpf0uRef;ay:wGif ta&;ykdif
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcphJ Ofu NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk wku
d zf suaf &;ESifh trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf
tajccHtjzpfwnfaqmufxm;onfh qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDtiftm;pkrsm;ukd wku
d zf suaf jcrIe;f cJo
h nf/ &yf&mG rsm;
ukd rD;IdUcJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD;tjzpf OD;armifausmftm; rcefY? &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD;tjzpf
oifah wmfrnfo
h w
l pfO;D ukd ola&G;cs,af y;rnf[k OD;ausmNf ird ;f u a'grmefjzifh ajymav\/ xkad eYt&uf0idk ;f
tNyD; naepm pm;aomufMuonf/ OD;armifausmfudpukd xkdaeYwpfcGef;rQ usaemfrajymNyD/
aemufwaeY? xkdaemufwaeY ponfjzihf OD;ausmfNidrf;ESihf usaemf naewkdif;vkdvkd t&uf0kdif;zGJU
pufvufqu
Hk savh&&dS m OD;armifausmt
f m; &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D wm0ef ay;oifah Mumif;ukd usaemf wusu
D sD
wifjyonf/ ukdvkdfeDuRefb0okdY jyefvnfodrf;oGif;vkdrIaMumifh uufpbDacwf (NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&;
acwf)'gPf&m'gPfcsufrsm;ukd ukovm&&m ,ck q&mawmfOD;pdEm wyg;wnf;om awmckd0&rf;ajy;
b0rS vGwfuRwfcJh&onf/ ajrmufrsm;pGmaom awmckd0&rf;ajy; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; &Sdaeao;onf/
ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHrwkdifrD awmckd0&rf;ajy;EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd 0&rf;ajy;b0u
vGwaf jrmufa&;ukd aqmif&u
G af y;&rnfjzpfaeonfh &ckid jf ynftajctaersm;ukd OD;ausmNf ird ;f tm; usaemf
tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;jyonf/ OD;armifausmEf iS afh wGUqkNH y;D OD;armifausmu
f awmck0d &rf;ajy;Ekid if aH &;orm;
rsm;ukd olom&ckid w
f ikd ;f rif;Bu;D tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&vQif &ufowEpS yf wftwGi;f ajz&Si;f ay;&ef
wm0ef,jl cif;ESiw
fh uG usaemfw\
Ydk ajratmufawmfveS af &; wyfzUJG rsm;ukd Oya'wGi;f rS oltumtuG,f
ay;&eftxd oabmwl&jdS cif; ponfrsm;ukv
d nf; OD;ausmNf ird ;f tm; usaemftEkpw
d cf jJG crf;Ny;D &Si;f jyonf/
&ckdifjynf\wu,fhjzpf&yfrsm;ESihf tcsuftvufrsm;ukd usaemftao;pdwf cGJjcrf;a0jzmwifjy
aomtcg acgif;rmonfqadk om OD;ausmNf ird ;f cg;cg;oD;oD;rjiif;ekid af y/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESiu
fh saemfwu
Ydk
oabmusEpS Nf cKd uNf y;D usaemfwaYkd jymovk&d Ekid rf nfh OD;armifausmu
f dk &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D tjzpf rcefx
Y m;bJ
tjcm;wpfO;D tm; &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D tjzpfcef
Y usaemfwEYkd iS hf y#dyujzpfvmvQif OD;ausmNf ird ;f wkYd tpk;d &
ESifh usaemfwYdk y#dyutoGio
f Ykd ul;ajymif;oGm;Ekid
f OD;armifausmt
f m; &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D tjzpf ceft
Y yf&ef
usaemfwkdY zdzdpD;pD; wkdufwGef;avawmh\/
cyf&Sif;&Sif;ajym&vQif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukdvkdeDuRefb0atmufrS kef;xGuf&mwGif EkdifiHa&;enf;
aphpyfa&;enf;jzifh ke;f xGurf &u? jrefrmjynfw0Sr;f vk;H ESifh wNyKd iw
f nf;&ifabmifwef;Ny;D vufeufuidk f
enf;jzifh ke;f xGu&f eftoif&h adS eaom q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESifh usaemfwt
Ykd m; OD;ausmNf ird ;f avQmah y;vku
d yf g
onf/
OD;armifausmt
f m; &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D tjzpfceft
Y yfay;krH u usaemf\wku
d w
f eG ;f EI;d aqmfraI Mumifh
ppfawGckdifta&;ykdif rpwm a*styf*sDzefYxHokdYvnf; q&mawmfOD;pdEmacgif;aqmifaom &ckdifjynf
jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfonf w&m;0ifygwDtzGJUtpnf;tjzpf tpkd;&todtrSwfjyKaMumif;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

98

bkHaygufomausmf

pmwpfapmifukdvnf; jynfxJa&;0efBuD; trdefYpmtjzpf OD;ausmfNidrf;a&;ay;vkdufygonf/

&ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D OD;armifausmjf zpfa&;twGuf OD;ausmNf ird ;f tm; wusu
D sD wifjytyluyfaepOf
ukAd aqG (0efBu;D csKyEf iS fh umuG,af &;0efBu;D a[mif; OD;AaqG) tm;vnf; 0g,mvufBuKd ;rJh aMu;eef;puf
tpkHay;&ef usaemfwusDusDtyluyfonf/ tvHeDygwDrSwpfOD; usaemfwdkYESihfvkdufvmvkdaom udpukd
vnf; usaemfEiS t
hf wl ygvmaom q&mawmfwynf&h if;csm ESpOf ;D ukad qG;aEG;&m olwo
Ydk abmwlojzifh
usaemfwYdk &ckikd jf ynfojYkd yefonft
h cg ac:,lrnf[k tvHeyD gwD A[kad umfrw
D D ukx
d eG ;f oef;tm; usaemf
ajymxm;&SdavNyD/
&ckdifjynfodkYjyef&ef yifv,ful;oabFmvufrSwfig;apmif usaemfwkdY 0,f,lonf/ usaemfwkdY
&ckdifjynfjyefonfhtcg wygwnf;ay;vkdufrnfqkdaom 0g,mvufBudK;rJhaMu;eef; pufwpfpkHudk nae
6em&Dxd usaemfr&ao;/ udkAaqGtm; usaemf tylwjyif; vkduf&SmaeqJjzpf\/ ukdAaqGESihfawGU
olEiS t
fh wl orkid ;f *kad 'gifwpfcrk S 0kid ,
f mvufBuKd ;rJah Mu;eef;puftpku
H kd xkw,
f Nl y;D armfawmfum;wpfp;D
wGif wifum OD;ausmfNidrf;tdrfodkY a&mufcsdefwGif nOfh 11em&Dausmf &SdaeNyD? 0g,mvufBudK;rJhaMu;eef;
puftpkHukd vkHNcHKpGmxkwfykd;&ef tcsdefr&jzpfoGm;\/
eHeuf 5em&Dcefu
Y yif usaemfwYdk tdy&f mrSxMuonf/ xkwyf ;dk p&mrsm;ukd xkwyf ;dk jyifqifMuonf/
0g,mvufpuftpku
H dk OD;ausmNf ird ;f tdrrf S zsmESpcf syjf zifh xkwyf ;dk csnaf ESmifvu
dk \
f / csed ;f xm;onft
h wkid ;f
usaemfwEYdk iS t
fh wl vku
d rf nfh ukb
d ;dk EG,f (NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ESifh zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;wGif usaemfwEYkd iS fh
twl toufay;aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf/ ,ckaqmufvkyfa&;aumfykda&;&Sif; trIxrf; OD;bkd;EG,f)
a&mufvmonf/
usaemf 0g,mvufpuftpkEH iS fh vk;H yrf;&rnfjzpf usaemfEiS t
fh wl ygvmaomq&mawmf wynhf
ES pS Of ;D ESihf tvHeyD gwDrw
S pfO;D ukd olwm0ef,Nl y;D oabFmta&muf aqmif&u
G af y;&ef olu
Y w
dk m0efay;vku
d f
&\/ 0g,mvufpuftpkyH pn;f rsm;ESit
fh wl usaemfwYdk jrif;vSn;f wpfp;D jzihf oabFmqdyo
f Ydk qif;vmMu
onf/ tvHeDygwDrS OD;pkd;GefY (,ck 0efBuD;rsm;kH;wGif kH;tkyftjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom
OD;,Ofarmif) tygt0if usaemfwYdk ig;OD;ESiw
fh uG usaemfwt
Ydk m; vku
d yf aYdk om ukv
d jS zLoH (,ck ppfawG
NrdKUe,f jynfolYaumifpD Ou|)yg oabFmqdyfurf;odkY 0ifvmMuonf/
*dww
f iG f ykvyd &f MJ uyf uko
d mxGe;f OD; ( ppfawGa&Tjym;&yfuu
G f &Gmom;jzpfonf/ usaemfrh w
d af qG
ppfawG a&eHaumfyadk &;&Si;f k;H tkyf OD;ausmo
f m\ tpfuBdk u;D jzpfonf/ usaemft
h m; nD&if;csmwpfO;D uJo
h Ydk
cifrifoljzpfonf) ESihf yufyif;ygawGUonf/ olu ]]rif;Zmcgu &efukefa&mufaeovJ)[kar;onf/
]]wpfygwfausmf&SdNyD}}[k usaemfjyefajymonf/ olYtdrfokdYyif wacgufra&mufaumif;vm;[k ol
wwGww
f w
G f tjypfwifpum;ajymonf/ tvkyf yI af xG;oGm; olt
Y rd o
f rYdk a&mufcjhJ cif;ukd usaemfawmif;
yefpum;ajym&if; *dwx
f o
J 0Ykd ifMuonf/ ykvyd &f MJ uyfBu;D uko
d mxGe;f OD;ESifh usaemfpum;vufqu
Hk saejcif;
aMumifh ykvdyftrIxrf;wpfOD;rQ usaemfwdkYESihfwuG ypnf;rsm;ukd ppfaq;jcif;rjyK/
'kwd,ppfaq;cH&rnfhae&modkY usaemfwkdYESihf ypnf;rsm;a&mufoGm;Muonf/ tustjzLESihf
abmif;bDtjzLrsm;ukd 0wfqifxm;aom qdyfurf;trIxrf;rsm;? t&mxrf;rsm;onf oabFmpD;rnfh
c&D;onfrsm;\ ypnf;rsm;? aowmrsm;ukd arTaESmuf&SmazGvsuf&Sdae\/
usaemf&h aJ bmfrsm;ESifh usaemf uku
d q
f ,fuu
dk u
f mG avmufwiG f usaemfae&m,lxm;\/ usaemfEiS fh
twl ypnf;o,fajymif;ay;aom tvkyform;wpfOD;ukdvnf; usaemfac:,lxm;\/ usaemfhtvSnhf
a&mufonf/ qdyu
f rf;umuG,af &; t&m&Sw
d pfO;D u usaemfEiS yfh gvmaomzsmjzihf xkw,
f cl o
hJ nft
h xkwf
ukd arTaESmuf&SmazGonf/ rdepftenf;i,ftwGif; 0g,mvufpuftpkHukd awGU&SdoGm;\/ usaemfhtm;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

99

bkHaygufomausmf

zrf;rnf[k qdyu
f rf;umuG,af &;t&m&Sd a&SUodw
Yk ;dk vmonf/ vltyk x
f o
J Ykd usaemftwif;wk;d 0ifomG ;\/
qdyfurf;umuG,fa&;t&m&Sdrsm; usaemftm; tkyfcGJ &SmazGaecsdefwGif c&D;onfrsm;tm;
wufa&mufcGifhrjyKao;aom yifv,ful;rD;oabFmay:okdY ukwfuyfwG,fwufoGm; rD;oabFm
uke;f ywfay:wGif usaemfa&muf&o
dS mG ;avNy/D em&D0ufceft
Y wGi;f c&D;onfrsm; oabFmuke;f ywfay:okYd
wufa&mufvmMuonf/ wufa&mufvmaom c&D;onfrsm;ukd tumtuG,,
f Nl y;D atmufoYkd usaemf
vSr;f Munh\
f / usaemf,v
l maom 0g,mvufpuftpku
H dk rD;oabFmwufonfh avSum;teD; ajrBu;D ay:
wGif csxm;onf/ teD;u usaemfiSm;,lcJhaom tvkyform;ukdvnf; &yfckdif;xm;onf/ qdyfurf;
umuG,fa&;t&m&Sdvnf; tvkyform;ab;em;wGif &yfaeonf/ usaemfacsmif;ajrmif;MunhfaepOf
qdyfurf;t&m&Sd tvkyform;ab;em;rS xGufcGmoGm;&m tvkyform;ukd oabFmukef;ywfrS usaemf
atmf[pfac:onf/ usaemfyh pn;f rsm;ukd wif,v
l m&efajymvku
d \
f / zsmjzih&f pfywfxm;aom 0g,mvuf
puftpku
H dk tvkyo
f rm;xrf;wifvm&m yg;eyfaom xkq
d yd u
f rf; umuG,af &;t&m&So
d nf tvkyo
f rm;
aemufrS xyfMuyfruGm vkdufvm\/ qdyfurf;t&m&Sd\ axmifacsmufxJ usaemfqif;oufrdaeNyD/
qdyu
f rf;umuG,af &;t&m&Sd oabFmuke;f ywfay: ajcrusrD usaemf c&D;onfvt
l yk x
f J twif;
wkd;0ifoGm;onf/ qdyfurf;umuG,fa&;t&m&Sd rsufajcjywfoGm;awmh\/ oabFmt&m&Sdrsm;ESihf
yxrwef;vufrSwf&Sd c&D;onfrsm;om pm;aomufcGifh&onfh tcef;odkY usaemfoGm;onf/ a&cJpdrf
bD,mwpfv;Hk ukd rSm,lNy;D bD,maomufvu
dk ?f Ekid if jH cm;t*Fvyd o
f wif;pm zwfvu
dk jf yKaeavawmh\/
yifv,ful; rD;oabFm qdyfurf;rScGmNyD; tawmftoifhuGmNyD;rS if;tcef;rS usaemfxGufvmonf/
oabFmukef;ywfay:wGif usaemfwkdY&Jabmfrsm; tm;vkH;qkHawGUMu\/ usaemfhtm;qdyfurf;
umuG,af &; t&m&Srd sm; oabFmtESt
YH pyf&mS aMumif;? usaemfoabFmrS qif;ajy;oGm;Ny[
D k olwx
Ydk ifjrif
MuaMumif;wkdYudk pkd;&drfwBuD;ajymMuonf/ vif;,kefuJhodkY &J&ifhvsifjref jzwfvwfaom awmfvSefa&;
orm;tm; NAw
d o
d Qvufyg;aprsm; rzrf;rdEidk ?f uk,
d af ysmuf rk;d yso
H mG ;onf[k usaemfajymNy;D w[m;[m;
&,farmMuav\/
yifv,fu;l rD;oabFmBu;D ay:wGif acsmifacsmifcscd sd aexkid &f onf/ waeY a&ESpBf urd u
f scsK;d Mu
onf/ El;eyfaeaom okd;om;tNrD;jzihf a&cJpdrfbD,mukd &efukefNrdKUay:xuf aps;EIef;aygaygaomuf&
onf/ Ekid if jH cm;pD;u&ufrsm;ukd aps;oufompGmjzihf zGmaomuf&onf/ ESpn
f tdyNf y;D ok;H &ufajrmufaeY
wGif ppfawGNrdKUodkY a&mufoGm;Mu\/ &Gmya*gif;&yf&Sd usaemfhOD;av; yGJpm;BuD; OD;xGef;atmifausmf
tdrw
f iG yf if usaemfww
Ydk nf;ckMd uonf/ usaemfwYdk pm;aomufvMdk uaom yifv,fig;rsm;ukd ,if;tdrw
f iG f
t0tNyJ pm;aomufMu&onf/ ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk nDvmcHupd E iS fh aqG;aEG;jyNy;D tvSLcH&m OD;xGe;f atmif
ausmfu aiGig;&may;vSLygonf/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmacgif;aqmifaom &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyfonf tpkd;&tod
trSwjf yKaom w&m;0ifygwDjzpfaMumif;ukd t*Fvyd v
f ufeydS pf ufjzihf ku
d Ef ydS x
f m;onfh jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D
OD;ausmfNidrf;\pmukd ay;tyf&ef ppfawGckdif0efxHoGm;&m? ckdif0efkH;wGif ukdpHwifh (&ckdifjynf Auy
acgif;aqmifwpfO;D jzpfco
hJ nf/ 'vufacsmif;wGif a&epfaoqk;H oGm;onf)/ udak usmv
f OS ;D (,ck ppfawG
NrKd Ue,for0g,r) wkYd a&G;aumufyJG avQmufvmT wifaeMujcif;ESifh BuKH BuKd uo
f mG ;&onf/ tcsed af wmfawmf
Mumapmifah omfvnf; usaemft
h vSnrfh a&mufojzihf ckid 0f efxt
H wif;0if OD;ausmNf ird ;f pmukd xk;d tyf&m
rsufESmjzLckdif0efrpwma*strf*sDzef(uufpfbDacwf 'k-AkdvfrSL;BuD; Mr. J.M. G. Fann)ESihf usaemf
bkabmufuscJh&\/ &ckdfifwdkif;wGif rpwmtvftrf;vdpf(uwfpfbDacwf AkdvfrSL;BuD; Mr. L. M. Less)u
&ckdifwdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpf tkyfcsKyfvsuf&Sdaeonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

100

bkHaygufomausmf

0g,mvufpuftpkH qk;H I;H cJ&h onfrt

S y wpkw
H &mtaESmuft,Surf &Sb
d J rw&m;oif; aMujim
xm;aom tvHeyD gwDu,
dk pf m;vS,f OD;pk;d Get
Yf ygt0if usaemfwiYdk g;OD; Mumtif;awmifoYkd acsmarmpGm
a&muf&SdoGm;Mu\/
q&mawmf OD;pdEm tygt0if &ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&; tzGUJ csKyaf cgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh &ckid f
jynf vli,frsm; tpnf;tkH;acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd tvHeDygwDudk,fpm;vS,f OD;pkd;GefYu olwkdYygwD\
vrf;pOfESifh vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd wifjyonf/ ocifpkd;ESihfwuG? olwkdYonf *kd&S,fwkYd\ vSnhfpm;rIcH&NyD;
ba&muf'g0g'ukd vufcHrdcJhaMumif;/ ,ck ba&muf'g0g' y,fzsufEkdifNyDjzpfaMumif;/ &efukefNrdKUwGif
tdfrfcef;wkdufyGJ? tdrfajrwkdufyGJrsm;ESihfwuG? NAdwdoQjALkdua&pD puf,E,m;\t"du0ifkd;jzpfaom
twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H 0kid ;f wku
d yf JG qifEcJT jhJ cif;rsm;ukv
d nf; tao;pdw&f iS ;f jyonf/ qkAd ,
D uf,el ,
D \
H ]]oydwf
ckH olykefx}}vrf;pOfukdvnf; xnfhoGif;ajymjyonf/
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf ckid 2f 0 ausmw
f iG f ajratmufvufeufuidk t
f zGUJ rsm; zGUJ pnf;Ny;D
avNy/D olwyYdk ek u
f efx<uvQiv
f nf; usaemfwaYdk emufrv
S u
dk Nf y;D olyek x
f ay;yg/ usaemfwYdk olyek x
f vQif
vnf; olwYdk ckid f 20ausmrf S olyek x
f ay;rnf[k pdeaf c:avonf/ tmPmeDtajccH XmecsKyw
f nfxm;
aom Mumtif;awmif&GmwGif olYukd okH;&ufcefY usaemfxm;NyD; q&mawmfwkdYESihf awGUqkHNyD;vQifNyD;csif;
olYtm; ukdbkd;EG,fu awmifukwfNrdKUrS ya'gif;oGm;rnf armfawmfum;ay:ta&muf ykdYay;apygonf/
usaemfacgif;aqmifvmojzihf ppfawGNrdKUwGif wpkHw&mab;'kurxdcJhaomfvnf; tjyefwGif
ppfawGNrdKUrS ac:,l&efroifhavsmfojzihf Mumtif;awmifrSawmifukwfNrdKUbufodkY avSjzifhoGm;Mu&ef
pDpOf&onf/ ukdpkd;GefYESihf ukdbkd;EG,fwkdY avSi,fwpD;jzihf awmifukwfbufodkY xGufoGm;Muygonf/
avSorYdk qif;rD ukpd ;dk Get
Yf wGuf vkNH cKH atmif pDpOfa&;ESifh awmifuw
k Nf rKd UwGif usaemfwt
Ykd m; apmifq
h idk ;f
ae&ef ukdbkd;EG,ftm; usaemfwD;wkd;rSmvkdufygonf/
oHwGJolykef
ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk nDvmcHusi;f y&ef rem;rae tylwjyif; vkyu
f idk af eMuqJ 1947ckEpS f azazmf
0g&DvwGif &ckid jf ynfawmifyidk ;f oHwcJG kid rf S olyek rf ;D pwifawmufavmifvsu&f adS eNy/D oHwo
JG yl ek rf ;D udpu
dk
q&mawmfOD;pdEmESifh usaemf tzufzufrS avhvmqef;ppfMuonf/ oHwGJolykefonf usaemfwkdYESihf
bmrQrqkdif/ usaemfwkdYESihf tquftoG,fvnf; r&Sd/ oHwGJolykefjzpfay:vmjcif;onf t"duw&m;cH
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ? 'kw,
d w&m;cHonf qefpyg;rsm;ukd csKo
d maomaps;EIe;f owfrw
S Nf y;D a&mif;csray;
bJ iwfjywfaeaom v,form;rsm;tm; zdEydS af om oHwt
JG a&;ykid [
f k usaemfwYdk Ekid if aH &;owKcsMuonf/
oHwcJG kid f olyek rf sm; csK;d ESrd cf &H vQif NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0rS ke;f xGuv
f adk om awmfveS af &;tif
tm;pkwpf&yf csKd;ESdrfcH&jcif;yifjzpfonf/
okEYd iS fh oHwo
JG yl ek u
f dk tm;wufoa&muln&D rnf/ oHwo
JG yl ek u
f pd u
kd q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESiu
hf saemf
ajz&Si;f uln&D rnf/ oHwo
JG Ykd oGm;Murnf[q
k ;Hk jzwfMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemf ppfawGoYdk
vmMu\/ xkH;pHtwkdif;yif usaemfhOD;av; yGJpm;BuD; OD;xGef;atmifausmf wm0ef,lNyD; auR;arG;jyKpkay;
ygonf/ ppfawGNrKd U au'g&Jabmf udv
k x
S eG ;f ausmw
f EYdk iS fh usaemfwo
Ydk nf nvk;H ayguf trsK;d om;vGwv
f yf
a&;wkdufyGJa&;&mrsm;ukd tus,fw0ifh&ifzGihfaqG;aEG;Mu&ygonf/ eHeuf 6em&DcefYwGif tm&uHzvkd
wD;,m; oabFmqdyfodkY armfawmfum;rsm;jzihf q&mawmfESihf usaemfwdkY okwfajcwifa&mufMu\/
q&mawmfESihf usaemfwdkYtwGuf ae&m,lxm;aom oabFm oD;oefYcef; (Cabin)wGif usaemfwkdYypnf;
rsm;ESifh OD;xGe;f atmifausmt
f rd rf aS y;vku
d af om pm;aomufp&mrsm;ukd pkyx
Hk m;vku
d yf gonf/ vku
d yf MYdk u

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

101

bkHaygufomausmf

aom&Jabmfrsm;ukd EIwq
f uf&if; oHwNJG rKd UodYk a&SUIxu
G v
f maom rD;oabFmu usaemfwt
Ydk m; o,f,o
l mG ;
awmh\/
usaemf&yfwnfr&Ekid af tmif tdycf siv
f monf/ oabFmpma&;cef;wk0Yd ifNy;D usaemftyd v
f u
dk \
f /
usaemftdyf&mrSxNyD; xrif;pm;aomufonf/ oabFmay:wGif [kdavQmuf 'DavQmuf usaemfvkdufvH
Munhf o
I nf/ q,faygif;rsm;pGmaom ppfom;rsm;ESifh ppfAv
dk w
f u
Ydk akd wGUonf/ olwo
Ydk w
H o
JG yl ek u
f dk ESrd ef if;
&efomG ;Mujcif;[k od&\/ oHwcJG kid w
f iG f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDrS ba&muf'k g0g' vufrcHEidk
f cGx
J u
G f
vmaom udo
k mxGe;f atmif? ukcd spo
f ed ;f ? uko
d ed ;f Gew
Yf u
Ydk Mu,feaD jymufusm;trnfjzihf vufeufpu
JG ifkd f
wkdufzsufaeMuNyD/
OD;odef;azjrihftkyfpk tEkdif&a&;twGuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD 'kwd,tBudrf uGef*&ufwGif
ukad usm&f if (oHwNJG rKd U Zmwd&d yfom;? uG,v
f eG o
f l ygarmucsKyf OD;ausm&f if) u acgif;aqmifNy;D tEkid &f ,l
cJo
h nf/ okyYd gvsuf oHwcJG kid f uGejf rLepfrsm;onf ukad usm&f ifEiS hf ryl;aygif;cJMh u/ Mu,feaD jymufusm;
onf q&mawmfOD;pdEmESihf usaemfwkdYESihfyg wpkHw&mqufoG,frIvnf;r&SdMu/
q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwYkd wk;d wk;d Buw
d Bf uw
d af qG;aEG;onf/ oabFmay:wGiyf gvmaomppfwyfonf
oHwo
JG yl ek Mf u,feaD jymufusm;rsm;ukd ESrd ef if;okwo
f if&ef oGm;Muolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ Mu,feaD jymufusm;
ESifh usaemfwYdk bmwpfcrk Qrywfouf/ odaYk omf tiftm;pk csK;d ESrd o
f w
k o
f ifc&H jcif;onf awmfveS af &;
tiftm;pkwpf&yf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf om tiftm;pkwpf&yfusq;Hk rIyifjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh Mu,feD
ajymufusm;bufrS usaemfwkdY &yfwnf&rnf/
oabFmjzihf ygvmaom ppfAv
dk u
f dk aomuf&if;pm;&if; usaemfzsm;a,mif;rnfudk q&mawmfEiS hf
usaemf oabmwlMu\/ oabFmpma&;cef;wGif ppfawGau'g &Jabmfrsm;u usaemfhtwGuf
xnfah y;vku
d af om Ekid if jH cm;0DpuDt&ufygvmonf/ oabFmpma&;xHusaemfomG ;Ny;D naepmtwGuf
Muufom;aMumfrsm;jzihf pDpOfum oabFmay: ygvmonfh tBu;D qk;H ppfbuft&m&Sd vufaumuf0wf
xd vufjzwfxm;&aom uywed (f Akv
fd Bf u;D ) ukyd g pm;aomufa&;twGuf zdwaf c:,l&ef wku
d w
f eG ;f onf/
naeykdif;wGif rD;oabFm ajrykHqdyfurf;wGif ,aeYwaeYwmtwGuf &yfem;vkduf\/ oabFm
pma&; OD;armifvaS usm?f (,ck tNird ;f pm;,lNy;D ppfawGt;dk wef;&yfwiG f aexkid o
f nf)/ uywed Ef iS u
fh saemf
oabFmpma&;cef;wGif Muufom;aMumfpm;vkduf? t&ufaomufvkdufjzifh t*Fvdyfvkda&m? Armvkdyg
a&maESmNy;D pum;ajymaumif;aeMuonf/ uywed u
f olww
Ykd yf oHwcJG kid f vlq;dk "m;jyrsm;ukd ESrd ef if;okwf
oif&efomG ;aMumif;okYd pum;a&mufomG ;&m? usaemfu oHwcJG kid jf zpf&yfrsm;ukd &Si;f jyonf/ oHwcJG kid w
f iG f
vufeufuidk f ckcaH eolrsm;onf vlq;dk "m;jyrsm;r[kw?f Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;? zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;
orm;rsm;om jzpfMuonf/
oHwcJG kid w
f iG f qefpyg;rsm; &Sm;yg;oGm;onf/ qefpyg;rsm;ukd tpk;d &u csKo
d maom aps;EIe;f jzihf
a&mif;csay;&ef jynfolrsm;u qEjyawmif;qdkMuonf/ rvdrmaom oHwGJcdkif ta&;ykdif(ckdif0ef)
OD;bpdefonf csKdomaomaps;EIef;jzihf qefpyg;rsm;udkxkwfra&mif;? vufeuftm;ukd;jzihf ESdrfeif;onf/
,if;aMumifh Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;OD;aqmifNy;D qefvyk rJG sm; ay:aygufvm&onf/ vufeufjzifh zdEydS rf u
I dk
vufeufjzihf ckcrH jI zpfvm&onf/ uywed w
f Ykd csi;f awmif [mume,fwiG v
f nf; qefpyg;&Sm;bl;ygrnf/
iwfaeaomvlrsm;u qefpyg;rsm;ukv
d
dk awmif;qkMd uvQif vufeufjzihf csK;d ESrd yf pfygrnfvm;? qefpyg;
uko
d ufomaomaps;EIe;f jzifah &mif;rnfvm;? iwfaeaomolrsm;ukd oufomaomaps;EIe;f jzihf qefpyg;
a&mif;rnfomjzpfrnf[k usaemfw;D acguf&iS ;f jyajymqkv
d u
dk o
f nf/ [mumcsi;f trsK;d om; uywed o
f nf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

102

bkHaygufomausmf

olwYkd [mume,fwiG v
f nf; qefpyg;&Sm;yg;onfh ESprf sK;d ESiBhf uKH b;l aMumif;? iwfaeqefpyg;awmif;ol
rsm;ukd vufeufjzihf rcsK;d ESrd o
f ifah Mumif;/ okaYd omf w&m;Oya'ESifh qefu
Y sipf mG qefpyg;rsm;ukrd vktyf
aMumif;ukd oljyefajymonf/ usaemf tm;wufoa&mjzpfvm\/ yk
d yk
d tajymaumif;vm\/ iwfjywf
Ny;D pm;p&mvnf;r&S?d acwfynmvnf;rwwfaom aus;&Gmom;rsm;taejzifh Oya'ukd wrifcsK;d azmufvdk
aom qE&rdS nfr[kw/f tpk;d &u oufomaomaps;EIe;f jzihf qefpyg;xkwrf a&mif; vkyu
f idk rf jd cif;om
jzpfrnf[k usaemfolYtm; &Sif;jyavonf/
olu 'kw,
d urmppftwGi;f olwm0efxrf;aqmifc&Jh aom NrKd Ujyrsm; taMumif;? olwm0efxrf;
aqmif&if; zufqpf*syefEiS w
fh u
dk yf w
JG iG f 'Pf&m&vufaumuf0wfxd vufwpfzufjzwfc&H aMumif;wku
Yd dk
tm;yg;w&ajymjyonf/
ol\jzpf&yfrsm;onf wu,fhjzpf&yfrsm;jzpfNyD; olvnf;tajymaumif;ojzihf olYpum;xJwGif
usaemfepfjrKyfoGm;&onf/ usaemfvnf; zufqpf*syefukd usaemfwkdY awmfvSefcJhaom jzpf&yfrsm;xJrS
rSwfom;bG,f&mrsm;ukd olUtm;ajymjyonf/
usaemfwYdk ppfAv
dk Ef pS Of ;D wOD;u ppf,el aD zmif;0wfNy;D ppfvpm,lum ppfrx
I rf;aeaom uywed f
wpfO;D u ta&;BuKH vQif ppfwvif;ajrjyifwiG f &ifukd ajruwkwv
f yk Nf y;D wku
d yf 0JG ifwwfaom apwemh
0efxrf; ppfAv
dk /f eHeufapmapmrD;oabFm ajrykq
H yd rf S cGmvku
d \
f / ausmufjzLodYk a&SUIcw
k af rmif;ae\/
yifv,fjyif avif;rsm;ukd vwfqwfpGm IIduf&\/
yGihfopfp aea&mifjcnfatmufwGif &ckdifkd;rawmifwef;BuD; Ekd;pjyKavNyD/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif
rk;d wdrrf ;dk om;ESihf k;d rawmifBu;D qufo,
G af eqJ? pdr;f vJ
h jdk ymaeaom k;d rawmifwef;Bu;D onf rsupf d
wqk;H Munhrf qk;H / ESppf Ofr;kd &moDqu
dk w
f idk ;f &ckid f ;dk rwavQmuf acsmif;i,f? ajrmif;i,frsm;rS acsmif;Bu;D
ajrmif;BuD;odkYpD;NyD;/ yifv,fokdY rkd;a&*gvHaygif; odef;oef;csD tcsnf;tESD; pD;qif;oGm;&onf/
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D &ckid f ;dk rrS ESppf Of tv[ pD;qif;oGm;aom rk;d a&rsm;ukd ckid rf m
BuHhckdifaom qnfajrmif;rsm;jzihf wkwfaESmifxm;vkdufvQif &ckdifv,form;rsm; wESpfokH;oD;pm;txd
vkyaf qmifEikd rf nf/ wESpo
f ;Hk oD;pm;pepf xGe;f um;vmvQif &ckid v
f ,f,mpepfonf uR-J EGm;-xGew
f ;Hk rS
pufrIxGefwkH;b0odkY ul;ajymif;vmrnf/ rvGJombJ pkaygif;v,f,m pufrIpepfxGef;um;vm&rnf/
ponfwu
Ydk akd wG;awm&if;? yifv,favukd t0Iu
dI &f if;? &ckid f ;kd rawmifudk trSwrf xif pku
d Mf unhaf e
pOf oabFmpma&; OD;armifvSausmf vmac:onf/ OD;armifvSausmf\oabFmpma&;cef;wGif [mum
csif;trsKd;om; uywdef? OD;armifvSausmfESihf usaemft&uf0kdif;zGJUMu\/
[kdajym'Dajym t&ufwjrjraomufMu&if; oHwGJolykefjyemodkY a&mufMu\/ oHwGJckdifwGif
vlqkd;"m;jyrsm; aomif;usef;aejcif;r[kwf? tiwfjyemukd tpkd;&vufxJ qefpyg;rsm; zlvkHpGm&Sdyg
vQufESihf rvdrmaomoHwGJckdif ta&;ykdifaMumifh qefvkyGJjzpf&onf/ qefvkyGJukd taMumif;jyNyD;
ta&;ykdifu ykvdyfwyfrsm;ESihf v,form;rsm;ukd tMurf;zufESdrfeif;onf/
rvdrm aomta&;ykid \
f vufeufjzihf tMurf;zufErdS ef if;rIudk Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;ESifh v,form;
rsm;u &&mvufeufjzihf ckcHwGef;vSefMuonf/
,if;aMumifh oHwcJG kid w
f iG f vuf&jdS zpfaeaomjyemonf jyemukad jz&Si;f &ef usaemfEiS fh
twl &ckid jf ynf? jrefrmjynfww
Ydk iG f xif&mS ;ausmaf pmaom q&mawmfO;D pdEm onfvnf; rD;oabFmjzihf
ygvmaMumif;ukd usaemf 'k;d 'k;d a'gufa'guf &Si;f jyvku
d \
f / [mumcsi;f trsK;d om; uywed t
f MhH ooGm;onf/
q&mawmfESihfusaemfwkdY oHwGJckdifjyemukd at;aq;aomenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;&ef oGm;onfukd
olEpS Nf cKd uaf Mumif;? vufeufjzifh wpfzufEiS w
hf pfzuf wku
d cf u
dk jf cif;xuf at;aq;aomenf;jzihf ajz&Si;f

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

103

bkHaygufomausmf

jcif;onf taumif;qk;H jzpfaMumif;ukd uywed af jymjyNy;D ? wqufwnf;yif q&mawmf OD;pdEm ESifh olawGU
vkdaMumif; awmif;qkd\/ q&mawmfESihfawGUa&;ukd usaemfpDpOfay;rnf/
olww
Ydk yf a&mufvQiaf &mufcsi;f oHwcJG kid t
f a&;ykid u
f ppfwu
dk cf idk ;f &ef TeMf um;trdeaYf y;vQif
b,fvkdvkyfrvJ[k usaemfar;vkdufonf/
a&mufvQiaf &mufcsi;f olwu
Ydk kd ppfwu
dk cf u
dk &f ef trdeaYf y;vQif olzq
D efrnf/ trdeu
Yf dk remcH[k
uywdefu &J&ifhpGm jyefajym\/
usaemftwkid ;f rod tm;wufoa&m jzpfomG ;onf/ Ekid if aH &;jyemukd Ekid if aH &;t& ajz&Si;f jcif;
omtrSefqkH; jzpfonfr[kwfvm;/
q&mawmfqrG ;f pm;tNy;D q&mawmfaexkid af om oD;oeft
Y cef;odYk uywed Ef iS fh usaemfa&mufomG ;
onf/ q&mawmftm; uywed Ef iS rfh w
d q
f ufay;um usaemfEiS fh uywed w
f Ydk rwfjzpfcjhJ cif;ESiw
fh uG? uywed f
u olwkdYppfwyf oHwGJodkYa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; ppfwkdufckdif;&ef TefMum;trdefYay;vQif trdefYukd
olremcH zDqefrnf[kajymjcif;txd usaemf q&mawmftm; tMurf;zsOf;ajymjy\/
q&mawmfuvnf; oHwGJckdifwGif vlqkd;-"m;jyrsm; qlylaomif;usef;aejcif;r[kwf/
tiwfjyemu pwifcahJ om Ekid if aH &;jyemjzpf olu,
dk w
f idk af t;aq;aomenf;jzihf ajz&Si;f Edik af &;
twGuf oHwGJodkY oGm;aejcif;wkdYudk ajymjyonf/
uywdefu ykdykdoabmaygufvmonf/ oHwGJodkYa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; ppfwkdufckduf&ef
trdeaYf y;vQif olremcH? trdeu
Yf zkd q
D efrnf[k &J0phH mG uwday;\/ olwYkd csi;f awmifwef; [mume,fwiG f
vnf; wcgwav qefpyg;&Sm;yg;rI jyem&Sdavonf/ tpkd;&u oufomaomaps;EIef;owfrSwfNyD;
wifykdYa&mif;csjcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;ay;onf/
oHwcJG kid q
f yl v
l mrIonf tkycf sKyaf &;ryg;eyfaom oHwt
JG a&;ykid af Mumifo
h mjzpfonf/ q&mawmf
wkdYajz&Sif;ay;vQif atmifjrifrnf[k ol,kHMunfonf[kvnf; uywdefuajymjy\/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
NAdwdoQaMu;pm; ppfwyfxJwGif ppfrIxrf;aeaom ppfAkdvfrsm;xJrS EkdifiHa&;tajrmftjrif&Sdaom vkd
uywed rf sK;d ukd awGU&rnf[k usaemfrarQmv
f if/h olt&ufwefc;dk aMumifh ajymaeovm;[lum; usaemf
oHo,jzpfaeao;onf/
oHwGJa&mufonfxd OD;armifvSausmf? uywdefeSihf usaemfaomufazmfaomufzuf? ajymazmf
ajymzufrsm;jzpfomG ;Muonf/ uywed o
f nf 'kw,
d urmppftwGi;f olt
Y awGUtBuKH rsm;uko
d m ajymwwf
olr[kwf? ppfajrjyifrStem;ay; NrdKUjyrsm;wGif ae&pOf? ol\BuHKyav bkHabGjzpf&yfrsm;ukdvnf;
[moaESm ajymqkw
d wf&m ol\yGiv
hf if;aomESv;Hk om;ESifh &Dvm;armvm; tajymtqkrd sm;ukd usaemf
wem&Dxufwpfem&D ESpfNcdKufvmonf/
usaemfwiG f tusi"fh avhwpfc&k o
dS nf/ &Dvm;armvm; [moaeSmNy;D ajymwwfo?l yGiv
hf if;aom
ES v
S ;Hk om;&So
d El iS hf usaemftvG,w
f ul rdwu
f Rr;f 0ifomG ;wwfonf/ ,ckvnf; uywed Ef iS u
hf saemf eSp&f n
S f
vrsm; aygif;oif;vmaom oli,fcsif;rsm;ozG,f cifrifoGm;Mu&NyD/
rD;oabFmawmifuw
k q
f yd u
f rf;odYk qku
d af &mufomG ;\/ awmifuw
k q
f yd u
f rf; rD;oabFmqdyw
f iG f
pDpOfxm;onft
h wkid ;f ukb
d ;dk EG,(f ,ckaqmufvyk af &;aumfyadk &;&Si;f trIxrf;jzpfaeaom OD;bk;d EG,)f udk
awGU&onf/ ukb
d ;dk EG,o
f nf usaemfwEYdk iS fh 'k;d wlabmifzuf? qk;d wlaumif;zuf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ eSifh zufqpf
*syefwu
Ydk akd wmfveS cf ahJ om ausmufjzLckid f acgif;aqmifwpfO;D jzpfonf/ ausmufjzLckid af wmifov
l ,f
orm;xkESihf tif;qJcHvlwef;pm;rsm;\av;pm;cH&aom acgif;aqmifwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ olu

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

104

bkHaygufomausmf

q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemftm; ArmjynfrS tvHeD (rw&m;toif;aMujimcH&jcif;cHae&aom uGejf rLepfygwD
ArmjynfygwD)rS atmifvif; ajrykHnDvmcHodkY wuf&efa&muf&Sdaeonf/ ,ck olESihftwl awmifukwf
NrKd UwGi&f o
dS nf[k wD;wk;d pGm ajymjy\/ usaemfwu
Ydk oHwo
JG yl ek f rD;awmufavmifaeonf/ rD;Nird ;f a&;
twGuf oGm;&rnf/ atmifvif;ukd awmifukwfwGif vkHNcHKpGmxm;&rnfvm;[k olYukdar;jref;onf/
olu awmifuw
k Nf rKd UwGif vkNH cKH pmG xm;Ekid o
f nf[ak jymojzifh ukad tmifvif; vkNH cKH a&;ukd olt
Y m; wm0ef,l
ckid ;f um oabFmrxGurf D ta&mufvmNy;D usaemfwEYdk iS t
fh wl oHwo
JG o
Ykd mG ;Mu&ef olu
Y dk usaemfzw
d af c:
vkduf\/ ukdbkd;EG,f oabFmrS okwfajcwifxGufoGm;\/ ukdatmifvif;onf EGm;ukefonfrsm;ESihf
awmifukwfodkY ya'gif;rS ausmfa&mufvmonfukd od&\/
oabFmpma&; OD;armifvaS usm\
f tultnDaMumifh usaemfwYkd rD;oabFm oHwu
JG if;armfqyd u
f rf;
odYk cgwkid ;f xufapmapmpD;pD;qku
d af &mufonf/ uywed t
f m; vIu
d v
f pJS mG vufqEJG w
I q
f ufNy;D q&mawmf
ESifh usaemfwYdk tqifoifBh uKd qadk eMuaom vltyk x
f o
J Ykd oabFmay:rS qif;oGm;Mu\/ BuKd qo
dk rl sm;ESihf
twl armfawmfum;BuD;i,ftoG,foG,fjzihf oHwGJNrdKUodkYvmMuonf/ oHwGJNrdKUay:&Sd pma&;pmcsDrsm;
or* t aqmuf t OD ; wG i f q&mawmf E S i h f u saemf w k d Y t m; wnf ; ck d em;aecG i h f j yK\/
q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwt
Ydk m; pm;zG,rf sm;ESifh aumif;pGmauR;arG;{nhcf \
H / pma&;pmcso
D r*? ykvyd o
f r*
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf q&mawmfeSihfusaemfwkdY yGifhvif;aomESvHk;om;jzihf 'l;wkdufaqG;aEG;Mu\/ or*
acgif;aqmifrsm; wOD;Ny;D wOD;jzpfysuo
f mG ;&aom oHwo
JG yl ek u
f pd u
kd k;d om;yGiv
hf if;pGm wifjyoGm;Mu\/
usaemfwkdY od&Sdem;vnfcJhonfhtwkdif; tmPm&Sifqefaom oHwGJckdifta&;ykdif OD;bpdef\ ESdyfuGyf
&ufpufrIaMumihf jzpfay:vm&onfrSm uGif;uGif;uGufuGufjzpfay:aeavNyD/ t"duw&m;cHonf
usaemfwkdYtm; ukdvkdeDuRefb0wGif jyefvnfxm;vkdaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ESifh ,if;pepfqkd;ukd
taumiftxnfazmf&onfhta&;ykdif/
or*taqmuftOD;odkY oHwGJNrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;ESifhwuG jynfolvlxktm; rD;yl<uufwkduf zdwfac:
onf/ em&Dyidk ;f twGi;f ,if;taqmuftOD;wGif vlrsm;jynhv
f Qo
H mG ;onf/ taqmuftOD;ywf0ef;usiw
f iG f
vnf; &maygif;rsm;pGmaomjynfolvlxkjzifh tkwftkwfoJoJjzpfae\/ q&mawmfESihfusaemf EkdifiHa&;
w&m; a[majymMuonf/ Edik if aH &;w&m;yGrJ sm;pGmwGif q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemf a[majymcGaJ 0a[majymcJh
Muonft
h wkid ;f a[majymMu\/ txl;ojzifh oHwo
JG yl ek rf ;D awmufavmifatmif jyKaom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ
ESihf e,fcsUJ 'vHta&;ykid jf zpfaMumif;wdu
Yk dk usaemfwYdk tus,w
f 0if&h iS ;f jyMuonf/ oHwo
JG yl ek u
f dk aoG;ESihf
ulrnf[k q&mawmfEiS hf usaemf &J&ifph mG uwday;vku
d Mf u\/ Ekid if aH &;w&m;yGt
J Ny;D oHwo
JG yl ek u
f adk jz&Si;f
&ef or*acgif;aqmifrsm;ESit
hf wl q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwYkd tajz&SmazGMuonf/ bufpaHk 'gifph Hk trsK;d rsK;d
tBuw
d t
f e,f em&Daygif;tawmfMum aqG;aEG;Mu\/ tmPm&Siq
f efaomta&;ykid u
f dk Ekid if aH &;pnf;k;H
a&;ESihf vlxw
k u
dk yf rJG sm;jzihf tMuyfuidk Mf ua&;ukd wzufrjS yKNy;D olyek af cgif;aqmifrsm;ukv
d nf; azsmif;zsMu
&ef oabmwlnMD uygonf/ usaemfwt
Ydk m; or*acgif;aqmifrsm;u pm;aumif;bG,&f mrsm;jzifh nae
pmukd auR;arG;{nhfcHMuygonf/
reufjzef ppfawGjyefxGufrnfh usaemfwkdY pD;eif;vmaom rD;oabFmjzifh vkdufEkdifa&;twGuf
oabFmqdy&f &dS m uif;armf&mG odYk q&mawmfEiS hf usaemfwYdk naeqnf;psmtcsed w
f iG f oHwrJG aS rmfawmfum;
jzihf xGuv
f mMu\/ uif;armf&mG wGif q&mBu;D OD;a&Tusif (oHwcJG kid f oef&Y iS ;f zqyvacgif;aqmifa[mif;
OD;a&Tusif) paom EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh q&mawmfESihfusaemfwkdY urmhEkdifiHwuma&;&m?
trsK;d om; vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf EJG iS fh trsK;d om;nDw
G af &;jyem? vuf&o
dS w
H o
JG yl ek u
f pd r sm;ukd aqG;aEG;Mu
ygao;onf/ uif;armf&GmwGifyif q&mawmfESihfusaemfjynfolvlxk waxmifcefYukd EkdifiHa&;w&m;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

105

bkHaygufomausmf

a[myGw
J pf&yfvnf; jyKvu
dk Mf uygao;onf/ nOfh 10em&Dcefw
Y iG f &ifwxdwx
f w
d jf zihf uif;armfwpfbuf
urf;okYd q&mawmf? ukb
d ;dk EG,Ef iS fh usaemfavSi,fwpfp;D jzihf wdww
f qdwu
f ;l oGm;Mu\/ awmifuw
k rf S
usaemfwEYkd iS t
fh wl oHwrJG v
S u
dk v
f maom ukb
d ;dk EG,\
f pDpOfay;onft
h wkid ;f oHwo
JG yl ek af cgif;aqmifrsm;
ES iS fh usaemfwYdk rsuEf mS pkn
H aD qG;aEG;&ef c&rf;armfoYkd vmMujcif;jzpf\/ oHwo
JG yl ek rf sm;ukd oHwt
JG a&;ykid f
u ypfcwfa&;trdefYay;xm;onf/ olykefrsm;ESihfusaemfwkdY rsufESmpkHnDaqG;aEG;aepOf tcsdefra&G;vm
a&mufEkdifonfh ykvdyfwyfESihf ppfwyfrsm;u ypfcwfvQif q&mawmfESifhusaemfwkdY aoewfrsm;atmuf
wGif toufaysmufomG ;Edik o
f nf/ x<uaomolyek rf sm;ESihf aqG;aEG;rItqifrajy olwzYdk rf;qD;xm;vQif
vnf; usaemfwYdk cH&rnf/ odaYk omf usaemfwYdk wqHjcnfrQraMumuf? usaemfwYdk ausmk;d onf BuchH idk af om
e,fcsJUpepf qefYusifaom jynfolvlxk tm;rmefjzifhaxmufxm; usaemfwkdY tenf;i,fyif rpkd;&drf?
wqHjcnfrQraMumuf/
c&rf;armf&mG odYk q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwYdk a&mufomG ;csed w
f iG f nOfo
h ef;acgif,cH efjY zpfaeNy/D oHwJG
ckid o
f nf ysO;f uwk;d opfrsm; ayg<u,f0ojzif?h ppfawGckid &f dS v,form;tdrrf sm;uJo
h Ykd "edr;dk ? 0g;cif;tdrf
rsm; r&So
d avmuf&mS ;yg;onf/ ysO;f uwk;d tdrw
f idk ?f ysO;f uwd;k Murf;cif;? ysO;f uwd;k ysOaf xmifjzifh "edr;kd
xm;aomtdrrf sm;omjzpfMuonf/ c&rf;armf&mG tdrBf u;D &ckid w
f tdrw
f iG f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDrS cGx
J u
G f
vmMuaom Mu,feDajymufusm;acgif;aqmif OD;atmifjr(aemifwkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftrwf
OD;atmifjr) ukdomxGef;atmifwkdYukd tqifoifhawGU&\/ olwkdYESifhusaemfwkdY urmhEkdifiHwuma&;&m?
trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf aJG &;&m? vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;ESifh qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;&mrsm;ukd us,jf yeYpf mG
yGiv
hf if;pGm tBuw
d t
f e,f aqG;aEG;Mu\/ olwEYdk iS hf usaemfwYdk Ekid if aH &;cH,cl surf sm;ESiw
fh uG a&SUvkyif ef;
pOfrsm;yg wxyfwnf;uku
d n
f MD uonf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0rS jrefrmjynfw0Sr;f ESifh wNyKd iw
f nf;
vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;jzihf ke;f xGu&f rnf/ awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm; wykid ;f pD? wykid ;f pDawmfveS f
jcif;onf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtm; tvG,fwul csKd;ESdrfajcrIef;ypf&ef vrf;zGihfay;jcif;omjzpfonf/
,if;aMumifh vufiif;tm;jzihf Oya'wGi;f wku
d yf u
JG dk qifE&JT rnf[q
k u
dk m? q&mawmfeiS u
fh saemf
u olwt
Ydk m; Oya'wGi;f okYd 0ifvm&ef zdwaf c:vku
d o
f nf/ q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwYdk vufxw
J iG f olwYdk
xufrsm;pGmaomvufeufrsm;ESihf ajratmufawmfvSefa&; vufeufukdifwyfzGJUrsm;&Sdonfukd olwkdY
aumif;pGmodMuonf/ olwOYdk ya'wGi;f okYd 0ifvmvQif olw,
Ydk ckpu
JG idk x
f m;aomvufeufrsm;ukd NAw
d o
d Q
ppfwyfykvdyfwyfxH ay;tyf&rnfvm;[k ar;cGef;xkwfonf/
q&mawmfawmck0d &rf;ajy;b0rS armif;usK;d armif;ysuaf oewftenf;i,fudk q&mawmfwynhf
ausmufiEGm; &GmolBu;D OD;xGe;f jzLatmifxrH w
S qifh ajrykNH rKd Uykid o
f Ykd ay;tyfcNhJ y;D Oya'wGi;f a&mufco
hJ nfh
vkyfenf; vkyf[efESihfwuG Oya'wGif;vkyf&yfrsm;jzihf Oya'y ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vufeufukdif
wyfzGJUrsm;ukd tumtuG,fjyKxm;aom usaemfwkdY vufawGUvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd q&mawmfESihf
usaemfwkdY tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;ajymqkdMujyonf/
qefvyk aJG Mumifh olwt
Ydk m; oHwt
JG a&;ykid u
f xkwq
f ifx
h m;aom 0&rf;udp rnfov
Ykd yk rf nfv[
J k
olwkdYapm'uwufMuonf/ qefvkyGJaMumifh xkwfqifhxm;aom vlzrf;0&rf;ukd oHwGJykvdyfor*ESifh
pma&;pmcso
D r*rsm;jzifh aqG;aEG;Ny;D cJNh y/D vkt
d yfvQif &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D opf OD;armifausmt
f m; ajymay;
rnf/ usaemfwdkY t<uif;rJhwm0ef,l aqmif&Gufay;rnf[k q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY tmrcHcsufay;
vkduf\/ Oya'wGif;odkY olwkdY0ifMurnfukd olwkdYuwday;onf/
awmfveS af &;orm;rsm; kyt
f oGit
f wkid ;f olwo
Ydk nf Murf;wrf;cufxefaom kyv
f uPm&Sad omf
vnf; olw\
Ykd uk,
d u
f sK;d rzufaom pdw"f mwfaMumifh olwu
Ykd wdwnfrnfuk usaemfwYdk wxpfcs,MHk unf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

106

bkHaygufomausmf

onf/ olwt
Ydk m; ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk nDvmcHoYkd wufa&mufvmMu&ef q&mawmfEiS hf usaemfwYdk zdwaf c:
NyD; vlcsif;cGJum uif;armf&GmodkY usaemfwdkY jyefvmMuonf/
q&mawmf ESiu
fh saemfwYdk &nfreS ;f cJo
h nft
h wkid ;f oHwo
JG yl ek jf yemukd at;aq;aomenf;?Ekid if H
a&;enf;jzihf usaemfwkdY atmifjrifpGm ajz&Sif;cJhMuNyD/ uif;armfqdyfurf;rS eHeufapmapmxGufonfh
tm&uHzvkw
d ;D ,m; oabFmjzihf usaemfwYdk vku
d yf gvmMu\/ tpk;d &tmPm&[l wa&G;om;rQ r&Sad om
q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwYdk Ekid if aH &;MoZmwdur jzihf oHwo
JG yl ek jf yemukd ajz&Si;f Ekid af &;twGuf NAw
d o
d Q
e,fcsUJ \csK;d ESrd af jcrIe;f rnfah b;rS awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkwpf&yfudk ulnaD z;rEdik o
f nft
h wGuf usaemfwYkd
tpm;ysucf H nOft
h tdyyf sucf u
H m yifyef;EGr;f &dcMhJ uaomfvnf; usaemfwYdk ESv;Hk om;rsm; yDwjd zpfaeMuyg
onf/
awmifukwfNrdKUqdyfurf;wGif rD;oabFmqdkufuyfpOf uRJEGm;a&mif;0,faom ukefonfrsm;\
tultnDjzifah &mufaeaom tvHeyD gwDu,
dk pf m;vS,f ukad tmifvif;( oHacsmifarmifumG &GmwGif aoG;
at;at;jzihf vkyfBuHowfjzwfcHoGm;&aom ukdrif;vGif? ukda0ausmf? ukdOD;pdefxGef;? ukdiawmufwkdYESifh
twl towfjzwfcHoGm;&aom tvHeDygwD A[kdaumfrDwD &JeDatmifvif;)ukd q&mawmfaeaom
txl;cef;odkY ykdYxm;vkduf\/
rD;oabFmonf olcY &D;pOftwkid ;f &rf;NAq
J yd u
f rf;wGif qku
d o
f nf/ eHeufpmxrif;ukd qdyu
f rf;
wGipf m;Muonf/ u,kurmaygojzihf oabFmc&D;onfrsm;tm; u,kurmaMumfrsm;ukd tk;d wvk;H vku
d f
a&mif;Muonf/ u,kurmtkd;okH;vkH;cefY 0,fNyD; usaemfwkdY t0tNyJpm;Mu\/
ausmufjzLNrKd Uqdyu
f rf;odYk oabFmqku
d u
f yfvQiu
f yfcsi;f usaemf ausmufjzLaxmifoYkd okwaf jc
wifav\/ ausmufjzLaxmifwGif oHql;BudK;*Gif; csKyfaESmifcHae&aom ukduHBuD; (,ck trSwf 5
tpk;d &txufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&m OD;uHBu;D ) ukd usaemfomG ;awGUonf/ olonf usaemf
wdkYESihf ausmif;om;or*acwfuyif ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ukd acgif;aqmifcJholjzpfonf/ ajrmif;abG
ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&mwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ tqufrjywf usaemfwkdYESihfxyfwl EkdifiHa&;
wm0efrsm;ukd wm0efxrf;aqmifvmolvnf;jzpfonf/ ,ck olYtm; vufeufyk'frrsm;jzihf zrf;qD;um
ausmufjzLwGJbuf puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;kH;wGif w&m;pGJcHae&onf/
olu
Y dk oHq;l BuKd ;twGi;f awGU&onfudk usaemfrsm;pGm pdwrf aumif;/ olt
Y m; oHwo
JG yl ek u
f pd u
dk
Ekid if aH &;enf;jzihf usaemfwYdk vufiif;ajz&Si;f Ekid cf o
hJ nfrt
S p usaemfwYdk vky&f yfrsm;ESihf ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk
nDvmcH usi;f ya&;atmifjrifrrI sm;ukd ajymjyonf/ olt
Y m; pGx
J m;aom rIcif;jzpf&yfrsm;ukv
d nf; usaemf
ar;jref;onf/ olYukd jynfhoGif&GmrS vufeufodrf;rIESihf olYxHrS usnfqH 4-axmifh&&SdonfqkdrIrsm;jzihf
r[kwrf [yf pGypf zJG rf;qD;xm;jcif;ukd ajymjyonf/ oltzrf;cH&onfrmS usaemfyh a,m*ruif;? usaemfh
wGif t<uif;rJh wm0ef&Sdaeonf/
uku
d BH u;D ESihf ukb
d at; (,ck &efuek u
f efawmfuav; ausmif;q&m) ESpOf ;D ukd Mumtif;awmif
jynfon
Yl v
D mcHtNy;D ? &efuek v
f il ,frsm;XmecsKyo
f Ykd &efyaHk iG ok;H axmifay;Ny;D vli,fa&;&mrsm;ukd oif,l
Mu&ef usaemfykdYcJhonf/ vli,fa&;&mrsm;ukd okH;vcefY udkuHBuD; oif,lcJhonf/
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESiw
hf uG zqyvtzGUJ u bk&ifct
H wkid yf ifct
H zGUJ 0if vkyaf qmif 2vausmf
cefw
Y iG f Mumtif;awmif? urf;axmifBh u;D paom&Gmaygif;rsm;pGmukd NAw
d o
d Qppfwyf? ykvyd pf pfwyfrsm;wuf
a&mufNy;D &Gmvk;H uRwrf ;D IUd zsuq
f ;D oGm;onf/ Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifq
f ef; tpk;d &u apckid ;f rD;IUd &jcif;jzpfonf
[lvnf; ppfzuf? ykvyd zf uft&m&Srd sm;u 0g'jzefu
Y m Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;tpk;d &ESifh usaemfwYdk y#dyu
jzpfatmif ajcxk;d oGm;Muao;onf/ urf;axmifBh u;D &Gmvk;H uRwf rD;IUd cH&rIaMumifv
h nf;aumif;? vufeuf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

107

bkHaygufomausmf

qkd tyfusK;d wpfacsmif;rQ rygaomvli,facgif;aqmif ukb

d at;tm; txl;ykvyd w
f yfzUJG tifpyufawmf
OD;bk;d atmifwYdk ypfowfomG ;jcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif;? awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f ajratmufawmfveS af &; wyfzUJG
rsm;ESihf vlxkvlwef;pm; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u aomif;usef;aeaom NAdwdoQppfwyfESihf ykvdyfwyfwkdYtm;
vufeufjzihf jyefvnfckcHwGef;vSefa&;udk tm;wufoa&mawmif;qkdvmMuonf/
,if;udprsm;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdif&eff ukduHBuD;tm; txl;wm0efowfrSwfNyD; awmifykdif;odkY usaemfykdY
cJhonf/ ukduHBuD;wkdYonf w&m;0ifzGJUpnf;xm;aom &ckdifjynfvli,frsm;tpnf;tkH;acgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpf ppfwyf? ykvyd w
f yfwt
Ykd m; a&Smifwrd ;f ae&efrvk[
d k usaemfajymqk
d eT Mf um;vku
d o
f nf/ ,if;aMumifh
ukduHBuD; ppfwyf? ykvdyfwyfwkdYESihf &ifqkdiftawGUcHonf/ ,ck ukduHBuD; NAdwdoQvufyg;ap
ykvdyftifpydawmf (&JrSL;)armifpdef\ vkyfZmwfcif;cH&NyD; r[kwfrrSefaom yk'fxD;yk'frrsm;jzihf w&m;pGJ
cH&Ny/D jynho
f iG &f mG rS vufeuford ;f yGq
J ifMupOfu uku
d BH u;D &efuek w
f iG f vli,fa&;&moifwef; oifMum;
aecsdefjzpf\/
ukduHBuD; vGwfa&;twGuf tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm;rnf? &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD;opf OD;armifausmftm;
vnf; ajymay;rnf/ jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D OD;ausmNf ird ;f xHvnf; pma&;rnf[k uku
d BH u;D tm; usaemfajymjy
\/ usaemf*wday;cJ\
h / ,if;rD;oabFmjzifyh if usaemfwYdk ppfawGNrKd UodYk vku
d o
f mG ;Muonf/ &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;
Bu; OD;armifausmftm; wkdif;rif;BuD;aexkdifaomaetdrfwGif ukdvSxGef;ausmfwkdYESihftwl usaemfwkdY
oGm;a&mufawGUqkHMuygonf/ usaemfwdkYtm; rif;BuD; OD;armifausmf {nhf0wfaus>yefpGm auR;arG;NyD;
{nhcf \
H / usaemfwifjyaomjyemrsm;ukv
d nf; aumif;pGmvufc\
H / usaemfu oHwo
JG yl ek jf yemukd
olyek af cgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh usaemfwaYkd qG;aEG;oabmwlcsurf sm;tm; ruG,rf 0Sub
f J ajymjyonf/ rMumrD
olyek rf sm; vufeuftenf;i,fpeG NYf y;D Oya'wGi;f odYk 0ifvmMurnf/ ,if;okOYd ya'wGi;f okYd 0ifvmolrsm;
tm; qefwu
dk yf aJG Mumihjf zpfap? wpkw
H &mtjypf&mS Ny;D w&m;pGq
J jdk cif;r&S&d atmif oHwcJG kid t
f a&;ykid Ef iS fh
oHwcJG kid &f XJ mersm;xH taMumif;Mum;ay;&ef wifjyonf/ rif;Bu;D OD;armifausmf oabmwlvufc\
H /
uku
d BH u;D tm; vGwaf &;ukd usaemftus,w
f 0ifh &Si;f jyawmif;qkjd yefonf/ k;H odaYk &mufaeaom
rIcif;rsm;ukd kyo
f rd ;f &ef w&m;a&;Xmeuom jyKvyk Ef ikd o
f nf[k rif;Bu;D OD;armifausmaf jymjy\/ okaYd omf
rIcif;jzpfpOftwGi;f tmrcHjzihf aexkid &f atmif olBuKd ;yrf;ay;rnf[k *wdjyK\/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESiw
hf ef;
wl awmckd0&rf;ajy;cJh&aom olrsm;\trnfrsm;ESihfwuG ae&yfvdyfpmrsm;ukd olYvufxJ usaemfay;
tyfonf/ &efuek w
f iG &f pdS Ofu olEiS u
hf saemfoabmwlco
hJ nfh ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk nDvmcHrwkid rf D awmckd
0&rf;ajy; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; t<uif;rJhvTwfypf&ef usaemfwifjy\/
olukd,fpGrf; OmPfpGrf;&Sdoa&GU tm;BudK;rmefwufaqmif&Gufay;rnf/ ykvdyfXmetoD;oD; rS
brf;qD;&ef 0&rf;xkwfqifhxm;olrsm;\ trnfpm&if;ukd awmif;,lvkdufrnf[k wduspGm ol&Sif;jy\/
Oya'y ajratmufawmfvSefa&;wyfzGJUrsm;twGuf vkdtyfaom tumtuG,frsm;ukd olESihfusaemf
qufvufaqG;aEG;Muygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJatmifjrifpGm NyD;pD;cJhavNyD/ udkvSxGef;ausmfonf q&mawmf
OD;pdEm ESiu
fh saemfwYdk ygwDtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ ppfawGNrKd UwGi;f uk,
d pf m;vS,v
f nf; jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmif
vnf; jzpfonf/
,if;aMumifh tppt&m&mukd olES iS ahf qG;aEG;Ekid yf gonf[k &Si;f jyum if;&Jabmf vSxeG ;f ausmf
ESifh rif;Bu;D OD;armifausmu
f dk *a[qufay;vku
d o
f nf/ usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D &Tiv
f ef;aomESv;Hk om;jzihf olt
Y rd rf S
xGuv
f mMu\/ ppfawGNrKd U au'g&Jabmfrsm;eSihf Ekid if aH &;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ukd txyfxyfaqG;aEG;Ny;D avNy/D
ykvyd o
f r*rb
S w
d af c: ykvyd o
f r*taqmuftOD;wGif Ekid if aH &;w&m;a[myGEJ iS fh aqG;aEG;yGu
J si;f ya&;
vnf; NyD;avNyD/ usaemfwkdY XmecsKyfwnf&m Mumtif;awmifodkY usaemf 'kef;pkdif;jyefvmavawmh\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

108

bkHaygufomausmf

wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTGwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ
ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHatmify&JG a&;twGuf q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESifh usaemfwYdk rem;rae 'ke;f pkid ;f
aqmif&u
G af eMu&onf/ vlaygif; 6-aomif;ausmw
f ufa&mufrnfh r@yfuem;ESifh vlaygif; 6-aomif;
ausmf ok;H &ufwidk w
f idk f pm;aomufa&;rSpNy;D ? use;f rma&;xd wm0ef,&l rnfh udpt
&yf&yfwu
Ydk dk aeYrtm;
nrtm;bJ pDrHcefYcGJaeMu&ygonf/
odkYr&yfrem; aqmif&Gufae&pOf jrefrmhtvif; OD;wif(zqyvXmecsKyf tvkyftrIaqmif)
OD;AaqG( zqyvXmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;)ESihf Akv
d rf LS ;atmifwYdk a&mufaeMuaMumif;? wkid ;f jyK
jynfjyKvw
T af wmftrwfavmif;rsm; a&G;cs,af eMuaMumif;? usaemfEiS o
fh u
Yl dk trwfavmif;tjzpf yg0if
aqmif&u
G &f ef? ukAd aqGqEjyif;xefpmG jzpfvsu&f adS Mumif;wku
Yd dk ukad rmifped v
f pS mwGif azmfjyxm;onhjf yif
trwfavmif;tjzpfyg0ifa&;? ryg0ifa&;rSm q&mawmfOD;pdEmESihf usaemfhtqkH;tjzwfay: rlwnfae
onf[k olw&Ydk iS ;f jyvku
d
f q&mawmfEiS hf usaemfwt
Ydk m; aqG;aEG;&ef if;tzGUJ a&mufMurnfjzpfaMumif;
rsm;yg0ifonfh pmwpfapmif ukdarmifpdefvSxHrS usaemfhxHa&mufvmonf/ tvm;wlpmrsKd; ppfawGNrdKU
ukvSxGef;ausmfxHrSvnf; usaemfhxHa&muf&Sd\/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmhtvif; OD;wif? ukdAaqGwkdYxH
q&mawmfEiS hf usaemfwt
Ykd m; ausmufiEGm;&GmwGif awGUqkEH idk af Mumif; pmjyefvu
dk o
f nf/ q&mawmfEiS fh
wuG vkyaf zmfuidk b
f ufrsm;ukv
d nf; usaemfa&G;aumufyrJG 0ifaMumif;ukd usaemfjywfom;pGmwifjyxm;
onf/
a&G;aumufy0JG ifvo
dk &l u
dS vnf; emrnfoiG ;f Mu&ef usaemfwu
d spmG ajymqkx
d m;\/ a&G;aumufyJG
jzihf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;xHrS ppfrSefaomvGwfvyfa&;ukd &rnf[k usaemfr,kHMunf/ jynfh0aom
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukd NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;tm; vufeufpGJukdifwkdufzsuf,lrS &rnf[k usaemf
,kHMunfaeonf/ ,if;aMumifh wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJukd usaemfr0ifvkd/
1947ck rwfvwGif jrefrmhtvif; OD;wif? ukdAaqGESihf AkdvfrSL;atmifwkdY ausmufiEGm;okdY
qku
d q
f u
dk Nf rKd uNf rKd uaf &mufvmMuygonf/ q&mawmf OD;pdEm \ausmif;wku
d w
f iG f q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESihf
wuG jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ XmecsKyf Ou| OD;bk;d OD;wkEYd iS hf usaemfwyYdk g rsuEf mS pkn
H w
D ufa&mufMuyg
onf/ pnf;a0;pvQifpjcif; usaemfwkdYESihfajymremqkdremjzpfaeaom ukdAaqGu q&mawmfwkdYtzGJUrS
tenf;qk;H (2)OD; (3)OD;cefY wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
GT af wmfa&G;aumufyo
JG Ydk 0ifoifah Mumif;? txl;ojzihf uko
d m
ausmf (usaemf)ESifh ukpd ed v
f S (,ck ausmif;q&m ukad rmifped v
f )S wkYd 0ifa&mufta&G;cHoifah Mumif;wku
Yd kd
Ekid if aH &;tajctaersm;ESiw
hf uG wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmfrS vGwv
f yfa&;ta&;qkrd nft
h csut
f vufrsm;
ESifh vGwv
f yfa&;r&u awmfveS af &;jzihf t&,lrnfjzpf vTwaf wmfonf awmfveS af &;vTwaf wmfjzpf
&ef vkdaMumif; paom tajccHtcsufrsm;ukd pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf&Sif;vif;jyonf/
ukdAaqGajymNyD;vQif NyD;csif; q&mawmfajym&ef apmifhraeawmhbJ? pdwfjref EIwfjrefaom
usaemfupajymavonf/ ukdAaqGonf tpkd;&tzGJU 0efBuD;&mxl;r,lbJ EkdifiHa&;pnf;kH;a&;wkdYukd
aZmufcsvkyfvkd zqyvXmecsKyfwGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmifaeovkd? usaemf
vnf; vkdEkdifiHa&;ESihf pnf;kH;a&;paom wm0efrsm;ukdom xrf;aqmifvkdygonf/
a&G;aumufyGJ r0ifvkdyg/ ukdarmifpdefvSxHrSvnf; usaemfhxH pma&mufaeonf/ olvnf; a&G;
aumufy0JG if&ef qEr&Syd g/ ,if;aMumifh a&G;aumufy0JG ifvo
dk rl sm; &SMd u 0ifMuyg? ulnyD grnf? usaemfwYdk
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukd awmfveS &f eftoif&h adS e&m trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tm; awmfveS f
&ef usaemfhtm; EkdifiHa&;? pnf;kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukdom aZmufcsvkyfcGifhay;Muyg[k usaemfwduspGm
ajymqkdwifjyvkduf\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

109

bkHaygufomausmf

jrefrmhtvif; OD;wif? Akv

d rf LS ;atmifwu
Ydk vnf; wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
GT af wmf\ tESpo
f m& toGif
o@mef r sm;uk d &S i f ; jyMuygonf / a&G ; aumuf y G J 0 if & ef wk d u f w G e f ; Muygonf / usaemf w d k Y x H r S
wpfO;D wpfa,mufrQ a&G;aumufy0JG ifvo
dk rl &S/d a&G;aumufyrJG 0ifonfrmS zqyvESifh qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwDudk
twkdufcHjyKaeMuaom tjcm;ygwDrsm;u a<u;aMumfonhf]]a&G;aumufyJG oydwaf rSmuf...olyek .f ...olyek .f ..x...x}}a<u;aMumfou
H kd yku
d af xG;
xm; olyek x
f &ef a&G;aumufyu
JG dk oydwaf rSmufjcif;vnf; r[kwMf uyg/ a&G;aumufy0JG ifvQif I;H rnf
qkd;r0ifjcif;vnf; r[kwfMuyg/ usaemfwkdYa&G;aumufyGJ0ifvQif q&mawmfOD;pdEm\ EkdifiHa&;MoZm
wdur ESiw
hf uG &ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&; tzGUJ csKyEf iS v
fh il ,frsm; tpnf;tk;H \Ekid if aH &;t&Sed t
f 0g
aMumifhvnf;aumif;? usaemfwkdYukd,fwkdifvnf; yk*dKvfa&;&m t&Sdeft0g&Sdaejcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;?
vufawGUajr,ma0iSa&; vrf;pOfjzifh ajrqDajrcGefray;bJ v,fvkyfol v,fykdifjzpfaeMujcif;aMumifh
vnf;aumif;? ckid rf maom ajratmufawmfveS af &; vufeufuidk t
f zGUJ rsm;ESifh tmPmeDe,fajrus,jf yefY
pGmxlaxmifEidk Nf yjD zpfvnf;aumif;?usaemfwYdk vG,v
f ifw
h ula&G;aumufc&H rnfudk usaemfwYdk odygonf/
odaYk omf irku
d o
f m; usaemfwYdk wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmfoYdk r0ifMu? NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ awmfveS af &;om
qEtmoDo jyif;jyaeMu\/ avat;cef;atmufwGif at;aq;pGmae&rnfh ukvm;xkdifESihf &mxl;ukd
rruf/ aowGif;aoaygufxJ wkd;0ifaeMu\/
usaemfwkdYESihfajymremqkdremjzpfaeaom &Jabmfpdwftjynhft0&Sdaom ukdAaqG(xkdpOfu
zqyv XmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;AaqG)tm; uku
d BH u;D ukd ykvyd t
f ifpydawm(f &JrLS ;) armifped f
\vkyZf mwfcif;rIjzifh jynfo
h iG &f mG vufeuford ;f pOfu uku
d BH u;D &efuek w
f iG f vli,fa&;&m oifwef;wuf
vsuf &SdygvsufESifh xkdvufeufodrf;rIwkdYjzihf rw&m;zrf;qD;xm;jcif;ESihfwuG &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD;
OD;armifausmfu trIjzpfpOftwGif; tmrcHjzihf aexkdifcGifhjyKrnf[k *wday;xm;onfhwkdif ,aeYxd
tmrcHr&ao;jcif;wkdYukdajymjyNyD;? ukduHBuD;vGwfa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;&ef tm;ukd;wBuD; usaemf
ajymqkdwifjyvkdufygonf/ ukdAaqGtm; tyluyfvkdufygonf/
ajrykHwyfaygif;pk nDvmcH
&ckdifjynf acwforkdif;ukd a&;vQif vkdvm;onfjzpfap? rvkdvm;onfjzpfap? ajrykHwyfaygif;pk
nDvmcHudk ra&;om;r&Ekid af y/ ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHxajrmufa&;twGuf &ckid af cgif;aqmifrsm;
txyfxyftvDvD pnf;a0;aqG;aEG;Mu&onf/ acgif;csi;f ku
d &f onf/ tylwjyif; rD;ylzw
k w
f u
dk f aqG;aEG;
&onfvnf; &So
d nf/ at;aq;pGmajymqkMd uonfvnf;&So
d nf/ oabmwlcsuw
f pfc&k &ef tjyif;txef
jiif;ckH&onfvnf; &Sdonf/ cufcJrnfxifaom jyem&yfwkdYudk rdepfydkif;twGif; tm;vkH;oabmwl
vufco
H mG ;onfvnf;&So
d nf/ tjrifcsi;f rwlaom ygwDtzGUJ tpnf; toD;oD;rSvmMuaom acgif;aqmif
rsm;\ qEukd dEIdif;&onfrSm rvG,ful/
&ckid w
f idk ;f zqyv? &ckid w
f idk ;f jynfo&Yl aJ bmftzGUJ ? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (&ckid w
f idk ;f )? &ckid jf ynf
jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf? &ckdifjynf vli,frsm; tpnf;tkH;? &ckdifjynfawmifolv,form;rsm;
tzGJUcsKyfESihf ykvdyfor*? pma&;pmcsDor*paom vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;\qEukd dEIdif;,lae&\/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm ? q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[? q&mawmfO;D ynm0Ho? &ckid w
f idk ;f zqyv? &ckid w
f idk ;f jynfoYl
&JabmftzGJU? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD (&ckdifwkdif;)wkdYrS ukdausmfjr(,ckawmckd Auy A[kdaumfrDwD)
ukarmifwl(aoqkH;oGm;aom Auy&ckdifjynfacgif;aqmifwpfOD;) ukdkdxGef; (0efBuD;a[mif;?
,ckoHtrwfBuD;) ukdMumvSatmif (xkdpOfu &ckdifwkdif; jynfolY&JabmftzGJU acgif;aqmif)? ukdbapm

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

110

bkHaygufomausmf

(0efBu;D a[mif;? oHtrwfBu;D ) uko

d mxGe;f (,ck oHtrwfBu;D ) ukb
d [ef (awmckd Auya&epfaoqk;H )?
ukb
d ;dk EG,(f ,ck aqmufvyk af &;aumfyadk &;&Si;f trIxrf;) ESifh usaemfwzYkd ufrS OD;bk;d OD; (&ckid jf ynf jynfoYl
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf Ou|)ESihfusaemfwkdY tNrJvkdvkd awGUqkHaqG;aEG;Mu&\/ IdEIdif;Mu&\/ ajrykH
wyfaygif;pkjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf aqmif&u
G af eaom ygwDtzGUJ tpnf;tm;vk;H u oabmwlvuf0,f
xm;&So
d nfh NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0rS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf vufeufpu
JG idk af wmfveS af &;enf;jzihf
tvGwfkef;xGufrnf[laom vrf;pOfonf tm;vkH;oabmwlvufcHxm;aom vrf;pOfjzpfaeonf/
,if;vrf;pOfEiS fh qDavsmaf omqk;H jzwfcsurf sm; csrw
S af &;ESiv
fh yk if ef;pOfrsm;? vkyef nf;rsm; csrw
S f
a&;ukd a'gifhpkHjiif;ckH? aqG;aEG;Mu dEIdif;,lMujzihf wjznf;jznf;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd &&SdvmMu\/
aqG;aEG;Ed idI ;f aeMuaom ygwDtzGUJ rsm;\ acgif;aqmifrsm;xJwiG f wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
GT af wmf wufa&muf
rnfholrsm;jzpfonfh udkkdxGef; polrsm;vnf; yg0ifae&m xkdolrsm;u wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif
olwkdY\toHonf wyfaygif;pktoHjzpf&rnf/ wyfaygif;pkHrSEIwfxGuf&ef qkH;jzwfvQif tcsdefra&G;
EIwfxGufrnf[kvnf; jrifhrkd&fawmifwrQ BuD;rm;aom uwdpum;ukdvnf; txyfxyfajymMu\/
ay;Mu\/
ajrykHwyfaygif;pkHnDvmcH\r@yfonf tvsm;ukduf 200ESihf teHudkfuf 150? tjrifhay 30cefY
&Sad om acgifxyd u
f dk jyom'fyaHk zmfxm;aom r@yfjzpfonf/ opfBu;D 0g;Bu;D rsm;jzihaf qmufvyk x
f m;onf/
aeylr;dk &Gmrqkd vlaygif; 6aomif;cefaY eEkid af tmif "edr;dk Ny;D tckid t
f rm wnfaqmufxm;onf/ r@yfwiG ;f
&Sd w&m;a[mpifjrifyh ifvQif vlaygif; 50cefY aexkid Ef idk af om puLyef;rsm;jzihf rGr;f rHxm;onfh &mZyvif
wpfrsK;d jzpfaeonf/ r@yfuem; aqmufvyk &f mwGif apwemh0efxrf;pepfjzihf v,form;rsm;u tcrJh
vkyfukdifay;onfhwkdif r@yfuem; p&dwfaiGaomif;csD ukefusonf/
qefukdawmifvkdykHxm;onfh odkavSmifXme? xif;rsm;ukdawmifvkdykHxm;onfh okdavSmifXme?
ig;ajcmuf tmvl; [if;oD;[if;&Gurf sm;ukd awmifvydk x
Hk m;aomXme ponfjzihf awmifvo
dk ;Hk Xmeykx
H m;&
onf/ qefrsm;? xif;rsm; aiGwjym;rS ray;&/ awmifolv,form;rsm;u wuf<uaom apwemjzihf
vma&mufay;ykMYd uonf/ ig;ajcmuf? tmvl; ? [if;oD;[if;&Gurf sm;ukd 0,f&onf/ aiGvnf; aomif;csD
ukeo
f nf/ ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk nDvmcHr@yfuem; aqmufvyk af &;rSpNy;D tzufzufrS tyifyef;cH tepfem
cHMuolrsm;rSm Ekid if aH &;Ek;d Mum;x<uaeaom Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,fom;rsm;yif jzpfMu\/ uk,
d af &m
pdwfa&m tyifyef;cH&olrsm;xJwGif ukdausmfarmifOD;ESihf usaemfxdyfwef;rS ygrnfxifygonf/
&ckid jf ynfygwDtzGUJ tpnf; acgif;aqmifrsm;\qEwn
l rD jI zihf ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHusi;f ya&;
twGuf tajccHEidk if aH &;vrf;pOfEiS w
fh uG qk;H jzwf&rnfh qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;ESifh A[kt
d vkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ
wGif yg0ifrnfyh *k Kd vrf sm; owfrw
S v
f smxm;csux
f d Ny;D pD;avNy/D ajrykw
H yfaygif;pkn
H v
D mcH tcsed rf u
DS si;f y
Ekdifa&;twGuf usaemfajrykHESihfteD;uyfqkH; uHom&GmokdY okwfajcwif&\/
&uf o w w ywf r Qom cspf o l \ &if c G i f w G i f usaemf t d y f c J h & onf / ajrmuf r sm;pG m aom
Ekid if aH &;&mudpr sm;aMumifh usaemfch spo
f x
l H usaemfra&mufEidk /f ,ck cspo
f El iS u
fh saemf uHom&Gm olr\
bBu;D tdrw
f iG f zl;pmqkMH ujyefNy/D usaemfh cspo
f t
l m; usaemf NcKd ;NcpH mG 0,f,v
l maom rEav;rde;f r0wf
vkcH snw
f pfxnfEiS fh EIwcf rf;qk;d aq;awmifw
h pfawmifu
h dk MunfE;l ESpNf cKd uaf om ESv;Hk om;jzifh usaemfay;
tyfvkduf\/ usaemfhcspfolonf kd;om;aomawmifolv,form; orD;ysKdwpfOD;jzpfonf/ EIwfcrf;eD
atmif EIwcf rf;qk;d aq;awmifjh zihf qk;d ay;&onfudk rodvm;rajymwwf/ csnrf Qiq
f ;dk aq;eDudk cGuif ,f
wGifa&jzihfazsmf EIwfcrf;qkd;aecJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh EIwfcrf;qkd;aq;awmifhukd ay;NyD; tokH;cs&rnfh
enf;vrf;rsm;ukyd g usaemfajymjyav\/ ajrykNH rKd UESifh av;rkid cf efaY 0;rnfh uHom&GmrS ajrykNH rKd UokYd usaemf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

111

bkHaygufomausmf

acgufwkefYacgufjyefoGm;vmvIyf&Sm;um ajrykHwyfaygif;pk r@yfuem;NyD;a&;? qef? xif;? ig;ajcmuf?

[if;oD;[if;&Gurf sm; vkaH vmufjynhpf aHk &;wku
Yd dk aqmif&u
G af e&\/ a[m...waeY usaemfaowGi;f rS
wuGufvGwfcJh&jyefNyD/
ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk nDvmcHjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf r@yfuem;Ny;D pD;a&;ESifh &dum rsm; vkaH vmufjynhf
0pGm &&Sad &;wko
Yd nf usaemfyh ck ;Hk xufwiG f zdp;D aeonf/ ajrykNH rKd UwGif waeukew
f aecrf; usaemfae&\/
tcgcg nOfha&maeYyg aqmif&Guf&\/ wcgwav tvkyfem;aeckdufBuHK rdwfaqG&if;csmrsm;ESihfawGU
vQif t&uftenf;i,f usaemfwdkY aomufMuonf/ waeYnae (5)em&DcefYwGif tvkyfem;aeckduf?
ukdbat; (,ck uefawmfuav;ausmif;q&m) ukdbNrdKif (&efukefowif;axmufa[mif; OD;bNrdKif)
wkEYd iS Bfh uKH BuKd u
f ajrykNH rKd Uukad *guf& (,ck ppfawGuek o
f ,
G af &;trSwf 1-trIxrf;) tdrw
f iG f t&uf0idk ;f
zGJUMuonf/
ae0ifqnf;psmcsed w
f iG f ajrykNH rKd U vli,frsm;xJrS xdyo
f ;D vlru
dk f bapmatmifonf rarQmv
f ifb
h J
tdraf y:wufum ]]rif;...wyfaygif;pk...rif;...Ekid if aH &;awGudk owfr,f}}qkNd y;D 'g;&Snjf zihf 0ifcw
k f
onf/ xkdifaeaom usaemfhOD;acgif;odkY olY'g;csufra&mufrSD kwfw&ufxNyD; olYvufaumuf0wfukd
usaemf qky
f p v
f u
dk o
f nf/ olt
Y m; tjcm;vufwpfzufjzihf yl;zufum 0g;eH&aH 'gifw
h iG f wtm;aqmifh
wGe;f ypfonf/ 0g;eH&BH uKd ;rsm;jywfNy;D ESpaf ,mufom;yl;zufvsuf ajrBu;D odYk usomG ;\/ olv
Y ufrS 'g;&Snf
vGifhpifoGm;NyD;/ usaemfhatmufrS 0yfaeaom olYukdqGJxlNyD; usaemfhnmvufoD; ay;oGif;vkduf\/
tkyfBudK;jywfovkd olbkef;bkef;vJoGm;onf/ olYtm; xkd;Budwf&ef &Jabmfrsm; 0kdif;vm\/
usaemfu &Jabmfrsm;ukd jyif;xefpmG wm;jrpfvu
dk o
f nf/ vlwOD;tm; vltrsm;pk 0kid ;f tk
H tEkid u
f siafh om
0g'udk usaemfvufrcH/ olt
Y m; qGx
J Nl y;D aemifodYk rapmfum;&ef? Ekid if aH &;orm;onf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ
\&efo?l wkid ;f jynf\rdwaf qGjzpfaMumif; ajymjyum vrf;xdyx
f d usaemfvu
dk yf aYdk y;vku
d \
f / olu
Y dk w&m;pGJ
vQif olc&H rnf/ usaemfwYdk &JXmeESihf rnfonfXh mewGirf S w&m;rpG?J olonfvrl u
dk w
f efc;dk jyvk
d 'g;&Snf
jzihf 0ifcw
k o
f avm/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tvkad wmf&u
d ajrm ufyifah y; vkyo
f avm[k usaemfrajymwwf/
cefn
Y m;aomnDvmcHr@yfuem;rsm;vnf; Ny;D pD;avNy/D qef? xif;? ig;ajcmufEiS fh [if;oD;[if;
&Gufrsm;vnf; jynhfpkHvkHavmufpGm awmifvkdykH&SdaeNyD/
aemufwaeYwiG f ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk nDvmcHudk usi;f yawmhrnf/ nDvmcHow
Ykd ufrnfh ygwDtzGUJ
tpnf;rsm;ESifh nDvmcHu,
dk pf m;vS,rf sm;pm&if; ay;oGi;f &ef usaemfaqmfMoonf/ nDvmcHr@yfteD;
acw;Hk tjzpfxm;aom wJtrd if ,fwiG f ygwDtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESifh uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;\pm&if;ukd usaemf
a&;ul;ae\/ ukb
d pdeEf iS fh ukb
d apmatmifwEYdk pS Of ;D a&mufvmMuonf/ ukb
d pdeu
f ol\rEktzGUJ ESifh
olt
Y m; uk,
d pf m;vS,pf m&if;oGi;f &efajym\/ olrY EktzGUJ wGif olonf Ou|? olonf twGi;f a&;rSL;?
olonf b@ma&;rSL;ponfwkdYukd ajym\/ ol\rEktzGJU &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm vlom;tEG,fonf
vlpw
d af ygufNy;D vltvkyu
f dk vkyaf qmifwwf&rnf[q
k u
dk m ygVdbmompum;rsm;jzihf ajymjy\/ udb
k pdef
ukd usaemfarwm&yfco
H nf/ ajrykw
H yfaygif;pkn
H v
D mcH\ &nfreS ;f csurf sm;ESifh vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ukd usaemf
&Sif;jy\/ oloabmaygufvufcHoGm;onf/
olEiS u
fh saemf &DarmpGmajymqkMd uNy;D olt
Y m;xkad eYrpS ]]rEk}}[kac:awmhrnfajymum vlcsi;f
cGJvkdufMuonf/ (xkdaeYrSp ukdbpdefukd rEk[kac:Mu\/)ukdbapmatmif a&SUokdYwkd;vmonf/
ol\oef;acgifAv
dk t
f zGUJ ESifh olt
Y m;uk,
d pf m;vS,pf m&if;oGi;f &ef awmif;qko
d nf/ ukb
d pdet
f m; &Si;f jyovkd
usaemfpw
d &f n
S pf mG &Si;f jyonf/ olrwkev
f yI ?f uk,
d pf m;vS,pf m&if;oGi;f &rnf[k twif;tMuyfawmif;qkd
vmonf/ olw
Y iG f vQKUd 0Su,
f v
l maom "g;ajrm ifygaumif;ygrnf/ usaemfw
h m0efum; Ekid if aH &;ygwDtzGUJ

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

112

bkHaygufomausmf

tpnf;ESihf uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;\pm&if;uko
d m pm&if;oGi;f &efwm0ef&o
dS nf/ olNcrd ;f ajcmufjcif;ukd usaemf
rwkefvIyf? usaemfhtm; Ncdrf;ajcmufr&onfhtcg Budrf;0g;NyD; olxGufcGmoGm;\/
olYxufajcjref vufjrefaomusaemfhtm; &efrp&Jaom ukdbapmatmifonf nDvmcHukd
zsurf nfqadk om &nfreS ;f csujf zifh r@yfuem;rsm;ukd tacsmukid af eMuaomvlrsm;tm; &rf;um;ku
d Ef u
S f
av\/ vkNH cKH a&;wm0ef,x
l m;aom &Jabmfrsm;vufcsuu
f dk ukb
d apmatmif cHomG ;&onf/ usaemfo
d
[efw
Y m;ckid ;f vku
d cf sed w
f iG f ukb
d apmatmif owdarhaeNy;D / taoaumifwaumifuo
hJ Ykd ajrBu;D ay:arSmuf
&ufjzpfaeNyD/ ukda*guf&tdrfwGif usaemfhnmvufoD;csufrdxm;onfukdvnf; olocFef;pmr,l? ajrykH
wyfaygif;pknDvmcHonf olykefnDvmcHk[kvnf; olrod/ e,fcsJU'vHrsm;u zsufqD;ckdif;wkdif; ajrykH
wyfaygif;pknv
D mcHudk enf;rsK;d pkjH zihf zsuaf eaomvlru
dk ?f oif,ck bmrQrwwfEikd Nf y/D ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk
olykefnDvmcH b,fpcef;a&mufrnfukd usaemfvnf; tqkH;xd rawG;,lEkdif/
ajrykn
H v
D mcHudk 1947-ck {Nyv
D 1&ufaeYrS 3&ufaeYtxd usi;f y&ef tm;vk;H oabmwlusi;f yMu
onf/ nDvmcHyxraeYtwGuf q&mawmf OD;pdEm u obmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? usaemfu twGi;f
a&;rSL; ,ck tcrf;tem;rSL;[kac:Muonf/)tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ukad tmifvif; polwu
Ydk Ekid if aH &;w&m;
a[majymrnfholrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tm;vkH;owfrSwfxm;&SdNyD; naeqnf;psmcsdefwGif
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ? udkAaqG(0efBuD;csKyfESihfumuG,fa&;0efBuD;a[mif; OD;AaqG) OD;atmifZHa0
(0efBuD;a[mif;)? AkdfvfrSL; rif;vGif(,ck aqmufvkyfa&;aumfykda&;&Sif;XmecsKyf ynmonfOD;pD;rSL;) wkdY
rarQmfvihfbJ trf*sDbDoabFmwpfpD;jzihf a&mufvmMuonf/
olwaYkd jrykw
H iG f nOfrh tdyEf idk ?f tvkyu
f pd r sm;&Sad e olwt
Ydk m; ,aeYnOfw
h &m;yGw
J iG f a[majym
cGihfjyK&ef awmif;qkdvmonf/ nDvmcHpwif&ef em&Dtenf;i,fom vkdawmhNyD/ acgif;aqmifykdif;rsm;
csucf si;f aqG;aEG;Ny;D Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;? ukAd aqGEiS fh ukad tmifvif;wkt
Yd m; ,aeYEidk if aH &;w&m; a[mcGifh
jyK&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/ EdkifiHa&;w&m;a[mrnfhyk*dKvfrsm;tm; tcsdefem&D tuefYtowfray;?
olwkdYvkdorQ tcsdef,lNyD; ajymcGihfjyKxm;onf/
{NyDv 1-&ufaeY nae 7-em&DcefYwGif EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[majymyGJukd pwifusif;y\/ nDvmcH
r@yf w G i f ; wG i f te,f e ,f r S u k d , f p m;vS , f 700-cef Y E S i h f jynf o l v l x k 6-aomif ; ausmf
tkwt
f w
k af omif;aomif; &Sad eMuNy?D twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u
G af omusaemfu nDvmcHpwifusi;f y
aMumif; aMujimvkdufonf/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm obmywdtjzpf aqmif&u
G rf nf/ ,ckq&mawmf nDvmcHobmywd xkid cf o
Hk Ykd
a&mufaeNy/D OD;cku
d Mf uyg[kajymvku
d o
f nf/ r@yfwiG ;f rS jynforl sm; q&mawmftm; OD;cku
d &f cdS ;dk Muonf/
nDvmcH{nhfcHa&;aumfrDwD Ou| OD;bkd;OD; (&ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU XmecsKyfOu|)rdefYcGef;
ajymrnf[k usaemfaMujimonf/
OD;bkd;OD;tqifoifh,lvmaom rdefYcGef;pm&Gufukd ajyajyjypfjypf zwfMum;oGm;onf/ {nhfcHa&;
aumfrDwD Ou|rdefYcGef;tNyD; jynfolvlxk\MobmvufckwfoHrsm; qlnHoGm;onf/ obmywd OD;pdEm
rdefYcGef;ajymrnf[k aMujimvkdufonf/ jynfolvlxk\ jyif;xefaomvufckwfoHrsm; xGufay:vm\/
tqifoif,
h v
l maom obmywdred cYf eG ;f ukd q&mawmfzwfjyoGm;onf/ q&mawmf\ obmywd
rdecYf eG ;f onf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0rS vufeufpu
JG idk af wmfveS af &;jzifh tvGwf ek ;f xGu&f ef t"du
xm;aom rdecYf eG ;f jzpfonf/ {nhcf aH &;aumfrw
D OD u| rdecYf eG ;f ESifh obmywdred cYf eG ;f rsm;onf ajrykw
H yfaygif;
pk nDvmcHusi;f ya&; ygwDtzGUJ aygif;pkH xdyw
f ef;uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;u twnfjyKxm;aom rdecYf eG ;f rsm;yif
jzpfonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

113

bkHaygufomausmf

obmywdq&mawmf OD;pdEm \rdecYf eG ;f Ny;D qk;H oGm;onf/ q&mawmftm; vGwv

f yfa&; Adou
k m
Bu;D ? q&mawmftm; v,form; zcifBu;D [k pGv
J ef;xm;aom nDvmcHjynfov
l x
l Bk u;D \ Mobmvufcw
k f
oH em;uGJvkrwwfjrnf[D;oGm;\/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? ukdAaqGESihf ukdatmifvif;wkdYvnf; toD;oD;
a[majymMuygonf/
,aeYusif;yaom ajrykHwyfaygif;pk nDvmcHwGif vrf;pOfESpf&yfukd jynfolvlxk uGif;uGif;
uG u f u G u f od c G i h f & oG m ;onf / wck a omvrf ; pOf r S m NAd w d o Qe,f c sJ U uk d v k d e D pepf q k d ; uk d
vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; vrf;pOfjzpf tjcm;vrf;pOfwpfcrk mS xkv
d rf;pOfEiS fh qefu
Y sib
f ufvrf;pOf
jzpfayonf/ q&mawmfEiS u
hf saemfwYdk a&SUaqmifpnf;k;H xm;jcif;aMumifh uufpbD(NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &;
acwf)acwfuyif tk<H uawmfveS af &;udk a&SUIaeaom &ckid jf ynfo\
l tpdwt
f ykid ;f jzpfonfh ajrykn
H v
D mcH
wGi;f &Sd jynfol 6-aomif;ausmo
f nf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd vufeufpu
JG ikd af wmfveS &f ef tm;oGeaf eMu
onf/ axmufcHaeMuonf/
,if;tjyif aemufwaeYnDvmcHEkdifiHa&;w&m;yGJwGif trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
&ifabmifwef;Ny;D trsK;d orD;ESpOf ;D Ekid if aH &;a[majymMuygonf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd awmfveS &f ef
wuf<uaeaom ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcH\ jynfol 6-aomif;ausmfcefYonf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUwkdufzsuf
a&;ESihf &cdkdiftrsKd;orD;xk pnf;kH;nDGwfa&;ukd tm;wufoa&ma[majymoGm;onfh usaemfhcspfol
rapmESifh rwifwif (1968-ckEpS ?f &ckid af &ab; avab;Bu;D wGif jynfwiG ;f a&aMumif; o,f,yl aYdk qmif
a&; tzGUJ ykid f vlp;D ul;wkYd oabFmepfjrK y&f m aoqk;H oGm;&aom tv,fwef;jyq&mr)wkt
Yd m; tkwt
f w
k f
aomif;aomif;Mobmay; axmufcHMuonf/
,if;ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHESifh ywfouf 1947ck {NyDv 24&uf (1309-ck uqkefvqef;
15&uf Mumoyaw;aeY)xkwfa0aom ol&d,owif;pmwGif atmufygtwkdif; azmfjycJhonf/
vGwfvyfa&;ukd a&G;aumufyGJESihf &rwJh?
[m;...[m;...[m;.../
vGwfvyfa&;ukd a&G;aumufyGJESihf r&Ekdif? awmfvSef,lrS&r,f (OD;pdEmukd,fawmf)/
awmfvSefw,fqkd'grvG,fbl;? tzufzufrS jyifqifrIvkdw,f (OD;atmifqef;)/
xef;wyifaoewfypfrBI u;D rSm OD;atmifqef;[m e,fcsUJ orm;ukd 'l;axmufvu
dk f 'gbJ (tvHeD
atmifvif;)/
{NyDv 1-&ufaeYrS 3-&ufaeYxd ajrykHNrdKUonf ,cifaeYrsm;ESihfrwl? txl;pnfum; qlnHNyD;?
olyek .f ..olyek .f ..x...x[laom a<u;aMumfojH zihf xko
d ;Hk &uftwGi;f wNrKd Uvk;H qlnpH mG yJw
h ifxyf
aeavawmh\/
taMumif;rlum; tjcm;r[kw?f xkad eYrsm;wGif &ckid w
f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m vuf0n
J
D w
G af &;wyfaygif;
pk nDvmcHBuD; usif;yaeaomaMumifhyif jzpfawmh\/ xkdnDvmcHodkY OD;atmifqef;? zqyvtzGJUcsKyf
twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;AaqG ESifh 0efBu;D OD;atmifZaH 0wkv
Yd nf; av,mOfysjH zihw
f pfrsK;d ? ppfoabFmuav;jzihf
wpfzkH? trsKd;rsKd;'kucHum wufa&mufvmMuonfukd awGU&Sd&aMumif;/
if;jyif ausmufjzL? oHwGJ? ppfawGpD&ifpkwkdYrS zqyvukd,fpm;vS,f? ArmrlqviftrsKd;orD;?
vli,f? v,form;? ,morm;rsm;ESihf ppfawGykvdyfor*rS ukd,fpm;vS,faygif; (20000)ESpfaomif;
ausmfvnf; wufa&mufonfukd awGU&Sd&aMumif;/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

114

bkHaygufomausmf

vlrsm;oabmusjcif; cHae&aom ykdpwmBuD;

nDvmcHr@yftwGi;f ]]oHwo
JG yl ek t
f a&;? aoG;eJu
Y rl ,f}}? ]]vGwv
f yfa&;ukd vGwv
f yfa&;eJY &r,f
wJh...[m;...[m;...[m;...}}[laom ykdpwmBuD;ukd vli,fwcsKdUu rMumcPwa,mufNyD;
wa,muf toHus,pf mG zwfNy;D oGm;Muonfuv
dk nf; awGU&S&d aMumif;/ wcsKUd vlrsm;url xkyd pdk wmBu;D ukd
zwfNyD; txl;oabmusum avSmif&,frIrsm;yif jyKoGm;Muao;aMumif;/
nDvmcHpNyD
nDvmcHukd v,form;olykefoDcsif;jzihf pwifzGihfvSpfNyD; obmywdtjzpf OD;pdEmukd,fawmfu
aqmif&Guf? tusKd;aqmiftjzpf ukdomausmfu aqmif&GufaMumif;/
zqyv[m tacsmiform;tzGJUbJ/
if;aemuf obmywd OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmfu rdecYf eG ;f pum;>rufMum;&mwGif ,ck zqyvtzGUJ ukd
tacsmiform;tzGJUvkdY rdrd&J&JawmufpGyfpGJaMumif;/ if;aemuf zqyvtzGJUonf e,fcsJUorm;rsm;xH
'l;axmufc,aeojzifh txl;jypfwifw
I cf saMumif;/ zqyvtzGUJ 0iftm;vk;H ESifh Ou|OD;atmifqef;wkYd
tm; cifAsm;wkdY r&Sufbl;vm;[k ar;vkdaMumif;/ zqyvtzGJU0ifrsm;onf &Sufwwfaomyk*dKvfrsm;
jzpfonf[
l vnf; rdr,
d MHk unfaMumif;/ zqyvtzGUJ u a&G;aumufyEJG iS fh vGwv
f yfa&;ukd &r,fqw
dk m
[m tacsmiform;pum;rsm;om jzpfaMumif;/ e,fcsUJ orm; t*Fvyd Bf uKd uaf tmif ajymaom 'l;axmuf
c,orm;rsm;\ rsuEf mS vkrd suEf mS & pum;rsm;om jzpfaMumif;/ vGwv
f yfa&;ukd a&G;aumufyEJG iS hf r&Ekid f
aMumif;/ vGwfvyfa&;ukd olykefx,lrS &EkdifrnfjzpfaMumif;rsm;ukd tus,fw0ifhajymMum;oGm;&m
y&dowfBu;D \ olyek .f ..olyek .f ..x...x/ tacsmiform;awG &Sub
f ,
G .f ..&Sub
f ,
G .f ..[laom
MobmoHrsm;rSm em;uGrJ wwf qlno
H mG ;awmhaMumif;/ OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmf w&m;a[maepOf OD;atmifqef;
rSm acgif;BuD;atmufpkdufaeonfukd awGU&onf/
awmfvSefa&;qkdwmrvG,f
xkaYd emuf OD;atmifqef;u kww
f &ufx usaemfeiS v
fh x
l u
k dk enf;enf;&Si;f jyyg&ap[k tpcsD
um awmfv
f eS af &;qko
d nfrmS rvG,af Mumif;? rajymeJY vkyu
f idk v
f Ydk rjzpfEidk af Mumif;/ vufawGUvkyu
f idk jf yrS
omvQif jzpfEkdifaMumif;/ xkdodkY awmfvSefa&;rvkyfrSDwGifvnf; tzufzufrS jyifqifrIrsm; vkdaMumif;/
xkdjyifqifrIrsm; NyD;ajrmufatmifjrifvsuf&Sdygu aoewfwcsufrazmufbJeJY tmPmukd odrf;,lEkdif
aMumif; ponfjzifhajymqkdoGm;aMumif;/
OD;atmifqef; a'gyGNyD; xjyefoGm;jcif;
xkad emuf tvHe&D aJ bmf atmifvif;u xjyefum xef;wyif aoewfypfrBI u;D rSm OD;atmifqef;
u e,fcsUJ orm;ukd 'l;axmuftI;H ay;vku
d af Mumif;ukd ajymjy&m OD;atmifqef;u tJ'h g usKyrf [kwb
f ;l
ocifcsp.f ..ocifcsp[
f
l a'grmefygygESifh atmf[pfvu
dk af o;onfudk Mum;&aMumif;? okaYd omfvnf;
tvHeD&Jabmf atmifvif;u qufvufajymjyaeojzifh OD;atmifqef;rSm a'gyG ae&mrSkwfcsnf;
xcg jyefomG ;onfwiG f vlxBk u;D u olyek .f ..olyek .f .x...x[lyif atmf[pfvu
dk af o;aMumif;?
if;aemuf atmufygqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd trsm;oabmwl uefYuGufolr&SdbJ qkH;jzwftwnfjyK
vkdufaMumif;/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

115

bkHaygufomausmf

qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;
1/ awmfvSefa&;wGif usqkH;cJhaom &Jabmfrsm;twGuf csD;usL;a&;AdrmefBuD;wpfck
aqmufvkyf&ef/
2/ oD;pm;c vkH;0ray;&ef/
3/ ajrcGef vkH;0ray;&ef/
4/ trawmfaiG jyefrqyf&ef/
5/ v,fajr0ifxGefa&;rsm;jyK&ef/
6/ v,form;rsm;\ a<u;a[mif;rsm;ukd vkH;0ray;&ef
7/ jynfolYvGwfvyfrI&&ef/
8/ pma&; pmcsDausmif;om; ykvdyf ta&;rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef/
9/ tvkyform;rsm;tm; tcGihfykday;&ef
10/ aomif;usef;aeaom e,fcsJUppfwyfukd wkHYjyef&ef
11/ &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdY\uHMurmukd &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;om zefwD;&ef
12/ NAdwdoQppfwyfrsm; tjrefqkH;kyfodrf;&ef
13/ &ckid w
f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m vuf0n
J
D w
G af &; wyfaygif;pk zGUJ pnf;wnfaqmuf&ef ponfwjYdk zpfaMumif;?
if;aemuf atmufygvlBu;D rsm;tm; a&G;aumufMuNy;D vQif tqkyd g&ckid w
f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m vuf0J
nDGwfa&;wyfaygif;pkukd zGJUpnf;vkdufaMumif;/
OD;ausmjf r(Ou|)? OD;kx
d eG ;f ('k-Ou|)? OD;omausm(f twGi;f a&;rSL;)? OD;pdEm (aiGxed ;f ESifh Mo0g'
p&d,q&mawmf)? OD;ynm0Ho (Mo0g'p&d,q&mawmf)? OD;xGe;f atmif (ppfawG)? ukb
d [ef (ausmufjzL)
udo
k ed ;f rGe(f oHw)JG wkrYd mS rl trIaqmifvBl u;D rsm;jzpfMuaMumif;}}[k a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ txufyg
twkid ;f ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ygvmcJo
h nf/ xkpd Ofu &ckid jf ynfov
l x
l rk sm; NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ukv
d edk D uReb
f 0
rS vGwv
f yfa&;ukd vufeufpu
JG idk af wmfveS &f rnfqadk om vrf;pOftm; vIu
d v
f pJS mG vufcNH y;D NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ
xHrS vGwv
f yfa&;ukd Ekid if aH &;enf;jzihf ajz&Si;f ,lrnfqo
dk nfh vrf;pOfudk vufrcHEikd o
f nfrmS uufpbD
acwf (NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &;acwf) u NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfrsm;\ vlrqefaomzdEydS rf ?I Akv
d cf sKyaf tmif
qef;ESihf zqyvtzGJUu bk&ifcHtwkdifyifcH tpkd;&tzGJUukd vufcHNyD;onfhwkdif Mumtif;awmif&Gm?
urf;axmifBu;D &Gm paom&Gmaygif;rsm;pGmukd &Gmvk;H csrD ;D IUd &onf[k ppfbufe,fbufacgif;aqmifrsm;u
0g'jzefcY scD jhJ cif;paom tcsuyf gtvufrsm; yg0ifovk?d uufpbDacwfrS ,aeYwidk f q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESifh
usaemfwYkd NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd vufeufuidk af wmfveS Nf y;D 'if;jynfv
h w
G v
f yfa&;ukd t&,lrnfqadk om
vrf;pOfjzihf tqufrjywf pnf;k;H um ajrqDajrcGecf vk;H 0ray;a&;/ trawmfaiGjyefrqyfa&;? vufiw
k f
vuf&if; v,fyidk af &;jzihf ajr,ma0iSxm;jcif;? NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ 'vHoBl u;D rsm; jzKwNf y;D ? aus;&Gmaumfrw
D D
pepfjzifh tkycf sKyjf cif;? ajratmufawmfveS af &;wyfzUJG rsm; zGUJ pnf;jcif;? tmPmeDaus;&Gmrsm;xlaxmifjcif;?
ponfwkdYjzifh raMujimaom pifNydKiftpkd;&tzGJUrsm;ukd atmifjrifpGm ESpftawmfMum zGJUpnf;EkdifcJhNyD;
jzpfjcif;wkdYvnf; yg0ifaeayonf/
ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHrS ppfawGjyefoGm;aom AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfawGausmif;om;
oydwu
f dk ajz&Si;f Ekid af &;twGuf ppfawGjynfv;Hk csr;f om bk&m;Bu;D &ifjyif&dS ausmif;om;oydwpf cef;odYk
oGm;&m oydwpf cef;wGif OD;ausmo
f macgif;aqmifaom ausmif;om;rsm; ydwq
f x
Ydk m;Ny;D ta&;qkjd cif;ukd
vnf; cHomG ;&ygao;onf/ (,aeYacwforkid ;f u Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wkYd rSm;cJo
h avm/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm ?
OD;ausmfjr? OD;kdxGef;ESihf usaemfwdkY rSm;cJhoavm qkdonfukd tqkH;tjzwfay;&SdNyD;jzpfonf/ )

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

116

bkHaygufomausmf

Ekid if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuv

f nf;rwl? vlxv
k w
l ef;pm;zGUJ pnf;ykv
H nf; uGmjcm;aeaom ygwDtzGUJ tpnf;
rsm;tm; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd awmfvSefrnfhtrsKd;om; nDGwfa&;wyfaygif;pkukd pkEkdifatmif
wnfaqmuf&onfhtwGuf q&mawmfOD;pdEmESihf usaemfwdkY rsm;pGmvkdufavsmay;cJh&onf/
ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHrS ]]e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk}}ukd arG;xkwf\/
,if;wyfaygif;pkwiG f yg0ifonfh ygwDtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;onf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &; vIy&f mS ;rI
rsm;? trsK;d om;nDw
G af &;&mrsm;wGif rdrd yd gwDtzGUJ tpnf; qEwpfcw
k nf;jzihf vkyyf idk cf iG rfh &S?d wyfaygif;pk
\tqk;H tjzwfudk emcH&rnf? jynfov
l x
l t
k m; tk<H uvmatmif enf;rsK;d pkjH zihf vIaYH qmfpnf;k;H Ny;D k;H 0kid ;f ?
*wf0idk ;f qEjyyGrJ sm; usi;f yum tmPmzDqef&rnf/ raMujimaom pifNyKd it
f pk;d &zGUJ &rnf/ vGwv
f yfa&;
ukd vufeufpGJukdif awmfvSefa&;jzihf t&,l&rnf ponfwkdYonf e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk\
t"dutajccHtcsufrsm; jzpfMuonf/
ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHudk tptqk;H q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwYkd aiGaMu;tiftm; vltiftm;jzihf
tm;oGecf MhJ u vkt
d yfaomae&mrsm;ukd vufwurf;wGi&f ovkd ,lEidk af omfvnf; usaemfwYkd ae&mz,f
ay;onf/ &ckid jf ynfoYl tonf;pGv
J nf;jzpf? &ckid af wmifov
l ,form; zcifvnf;jzpf vGwv
f yfa&;acgif;
aqmifvnf;jzpfaom q&mawmfO;D pdEm yif aiGxed ;f ESihf Mo0g'p&d,q&mawmftjzpfom wm0ef,o
l nf/
&ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKyf Ou| OD;bk;d OD;qkv
d Qif wyfaygif;pktmPmykid t
f zGUJ wGiyf if
ryg&Scd ?hJ tmPmykid t
f zGUJ wGif tmPmt&Sq
d ;Hk OD;ausmjf rrSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfovk?d
'kw,
d tmPmt&Sq
d ;Hk 'kOu|OD;kx
d eG ;f rSm jynfo&Yl aJ bmfacgif;aqmifwpfO;D yifjzpfavonf/ q&mawmf
OD;ynmoD[tm; tmPmykid t
f zGUJ wGiyf g0if&ef vsmxm;cJah omfvnf; Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wkdY a'grmefjzifh
xGufoGm;&jcif;aMumifhvm;rod/ OD;ynmoD[ryg0ifvkd/ OD;ynm0Hotm; tpm;xkd;vkduf&\/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmtzrf;cH&NyD
ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHBuD; NyD;cJhNyD/ ta<u;aiGrsm; 0kdif;&Hae\/ ygwDtzGJUtpnf;rsm;xJrS
owfrw
S x
f m;aomaiGaMu;ukd tjynht
f 0ay;ekid af om ygwDtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;vnf;&So
d nf/ wjym;wcsyf
rS ray;Ekdifaom ygwDtzGJUtpnf;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ oHwGJolykefjyemaMumifh oHwGJckdifrS ygwDtzGJU
tpnf;rsm; aiGaMu;rckdif/ ausmufjzLckdifzqyv tzGJUnDvmcHusif;yaepOf ukdb[ef? ukdbkd;EG,fwkdY
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ykvyd w
f yfrsm;u zrf;qD;jcif;cHc&hJ aiGaMu;rawmifw
h if;/ ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHtwGuf
ukefuscJhaom ta<u;aiGrsm;ukd ay;qyf&ef q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY ykckH;ay:wGif usa&mufae&\/
q&mawmf &rf;NAJNrdKUESihf &rf;NAJuRef;wavQmuf EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[majymyGJrsm;vnf; vkyfrnf/
aiGaMu;&HyaHk iGrsm;vnf; aumufcrH nf/ ,if;aMumifh q&mawmfEiS t
hf wl OD;bk;d OD;wkYd &rf;NAu
J Re;f oGm;Mua&;
ukd wm0efcefYcGJonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,f 'kH;om;&GmwGif jynfolYnDvmcH usif;yrnf/ nDvmcHr@yfuem;
aqmufvyk af &;rS jzpfajrmufa&;xd udpt
00ukd OD;eDxeG ;f atmif (&ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&; tzGUJ
csKyf XmecsKyf Ou|jzpfcahJ om OD;eDxeG ;f atmif) u wm0ef,Nl y;D tvHeyD gwDatmifvif;u vlxck sw
D uf
a&; twGuf vIHYaqmfa&;wkdYudk wm0efcefYcGJonf/
usaemfwYdk rdom;pkwiG f usaemfom;tBu;D qk;H jzpfonf/ &ckid v
f rl sK;d xk;H wrf;pOfvmtwdik ;f usaemfh
tm;&Sio
f mraPabmifoYkd roGwo
f iG ;f & usaemf\nDrsm; &Sio
f mraPabmifoYkd rqku
d af &muf&jzpfae
Muonf/ ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcH rusif;yrD ,if;nDvmcHudpESihf &ckdfifwkdif;rif;BuD; OD;armifausmfESihf
aqG;aEG;a&;udprsm;aMumifh usaemfppfawGNrdKUokYd rMumcPvmcJh&&m rdzrsm;tm; ajrykHwyfaygif;pk
nDvmcHNyD;vQif usaemf&SifomraPtjzpf oGwfoGif;cHrnf[k usaemfuwday;cJh\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

117

bkHaygufomausmf

,if;tjyif ]]e,fcsUJ awmfveS af &;wyfaygif;pk}}XmecsKyf ;Hk ukd ppfawGNrKd UwGif zGiv

fh pS &f rnf/ XmecsKyf
k;H twGuf taqmuftOD;&&Sad &;ESifh ppfawGNrKd Uay: pnf;k;H a&;vkyif ef;rsm;yg aqmif&u
G &f ef ppfawGNrKd UodYk
usaaemft
h m; wm0efcaJG 0ay;Muonf/ ppfawGNrKd UwGif usaemfEiS n
fh rD sm;ukd omraPabmifoo
Ykd iG ;f a&;ESifh
usaemfhrdbaqGrsKd;rsm;ESifh awGUqkHMua&;twGuf usaemf\ZeD;acsmtm; usaemf txyfxyfacsmh
ac:onf/ olr ppfawGoYkd rvku
d v
f ?dk usaemft
h m; &Sio
f mraPabmifo0Ykd if&efom cGijhf yKonf/ usaemhf
cspfoltm; wqHjcnfrQusaemf tMuyfrukdif&ufyg/
1947-ck? {NyDv 'kwd,tywfwGif ppfawGNrdKUodkY usaemf a&mufoGm;onf/ ppfawGNrdKU vli,f
vl&,
G rf sm;ESifh ysK&d ,
G af omtrsK;d orD;rsm;\ tl;trl;aysmyf jJG zpfaom ppfawGoBueF Ef iS fh usaemfw
f q
Ydk o
Hk mG ;
\/ usaemfwkdY vli,ftpnf;tkH;rS oBuFefa&avmif;yGJodkYyg0if aysmf&TifMu\/ ppfawGoBuFefonf
ajrykHwyfaygif;pk nDvmcH\ta&mifvTrf;rkd;rIukd cHoGm;&onf/
]]olyek .f ..olyek .f ..x...x...}}[laoma<u;aMumfoEH iS w
fh uG NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk tm;
qefu
Y siaf omoHcsyrf sm; vTr;f rk;d oGm;\/ oBueF t
f Ny;D usaemfEiS n
fh rD sm; &ufowwywfcefY &Sio
f mraP
abmifo0Ykd ifMuonf/ usaemf&iS o
f mraPabmifrx
S u
G Nf y/D ppfawGNrKd UwGi;f au'grsm;ESifh a&SUvkyif ef;pOf
rsm;ukdvnf; tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;NyD;avNyD/ ykvdyf or*? pma&;pmcsDor*? ausmif;om;or*paom
or*acgif;aqmifrsm;ESiv
fh nf; usaemfawGUqkEH ;DS aESmzvS,rf rI sm; jyKNy;D avNy/D e,fcsUJ awmfveS af &;wyf
aygif;pkXmecsKyf ;Hk tajcpku
d &f ef taqmuftOD;vnf; &&Sad eNy/D 'k;H om; jynfon
Yl v
D mcHusi;f ya&;twGuf
usaemf NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd UokYd tm&uHzvkw
d ;D ,m; rD;oabFmjzifh vku
d yf goGm;\/ NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd UodYk aeYreG ;f wnfh
csdefwGif rD;oabFmqdkufa&mufoGm;onf/ NrdKUwGif;&Sd au'g&Jabmfrsm;ESihf NrdKUrdNrdKUbrsm;xH wtdrf0if
wtdrx
f u
G f oGm;a&mufNy;D vuf&edS ,fcsUJ awmfveS af &; wyfaygif;pkEiS fh Ekid if aH &;&mudpr sm;ukd usaemfaqG;
aEG;wifjyonf/ ,aeYnOfh NrdKUa[mif;wGiftdyfrnf? reufjzef 'kH;om;&GmokdY eHeufpmtrSDoGm;rnf[k
usaemfpDpOfxm;\/
rGe;f vGJ 2em&Dcefw
Y iG f NrKd Ua[mif;au'g&JabmfwpfO;D usaemf&&dS modYk tl,m;zm;,m; a&mufvm\/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm tm; zrf;Ny/D usaemft
h m; NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd UrS csucf si;f xGuo
f mG ;&ef NrKd Ua[mif;ykvyd o
f r*rS
owif;ykcYd idk ;f aMumif;ukd wD;wk;d ESpOf ;DF csi;f ajymjyonf/ q&mawmftm; zrf;onfqcdk suu
f dk wa&G;om;rQ
usaemfr,k/H q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemf vuf0u
J RaH eaom oHwo
JG yl ek rf ;D ukd at;Nird ;f oGm;atmif toufay;
aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uonf/ ,aeYwyfaygif;pkvrf;pOft&vnf; olyek x
f &ef NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ tm; awmfveS &f ef
jyifqifa&;umv[lom owfrSwfxm;onf/
q&mawmf&rf;NAJodkY oGm;jcif;\ t"duEkdifiHa&;wm0efrSm jynfoltm;awmfvSefa&;tqifhodkY
a&muf&ef vIHYaqmfpnf;kH;a&;ESihf ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcH ta<u;qyfa&;twGuf aiGaMu;&HykHaiG
pkaqmif;&efwo
Ydk m jzpfonf/ q&mawmfomG ;vm&mwGif vuf0u
J Rt
H qifo
h Ydk ra&muf&atmif tbuf
bufrSpDpOfNyD;rS q&mawmfoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh owif;vmykdYaom au'g&JabmfESihftwl?
NrKd Ua[mif;ykvyd o
f r*oYkd usaemfwo
Ydk mG ;Mu\/ NrKd Ua[mif;ykvyd o
f r*rS ppfawGckid f &mZ0wf0ef\ aMu;
eef;pmukdajymjyonf/
,aeYajrykNH rKd UrS ppfawGNrKd Uokx
Yd u
G cf mG vmaom tm&uHzvkw
d ;D ,m; rD;oabFmay:wGif q&mawmf
wkdYtm; ausmufjzLckdif &mZ0wf0efwdkYu zrf;qD;vkdufNyD/ qlylrIrsm;jzpfvmvQif ESdrfeif;&ef tqifoifh

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

118

bkHaygufomausmf

pDpOfxm;&rnf[kvnf; BudK;rJhaMu;eef;jzihf TefMum;xm;onfqkd\/ ppfawGNrdKUau'g&Jabmf

ukdvSxGef;ausmfwkdYxH q&mawmfOD;pdEmtzrf;cH&onfhudprsm;ukd twdtusavhvmNyD; 'kH;om;jynfolY
nDvmcHwiG &f adS ernhf usaemfx
h H taMumif;Mum;&ef pma&;ay;cJu
h m NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd UrS usaemftvpfow
k f
xGufajy;awmh\/
'kH;om;jynfolYnDvmcH
ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHtNy;D jynfon
Yl v
D mcHrsm;ukd trf;NrKd Ue,f? 'vufacsmif;? rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f?
'kH;om;&Gm? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUe,f a0omvDbk&m;BuD;&Gm? ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f r[mrkedponfwkdYwGif
qufwkdufusif;yoGm;&ef pDpOfxm;&SdcJhonf/ 'kH;om;jynfolYnDvmcHonf ueOD;jynfolYnDvmcHjzpf\/
NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd UrS okwaf jcwifxu
G af jy;vmcJo
h l usaemf';Hk om;odaYk &mufcsed w
f iG f n 7-em&Dausmf &Sad vNy/D
ajratmufawmfvSefa&;wyfzGJUacgif;aqmif AkdvfpdefxGef;atmif? ukdeDxGef;atmif? ukdxGef;omatmif
polrsm;ukad wGUonf/ tvHeyD gwD &Jabmfatmifvif; &Srd &Sad r;Munh&f m if;&Jabmf q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESifh
&rf;NAJuRef;bufodkY vkdufoGm;aMumif; od&onf/
&Jabmfatmifvif;tm; 'k;H om;jynfon
Yl v
D mcHoYkd vlxt
k m; wufa&mufcsw
D ufvmatmif 'k;H om;
&GmteD;tem; aus;&Gmrsm;wGif vIHYaqmfa[majym&ef wduspGm wm0efcefYcGJxm;ygvsufESihf bmaMumifh
q&mawmfESihf&rf;NAJuRef;okdY vkdufoGm;&onfukd usaemfem;rvnfEkdifjzpfae\/ AkdvfpdefxGef;atmif?
ukdeDxGef;atmif? ukdxGef;omatmif polwkdYtm; ac:,lNyD; usaemfwkdY wkd;wkd;BudwfBudwf aqG;aEG;Muyg
onf/ q&mawmfOD;pdEmtm; ajrykHrSppfawGtoGm; rD;oabFmay:wGif ausmufjzLckdif &mZ0wf0efu
zrf;avNyD/ tpcsDum usaemf&Sif;jy\/ olwkdYtHhMooGm;Muonf/ 0rf;enf;oGm;Muonf/
rdepftawmfMum olww
Ydk cGe;f rQ rajymEkid Mf u? ai;ikid af eMu\/ q&mawmftzrf;cH&Nyq
D cdk suu
f dk
reufjzefwiG f usi;f yrnfh nDvmcHwiG f todray;bJ xm;oifo
h nf/ odaYk omf tcsed rf a&G; NAw
d o
d Qppfwyf
ykvyd w
f yfwu
Ydk rw&m;toif;nDvmcHqNdk y;D 0kid ;f zsu?f 0kid ;f zrf;jyKEidk o
f jzifh wyfuif;ESihf aus;&Gmuif;rsm;ukd
zmNyKd &mG rSpNy;D ? ae&mtESt
YH jym; csucf si;f uif;csxm;oifah Mumif; usaemfwifjy&m tm;vk;H u oabmwl
vufcHMuonf/ uif;rsm;ukd tylwjyif;csxm;vkdufonf/
usaemf naepmpm;NyD;csdefwGif nOfh 10-em&DcefY&SdaeNyD/ reufjzefusif;yrnfh jynfolYnDvmcH
twGuf tao;pdwt
f pDtpOfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;Muonf/ tzrf;cHae&aom q&mawmfO;D pdEm ra&mufEikd Nf yD
,if;aMumifh NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd rke;f wD;&GUH &Smaeaom vdyrf &Gmbke;f awmfBu;D tm; obmywdtjzpf
xm;Ny;D ? uked x
D eG ;f atmifu twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u
G rf nf/ aeYa&mnygajratmufawmfveS af &;
wyfzGJU&Jabmfrsm;ukd NAdwdoQppfwyf? ykvdyfwyfwufvmrnfh ukef;vrf;? a&vrf;wkdYwGif vkHavmufpGm
uif;csxm;rnf/
ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHrS qk;H jzwfaomtqkrd sm;ESit
fh wl xdyw
f ef;tqkt
d jzpf zrf;qD;cHae&aom
q&mawmf OD;pdEm wkt
Yd m; vGwaf &;tqku
d kd xdyw
f ef;wifq;Hk jzwfrnf ponfwu
Ydk dk usaemfwYdk xdyw
f ef;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

119

bkHaygufomausmf

acgif;aqmifrsm; aqG;aEG;oabmwlMuonf/ tqkw

d ifoiG ;f rnfo
h rl sm;? axmufcrH nfo
h rl sm;\ trnf
rsm;ESifhae&yfrsm;ukdvnf; a&G;cs,ftwnfjyKMuonf/ tzrf;cHae&aom q&mawmfOD;pdEmwdkYtm;
vTGwfa&; tqkdukdrl usaemfudk,fwkdifwifoGif;rnf[k usaemfwm0ef,lvkduf\/
rlvtpDtpOft& 'k;H om;jynfon
Yl v
D mcHudk 3-&ufusi;f y&ef pDpOfcahJ omfvnf; vufiif;tajc
taet& NAw
d o
d Qppfwyf? ykvyd w
f yfrsm;\ vIy&f mS ;rItay: tajcwnfNy;D usi;f yoGm;&efvnf; qEwn
l D
rI &&Sx
d m;Mu\/ rif;jym;NrKd U? NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd UESifh ajrmif;abGNrKd Ursm;ay:&Sd au'g&Jabmfrsm;xH qufom;rsm;
vTw
G Nf y;D ,if;NrKd Ursm;rS NAw
d o
d Qppfwyf? ykvyd w
f yfw\
Ydk vIy&f mS ;rIudk aeYra&G;? nOfrh a&G; wdusaomowif;
&Ekdifa&;ukdvnf; usaemfwdkY pDpOfMu\/
NAdwdoQvufyg;ap? ykvdyftcsKdUrSty ykvdyfor*tzGJUrSm trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJukd
taxmuftul jyKaeMuNyDjzpfygonf/ OD;0rf;armif acgif;aqmifaom ykvdyfor*XmecsKyfonf
trsK;d om; vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf u
JG kd axmufcv
H su&f o
dS vd?k OD;armifarmif? OD;atmifbwkYd acgif;aqmifrI
atmufwiG f &Sad eaom &ckid yf v
k yd o
f r*vnf; &ckid jf ynfvw
G v
f yfa&;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;ukd axmufct
H m;ay;
vsuf&Sdaeonf/ 'kH;om;jynfolnDvmcHukd zsufvkdzsufqD;jyK&ef NAdwdoQe,fcsJU ppfwyfu BudK;pm;vQif
rif;jym;NrKd U? ajrmif;abGNrKd U? NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd Uwko
Yd Ydk NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfrsm; wufvmvQif usaemfwBYdk uKd wifowif;
&Ekdifojzifh pDpOfxm;onfhtwkdif; 'kH;om;jynfolnDvmcHukd usaemfwdkYrkyfodrf;bJ qufvufusif;y
Mujcif;jzpfygonf/
'k;H om;jynfon
Yl v
D mcHwiG f owfrw
S x
f m;onft
h wkid ;f vdyrf &Gm bke;f awmfBu;D u obmywdtjzpf
vnf;aumif;? ukdeDxGef;atmifu twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? aqmif&GufMu\/ nDvmcHusif;y
aepOftwGi;f ppfawGNrKd U au'g&Jabmfrsm;xHrS q&mawmfO;D pdEm tzrf;cH&onfu
h pd u
dk wdwu
d suso&d
onf/ q&mawmftm;zrf;pOf twlw&l adS eNy;D ? tzrf;rcH&bJ vGwv
f mol &JabmfeaD tmifwv
Ydk nf; a&muf
vmMuonf/ olwkdYtzrf;rcH&onfrSm oabFmpma&; ukdarmifvSausmf 0Sufxm;vkdufjcif;aMumihf
vGwfvmjcif;ukdvnf; &JabmfeDatmifwkdYajymjyMuonf/
q&mawmf &rf;NAJodkYa&mufoGm;csdefwGif &rf;NAJkH;ESifh*gwfwkdYukd vlxk0kdif;NyD;? ukdb[ef
(e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pktmPmykdiftzGJU0ifwOD;)? ukdbkd;EG,f ausmufjzLckdif vli,frsm;
acgif;aqmifESihfausmufjzLckdifzqyvtzGJUacgif;aqmifwOD;) ESihf zrf;qD;xm;ol 18OD;tm; vGwf&ef
ta&;qkad ecsed Ef iS hf wxyfwnf;jzpfaeonf/ ukb
d [efEiS hf ukb
d ;dk EG,w
f Ydk e,fcsUJ awmfveS af &; wyfaygif;pk
vrf;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef oif;yef;ukid ;f &GmESib
fh ek ;f awmfBu;D ausmif;wGif aus;&GmvlBu;D rsm;ESifh
dEIdif;aqG;aEG;aeMuonf/
&rf;NAJe,fykdif rsufESmjzLt&m&Sd rumaro,k ukd,fwkdifacgif;aqmifNyD; vufeufukdifrsm;jzifh
0kid ;f xm;um ukb
d [ef? ukb
d ;dk EG,Ef iS hf aqG;aEG;yGo
J Ykd wufa&mufaeaom oif;yef;ukid ;f &GmvlBu;D 16OD;wku
Yd dk
zrf;rnf/ BuKd ;rsm;jzifh wkyaf ESmifNy;D &rf;NANJ rKd UodYk ,laqmifvmonf/ tjypfrahJ omrdrw
d aYkd cgif;aqmifrsm;
tm; zrf;qD;onfukd jynfolvlxk rauseyf/ &rf;NAJNrdKU&Sd kH;ESihf*gwfukd0kdif;NyD; olwkdYacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd
vTGwf&ef ta&;qkdMuonf/ q&mawmf &rf;NAJNrdKUodkY a&mufonfukd awGUjrif&aomjynfolrsm; ykdydk
tk<H uvmonf/ aomif;csv
D su&f adS om jynforl sm; k;H ESi*fh gwfwu
Ydk dk &ufqufrjywf 0kid ;f xm;\/ rsuEf mS jzL
e,fykdifrumaro,k vufrIdifcsoGm;onf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

120

bkHaygufomausmf

rw&m;zrf;xm;olrsm;ukv
d w
T rf nf[k vufrw
S af &;xk;d ay;&onf/ atmify&JG jynforl sm; rdr&d yf&mG
aetdrfrsm;okdY jyefoGm;Mu\/
q&mawmfwv
Ydk nf; 'k;H om;jynfol nDvmcHoYkd tcsed rf aDS &mufEidk af &;twGuf &rf;NANJ rKd UrS av;yif
wyfavSjzihf ausmufjzLNrKd UodYk wnOfv
h ;Hk ttdyyf sucf
H vmMu&\/ ausmufjzLNrKd UwGif qku
d u
f yfxm;aom
tm&uHzvkdwD;,m; rD;oabFmjzihf ppfawGNrdKUodkYvkdufvmMuonf/
xk;H pHtwkid ;f ajrykq
H yd u
f rf;wGif rD;oabFmwnOfh tdyef m;onf/ aemufwaeY ajrykNH rKd UrS ppfawGoYkd
oGm;&m ajrykjH rpf0teD;wGif vufeufuidk t
f jynhyf gaom ,lbb
D w
k jf zifv
h ma&mufonhf ausmufjzLckid 0f ef
rpwmtuf*saD tpaumh (Mr. S.G.A. Scott,) uufpb
f aD cwf (Akv
d rf LS ;) u q&mawmf? OD;bk;d OD;? OD;armifjrOD;
(,ck NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUe,f ygwD,lepf)polrsm;udk zrf;qD;oGm;onf/
vlx0k idk ;f vkrnfq;dk &dr
f q&mawmftm; &JXmeESifh axmifwiG rf xm;&J? ppfawGoaJ csmif; ppfXme
wGif xm;&Sdonf[k ppfawGau'g&Jabmfrsm;u twdtusajym\/ q&mawmfwdkY tzrf;cH&pOfu
vGwfvmaom&Jabmf eDatmifwdkYvnf; ajym\/
nDvmcHaemufq;Hk aeYwiG f q&mawmfO;D pdEm tzrf;cH&jcif;ukd usaemf&ifziG v
fh u
dk \
f / q&mawmf
OD;pdEmwkdY &rf;NAJNrdKUwGif vlxkkH;ESihf *gwf0dkif;wkdufyGJESihf qkHjcif;rStp tzrf;cHoGm;&jcif;ukd tao;pdwf
uG i f ; uG i f ; uG u f u G u f a y:atmif usaemf a jymjyonf / ajymjyaeaom usaemf u k d , f w k d i f v nf ;
ESajrm0rf;enf; aMuuGaJ eovk?d wufa&mufaeaom jynfoEl pS af omif;cefu
Y vnf; wkww
f w
k rf QrvIy?f
aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aeMu\/
rw&m;zrf;qD;cHae&aom q&mawmfESifhwuG zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;tm; t<uif;rJhvTwfay;&ef
nDvmcHrS ta&;qkad Mumif; tqku
d dk ed*;Hk csKyrf nft
h ykid ;f wGif q&mawmftzrf;cH&onfudk pdwyf suv
f uf
ysurf jzpfa&;? q&mawmfwYdk vGwaf &;twGuf vlxw
k u
dk yf rJG sm; ae&mtESYH qifEw
JT u
dk yf 0JG ifMua&;? ,kwrf m
aom aumufuspfaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd vufwGJrjzKwf wkdufyGJrsm; ae&mtESHY qifETJwkdufyGJ
0ifMua&; vIHYaqmf&if; usaemftqkdwifvkdufygonf/
obmywd vdyfr&Gm bkef;awmfBuD;uvnf; NAdwdoQe,fcsJU ukdvkdeDuRefb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;
rdecYf eG ;f ajymum 'k;H om;jynfon
Yl v
D mcHudk kyo
f rd ;f vdu
k Mf uonf/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkt
Yd m; zrf;avNy[
D k
odMuavonfEiS w
fh pfNyKd ief uf ajratmufawmfveS af &;vufeufuidk f tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u vufeufjzifh
wGef;vSefcGihfjyK&ef jyif;jyif;xefxef cg;cg;oD;oD; ta&;qkdvmMu\/
usaemfwYdk zGUJ pnf;xm;aom wyfzUJG rsm;\aoewfajymif;0 usaemfwb
Ykd ufoYkd vSnv
hf mEkid o
f nf/
odkYaomf rl&if;&nfrSef;csuftwkdif; jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvkH;ESihf wNydKifwnf; NAdwdoQe,ffcsJUpepfqkd;ukd
awmfvSef&rnf/ ,if;aMumifh vufiif;vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;ukd usaemfcGihfrjyK? EkdifiHa&;enf;
vlxkqEjyyGJenf;jzihfom q&mawmfwkdYvGwfa&;ukd r&yfrem; usaemfwkdY aqmif&GufMu\/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkYd tzrf;cH&onfu
h pd E iS yfh wfouf 1947ck arv 14&ufaeYxw
k af 0aom
ol&d,owif;pmwGif atmufygtwkdif; yg&Sdvmonf/
&ckdifjynfta&; OD;pdEmukd,fawmfukd zrf;NyD
[laomacgif;pD;Bu;D wyfvu
dk o
f nf/ wqufwnf; a&;om;vku
d o
f nfrmS ]]&ckid jf ynf Nird 0f yfyjd ym;
a&;twGuf wkid ;f rif;Bu;D u vufeufuidk pf pfom; waxmifawmif;&om ukad tmifqef;tpd;k &u ppfom;
ESpaf xmifciG jhf yKvu
dk o
f nfqjdk cif;}}acgif;pOfi,fudk wyfNy;D a&;om;xm;onfrmS ]]&uftenf;i,ftwGi;f u

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

121

bkHaygufomausmf

&ckdifjynfwyfaygif;pkacgif;aqmifBuD; q&mawmfOD;pdEmukd,fawmftm; qkdif&mrS zrf;qD;vkdufNyD

jzpfaMumif;/
xkdodkY OD;pdEmukd,fawmftm; zrf;qD;vkdufjcif;ESihfywfouf ,cktcg &ckdifwkdif;t&yf&yfwGif
qlylaomif;usef;vsuf&SdawmhaMumif;/ txl;ojzihf ppfawGckdif rif;jym;NrdKUe,f? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUe,fwGif
v,fceG rf ay;a&; w&m;rsm;ukad [majymrIaMumifh aeYa&mnygqlyal eMuonfqadk Mumif; ausmufjzLckid f
ajrykNH rKd Ue,fEiS fh rmefatmifNrKd Ue,f? if;jyif oHw'JG pd Bww
d ef ,ft&yf&yfwiG f qlyal omif;use;f vsu&f o
dS nf
[k Mum;od&aMumif;/
ppfom; 1000ay;yg/
]]xkq
d yl rl rI sm;rSm txl;ykrd rdk sm;jym;vmojzihf ppfawGNrKd UrS &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D OD;ausmo
f nf &ckid jf ynf
ta&;rsm;ukd txuftpk;d &xH tpD&ifc&H efEiS fh &ckid jf ynfNird 0f yfyjd ym;a&; twGuf ppfom;rsm;awmif;&ef
11-5-47 aeYu &efuek Nf rKd UokaYd &muf&v
dS mNy;D vQif qkid &f modYk &ckid jf ynf Nird 0f yfyjd ym;a&;twGuf ppfom;
1000ukd awmif;qkdonfqkdaMumif;}}
ppfom; 2000,lap
]]odkY &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD; OD;ausmfu qkdif&modkY &ckdifjynfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf ppfom; 1000
awmif;onfwiG f OD;atmifqef;tpk;d &u acwfrv
DS ufeufrsK;d pkEH iS fh &ckid jf ynftrsK;d om; x<uolrsm;tm;
ESdrfeif;&eftwGuf ppfom; 2000ukd,l&ef cGifhjyKvkdufNyDjzpfaMumif; od&onf/
vkdufvHzrf;qD;aeNyD
]],cktcg &cdik jf ynf&yfuu
G t
f oD;oD;wGif wkid ;f jynfa&;twGuf pdwx
f ufoefaeoltrsK;d om;rsm;
tm; qkdif&mrStESHYtjym; vkdufvHzrf;qD;aeNyD[kvnf; Mum;&aMumif;/
wkdYta&;rsm;ukd aqG;aEG;&ef
]]okt
Yd wGuf xkt
d a&;ukd aqG;aEG;&ef &efuek Nf rKd U&Sd trsK;d om;toif;Bu;D \tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk
vmfrnfhaomMumaeY 16-5-47aeY aeYvnf 2-em&DtcsdefwGif &efukefNrdKU &ckdiftrsKd;om;toif;csKyf
wnf&mXme usi;f y&efppD Ofxm;Muonf[k od&aMumif;}}[l ol&,
d owif;pmwGif a&;om;azmfjyyg
&Sdygonf/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkYd tzrf;cH&onfu
h pd E iS yfh wfouf owif;pmrsm;uvnf; a&;om;azmfjyMu
ovkd &ckdifjynfwGif oHwGJNrdKU? trf;NrdKU? rif;jym;NrdKU? aygufawmNrdKU? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU? ausmufawmfNrdKU?
ykPm ;uRe;f NrKd U? &aohawmifNrKd Upaom NrKd Uaygif;rsm;pGmwGiv
f nf; NrKd Uwkid ;f aomif;csw
D ufaom jynfov
l x
l k
tpnf;ta0;rsm;u q&mawmfwv
Ydk w
T af &;ukd jyif;xefpmG ta&;qkv
d mMuonf/ ppfawGNrKd U ausmif;om;
vli,frsm;uvnf; vIyf&Sm;vmMuonf/
,if;aMumifh tpkd;&u ajz&Sif;csufxkwfvm&onf/ tpkd;&ajz&Sif;csufESihfywfouf 1947ckESpf arv16&uf xkwfa0aom ol&d,owif;pmwGif atmufygtwkdif; azmfjyxm;onf/
]]OD;pdEmukd,fawmfukd bmaMumifh zrf;&ovJ}}acgif;pD;BuD;ESihfwqufwnf;wGif ]]&ckdifjynfrSm
vlq;kd rsm;[m rde;f uav;rsm;ukd rw&m;jyKusiNfh y;D tcGeaf wmfray;a&;rsm;ukd jyKvyk cf g wcsKUd ae&mrsm;
wGif pifNydKiftpkd;&axmifaeMuygw,f(0efBuD;OD;bcsKd) }}[k acgif;pOfi,fwyfNyD; atmufygtwkdif;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

122

bkHaygufomausmf

qufvufa&;om;oGm;ygonf/
1947-ck arv 15-&ufaeY aeYvnf 1-csuw
f ;D wGif &efuek Nf rKd U twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H 0efBu;D OD;bcsKd
tcef; 0efBu;D OD;bcsKu
d owif;pmq&mrsm;tm; zdwaf c:um &ckid jf ynf OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmfzrf;qD;onfh
udpESihfywfouf atmufygtwkdif; &Sif;jyvkdufaMumif;/
]]pifNydKiftpkd;&axmifNyD}}
arv 14-&ufaeYxkwf owif;pmtcsKdUwGif &ckdifjynftrsKd;om;wyfaygif;pk acgif;aqmifBuD;
OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmftm; zrf;qD;xm;aomudpE iS yfh wfouftrSm;rSm;t,Gi;f ,Gi;f a&;om;xm;Muonfudk
awGU&S&d ygw,f/ trSerf mS &ckid jf ynfwiG f qlyal eonfrmS ,ckrS r[kwyf g/ OD;pdEm ukd rzrf;rDyif vlq;dk rsm;
[m rde;f cav;rsm;tm; rw&m;usijfh cif;? qefwjynf aiGwrwfupNy;D wku
d cf u
dk v
f ,
k ak eMujcif;rsm;ukd
jyKaeMuygw,f/ 'gawGwifruao;bl;? olwkdYbufudk rygwJholrsm;ukdvnf; udpwkH;pD&ifjypfaeMuyg
w,f/ aemufvnf; trawmfaMu; tcGeaf wmfaMu;ray;Mu&efuv
dk nf; olww
Ykd awG[m enf;trsK;d rsK;d
awGUok;H Ny;D jyKvyk af eMuygw,f/ wcsKUd ae&mrsm;rSmqk&d if pifNyKd it
f pk;d &axmifNy;D vlawGuo
dk wf? Burd 'f Pf
ay;ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;w&m;rJhuif;pGm jyKvkyfaeMuygonf/
]]zrf;qD;vkduf}}
tJ'gukd qkdif&mta&;ykdifrsm;u usaemfhxHvmNyD; taMumif;Mum;vkdY tpkd;&u wkdif;rif;BuD;ukd
xku
d pd a qG;aEG;&ef &efuek u
f adk c:cJyh gw,f/ aemufwidk ;f rif;Bu;D &efuek af &mufNy;D 2-&ufMumw,fq&dk if
bJ &ckid jf ynfraS eNy;D tmPmykid rf sm;;u OD;pdEm &JUw&m;rJh jyKrcl surf sm;aMumihf zrf;qD;vku
d &f aMumif;jzifh
owif;ay;ykdYvkdufygw,f/
]]brf;qD;vkdufykH}}
OD;pdEmukd zrf;&jcif;taMumif;rSm vGefcJhaomaomMumaeYu ausmufjzLe,fykdif0efaxmufu
owif;t& &rf;NAu
J Re;f teD;rS &Gmw&GmoGm;Ny;D OD;pdEm \ wynhf 2a,mufudk kid zf ,f 7vufEiS fh olyek x
f
&ef pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;ESifh awGU&So
d jzifh &rf;NAu
J adk c:vmNy;D ppfaq;aeaomtcsed rf mS vlaygif; 300cef[
Y m
NrKd Uykid f ;Hk ESihf ykvyd Xf me0kid ;f Ny;D tqkyd gvl 12a,mufeYJ vufeufrsm;ukd jyefay;&ef awmif;qkMd uygw,f/
xkdta&;ukd e,fykdif0efaxmufu &mZ0wf0efxHodkY csufcsif;taMumif;Mum;NyD; rddrdwkdYwGif xkdvlrsm;ukd
jyef v T w f & ef tmPmr&S d y g/ ta&;yk d i f o mvQif wwf E k d i f a Mumif ; jzif h jyef M um;vd k u f y gw,f /
tJ'v
D jdk yefMum;ajzqkv
d u
dk af omfvnf; vlxu
k tqkyd gae&mukd ESp&f ufwidk w
f idk f 0kid ;f xm;Ny;D jyefawmhrnf
vkyfaewkH;rSm acgif;aqmifOD;pdEmu vlxkukdqufvuf0kdif;xm;&efajymNyD; if;ukd,fwkdif e,fykdif
0efaxmufxo
H mG ; brf;xm;olrsm;ukv
d ufeufEiS w
hf uG jyefvw
T &f ef[al omtrdepYf mukd twif;tMuyf
vufrw
S x
f ;dk ckid ;f ygojzif?h e,fyidk u
f vufrw
S x
f ;dk &ygw,f/ tJ'v
D v
dk ufrw
S x
f ;dk Ny;D w,fq&dk ifbJ OD;pdEm
[m olYvlrsm;eJY vufeufawGukd,lNyD; tpkd;&armfawmfuav;eJY xGufoGm;w,f/
]]vlpkcGJvkduf&jcif;}}
OD;pdEmwkdYxGufoGm;NyD;aemuf &mZ0wf0efa&mufvmNyD; aoewfrdk;ay:ypfazmufum? vlxkukd
vlpkcGJvkduf&ygw,f/ aemufcsufcsif;qkdovkd &mZ0wf0ef[m OD;pdEmaemufukd vkdufoGm;NyD; OD;pdEmukd
ajrykHNrdKUteD;rSm brf;&ygw,f/ trSefrSm OD;pdEmukd zqyvtpkd;&u jyefvTwfxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

123

bkHaygufomausmf

okaYd omfvnf; OD;pdEm &JU jyKryl aHk wG[m e,foel ,fom;rsm;ukd xdcu
dk Nf y;D aevkYd jyefzrf;vku
d &f jcif;jzpfygw,f/
tJ'g[m OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmfudk zrf;qD;vku
d &f jcif;taMumif;&if;ESifh zrf;qD;vku
d &f ykaH wGygbJ[k ajymqked *d ;Hk
csKyfoGm;aMumif;[l ol&d,owif;pmwGif a&;om;yg&Sdygonf/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm udpE iS yfh wfoufNy;D vef'ef(bdvyf) ygvDrw
H iG yf ifvQif NAw
d o
d QygvDreftrwf
rsm; ar;jref;Muonf/ usaemfwkdY wcgrQvnf;ra&mufbl;? usaemfwkdYxJwGif vef'efygvDreftm;
vufvSrf;rSDol wpfOD;rQ r&Sdygvsuf NAdwdoQygvDreftrwfrsm;u q&mawmfOD;pdEmudpar;jref;&onfh
tajctaeodkYa&mufoGm;&onfrSm xkdpOfu &ckfdifjynf\EkdifiHa&;wuf<urI rnfonfhtqifhxd
&Sad eonfudk cefrY eS ;f Ekid af yonf/ ,if;udpE iS yfh wfouf 1947ckEpS ?f ZGev
f (14)&ufaeYxw
k af 0aom
ol&d,owif;pmwGif atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
]]OD;pdEmudp ygvDrHwGif ajymMuNyD}}[k 14-6-47 xkwf ol&d,owif;pm pmrsufESmzkH;wGif
acgif;pOfwyfxm;Ny;D o ]][if'gqiftajym/ vef'ef ZGef 12-&uf aeYpaJG Mu;eef;acgif;pOfi,fatmufwiG f
qufvufazmfjyoGm;onf/ ]]&ckid jf ynfudk jrefrmjynfrcS x
JG u
G &f ef vIaYH qmfay;aeaom &ckid af wmfveS af &;
acgif;aqmif OD;pdEm ukd zrf;qD;Ny;D aemufrS if;awmfveS af &;acgif;aqmif OD;pdEm xH? jrefrf mjynftpk;d &u
rw&m;toif;aMujimxm;onfh tvHerD sm;ESit
fh quftoG,f jyKvyk af om pm&Gupf mwrf;wcsKUd ukd awGU&Sd
zrf;qD;rdonf[k ,aeYn bdvyd af tmufygvDrH vTwaf wmfwiG f jrefrmjynfqidk &f mvufaxmuftwGi;f 0ef
uav; rpwmtmom[if'gqifu ajymjyaMumif;/
aumif;rGefvmNyD/
,cktcg tpk;d &u ykvyd Ef iS pfh pfwyfrsm;ukd &cdidk jf ynfoyYdk x
Ydk m;NyjD zpfaomaMumifh &ckid jf ynf\tajc
taerSm rsm;pGmaumif;rGefvmNyD[k vufaxmuftwGif;0efuav; [if'gqifu qufvufajymjy
aMumif;/
ryl;aygif;vkd
&ckid jf ynf tajctaerSm vGecf ahJ omvaygif;tenf;i,fcefu
Y tawmfuav; qk;d &Gm;cJah Mumif;
xkt
d cgu *syefuadk wmfveS cf b
hJ ;l aom if;awmfveS af &;acgif;aqmif OD;pdEm ESio
fh \
l aemufvu
dk af emufyg
wcsKdUonf &ckdifjynfwGif pifNydKiftpkd;&wnfaxmifvsuf tcsKdUqif;&Jol qif;&Jom; tjypfrJhrsm;ukd
tMurf;ywrf;zufcg i;f yrf;ESyd pf ufcahJ o;aMumif;/ odaYk omf Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;tpk;d &onf OD;pdEm ESihf
aemufvu
dk af emufyg 16OD;tm; vufeufcscidk ;f Ny;D aemuf Muifemaxmufxm;um vGecf ahJ om Zefe0g&D
17&ufaeYup vk;H 0tjypfrS vGwNf ird ;f csr;f omcGiafh y;cJah Mumif;/ xkt
d csed rf pS OD;pdEm onf jrefrmjynf
tpkd;&ESihfyl;aygif; ulnDaqmif&Guf&ef qEr&SdaMumif;/
pifNydKiftpkd;&
xkdaemuf OD;pdEmonf jrefrmjynftpkd;&ESihf NAdwdoQwkdY csKyfqkdcJhaom pmcsKyfukd azmufzsufNyD;
vGwv
f yfa&;ukd wku
d ,
f &l rnf[k a<u;aMumfNy;D &Gmrsm;ukd vGwv
f yfa&;&HyaHk iGrsm; aumufcu
H m pifNyKd if
tpk;d &axmifvsuf jypfr&I o
dS w
l u
Ydk dk if;wkv
Yd pl u
k ,
dk w
f idk f Burd 'f Pfu
dk jf cif;? owfjzwfjcif;txd pD&ifonf
omru ykvdyfrsm;ukdyif ,SOfNydKifwkdufckdufum &ckdifjynftajctaeukd qkd;&GmvmapcJhaMumif;/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

124

bkHaygufomausmf

e,fykdifkH;ukd 0kdif;w,f/
&ckid w
f jynfv;Hk vnf; tpnf;ta0;usi;f ycg trawmfaMu;ray;a&;? oD;pm;cray;a&;? w&m;
a[mNy;D qk;H jzwfcsurf sm; csMuaMumif;/ OD;atmifqef;uk,
d w
f idk f xku
d ptwGuf aqmif&u
G &f ef csucf si;f
vkduyfoGm;jaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhaMumif;/ vGefcJhaomarvqef; 9&ufaeYuvnf; OD;pdEm
acgif;aqmifaom vlaygif; ok;H axmifcefw
Y o
Ydk nf &rf;NAu
J Re;f &Sd e,fyidk f ;Hk 0kid ;f Ny;D tpd;k &zrf;qD;xm;aom
if;wkdY\ vlaygif; 18OD;cefYukd jyefvTwf&rnf[k ta&;qkdMuaMumif;/ xkdYaMumifh OD;pdEm\qEt&
xk&d mZ0wfjypfru
I sL;vGeo
f l 18OD;ukd qkid &f mrSvw
T yf pfvu
dk &f aMumif;/ okaYd omfvnf; aemufq;Hk OD;pdEm
ESit
fh azmfrsm;ukzd rf;qD;vku
d &f awmhaMumif;ESifh rpwmtmom[if'gqifu atmufvw
GT af wmf &ckid jf ynf
ta&;ESifhpyfvsOf; ar;Muaomar;cGef;rsm;ukd txufygtwkdif; ajz&Sif;Mu&aMumif;}}[k ol&d,
owif;pmwGif a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
txufygazmfjycsurf sm;ukd axmufv
I Qif 1945-ckEpS rf pS Ny;D ajrqDajrcGecf ray;a&;? vufiw
k f
vuf&if; v,fyidk af &;? wku
d yf rJG sm;rS ajratmufawmfveS af &; vufeufuidk w
f yfzUJG rsm; zGUJ pnf;jcif;? NAw
d o
d Q
tpk;d &tvkad wmf&d &GmolBu;D rsm;ukd jzKwyf pfNy;D ? aus;&Gmrsm;udk Ou|tkycf sKyaf &;pepfjzifh tpm;xk;d um
tmPmeDe,fajrxlaxmifjcif;wkEYd iS fh ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk nDvmcHwiG f us,jf yefaY omvlxv
k w
l ef;pm; tzGUJ
tpnf;rsm;pkpnf; e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pkukd xlaxmifEkdifcJhNyDjzpfaom q&mawmfOD;pdEmESihf
usaemfwo
Ydk nf tu,fjrefrmjynfrS Ekid if aH &;? ppfa&;ponfwjYdk zifh pGuzf ufrcH&ygvQif NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ
pepf ukv
d edk u
D Reb
f 0rSvw
G af jrmuf&ef vufeufpu
JG idk af wmfveS Mf uolrsm;om jzpfomG ;&rnfjh zpf&m AD,uf
erfwiG f zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;tNy;D e,fcsUJ &ef usL;ausmv
f maom jyifopfe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd vufeuf
jzihaf wmfveS cf ahJ om orw[kcd srD if;uJo
h Ykd q&mawmfeiS u
fh saemfwv
dYk nf; &ckid [
f cdk srD if;rsm; jzpfaumif;jzpf
oGm;rnf/ ,ck odkYjzpfrvmyg/
]]NcdrfhNccddrfhoJoJ vlxkwdkufyGJrsm;}}
'k;H om;jynfoYl nDvmcHEiS fh *Gi;f qufNy;D qufvufusi;f y&ef pDpOfxm;aom jynfon
Yl v
D mcHrsm;ukd
q&mawmftzrf;cH&jcif;aMumifh &yfpyJ pfMu&ygonf/ ajratmufawmfveS af &;vufeufuidk f wyfzUJG rsm;pGm
u vufeufjzifhawmfvSefa&;ukd tylwjyif; oJoJrJrJawmif;qkdvmMu\/ usaemfwkdY acgif;aqmifrsm;
tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;Muonf/
tzrf;cHoGm;&aom &cdkifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyf XmecsKyf Ou|OD;bkd;OD;ae&mwGif
OD;kv
d aS tmifudk tpm;xk;d Mu\/ vufiif;vufeufjzihf wGe;f vSeaf &;ukd usaemfwYdk wm;qD;Ekifd o
f mG ;\/
rl&if;t"du&nf&,
G cf suu
f dk usaemfwYdk rpGev
Yf w
T ?f jrefrmjynfwpfjynf;vk;H wNyKd iw
f nf;vkv
d dk NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ
pepfqkd;ukd awmfvSef&mwGif usaemfwdkY wwyfwtm; yg0if&efom usaemfwkdY t"du&nfrSef;csuf
jyKxm;onf/
uufpbDacwf (NAw
d o
d Qppftyk cf sKyaf &;acwf) uyif 0g&rf;xkwx
f m; awmck0d &rf;ajy;ae&aom
q&mawmfOD;pdEmtm; vlxkqEjyyGJ vlxkwkdufyGJrsm;jzihf 0&rf;ajy;tjzpfrS xkwf,lcJhovkd ,ckvnf;
vlxq
k EjyyGrJ sm;? vlxw
k u
dk yf rJG sm;jzifh q&mawmfwYdk vGwaf &;ukBd uKd ;pm;rnf/ vufeufjzihf wGe;f vSe&f ef
jyif;jyif;xefxefcg;cg;oD;oD; awmif;qkad eMuaom ajratmufawmfveS af &; vufeufuidk w
f yfzUJG rsm;odYk
acgif;aqmifrsm;uk,
d w
f idk f oGm;a&mufajz&Si;f rnf/ &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D OD;armifausmEf iS w
fh uG &efuek Nf rKd U&Sd
acgif;aqmifrsm;xH r[kwfrrSefpGyfpGJNyD; zrf;qD;xm;jcif;cHae&aom q&mawmfESihf zrf;xm;olrsm;
vGwfa&;twGuf usaemfpma&;&efwkdYukd qEwlnDpGmjzihf qkH;jzwftwnfjyKMuygonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

125

bkHaygufomausmf

e,ftoD;oD;&Sd XmecGrJ sm;xH TeMf um;vTmrsm;ukd csucf si;f uReaf wmfyaYkd y;\/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkYd
zrf;qD;cHoGm;&aomfvnf; aMuuGJ0rf;enf;kHjzihf wif;wdrfraeMubJ if;wkdYvGwfa&;ESihf trsKd;om;
vGwfvyfa&;wkdYtwGuf qufvufwkdufyGJ0if&rnfh orkdif;ay;wm0efukd xrf;aqmifMua&;wkdYudk
&Snfvsm;pGm &Sif;jyum vufeufjzihf wGef;vSefjcif;ukd tvsOf;rjyK&/ NrdKUjyrsm;odkYwufNyD; vlxkqEjyyGJ
rsm;usif;y&mwGif vufeufqkd tyfwpfacsmif;yif ,lroGm;&/
vlxkqEjyyGJrsm;twGuf vIHYaqmfa&;rS csDwufa&;txd aus;&Gmtvkduf wkdufe,ftvkduf
acgif;aqmifrsm; a&G;NyD; tpnf;a0;obmywdrsm;ESihf twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;ukdyg pepfwusa&G;cs,fjcif;?
a&G;cs,fcH&olrsm;onf NAdwdoQppfwyf ykvdyfwyfwkdY\ aoewfjzihf ypfowfrIrsm;ukdyif cH&zG,f&Sd&m
rdrq
d Etavsmuf aqmif&u
G rf nfo
h rl sm;uko
d m a&G;cs,af &; ponfrsm;ukd jyKvyk o
f mG ;&ef TeMf um;vTm
wGif tao;pdwfa&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
&ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD; OD;armifausmf? udkAaqG( xkdpOfu zqyvXmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
OD;AaqG) ? ukdausmfNidrf; (xkdpOfu jynfxJa&;0efBuD;) ESihf ocifjr (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdYESihftwl
vkyfBuHcHoGm;&aom tmZmenfocifjr) wkdYrSm usaemfESihf yk*dKvft&yg &if;ESD;aeMuolrsm;jzpf
q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkt
Yd m; vTwaf y;&ef usaemftm;uk;d wBu;D pma&;ygonf/ &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D xHay;pm
ukd ukdvSxGef;ausmfukd,fwkdifoGm;ykdYNyD; aqG;aEG;csufrsm;yg tao;pdwf ay;ykdY&ef udkvSxGef;ausmfukd
usaemfTefMum;vkduf\/ &efukef&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;xH ay;pmrsm;ukdvnf; pdwfcs&aom usaemfwdkY
au'g&Jabmfrsm;ESifh ay;ykv
Yd u
dk \
f / q&mawmfonf vGwv
f yfa&;ydou
k m? q&mawmfonf v,form;
bcif? ,if;aMumifh q&mawmftm; zrf;qD;jcif;onf ajratmufawmfveS af &;vufeufuidk w
f yfzUJG rsm;tm;
a'golyek x
f aponf/ tHwBuw
d Bf uw
d jf zpfaponf/ olwt
Ydk oufudk pGev
Yf LS Ny;D wGe;f vSecf iG jfh yK&ef jyif;jyif;
xefxefawmif;qkdvmaponf/ olwkdYxH usaemfwkdY oGm;Mu&\/ olwdkY\ rsufarSmifMuKwfaeaom
rsuEf mS rsm;ukd &Tiv
f ef;vmatmif azsmah zsmif;&\/ olw\
Ydk rmausmaomtoJudk vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pD
a&;? qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdYjzihf aq;auR;,l&\/ olwkdYvufxJ ckdifNrJpGmukdifxm;aom vufeufrsm;tpm;
olwv
Ydk ufxJ Ekid if aH &;oabmw&m;vufeufudk usaemfwYdk ay;tyfvu
dk &f \/ ajratmufvufeufuidk f
awmfvSefa&; wyfzGJUrsm;\ vufeufukdifwkdufa&; vrf;pOfrS olwkdYtm; usaemfwkdY qGJxkwf,lvkdufNyD/
tpkd;&u 0&rf;xkwfqifhxm;jcif; r&Sdao;aom olwkdYxJrS &Jabmfaygif;rsm;pGmukd vlxkwkdufyGJxJwGif
taocHwyfom;tjzpf usaemfwYdk wm0efay;vku
d \
f / NrKd UjytoD;oD;wGif tk<H uaomvlxq
k EjyyGrJ sm;jzihf
NcdrfhNcdrfhoJoJjzpfvsuf/
yxrqk;H vlxq
k EjyyGu
J kd XmecsKyEf iS fh teD;uyfq;Hk jzpfaom ajrykNH rKd Uukad &G;cs,o
f nf/ vlxq
k EjyyGJ
acgif;aqmiftjzpf ukdatmifxGef;jr (uG,fvGefoGm;aom AkdvfrSL; ac: atmifxGef;jr)? udkda&TausmfOD;
(armfuGef;yxrqifh) ESihf udkatmifvSjzL wkdYudk owfrSwfMuonf/ 1947-arvtwGif;wGif ajrykHNrdKU
vlxq
k EjyyGu
J kd pwifqifE\
JT / aomif;cs
D wufvmaom v,form;xk NrKd UwGi;f wGif vSnv
fh nfonf/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmtm; vTGwfa&;ukd vufoD;vufarmif;wef;um a<u;aMumfawmif;qkdMu\/
ajrykHwyfaygif;pkH nDvmcHqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh q&mawmfwkdYtm;vTGwfa&;ukd qkH;jzwftwnfjyKMu\/
ajrykHNrdKU ppfwyf ykvdyfwyfwkdYu aoewfwpfcsufrypf ajrykHvlxkqEjyyGJ atmifjrifcJh&NyD/
,if;qEjyyGrJ S vufawGUtawGUtBuKH rsm;uk,
d u
l m NrKd Ujyrsm;wGif vlxq
k EjyyGv
J yk af qmif&rnfh TeMf um;
csufrsm;ukd usaemftylwjyif; TefMum;vkduf\/ &aohawmifNrdKU? ykPm;uRef;jrdKU? aygufawmNrdKU?
ausmufawmfNrdKU? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU? rif;jym;NrdKU? ajrykHNrdKU? trf;NrdKU? oHwGJNrdKU paom NrdKUaygif;rsm;pGmwGif
aomif;ode;f csaD omjynforl sm; q&mawmfO;D pdEm tm; vTwaf &;udk a<u;aMumfawmif;qkMd uonf/ ajrykH

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

126

bkHaygufomausmf

wyfaygif;pkvrf;pOfukd axmufcHMuonf/
jynfoq
Yl EjyyGrJ sm; Ncrd Nhf crd o
hf o
J J csw
D ufatmifjrifaecsed w
f iG f ppfawGNrKd U au'g&Jabmf ukv
d x
S eG ;f
ausmfxH aMuuGJ0rf;enf;zG,f pmwapmifa&mufvm\/
olYpmtwkdcsKH;rSm usaemfhpmESifhtwl &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD; OD;armifausmfESihf oloGm;awGUonf/
OD;armifausmftm; usaemfhpmukday;NyD; aqG;aEG;Munhf&m rif;tzrf;rcHvkd&if csufcsif;xGufoGm;qkdNyD;
tdrfrSarmif;xkwf\/ ,ck wkdif;rif;BuD; tdrfwGifvnf; ykvdyfwyfrsm; txyfxyfcsxm; 0ifcGifhr&NyD/
oljrefrmjynfrS ppfom;rsm;awmif;cJ&h m rMumrDppfwyfrsm;a&mufvmNy;D usaemfwt
Ykd m;ESrd ef if;vdrrhf nf
[ljzk pfonf/ OD;armifaf usmf pdwt
f ajymif;tvJ jrefv
f eG ;f vSygonf/ olt
Y m; &ckid w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D &mZyvif
ay:okYd usaemfyck ;Hk jzihf xrf;ykcYd yhJ gonf/ olt
Y m; usaemfwYdk zGUJ pnf;xm;aom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ qefu
Y siaf &;
ajratmufvufeufukdif wyfzGJUrsm; udpukdyif aqG;aEG;cJhNyD;ygNyD/
olu Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;tm; 0&rf;ajy;b0rS vGwcf iG jhf yKrnf/ zrf;xm;aomEkid if aH &;orm;rsm;ukd
vTwfrnf/ ajratmufvufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJUrsm;ukd Oya'wGif;rS tumtuG,fay;rnf/
&ckid jf ynfEiS fh &ckid v
f rl sK;d Bu;D yGm;csr;f oma&;twGuf ajrmufrsm;vSpmG aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; xlaxmif
ay;rnf[k jrifhjrwfaomuwdrsm;ukd ay;cJhonf/ olYtm; usaemf {&mr &ckdifrsKd;cspfyk*dKvfBuD;wpfOD;[k
,kHMunftm;ukd;cJhonf/
,ck usaemfhtm; ol&moufyef evHrxlEkdifatmif vdrfnm&ufavNyD/ usaemfwdkYtm;aorif;
cHwiG ;f odYk wGe;f ydaYk vNy?D odv
Yk yk &f ufonfrmS ol\yifu,
dk 0f g'avm? okrYd [kwf q&morm;rsm; ckid ;f ap
vkyf&oavmqkdonfukd olESihfusaemf aemufxyfwpfBudrfrQ rqkHrdojzihf ,aeYxd usaemfrod/
tqifoif&h adS eaomvufeufuikd w
f yfzUJG rsm; &Sad omfvnf; vufeufuidk f wku
d yf rJG ygbJ q&mawmf
OD;pdEm wdt
Yk m; vTw
G af &;ukd &ckid w
f iG o
f m vlxq
k EjyyGrJ sm;? vlxw
k u
dk yf rJG sm;ukd jyKvyk o
f nfr[kw?f usaemfwYdk
\au'g&Jabmfrsm; &efuek Nf rKd Uodo
Yk mG ;a&mufNy;D q&mawmfvw
G af jrmufa&;ukd BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G Mf uyg
ao;onf/
&efuek w
f iG f q&mawmfwv
Ydk w
G af &;twGuf BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G rf rI sm;ukd xkpd Ofuxkwaf 0cJah om
owif;pmrsm;u acgif;pOftrsK;d rsK;d wyfqif xkwaf 0jzefcY scD MhJ uygonf/ xko
d wif;pm;rsm;teuf 1947ck arv (20)&ufaeYxkwf ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]]&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;BuD;}}qdkaomacgif;
pOfBu;D ESifh wqufwnf; OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmftm; zrf;qD;Ny;D &ckid jf ynfudk ppfwyfEiS efh rdS ef if;&ef BupH nf;jcif;
onf &ckid t
f rsK;d om;rsm;\pdwu
f dk emusn;f ap&ma&mufonft
h jyif &ckid Ef iS jfh refrmaoG;uGaJ tmif vkyaf e
onfEiS w
fh al Mumif;? zqyvwko
Yd nf tpuolwyYdk if tcGerf ay;&ef vIaYH qmfcNhJ y;D aemuf ,ck olwt
Ydk pk;d &
jzpfvmaomtcg tcGeaf y;&rnf[ak jymvmjyefjcif;onf ajymawmhwrsK;d vkyaf wmhwrsK;d jzpfaeonfqdk
jcif;}} acgif;pD;i,fudk wyfxm;onf/ wqufwnf;wGiyf if atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
]]&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;tpnf;ta0;ukd arv (18)&ufaeY aeYvnf 12-em&DdtcsdefwGif &efukef
pawmh*w
d v
f rf; r*Fvmokua usmif; pmcsq&mawmf OD;auom&tm; Ou|? a&SUae OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;
tusK;d aqmiftjzpf wifajrm ufusi;f yaMumif;? &[ef;awmftyg;ig;q,fausmEf iS fh vlBu;D vli,faygif;
200-ausmftjyif &ckdifjynfrS zqyvtrwfrsm;vnf; wufa&mufaMumif;/
]]rcHr&yfEdkifatmif emusnf;aeonfrSm}}
OD;vSxGef;jzL (owif;pmq&m)u tpnf;ta0;ac:&onfrSm &ckdifjynfwGif qlylaomif;usef;
aeonfq
dk jrefrmjynfrpS pfom;aygif; 1000? arv15-&ufaeYu ykv
Yd u
dk o
f nft
h wGuyf ifjzpfaMumif;?

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

127

bkHaygufomausmf

tcif;t&mukd od&aomtm;jzihf &efuek Nf rKd U&Sd &ckid rf sK;d cspyf *k Kd vrf sm; rcHr&yfEikd af tmif emusn;f aeMu
onfrmS ,aeYtpnf;ta0;odYk vma&mufjcif;jzifh odEidk af Mumif;? &ckid jf ynfudk ppfwyfBu;D jzifh ESrfd ef if;&ef
&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;omr[kwf jrefrmjynf&Sd rsKd;cspfrsm;pGmuyif rvkdvm;aMumif; tpnf;ta0;odkY
<ua&mufvmaom &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf tcsKdUrSm ygwDpGJ&Sdaeaomfvnf; trsKd;om;udpjzpfojzihf
wkdifwkdifyifyifaqmif&GufMu&ef wufa&mufvmjcif;jzpfygaMumif; ajymjyavonf/
]]OD;pdEmukd rzrf;cifuyif}}
Ou|q&mawmfciG jfh yKcsuw
f &? &aohawmifrS zqyvtrwf OD;ausmOf ;D u? &ckid jf ynfwiG f qlyl
aeonfrSm OD;pdEmukd rzrf;cifuyifjzpfaMumif; t&yf&yfrk'def;rIrsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfukd q&m0efrsm;
ar;vQifodEkdifaMumif; &aohawmifwGif OD;pdEm*kdPf;om;rsm; vlqkd;'jrwkdufckdufaeaMumif; aoewf
vufeufay;&ef rdrw
d u
Ykd ,
dk w
f idk f ta&;ykid f ckid 0f efrsm;odYk awmif;bl;aMumif; ponfjzihf tus,w
f 0ifh
ajymNyD;vQif bll;oD;awmifrS ukdpHxGef;atmifuvnf; tvm;wl ajymjyaMumif;/
]]EdkifiHa&; zdESdyfjcif;jzpfonf}}
,leDAmpwDausmif;rS ukdazwifurl zqyvtpkd;&vufxufa&mufvmonfh tcsdefup?
&ckid w
f jynfv;Hk rNird rf oufjzpfaeaMumif;? if;wko
Yd nfyif tpk;d &tm; tcGeaf wmfray;eJ[
Y k ajyma[mcJh
aMumif;/ olwdkYtpkd;&bufvmaomtcg? tcGefawmfray;a&; rvkyfeJY? &yfpJ&rnf[kajymaomfvnf;
r&awmhaMumif;? OD;pEmeJY if;tzGJUukdzrf;qD;jcif;onf EkdifiHa&;zdESdyfjcif;jzpfonf/ ,cktcg &ckdkif
wrsK;d om;vk;H ukd zdEydS x
f m;onfudk &ckid t
f rsK;d om;wkid ;f odaMumif;? &ckid t
f rsK;d om;rsm;onf jrefrmrsm;ESifh
qk;d wlaumif;wlaygif;vkad Mumif;? csi;f ? ucsirf sm;ESirhf wlaMumif; tcsi;f csi;f yl;aygif;&rnf[ak jymaeaomf
vnf; [efaqmifajymjcif;jzpfaMumif;/ ,ck&ckid jf ynfwiG f qlyal omif;use;f aeonfrmS &ckid jf ynfwiG ;f a&;
ukd &ckid t
f rsK;d om;rsm; tkycf sKycf iG &hf &efvnf;ygaMumif;? ,ck &ckid jf ynfudk ppfwyfEiS Efh rSd &f ef BupH nfjcif;
onf &ckid t
f rsK;d om;rsm; wk;d wufaeonfh pdw"f gwfudk zdEydS &f ef pDrjH cif;jzpfaMumif;ESifh tus,w
f 0ifah jym
qkdavonf/
]]tufwvDatmifqef; pmcsKyfcsKyfvmvkdY}}
OD;bk;d OD;u &ckid jf ynfawmifyidk ;f tajctaeukd ajymjyvkad Mumif;? zqyvtzGUJ Bu;D u Zefe0g&Dv
31-&ufaeY aemufqkH;xm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef t*FvdyfraMujimvQif wjynfvkH;olykefxrnf[k
EI;d aqmfxm;onft
h wkid ;f toifjh yifxm;&aMumif;? aemufq;Hk wGif tufwvDatmifqef; pmcsKycf sKyq
f v
dk m
onfhtwGuf &ckdifjynfu AkdvfcsKyfESihf zqyvukd tMunfdkysufcJhaMumif;/ zqyvajymwmwjcm;?
vkyfwmwjcm;[k rauseyfonfhtwGufaMumifh awmifykdif;&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf rdrde,f
zqyvtrwfukd ra&G;MuaMumif; &Sif;vif;ajymjyavonf/
]]OD;pdEm vlqkd;r[kwf}}
xkdaemuf qmay:xGef;u ,aeY&ckdifjynfudpukd ta&;BuD;onf[k xifonfhtwkdif; tpnf;
ta0;okYd vmcJah Mumif;? rdrw
d o
dYk nf &ckid Ef iS jhf refrmnDw
G af &;ukd tvGev
f v
dk m;aMumif;? OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmf
onf &ckdifjynfwGif yxrqkH; *syefawmfvSefa&;ukd aqmif&GufvmaMumif;? vlqkd;'jyr[kwfaMumif;?
OD;pdEm emrnfjzifh vlq;dk rsm; wku
d cf u
dk af eonfrmS vnf; xl;xl;qef;qef;r[kwaf Mumif;? jrefrmjynfwiG f

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

128

bkHaygufomausmf

tvm;wlemrnfvrd jf zihf wku

d cf u
dk af eonfrmS aeYpOfEiS t
fh rQ jzpfaeaMumif;? yJc;l awmifipl aom NrKd Ursm;rSm
npOfxw
d v
f efaY e&ojzihf wkid ;f oljynfom;rsm; tpm;aumif;rpm;&? ttdyaf umif;rtdy&f jzpf&aMumif;?
,cifusKyfwkdYtpkd;&vufxufu 'g;jywkdufonfrSm trsm;qkH; 10a,mufom&SdaMumif;? ,ck vlaygif;
100? 150olyek t
f jzpf wku
d cf u
dk af eaMumif;/ rdro
d nf &ckid jf ynftwGuf ppfawGNrKd Uudk tjrefq;Hk 0if&atmif
trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;wGif qk;H jzwfcahJ Mumif;? xef;wyifupd w
iG f pkpH rf;a&;aumfrw
D u
D dk t*Fvyd t
f &m&Sd
rsm;ESifh twku
d t
f cHaqmif&u
G cf ahJ Mumif;/ rdrd w
d o
Ykd nf wkid ;f jynftwGuf aqmif&u
G o
f nft
h cg pdwaf umif;
ESihf aqmif&GufaMumif;wkdYjzihf ajymqkdavonf/
ta&;BuD;vmrnf
OD;xGe;f atmifuvnf; ,cktcg trsK;d om;a&;jzpfojzihf tpnf;ta0;odw
Yk ufvmaMumif;? &ckid f
jynf OD;pdEm ESifh vlwcsKUd ukd zrf;aeojzihf ta&;Bu;D vmrnft
h aMumif;wku
Yd dk tus,w
f 0ifh ajymqkad Mumif;?
if;aemuf OD;bkd;OD;u atmufygtqkdukd wifoGif;aMumif;/
OD;pdEmESihfwynhfrsm;vTwf&ef
1/ / OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmfrmS zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;ukd yXrqk;H aqmif&u
G o
f nhf bke;f awmfBu;D
wyg;jzpfonft
h jyif &ckid v
f rl sK;d rsm;pGmwkYd Munfadk v;pm;aom yk*Kd vBf u;D wpfyg;jzpfonft
h m;avsmpf mG
if;uk,
d af wmftm; tpk;d &zrf;qD;csKyaf ESmifxm;vku
d o
f jzifh &ckid t
f rsK;d om;rsm;\pdw"f gwfudk xdcu
dk o
f nf
jzpf? wjynfv;Hk \Nird ;f csr;f a&;tajctaeukd r&Ekid af tmif jzpfay:vmrnfh tajctaeokYd a&mufae
bG,&f mtaMumif;&Sad omaMumifh zrf;qD;xm;aom q&mawmf OD;pdEm ESifh wynhw
f umrsm;ukd tjrefq;Hk
vTw&f ef tpnf;ta0;u av;eufpmG tpk;d &tm;awmif;qkad Mumif; tqku
d w
dk ifoiG ;f &m wuov
kd f
ausmif;om; ukv
d aS zmfoef (,ck ppfawGNrKd Ue,f jynfoaYl umifpOD u| OD;vSjzLoef)ESifh vlaygif;rsm;pGm
twnfjyKvkdufaMumif;/
ppfwyfukd tjrefkyfodrf;&ef
2/ OD;vSxGef;jzL (owif;pmq&m)u ,cktcg jrefrmjynft&yf&yfwGif qlylaomif;usef;rIrsm;
onf tenf;ESit
fh rsm; &Sad e&mum;? &ckid jf ynfwpfcw
k nf;uko
d m ppfwyfapvTw
G t
f yk cf sKyrf nfjzpfjcif;ukd
tpnf;ta0;u tjyif;txefuefu
Y u
G
f if;ppfwyfudk tjrefq;Hk jyefvnfyk o
f rd ;f ay;&ef tpnf;
ta0;u awmif;qkdaMumif; tqkdwifoGif;&m tm;vkH;u axmufcHojzihf tqkdukd twnfjyKvkduf
aMumif;/
3/ OD;vSxGef;jzLuyif tpnf;ta0;u qkH;jzwfxm;aom txufygqkH;jzwfcsuf 2csufESifh
wuG tjcm;oufqkdif&mudprsm; aqmif&Guf&ef atmufygvlBuD; 12OD;yg0ifonhf aumfrDwDtzGJUukd
tmPmukefvTJ&ef tqkdwifoGif;&m? OD;bkd;GefYESihf ukdomvSwkdYu axmufcHtm;vkH;twnfjyKvkduf
aMumif;/ aumfrw
D v
D Bl u;D (1)qmay:xGe;f 0wfvaHk wmf& (2) OD;vSxeG ;f jzL trfatbDtyf 0wfvaHk wmf&
(3) OD;xGef;atmif bDatbDtyf 0wfvkHawmf& (4) OD;pkd;abmfatmif (5)OD;armifomvS (6)OD;bkd;NrdKif
ausmufjzL (7) OD;xGe;f BuKd if oHwJG (8) OD;bk;d GeYf yGpJ m; ausmufjzL (9) OD;cspx
f eG ;f (10) OD;ukad rmifapm
xGef; trftufpD (11)ukdpHausmfOD; (12) OD;vSxGef;jzL aqmfMoolESifh twGif;a&;rSL;? if;aemuf 3em&DtcsdefwGif tpnf;ta0;ukd kyfodrf;vkdufaMumif;[l ol&d,owif;pmwGif a&;om;azmfjyyg&Sdyg
onf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

129

bkHaygufomausmf

xkpd Ofu jrefrmjynf (,ck jynfaxmifpk qk&d ,

S v
f pf orwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf) onf vGwv
f yfa&;
r&ao;yg/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm tzrf;cH&onfu
h pd E iS yfh wfouf NAw
d o
d QygvDrefatmufvw
T af wmfwiG f
ar;cGe;f rsm;ukd ajzqk&d m jrefrmjynfqidk &f m vufaxmuftwGi;f 0efuav; rpwmtmom [if'gqifu
OD;pdEmwkdYtm; EdkifiHa&;&mudprsm;aMumifh zrf;qD;&aMumif;ukd &Sif;jyoGm;ygonf/
odaYk omf &ckid w
f ikd ;f zqyvtzGUJ acgif;aqmifvnf;jzpf pum;ajym&mwGif &ckid {f u'ufwOD;vnf;
jzpfaom zqyvtrwf ukad usmOf ;D wku
Yd OD;pdEm wkt
Yd m; zrf;qD;jcif;rSm rk'ed ;f rIrsm;? vlq;dk rIrsm;aMumifh
zrf;&onf[k r[kwfrrSef pGyfpGJoGm;ygonf/ tajymtqkdukd csufykdifykdifjzihf ukdausmfOD;ajymwwfaomf
vnf; wu,ft
h jzpftrSeu
f dk odaeMuaom &ckid t
f rsK;d om;rsm; r,kMH unf? OD;pdEm ESiw
hf uG wynhw
f um
rsm;ukd vTw
G &f efom tpnf;ta0;u qk;H jzwfav\/ okaYd omf &ckid w
f idk ;f zqyvrsm;onf tavQmrh ay;/
olwkdYvltkyfjzifh tEkdif,l&ef pkdif;jyif;Muonf/
pkdif;jyif;csufukdvnf; usaemfwdkYESihfwaoG;wnf; wom;wnf; wpdwfwnf;jzpfaeMuNyD;
trSefw&m;bufrS rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfaom ausmufjzLckdif vli,facgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol
OD;pHabmf (,ck ppfawGaumvdyf jrefrmpmXmerSL; OD;pHabmf) ESihf ukdvSjzLoH (,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f
jynfoaYl umifpOD u|)wkYd pnf;k;H xm;aom vli,fxt
k iftm;ESifh MoZmukd rvGeq
f efEidk o
f jzifh rdrad c:,l
pnf;a0;aom tpnf;ta0;rS &ckdifzqyv0efBuD;ESifh &ckdifzqyvtrwfrsm; xGufajy;oGm;&\/
1947-ck arv 27&ufaeY xkwfa0aom ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]]&ckdif0efBuD; qif;ajy;&aom
&ckid t
f pnf;ta0;}} [laom acgif;pD;Bu;D ESiw
fh qufwnf; ]]OD;atmifZaH 0 zqyvavoHukd rajymbJeYJ
&ckid jf ynf\tjzpftysut
f rSeu
f o
dk m ajymygwJ}h }acgif;pD;i,fjzifh atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;azmfjyxm;
onf/
arv 25&ufaeY 1em&Dausmt
f csed w
f iG f &efuek Nf rKd U pywfvrf;&Sd &ckid v
f il ,frsm;toif;wku
d w
f iG f
&ckdife,f zqyvtzGJU0iftcsKdUeSihf bk&ifcH twkdifyifcH 0efBuD; OD;atmifZHa0\ tazmfwcsKdU tpnf;
ta0;ac:xm;onft
h wkid ;f OD;a&Tomqko
d u
l dk em,uwifvsuf usi;f y&m &[ef;awmf tyg; 50ausmf
SESihf &ckdiftrsKd;om; 200ausmf wufa&mufaMumif; OD;atmifZHa0? rapmjr? rMumZH? OD;armifpdef?
OD;ausmfvSOD;? OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;armifa0wkdYvnf; a&muf&SdaMumif;/
tpnf;ta0;pvQifpjcif;? OD;atmifZHa0u OD;pdEmukd zrf;&onfrSm OD;pdEmukd rzrf;vQifrjzpf
aMumif;? OD;pdEm onf e,fux
dk u
G v
f suf tcGerf ay;a&;ajymonfjh yif ajrykNH rKd Ue,fwiG f vuf0n
J
D w
G af &;
wyfaygif;pkudk wnfaqmufjcif;ponfwu
Ydk dk a[majym&m? wuov
kd af usmif;om;rsm;u OD;atmifZaH 0
ajymonft
h wkid ;f tpD&ifcpH mrsm;onf zqyvtpD&ifcpH mt&ajymovm;? okrYd [kwf tjcm;toif;rsm;
u tpD&ifcpH mt& ajymovm;[k ar;cGe;f xkw&f m OD;atmifZaH 0u ar;cGe;f ukrd ajz? ar;vkv
d Qif zqyv
tpk;d &tm; ar;Ekid o
f nf[jk yefajymonfwiG f tpnf;ta0;wufa&muforl sm;u rauseyf qlyo
l mG ;Mu
aMumif;/ tpnf;ta0;a&muforl sm;uvnf; wa,mufwcGe;f pD ajymqkad eMuojzifh 0efBu;D OD;atmifZH
a0rSm &Suf&SufyifxkdifoGm;&awmhaMumif;/
tm;vkH;trSm;awGcsnf;bJ
ausmufjzLckdifvli,facgif;aqmif ukdpHazmfu OD;atmifZHa0ajymoGm;aompum;rsm;onf
wvk;H rusef trSm;rSm; t,Gi;f ,Gi;f omjzpfaMumif;/ OD;pdEm ukd zrf;qD;jcif;onf tpd;k &u rw&m;ojzifh
zrf;qD;jcif;rQom jzpfaMumif;/ oif;yef;udik ;f e,fwiG f qk;d oGr;f aeolrsm;udk ESrd ef if;aepOf arv 3&ufaeYu
e,fykdif rufol;ESihf ykvdyfrsm; a&mufvmNyD; vrf;wGifvlwOD;owfypfvkdufaMumif;/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

130

bkHaygufomausmf

&yf&GmNidrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf tpnf;ta0;vkyfaeaomvlBuD; 18a,mufukdvnf; zrf;qD;

csKyfaESmif,loGm;aMumif;/ if;t&m&Sdrsm;onf wu,fwef;qkd;aeaom 'g;jrokH;a,mufukd vTwfypfcJh
aMumif;/ vlxu
k k;H ukd oGm;a&mufNy;D zrf;xm;aomolrsm;ukv
d w
T &f ef awmif;qkMd uaMumif;/ xkt
d csed f
wGif q&mawmfOD;pdEmonf &rf;NAJav;awmife,fwGifom&SdaMumif;? e,fykdifxHwGif OD;pdEmu
twif;tMuyfawmif;onf[ak jymjcif;onf tvsO;f rrSeaf Mumif;/ tpk;d &oabFmukpd ;D xGuaf jy;onfqdk
jcif;vnf; rrSeaf Mumif;/ OD;pdEm rSm rdrad vSjziho
f mG ;aepOf tpk;d &oabFmjzihf ac:aqmifwif,o
l mG ;jcif;
om jzpfaMumif;/ if;ukd qkid &f mt&m&Sw
d Ydk od&EdS idk af Mumif; ponfjzifh tus,w
f 0ifh &Si;f jy&m y&dowfrsm;
u Mobmay;MuaMumif;/
trSefukdajymyg/
vli,frsm;pGmuvnf; ,ckMum;&jcif;onf rMumrDu owif;pmq&mrsm; tpnf;ta0;wGif
OD;atmifZaH 0ajymjycsurf sm;ESifh tvsO;f rwljzpfaeaMumif;/ zqyvavoHukd ajymrjybJ OD;atmifZaH 0
onf &ckid jf ynftjzpftysuu
f o
kd m ajymjy&efoifah Mumif;/ tu,ftrSeu
f dk rajym&Jygu 0efBu;D &mxl;
rS EIwfxGufay;apvkdaMumif; toHrsm;pGmjzihf y&dowfrsm; qlylatmf[pfMuaMumif;/
vufeufxkwfray;bl;vm;
tpnf;ta0;rSm rMumcP rNird rf oufjzpfaeojzifh vma&muforl sm;u awmif;yefaomaMumifh
tenf;i,fNirfd o
f ufomG ;&m ppfawGNrKd UrS OD;atmifZaH 0 ac:vm a&muf&adS eaom or0g,rtoif;
NrKd Utkyo
f rD;jzpfol rMumZHu &ckid pf um;jzihf uRerf onf &ckid jf ynftrsK;d orD;acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpf
trsKd;orD;rsm; &ykdifcGifh&Sdonfhta&;ukd awmif;qkd&efvm&ygonf/
&ckid t
f rsK;d orD;toif;ukd wnfaxmifonfrmS aeYpOfEiS t
fh rQ vlq;dk 'g;jywku
d jf cif;ESifh trsK;d orD;
rsm; rk'ed ;f usicfh aH e&jcif;ukd umuG,v
f
dk jzpfaMumif;ukd tus,w
f 0ifah jym&m OD;oma0qko
d u
l &ckid f
trsK;d orD;rsm; rk'ed ;f usijfh cif;ukd vufeufjzihf ckcu
H muG,&f ef zqyvtpd;k &u vufeufxw
k rf ay;bl;
vm;[kar;&m y&dowfu &,ffarmMuaMumif;/
tpnf;ta0;wGif *syefvufxufu e,fyidk v
f yk Nf y;D &ckid rf sm;ukd zdEySd cf o
hJ rl sm;tvkrd &S?d zqyv
ESiafh ygif;Ny;D 0efBu;D &mxl;Buo
H rl sm; tvkrd &S[
d ak jymaeMuaMumif;/ txl;ojzifh vli,frsm;u wk;d wk;d wdwf
wdwfajymaeaMumif;/
xkdaemuf zqyvtrwfjzpfol OD;pHxGef;atmifu olonf OD;pdEmukd txl;oduRrf;aMumif;/
OD;pdEm vTw
G &f ef tpnf;ta0;ac: uefu
Y u
G b
f ;l aMumif;/ ,ck 'g;jywku
d af eonfrmS OD;pdEm aemufvu
dk f
rsm;? OD;pdEm trnfudk ,lwu
dk af eaMumif;jzihf OD;pdEm tm; xyfwvJvyJ w
k cf wfajymae&m bke;f awmfBu;D
OD;omoeESifh vli,frsm;u ,ckta&;onf &ckid t
f a&;ukd aqG;aEG;aeaom ta&;omjzpf &ckid t
f csi;f
csif;ykwfcwfae&ef rvkdaMumif;jzifhajymNyD; rk'def;usihfjcif;? 'g;jywkdufjcif;rsm;ukdvnf; txl;tqef;
kd;r,fzGJUajymae&efrvkdaMumif;/
,aeY tpnf;ta0;ac:&onfrmS 'g;jywku
fd ?f rk'ed ;f usijhf cif;ukd ajym&efac:&jcif;r[kw?f odYk
ajymqkjd cif;wku
Yd kd tvkrd &Sq
d Ndk y;D atmf[pfMu&m tpnf;ta0;ukd xded ;f r&atmifjzpfomG ;awmhaMumif;/
xkt
d cg 0efBu;D OD;atmifZaH 0ESifh aemufvu
dk w
f pkwo
Ydk nf tpnf;ta0;rS okwaf jcwif qif;oGm;&awmh
aMumif;/ tpnf;ta0;ysuv
f rk wwf jzpfNy;D aepOf &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf vli,fwcsKUd u tpnf;ta0;quf
vkyf&ef pDrHMuonfukd &ckdifvli,ftoif;0if wa,mufu cGifhrjyKyg&apeJY[k awmif;yefaMumif;/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

131

bkHaygufomausmf

tpnf;ta0;wufvil ,frsm;u 0efBu;D ukad wmhciG jhf yKw,f? rsuef mS vku

d w
f t
hJ oif;ukd tvkrd &S[
d k
ajyefajymMuNy;D aemufq;Hk wGif vmrnfw
h e*FaEGaeY aeYvnf 12em&Dtcsed f pawmh*w
d v
f rf;&Sd r*Fvmokc
ausmif;wGif usif;y&ef csdef;qkdvkdufawmhaMumif;[k ol&d,owif;pmwGif a&;om;yg&Sdygonf/
tcsuu
f dk axmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh &ckid 0f efBu;D ESifh &ckid zf qyvtrwfrsm;onf &ckid jf ynfwiG f
om Ekid if aH &; MoZmwdur usqif;aeonfr[kw?f &efuek Nf rKd U&Sd &ckid t
f rsK;d om;rsm;xJwiG yf if Ekid if aH &;MoZm
r&Sjd zpfaeonfrmS xif&mS ;vSygonf/ rdrw
d Ykd OD;pD;usi;f yaom tpnf;ta0;rS &ckid 0f efBu;D ESihf &ckid zf qyv
trwfrsm; okwfajcwifxGufajy;Mu&NyD/ EkdifiHa&;MoZmusqif;vmaom tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;onf
rdrdb0wnfNrJa&;twGuf vufeufjzifh tMurf;zufMuonfrSm ed,mroabmyif r[kwfygavm/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmESihfywfoufNyD; owif;pmrsm;wGif trsKd;rsKd;yg&Sdvmonf/ 1947ck arv 21
&uf ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ]]OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmf}}[laom acgif;pOfatmufwiG f ]]&ckid jf ynfzrf;qD;xm;aom
OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmftm; tpk;d &u av,mOfysEH iS fh ,laqmifvmcJ&h m ,ckarv 19&ufaeYu &efuek Nf rKd UodYk
a&mufaeNyD[k owif;Mum;od&avonf}}[ka&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
,if;ol&,
d owif;pm 1947ck arv 24&ufxw
k w
f iG f ]]OD;pdEm ukd tvkw
H u
dk yf w
d x
f m;Ny}D }[laom
rsuEf mS zk;H acgif;pOfBu;D ESiw
fh qufwnf; ]]OD;pdEm tm; vufeufuidk yf v
k yd rf sm; 0kid ;f &H om,m0wDaxmif
BuD;okdY ykdYvkdufonfqkdjcif;}}]]om,m0wDNrdKU 19-5-47 &ufaeY nae 4em&DtcsdefcefYwGif &ckdifjynf
awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifBuD; q&mawmfOD;pdEmtm; vufeufukdifykvdyfajrmufrsm;pGmwkdY 0dkif;&Hvsuf
om,m0wDaxmifBuD;twGif;odkY kwfw&ufykdYaqmifvkdufaMumif;}}[kazmfjyyg&SdNyD; qufvufa&;xm;
onfrmS ]]BuKd ;wku
d x
f w
J iG }f }acgif;pOfwyfNy;D ]],cktcg q&mawmfO;D pdEm tm; rnfow
l pfO;D wpfa,mufrQ
rawGUEkid &f ef ,cifBuKd ;wku
d ?f ,ck vlq;dk ydwo
f nfw
h u
dk t
f wGi;f wGif axmifysmwmrsm; txyfxyftapmifh
cs uk,
d af wmfwpfyg;csi;f om xm;onf[k owif;&&Sad Mumif;}}[k ol&,
d owif;pmwGif a&;om;azmfjy
xm;ygonf/
1947 ck ZGefv 3&ufaeYxkwf ol&d,owif;pmwGifyif ]]OD;pdEm qGrf;rpm;bJ aeonfhudp}}
[laom acgif;pOfESihfwqufwnf; ]]jrefrmESihf &ckdif&[ef;awmfrsm; tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfukd vmrnfh
vjynhfaeY 12em&DtcsdefwGif r*Fvmokcausmif;wkduf usif;y&ef bdwfac:xm;aMumif;? xkdtpnf;
ta0;wGif q&mawmfO;D pdEm tm; tvHak xmifcsxm;jcif;udp? qGr;f rpm;bJ tpmiwfcaH eonfu
h pd E iS fh
&ckid jf ynfudk jrefrmjynfrS cGx
J u
G af &;udpr sm; qk;H jzwfMurnf[k owif;a&muf&adS vonf}}[k a&;om;azmf
jyxm;\/
,if;ZGev
f 3 &uf ol&,
d owif;pmwGiyf ifvQif ]]&ckid Af rm aoG;cJrG vkv
Yd m;}}acgif;pOfatmufwiG f
a&;om;onfrmS ]]&ckid t
f rsK;d om;tpnf;ta0;ukd ZGev
f 1&ufaeYu pawmh*w
d v
f rf; r*Fvokcausmif;
wkdufwGif jyKvkyf&m &ckdifvlBuD;rsm; jzpfMuaom qmay:xGef;? 0wfvkHOD;xGef;jzL? puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;
OD;xGe;f atmif? ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk qkid &f m pma&;or* Ou| OD;xGe;f atmifausm?f oHwt
JG rwf OD;atmifjrwf
ESihf &[ef;awmfrsm;yg y&dowf 500cefY wufa&mufMuaMumif;/
aeYvnf 12em&DtcsdefwGif bdwfMum;xm;olrsm; pkHvifaomtcg 0wfvkHOD;xGef;jzLu tpnf;
ta0;ukd pwifziG v
fh pS Nf y;D tpnf;ta0;ac:&jcif;taMumif;ukd &Si;f vif;ajymjyum ,cktcgwGif tzrf;
cHae&aom q&mawmfO;D pdEm rSm &ckid v
f rl sK;d tm;vk;H \ toJprJG sK;d cspyf *k Kd vBf u;D jzpfNy;D ? bk&m;ta&awmf0wf
omoemh0efxrf;wpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ Ny;D awmh &ckid w
f pfrsK;d om;vk;H ukd awmfveS af &;tcsed u
f &Gw&f w
G cf RcH RH
umuG,af y;cJah om awmfveS af &;acgif;aqmifBu;D vnf; jzpfw,f/ ,cktcg tpk;d &u q&mawmf OD;pdEm
ukd,fawmfukd vlqkd;"m;jyBuD;ozG,f rw&m;pGyfpGJNyD; zrf;qD;xm;jcif;onf &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH;tm;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

132

bkHaygufomausmf

apmfum;&ma&mufaMumif;ukd ajymoGm;aMumif;/
if;aemuf obmywd r*Fvmokcq&mawmf OD;auo&u OD;pdEmudpESihfywfoufNyD; ,cif
tywf 18&ufaeYu tpnf;ta0;vkyfNyD; qkH;jzwfcsufukd tpkd;&qDykdYw,f/ tpkd;&u ,ckxd jzLw,f
rJw,f bmrStaMumif;jyefMum;jcif; r&Sb
d ;l / 'Doabm[m &ckid t
f rsK;d om;ukd rav;pm;jcif;omjzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh tpnf;ta0;uaeNyD; xdxda&mufa&mufta&;qkdzkdYukd rdefYcGef;>rufMum;aMumif;/
tpkd;&u rD;xkd;ay;vkdY/
oHwGJtrwf OD;atmifjrwfu OD;pdEmudpukd usaemf&Sif;jyygr,f/ oHwGJrSmqkd&if bmrSr&Sdbl;?
yGaJ wGuvnf; uaeMuwmbJ? vlawGuvnf; at;at;csr;f csr;f bJ &SMd uwmbJ? "m;jywku
d rf q
I w
dk mvnf;
tifrwefenf;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh &ckid jf ynfrmS OD;pdEm aMumifh qlaew,f/ OD;pdEm uaeNy;D vufeufawG
t&rf;rJu
h idk Nf y;D vlawG&UJ Nird ;f csr;f rIudk zsuq
f ;D aewJh vlq;dk "m;jyBu;D obG,f trsK;d rsK;d pGypf NJG y;D zrf;vku
d yf g
w,f/
tJ'v
D dk &ckid w
f pfrsK;d om;vk;H u axmufcaH ewJh OD;pdEm ukd zrf;wmeJY wpfNyKd uef uf vlxu
k tk<H u
Ny;D 26&ufaeYu vl 5axmifausmf 6axmifavmufwufNy;D uefu
Y u
G yf v
JG yk w
f ,f/ 'gukd qlyal tmifvyk f
w,fqNdk y;D awmifov
l ,form; or*Ou| OD;ked YJ vl 4-5a,muftzrf;cH&ygw,f/ vlxu
k at;at;
csr;f csr;f &S&d ufeYJ tpk;d &u rD;xk;d ay;vkYd ckvdk qlyjl cif;omjzpfw,f/ tcsKUd owif;pmxJrmS ygaewJo
h wif;
awG[m rrSefygbl;/ tpkd;&u rw&m;pGyfpGJjcif;om jzpfygw,f/
tjypfr&SdwJholawG tvum;aoaew,f
ppfwyfuqk&d ifvJ &Gmuk0d idk ;f Ny;D [k&d mS 'D&mS eJY a&TaiGawG,?l 3axmif 4axmifb;dk avmufqo
dk vkd
ygoGm;Muw,f/ vlwa,mufrouFmvkaYd c:&if tac:cH&wJo
h u
l tppfc&H rnfxifNy;D aMumufvefaY jy;
a&m/ tJ'Dvkdajy;&if vlqkd;bJqkdNyD; ypfa&m? tJ'DvkdeJY tjypfr&SdwJholawG rw&m;typfcHae&w,f/
awmfvSefa&;pdwfawG jyif;xefaew,f
&ckid af wG[m awmfveS af &;wke;f u wyfO;D uaeNy;D &Gy&f yG cf RcH Rw
H u
dk cf w
hJ t
hJ wGuf EGm;ausmif;om;
uav;upNyD; awmfvSefa&;pdwfawG jyif;xefaew,f/ vufeufvnf; aygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd Armppfom;
awGeJY y#dyujzpfNyD; &ckdifeYJ ArmaoG;uGJrIawGjzpf&if tpkd;&wm0efbJvkdY tpnf;ta0;uaeNyD;
twdtvif;pGyfpGJygw,f/
tpkd;&pGyfpGJovkd
ajrykrH mS OD;pdEm Bu;D rSL;Ny;D tpnf;ta0;vkyw
f ,f/ vlxk av;aomif; ig;aomif; (45000)awmif
wufw,f/ b,ftpnf;ta0;bJjzpfjzpf axmifeJYaomif;eJY csDNyD;wufcJhMuw,f/ tpkd;&upGyfpGJovkd
OD;pdEm [mvlq;dk ? "m;jyjzpfae&if 'Dval v;aomif;ausmaf &m OD;pdEm ukad xmufcaH ewJh &ckid w
f pfrsK;d om;vk;H
a&m tukefvlqkd;"m;jy jzpfaerSmaygh[k ajymqkded*kH;csKyfoGm;aMumif;/
jyifopfvli,fukd AD,uferfu awmif;yefowJh
tJ'Dawmh ArmrsKd;cspfvli,fawGukd usaemfu jyifopfvli,fukd AD,uferfu awmif;yefovkd
awmif;yefcsiw
f ,f/ 'kAYd ,
D uferfvil ,fawGeYJ jyifopfvil ,fawG[m wOD;eJw
Y OD; &efov
l nf; r[kwMf ubJ

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

133

bkHaygufomausmf

eJY tcsi;f csi;f owfraeMuygeJ?Y urmNh ird ;f csr;f a&;ukd vkv

d m;&if 'kv
Yd w
G v
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rIudk rw&m;qD;ygeJY
vkdY vli,fawGukd 'Dtpnf;ta0;uaeNyD; usaemfawmif;yefygw,f/
if;aemuf tqkdrsm;ukdcsrSwfNyD; tpnf;ta0;ukd nae 4em&DwGif kyfodrf;vkdufaMumif;}}[k
ol&,
d owif;pmwGif a&;om;azmfjyyg&Syd gonf/ jynfow
l aYdk eYpOfb0aMu;rIu
H dk rSww
f rf;wifxm;aom
owif;pmrsm;\ obm0twkdif; q&mawmfOD;pdEmwkdY vGwfa&;ukd usaemfwdkY vufeufjzifhrajz&Sif;cJh
aMumif;? vlxw
k u
dk yf ?JG vlxq
k EjyyGEJ iS fh Ekid if aH &;enf;jzihf usaemfwYdk tajz&SmcJo
h nfrmS vnf; &Si;f vif;jywf
om;ygonf/ usaemfwYdk rlvt"du &nf&,
G cf suu
f dk usaemfwrYkd zsu?f jrefrmjynfw0Sr;f vk;H ESifh wNyKd iw
f nf;
vkv
d dk NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd vufeufuidk w
f u
dk Nf y;D vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;? qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wdu
Yk dk
xlaxmif&efyif jzpfygonf/ &ckdifjynf&Sd jynfolvlxkESihfomru &efukefNrdKU&Sd &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;u
axmufcHrIwkdYukdyif r&EkdifNyDjzpfaeMuaom &ckdif0efBuD;rsm;ESihf &ckdifzqyvtrwfrsm;onf jynfolY
tpnf;ta0; usi;f y0Hjh cif;r&Sad wmhay/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkYd vGwv
f yfa&;ESiyfh wfoufNy;D jynfoq
Yl EjyyGJ
rsm;ESifh &[ef;awmfrsm;\awmif;qkcd surf sm;om &ckid jf ynfw0Se;f ESifh &efuek Nf rKd UwGif Ncrd Nhf crd o
hf o
J J wufwuf
<u<u jzpfaeMu\/ 1947ckEpS f ZGev
f 6&ufaeYxw
k af 0aom ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ]]OD;pdEu
dk tjrefvw
GT }f }
[laomacgif;pOfBuD;atmufwGif atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
]]ZGefv 3&ufaeY aeYvnf 12em&DdtcsdefwGif &efukefNrdKU r*Fvmokcausmif;wkdufq&mawmf
OD;auo&u Ou|? q&mawmfOD;u0du tusKd;aqmifwifNyD; &efukefausmif;wkduftoD;oD;rS
&[ef;awmfaygif; 400ausmf <ua&muf pnf;a0;MuNyD; atmufygtwkdif; qkH;jzwfMuaMumif;/
1/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm onf jrefrmEdik if v
H w
G v
f yfa&;ukd uk,
d u
f sK;d rzufaqmif&u
G af om yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D
jzpfonfhtwGuf tpnf;ta0;u if;q&mawmftm; txl;csD;usL;aMumif;/
2/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmukd tpkd;&u zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;onfrSm EkdifiHa&;if;yef;rIomjzpf
tjrefq;Hk vTwyf pf&ef? if;aemufq&mawmf OD;auo&ESihf tvkyt
f rIaqmif 7-a,mufwifajrm ufNy;D
vQif nae 4-em&Dtcsed w
f iG f tpnf;ta0;ukd kyo
f rd ;f vku
d af Mumif;}}[lol&,
d owif;pmwGif a&;om;
xm;ygonf/
1947ck arv 19&ufaeY aeYvnf 12em&DtcsdefwGif &efukefNrdKU *sLAvDa[mBuD; jrefrmjynf
\uHMurmukd zefw;D rnfh zqyvtzGUJ csKyyf rmP jyifqifrn
I v
D mcHobifBu;D ukd pwifusi;f yygonf/
zqyvtrwfrsm;? OD;pD;tzGUJ 0ifrsm;? tvkyt
f rIaqmifrsm;ESifh NrKd Ue,facgif;aqmifrsm; pkpak ygif;
900ausmcf efY wufa&mufNy;D Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;u nDvmcHBu;D wGif Ou|tjzpf aqmif&u
G
f OD;AaqG
u twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u
G &f ygonf/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkt
Yd m; vTwaf &;wku
d yf v
JG nf; us,jf yefY
onfxuf us,jf yefNY y;D rcsad tmif emusn;f aeMuaom &ckid t
f rsK;d om;rsm;u wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmfudk
0kid ;f Ny;D OD;pdEm wkt
Yd m; vTw&f efta&;qkrd nfh tqifo
h aYkd &mufaeMuavNy/D udpE iS yfh wfouf 1947ck?
ZGefv 15&ufaeYxkwfaom ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]]&ckdiftpnf;ta0;}}acgif;pnf;jzihf ]]wkdif;jyKjynfjyK
vTw
G af wmfBu;D 0kid ;f Mutk;H r,fqydk gvm;}}[kazmfjyum qufvufa&;om;oGm;onfrmS ]]&ckid jf ynf vuf0J
wyfaygif;pk acgif;aqmifO;D pdEm tm; zrf;xmaomudpE iS yfh wfouf ,ckvmrnfZh eG v
f 17&ufaeYwiG f
a&Twd*kHay: &ckdiftrsKd;om;tpnf;ta0;ukd usif;yvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; &ckdifjynfrSvnf; &efukefokdY
a&mufaeMuonfqkd\/
OD;pdEmukd csufcsif;vTwf&efESifh &ckdifjynfrSppfwyfukd csufcsif;kyfodrf;&ef wkdYukd qkH;jzwfcsuf
csvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;Mum;od&aMumif;/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

134

bkHaygufomausmf

wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfodkY
xkt
d pnf;ta0;okYd wufa&mufMuaom &ckid t
f rsK;d om;wdo
Yk nf wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmfBu;D odYk
pnf;urf;wus0kdif; ta&;qkdMurnf[kvnf; ,kHavmufaomXmerS Mum;&aMumif;/
BudKwifjyifqifrI
xkad eYwiG f vufeufuidk &f aJ bmfrsm; csxm;Ny;D vQif vlxBk u;D uke;f ay:rS rqif;edik &f ef wm;jrpfMu
vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; od&\/
ajymufusm;enf; qifcJhaom
&ckid t
f rsK;d om; ajymufusm;enf;qifum vTwaf wmfBu;D ukd 0kid ;f cJah omf tMurf;enf;jzihf rjyKaomf
vnf; tenf;qk;H a&yku
d Ef iS rfh idI ;f Ak;H rsm; ok;H &ef pDraH Mumif;? od&ao;aMumif;}}[l ol&,
d owif;pmwGRif
a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
q&mawmfudk vGwaf &;udpu
dk &ckid t
f rsK;d om;rsm;uom tk<H uaxmufcMH uonfr[kw/f jrefrm
trsKd;om;rsm;vnf; tm;wufoa&maxmufcHvmMuonf/ ocifav;armifu Ou|? ocifpHa&Tu
twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u
G af om &ckid jf refrmcspMf unfa&;toif;uvnf; q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkv
Yd w
T f
a&;ESihf &ckdifjrefrm cspfMunfa&;wkdYudk tm;wufoa&m aqmif&GufvmMu\/ (udpESihfywfoufNyD;
ocifav;armif? ocifpHa&TwkdY zrf;qD;cHcJh&ygonf) xkdYtwl q&mawmfOD;pdEmwkdYtm; vTwfa&;ukd
jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm;xJrS owif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; a&;om;vmMu\/
,if ; a&;om;csuf r sm;teuf a&T b k d o m;qk d o l u 1947ck ? ZG e f v 17&uf a eY x k w f
ol&d,owif;pmwGif atmufygtwkdif;a&;om;xm;ygonf/
]]&ckid t
f rsK;d om;acgif;aqmif OD;pdEm ukd zqyvtpk;d &zrf;ojzihf &cdik t
f rsK;d om;rsm;\ pdwrf csr;f
om&ay/ usEkfyfwkdY jrefrmawGuvnf; pdwfaumif;Muacs/ odkYjzpf OD;pdEmvGwfa&;BudK;yrf;rIonf
&ckid jf ynfomru jrefrmwjynfv;Hk ESifh oufqidk o
f nf/ ok&Yd mwGif xl;jcm;csurf mS OD;pdEm onf vGwv
f yfa&;
BudK;yrf;oljzpfaomfvnf; zqyvtzGJU0ifr[kwfonfhtjyif a&G;aumufyGJrwkdifrDu ajrykHNrdKUwGif
usif;ycJhaom &ckdiftrsKd;om;nDvmcH uGefYz&ifhukd BuD;rSL;cJhonf/
]]AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 0efBuD;OD;atmifZHa0ESihf av,mOfjzihfoGm;a&muf nDvmcHwuf
a&mufc&hJ m obmywd OD;pdEm onf Akv
d cf sKyu
f adk &SUwef;wif zqyv\csKUd ,Gi;f csurf sm;ESihf tm;ruk;d
Ekid af Mumif; ajAmifziG cfh sred cYf eG ;f ajymcJo
h nfudk owif;pmrSwqifh od&x
dS m;rdco
hJ nf/ if;jyif Akv
d cf sKyo
f nf
xkn
d v
D mcHwiG f rsuaf phrvS-rsuEf mS rvSjzpf pdwyf supf mG ESihf xGucf mG cJah Mumif;ukd owif;pm azmfjycsuf
ukd awGU&ayonf/ xkjd zpfymG ;rIuadk xmufMunhv
f Qif OD;pdEm onf tpk;d &tzGUJ \ twku
d t
f cHeikd if aH &;acgif;
aqmifjzpfaeonfhtjyif &cdkife,frSmvnf; zqyvtzGJU0if enf;jcif;aMumifh EkdifiHa&; zdESdyfif;yef;
oavm[k xifjrif,q
l vmMurnfudk pk;d &rfb,
G &f mjrifayaMumif;}}[k a&Tbo
dk m;u aqmif;yg;a&;om;
xm;ygonf/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmwkdY tzrf;cH&onfhudpESifhywfouf v,form;vlwef;pm;? tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ESifh awmif;qkdcsufrsm;rSm q&mawmfOD;pdEmwkdYtm; vTGwfay;&ef
k;d k;d pif;pif;ta&;qkMd uonf/ pdwef musn;f aom &ckid jf ynforl sm;\ tajctaeukd tcGiafh umif;,lwwf
olrsm;url qef;us,faomta&;qkdcsufrsm;jzifh ta&;qkdvmMuonf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

135

bkHaygufomausmf

,if;&ufaeYxkwf ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]]&ckdifjynfukd oD;jcm;e,ftjzpf wm;&efawmif;qkdNyD}}

[laomacgif;pD;jzihf atmufygtwkdif; azmfjyxm;&Sdonf/
]]1947ck? ZGev
f (5)&ufaeY 12-em&D &cdik t
f rsK;d om;tpnf;ta0;ukd r*Fvmokcausmif;wku
d f
Ou| q&mawmf OD;om*&? tusK;d aqmif OD;apmazmfatmif? tpnf;ta0; OD;csex
f eG ;f ? tpk;d &trIxrf;
or*OuX OD;xGef;atmifausmf? 0wfvkHOD;vSxGef;jzLESihf &[ef;100rQ wufa&mufaMumif;/
]]&EykdpmcsKyfwGif}}
]]OD;bk;d OD;u ArmjynfwiG f yxrt*Fvyd jf refrmppfyt
JG Ny;D &ckid jf ynfudk NAw
d o
d QwYdk &Eypdk mcsKyu
f dk
csKyq
f cdk g odr;f ,lcahJ Mumif;/ if;jyif xkpd mcsKyw
f iG f &ckidf jf ynfudk oHw'JG pd Bww
d f *GNrKd Ue,f armfwifpeG ;f xd?
&ckdife,ferdwfjzpf wnfcJhMuaMumif;/
]]&mZ0ift&}}
]]&ckdifjynfonf &ckdifkd;rBuD;oD;jcm;? ArmjynfESifhjcm;vsuf? a&S;&mZ0ifwGifonfh &ckdifjynfudk
bk&ifrsm;? ESpfaygif; 5000ausmf tkyfcsKyfcJhaMumif;? &ckdifjynftm; Armbk&ifuodrf;um ESpfaygif;
40ausmf olykefx<urIukd aqmif&GufapaMumif;/
]]uk
]ukd,fhjynfukd ukd,fxlaxmifrS}}
]]&ckdifjynfta&;ukd Armtpkd;&*krpkdufonfhtjyif? &ckdifjynfxlaxmifa&;onf Armjynf
xlaxmifa&;ESifh cGjJ cm;Ny;D &ckid jf ynfudk rdrw
d u
Ykd ,
dk w
f idk f xlaxmifrS Bu;D yGm;yrnf[k ,kMH unfaomaMumifh
&Emykpd mcsKyt
f & &ckid jf ynftm;vGwv
f yfaomoD;jcm; tkycf sKyaf &;ay;&ef NAw
d o
d Qtpk;d &tm; av;eufpmG
awmif;qkad Mumif; tqku
d dk OD;a&Tausmaf xmufcNH y;D trsm;oabmwlMuaMumif;}} [l ol&,
d owif;pm
wGif a&;om;xm;ygonf/
,if;tjyif &ckid jf ynf ppfawGNrKd UwGiv
f nf; tvm;wl tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk usi;f ycJMh uonf/
1947-ck ZGev
f (26)&ufaeYxw
k f ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ]]&ckid jf ynf oD;jcm;e,ftjzpf tkycf sKycf iG }fh }[laom
acgif;pD;jzihf atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
]]1947ck arv 8&ufaeY &ckdifjynf ppfawGNrdKU NrdKUvkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfonf/ trwf
a[mif; OD;a&Tom? trwfa[mif; OD;ombef;? q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[ESifh NrKd UolNrKd Uom;rsm; wufa&mufMu
jcif;? OD;ombef;u obmywdvkyfNyD; tqkdokH;&yfukd qkH;jzwfMuonf/
1/
&ckdifjynfukd oD;jcm;tjzpf tkyfcsKyfcGihfawmif;qkd&ef
2/
ausmufjzLoHwGJ e,fom;rsm;tm;vkH; txufygtqkdukd oabmwlaxmufcH&ef/
3/
&ckid jf ynfvw
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ (Arakan Freedom League) zGUJ &ef ponfwjYdk zpfaMumif;}}[l ol&,
d
owif;pmwGif a&;om;yg&Sdygonf/
3.11.47 aeYxkwfa0aom ol&d,owif;pmwGif a&;om;xm;onfrSm ]]usaemfwkdYEkdifiHa&;
txl;owif;axmufonf &ckid jf ynfe,fupd E iS yfh wfouf? &ckid t
f rsK;d om;uk,
d pf m;vS,f tzGUJ csKyaf cgif;
aqmif OD;vSxeG jf zLESihf oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;cJ&h m OD;vSxeG jf zLu atmufygtwkid ;f &Si;f vif;ajymjyygonf/
usaemfwkdYtzGJUukd (A.A.R.W.C) &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&mukd,fpm;vS,frsm; tvkyfaumfrDwDvkdY ac:ygw,f/
'DtzGJU[m &ckdifq&mawmf OD;pdEmukd tpkd;&zrf;NyD;aemufrS ay:vmaomtzGJU jzpfygw,f/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

136

bkHaygufomausmf

]]yxr &nf&G,fcsuf}}
q&mawmfO;D pdEm ukd tpk;d &u vTwyf pfbeYdk YJ ppfwyfawGudk &ckid jf ynfu jyefac:bkYd tpk;d &xHta&;
qk&d atmif zGUJ Muw,f/ ta&;vJqMdk uw,f/ 'gayrJh jrefrmtpk;d &u usKyw
f &Ydk UJ awmif;qkcd suu
f dk ta&;
rpkdufwJhtjyif q&mawmfOD;pdEmukdvnf; zrf;NrJzrf;w,f? ppfwyfvnf; ykdYNrJykdYw,f/
]]&ckdifoD;jcm;e,f awmif;wJhtajc}}
'geJY usaemfwYdk oD;jcm;e,fawmif;wJt
h ajc a&mufvmygw,f/ ygupwefvdk oD;jcm;rsK;d r[kwb
f ;l /
pwdwo
f ;D jcm;e,favmufb?J if;OD;vSxeG ;f jzLu &ckid jf ynfordik ;f ESifh vlO;D a&? tcGeaf wmftaMumif;rsm;ukd
ajymjyayonf/
]]xl
]xl;jcm;csuf}}
&ckid jf ynfrmS &Sw
d hJ 0g;awmavmufBu;D us,w
f hJ 0g;awm[m wurmvk;H rSmyif r&Sad o;aybl;[l
tar&uefavmu"gwfr*Zif;rsm;u axmufcHa&;om;Muw,f/ wzefygupwefe,fxJygoGm;wJh
zavmif;csdwfwkdY? yef;0gwkdYqkd&if &ckfdiftrsKd;om; 6aomif;cefY &Sdygw,f/ tJ'DvlawG ,ck iwfaevkdY
ygupwefot
H rwf OD;azcifxH tultnDawmif;aew,f/ OD;azcifuvnf; 'Dval wGqu
D dk wpfacgufrS
vmrMunhfbl;? trsm;rMumrSDfu ygupwefta&SUykdif; t0uRef;rSm arC0wD OD;em&'ukd,fawmfukd
ygupweftpk;d &u zrf;xm;w,f/ cifAsm;wkjYd rk efrmtpk;d &u bmwwfEidk o
f vJ ponfjzihf a'grmefygyg
ed*kH;csKyfajymqkdvkdufaMumif;}}[l a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
]]1947ck ESpfv,facwf tajctaersm;}}
q&mawmfOD;pdEmwdkY vGwfa&;ESifhywfoufaom vlxkqEjyyGJrsm;onf oHwGJNrdKU? trf;NrdKU? ajrykH
NrKd U? rif;jym;NrKd U? aygufawmNrKd U? NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U? ausmufawmfNrKd U? ykPm ;uRe;f NrKd U? &aohawmifNrKd U? ponfrsm;
wGif wpfNrKd UvQif ESpBf urd f ok;H Burd u
f sxd aomif;ode;f cs
D ? tk<H uaom? pnf;urf;&Sad om jynfoaYl wmif;qkd
csufvuPmukd aqmifvsuf&Sdae\/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ oydwfrsm;jzpfae\/
&efuek Nf rKd U &ckid t
f rsK;d om;rsm;ESifh jrefrm&[ef;&Siv
f rl sm;uvnf; q&mawmftm;vTwaf y;&ef wuf<upGm
awmif;qkv
d mMuonf/ xkt
d csed w
f iG f xkad cwfwiG f &ckid jf ynfov
l x
l \
k NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ xHrS vGwv
f yfa&;ukd
vufeufukdifenf;jzihf toufpGefYwkdufckduf,lrnf[laom 0g'wGif tajcpkdufum? atmifjrifpGm
wnfaqmufEidk cf ahJ om ajrykv
H uf0n
J
D w
G af &; wyfaygif;pk(odrYk [kw)f e,fcsUJ awmfveS af &;wyfaygif;pk
OD;aqmifrIatmufwGif EkdifiHa&;t& wuf<uaeovkd? jrefrmwjynfvkH;wGifvnf;? trsKd;rsKd;aomenf;
vrf;rsm;jzihf qlylvIyf&Sm;vsuf&SdMu\/
,if;qlyv
l yI &f mS ;rIrsm;ESiyfh wfouf owif;pmrsm;wGif yg&Scd surf sm;teuf wcsKUd ukd azmfjyvku
d f
ygonf/ 1947ck {Nyv
D 9&ufaeYxw
k af 0aom ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ]]yJc;l e,fwiG f 5a,mufxufy
dk
vrf;ravQmuf&}}[laom acgif;pD;Bu;D ESifh wqufwnf;a&;om;xm;onfrmS ]]vGecf ahJ om rwfv 29&uf
aeYu anmifav;yif? 'kdufOD; e,fvkH;uRwf qefvkrIBuD;wGif tpkd;&qeftdwfaygif; ukd;aomif;cefYyg&Sd
wefb;dk aiG ESpq
f ,fw
h pfoed ;f ausmb
f ;dk cefY qk;H I;H aMumif;ESifh qkid &f mt&m&Sw
d x
Ydk H ay;ykaYd omtpD&ifcpH m
rsm;u azmfjyxm;aMumif;}}[k yg&So
d nf/ ,if;udpE iS yfh wfouf yJc;l e,fwiG f vl5a,mufxufyrdk pk&
atmif trdefYxkwfxm;&jcif;jzpfonf/
,if; 9-4-47 xkwf ol&d,owif;pmwGifyifvQif wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJESihf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

137

bkHaygufomausmf

ywfouf *VKeOf ;D apm\xkwjf yefaMujimcsuw

f iG f ]],ck a&G;aumufyo
JG nf tok;H r0ifaom a&G;aumuf
yGJ jzpfonf[k rsKd;cspfrsm; ,lqowJh}}[laomacgif;pD;jzihf *VKefOD;apm\rsKd;cspfygwDu wkdif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJukd uJh&JUIwfcsxm;ygonf/
,if;ESihfwqufwnf; ]]*VKefOD;apmacgif;aqmifaom rsKd;cspfuGefz&ifhBuD;ukd usif;yMuNyD;?
1/ rsK;d cspaf wmifov
l ,form; tzGUJ Bu;D zGUJ pnf;&ef? 2/t*Fvyd -f atmifqef;pmcsKyo
f nf ArmwpfrsK;d om;
vk;H twGuf uReo
f uf&n
S rf nfh pmcsKyjf zpfonft
h wGuf IUH csjypfwif av;av;eufeufuefu
Y u
G af Mumif;?
3/ w&m;ojzihf ay;xku
d o
f nf[,
k q
l aom *syefaiGpuLrsm;ukd oifah vsmaf omwefz;dk xm; vku
d af vsmh
ay;&ef}}[lvnf; ol&d,owif;pmwGif a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
1947ck {Nyv
D 19&ufaeYxw
k af 0aom ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ]]a&Tbedk ,f ZD;uke;f Xmeukd pD;oGm;
jyefNyD}}acgif;pD;BuD;atmufwGif ]]ykvdyftcsKdUukd owf tdrfajc20? ykvdyfwef;vsm;BuD; 3ck? tpkd;&Akdvf
wJ? tcsKyaf xmifEiS fh ykvyd f ;Hk rsm;ukd rD;IUd Ny;D tpk;d &aiG 6000ausmu
f dk ,lomG ;onfqjdk cif;}}acgif;pD;i,f
jzihf a&Tbkde,f ZD;ukef;&JXmetm; vufeufukdifrsm; pD;oGm;jcif;ukd a&;om;xm;ygonf/
]]jynfxJa&; trdefYESihf ocifoef;tm; zrf;NyD}}acgif;pD;jzihf ocifoef; tzrf;cH&jcif;ukdvnf;
ol&d,owif;pmu a&;om;xm;ygonf/ {NyDv 24&ufaeYxkwf ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]]u&ifawG
vlenf;pkjzpfvYdk t*Fvyd rf aMumufb;l wJh (apmbOD;Bu;D )}}[l acgif;pD;wyfum ]]tvk&H yfuu
G ?f yJc;l u&if
ausmif;Bu;D wGif jrefrmjynfv;Hk qkid &f m u&iftrsK;d om; ,le,
D H tpnf;ta0;taMumif;ukd a&;om;yg&Sd
onf/
1947ck arvtwGi;f wGiv
f nf; vIy&f mS ;rItrsK;d rsK;d &Scd &hJ m arv 1&ufaeYxw
k f ol&,
d owif;pm
wGif ]]jynfo&Yl aJ bmf ppfacgif;aqmif 'g;jyAkv
d Bf u;D Akv
d af tmif&if}}acgif;pD;jzifh 'g;jyudpu
v
dk nf;aumif;?
arv 3&ufxkwfwGif ]]a[mifaumifbPfukd pD;oGm;aom bm;rm;*sDrif;ukd rdNyD}}acgif;pD;atmufwGif
&efukefNrdKUv,f a[mifaumifbPfwkdufukd wkduf,loGm;aom "g;jyrsm; zrf;rddjcif;wkdYukdvnf;aumif;
a&;om;xm;\/ arv 8&ufaeYxkwf ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]tajrmufygaom vlqkd;rsm;}}acgif;pD;jzihf
armfwmtajrmufvufeufrsK;d pkEH iS fh vlq;kd 150cefY ukwu
f Zdk ;D &Gmudk pD;oGm;jcif;ukd a&;om;xm;ygonf/
arv 13&ufaeYxkwf ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]]bBuD; baz zqyvukd ajymifajymifBuD;
ppfaMujimvku
d Nf y}D }acgif;pD;jzihf bBu;D bazESifh zqyvtuGt
J NyjJ yemukd a&;om;azmfxw
k x
f m;\/
13-5-47 ,if;owif;pmwGiyf if tif;pdeaf xmifBu;D twGi;f rS &Jabmf 40\ yJw
h ifo}H } acgif;pD;
atmufwiG f yJc;l e,foyl ek rf EI iS yfh wfouf tif;f pdeaf xmifBu;D twGi;f tzrf;qD;cHae&aom &Jabmfrsm;
teuf &Jabmf 40onf arv 10&ufupNyD; tpmiwfcH qEjyMujcif;ukd a&;om;xm;\/
arv14 &ufaeYxkwf ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]]&ckdifjynfta&; OD;pdEmukd,fawmfukd zrf;NyD}}[k
rsufESmzkH;wGif acgif;pOfBuD;wyfum q&mawmfOD;pdEmtzrf;cH&jcif;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;ygonf/ arv
16&ufaeYxw
k f ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ]]OD;pdEm uk,
d af wmf bmaMumifh zrf;&ovJ}}acgif;pOfjzifh q&mawmf
OD;pdEmtm; zrf;&jcif;ukd 0efBuD;OD;bcsKdu owif;pmq&mrsm;tm; &Sif;jycsufukd a&;om;xm;\/
,if;aeY ,if;owif;pmwGifyif ]]&Srf;edpwef ay:OD;rnfavm}}acgif;pOfjzihf apmbkHvIdif
[oFmarmifu aqmif;yg;a&;xm;ygonf/ arv (18)&ufaeYxw
k f ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ]]&Jabmfa[mif;
rsm; &mZoH}}[laomacgif;pD;jzihf a&Twd*kH'kdufOD;Z&yfwGif obmywd Akdvfwifarmifuvnf;aumif;?
twGi;f a&;rSL; Akv
d rf if;vGiu
f vnf;aumif;? aqmif&u
G Nf y;D t&m&Sd 10OD;ESi?fh &Jabmf 68OD;wkt
Yd m; jyefvnf
cefYtyf&ef ponfrsm;ukd ta&;qkdMuaMumif; a&;om;xm;\/
arv(20)&ufaeYxw
k f owif;pmwGif ]]OuNH rKd Uudk odr;f oGm;jyefNy}D }[laom rsuEf mS zk;H acgif;pOfjzihf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

138

bkHaygufomausmf

vufeufuidk v
f q
l ;dk 30rS 60xdygonf*h P
dk ;f u vrf;cGqrHk sm;wGif pepfwusuif;csNy;D wku
d cf u
dk v
f adk om
tdrfrsm;ukd pdwfat;vufat;wkdufckduf,loGm;aMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;\/ arv (21)&ufaeYxkwf
,if;owif;pmwGif ]]wjynfvkH; awmfvSef&rwJh}}acgif;pOfjzihf ysOf;rem;NrdKUe,f awmifolv,form;
or*trIaqmif 500-ausmfwufaom tpnf;ta0;u qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/
arv (27)&ufaeYxw
k f ,if;owif;pmwGif &rf;vScsnv
hf m;Asmwk}Yd }acgif;pOfatmufwiG f za&Zm
vrf;ESifh 29-vrf;a'gif&h dS oGm;pku
d q
f &mOD;pdeu
f dk "g;jywku
d
f tjyeftvSeyf pfMu&m? OD;pdeaf oqk;H jcif;ukd
vnf;aumif;? (29)&ufaeYxkwfwGif ]]u&ifoD;jcm;e,fay;yg}}acgif;pOfjzifh anmifwkH;NrdKUe,f
u&ifnv
D mcHu u&ifo;D jcm;ay;a&;ESifh u&ifumuG,af &;wyfrsm;tm; vufeufxw
k af y;a&; awmifqdk
csufESifh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
arv (30)&ufaeYxkwf ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]ykvdyfOu| OD;apm0if;ESihf twGif;a&;rSL; OD;nDyk
wkdYtm; zrf;NyD/ aemufxyf 12-OD;zrf;OD;rnf}}[ka&;xm;\/
1947-ck ZGev
f twGi;f jrefrmjynfwiG f Ekid if aH &;ESifh taxGaxGqyl rl rI sm;ukd rSww
f rf;wifcchJ suf
rsm;teuf ta&;Bu;D aom tcsuw
f pfcsKUd ukd ol&,
d owif;pmrS aumufEw
I w
f ifjy&vQif ZGev
f (1)&ufaeY
xkww
f iG f ]]wuov
kd af usmif;rS uGejf rLepfrsm;ukd yku
d pf yd w
f u
dk &f mS Ny}D }[laomacgif;pOfjzifh wuov
dk af usmif;
wGif uGefjrLepftiftm;pkrsm;tm; &SmazGaejcif;ukd a&;xm;\/
ZGefv (5)&ufaeYxkwf ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]OD;apm0if;wkdY vGwfMuNyD}}acgif;pOfatmuf ykvdyf
Ou|OD;apm0if;ESifh tjcm;tvkyt
f rIaqmif 11-a,mufwt
Ydk m; vTwjf cif;ukv
d nf;aumif;? ]]ocifApdef
vTwfvTwf}}[laomacgif;pOfjzifh "edawmbDtkdpDtvkyform; 300-cefYu ocifApdeftm; vTGwf&ef
ta&;qkjd cif;ukv
d nf;aumif;? ]]OD;pdEm ukd tjrefvw
T }f }acgif;pOfjzifh q&mawmfO;D pdEm tm;vTw
G &f ef &efuek f
ausmif;wkdufrsm;rS &[ef;aygif; 400-u ta&;qkdjcif;ukdvnf;aumif;? a&;om;xm;\/
ZGev
f (10)&ufaeYxw
k f ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]zqyvk;H ukd vufypfA;Hk jzihyf pfjcif;}}[laomacgif;
pOfjzihf zqyvXmecsKyf ;Hk ukd ZGev
f (8)&uf? 8-em&Dcw
JG iG f vufypfA;Hk jzihf ypfomG ;jcif;wku
Yd dk a&;om;xm;
onf/ ZGev
f (14)&ufaeYxw
k f ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKtpnf;ta0;wGif uGejf rLepftrwfrsm;
\ vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;ukd a&;Ny;D ZGev
f (15)&ufaeYxw
k w
f iG f ]]olyek w
f \
Ydk eH&u
H yfaMujimcsu}f }acgif;pOfatmuf
wGif ysOf;rem;NrdKUESihf awm&Gmrsm;wGif ysOf;rem;olykef ppfaMujimpmwrf;ukdvnf;aumif;? ]],ckvuf&Sd
tpkd;&tzGJUukd zsufodrf;ypfvkdufyg}}[laomacgif;pOfjzifh ArmEkdifiHbk&ifhaqGawmfrsKd;awmftzGJU *grPd
rif;om;Bu;D vufrw
S jf zifh Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;tpk;d &tzGUJ ukd zsuo
f rd ;f &ef awmif;qko
d nfuv
dk nf;aumif;
a&;om;xm;\/
ZGefv (19)&ufaeYxkwfwGif ]]yOrHwyfom;avm}}acgif;pOfatmuf &ckdifawmfvSefa&;
ajymufusm; acgif;aqmifuadk usm&f if (,ck wuov
dk ef nf;jyq&m) ukd yk'rf -5jzifh zrf;vku
d &f m wuov
kd f
e,fw0Srf;wGif odrfhodrfhwkefvIyfawmhonf[k a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
1947-ck Zlvidk w
f iG f Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESifh tmZmenfrsm; vkyBf uo
H wfjzwfjcif; rcH&rDjzpfcahJ om
tajctaersm;udk ol&d,owif;pmwGif a&;om;xm;onfrSm Zlvkdifv(2)&ufaeYxkwf ]]ppfwyfESihf
Mu,feaD jymufusm;wyf}}[laomacgif;pOfEiS w
fh qufwnf; ]]at;csr;f om,mrIenf;vrf; rnforl Qray;
ojzifh 0w&m;twkdif; aqmif&GufawmhrwJh}}acgif;pOfwyfum tiftm;okH;&mceYf&Sdaom Mu,feD
ajymufusm; uk,
d pf m;vS,f cspo
f ed ;f ? apma&T? pHEidk ?f ausmaf omif;? bwifwEYdk iS hf Akv
d rf if;vGi?f Akv
d rf if;'if
wkYd oHwNJG rKd UeSihf ig;rkid u
f mG c&rf;armf&mG wGif aqG;aEG;Mu&m aqG;aEG;yGrJ atmifjrifojzihf wku
d yf jJG zpfawmh
rnf[k a&;om;xm;\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

139

bkHaygufomausmf

Zlvkdifv(6)&ufaeYxkwf ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]jrefrmjynf ykvdyftrIxrf;rsm;\ tEkjrLAkH;BuD;

'kw,
d rad ygufujJG yefNy}D }qkNd y;D ykvyd t
f rIxrf;rsm; oydwu
f pd u
v
dk nf;aumif;? Zlvidk v
f (7)&ufaeYxw
k w
f iG f
]]tpk;d &vcpm; trIxrf;aygif;pkH waomif;ausmw
f Ydk tm;tifnn
D w
D yfcsMD u&Ny}D }[laom acgif;pOfatmuf
wGif tpk;d &trIxrf;aygif;pkH trIxrf;waomif;ausmw
f Ydk &efuek Nf rKd UwGif csw
D ufqEjyjcif;ukv
d nf;aumif;?
,if;ol&d,owif;pmu a&;om;azmfjyxm;\/
Zlvkdif (15)&ufaeYxkwfwGif ]]NrdKUawmfcef;rBuD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ EdkifiHa&;&Sif;yGJBuD;}}
acgif;pOfjzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdeYfcGef;ukd ,if;owif;pmu a&;om;xm;ygonf/ 1947-ckESpf?
{NyDv? arv? ZGefvESihf Zlvkdifv(15)&ufxdjzpf&yfrsm;ukd axmufvQif a[mifaumifbPfwkdufukd
pD;jcif;rsK;d vnf;r&S?d OuNH rKd Uukd at;aq;pGmpD;Ny;D "m;jywku
d o
f mG ;jcif;vnf; rjzpfc?hJ &ckid jf ynfjzpf&yfum;
EkdifiHa&;jzpf&yfrsm;jzpfaeonf/
1945-ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv yxrywfuyif &ckid jf ynf ppfawGNrKd Uukd NAw
d o
d Qppfwyfu odr;f cJo
h nf/
ukdvkdeDuRefb0odkY qGJoGif;vkdaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfonf olwkdYESihftwl zufqpf*syefwyfrsm;ukd
&Gw&f w
G cf RcH RH wku
d cf u
dk cf ahJ om &ckid &f aJ bmfrsm;ukd zrf;Ny;D vlrqefpmG i;f yef;ESyd pf ufonf/ *syefpuLukd
w&m;r0if vkyyf pfay;p&mvnf; aiGr&S?d ajy;p&mvnf; ajrr&Sad om &ckid v
f ,form;rsm;um; vnfrsKd
pfNyD; ajrcGefajrqDcrsm;ukdawmif;onf/
q&mawmf OD;em&'paom &ckdifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk BudK;rdefY'PfESpfxyfuGrf;? okH;xyfuGrf;xd
csrSwfxm;onf/ &GmvkH;csDrD;wkduf vk,uf? rk'def;usihfrIrsm;ukd aomufaomufvJjyKMuonf/ 1945ckEpS pf uyif NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd vufeufuidk w
f u
dk ef nf;jzifh wku
d cf u
dk af &;? trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;?
'Dru
dk a&pDa&;? qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wko
Yd Ykd a&mufEikd af tmif q&mawmf OD;pdEm ESifh usaemfwYdk jyifqifMuonf/
pnf;k;H Muonf/ ajratmufawmfveS af &;wyfzUJG rsm;ukd zGUJ pnf;Muonf/ ajrcGeaf jrqDray;a&;ukd aqmfMo
Muonf/ NAdwdoQtvkdawmf&d &GmolBuD;rsm;ukd jzKwfNyD; aus;&Gmrsm;ukd Ou|pepfjzihf vlxkoabmus
a&G;aumufMuonf/
tmPmeDe,fajraygif;rsm;pGmukd xlaxmifMuonf/ q&mawmfwkdYtm; zrf;qD;oGm;onfhwkdif
tqifoif&h adS eaom ajratmufawmfveS af &;wyfzUJG rsm;jzihf xrcs/ ajratmufwyfzUJG rsm;u vufeufjzihf
wkduf&ef tjyif;txefawmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd usaemfwkdY y,fcsMuonf/ q&mawmfwkdYtm; vTGwfNyD; v
vufiw
k v
f uf&if; ajrvufrvGwaf &;wku
Yd dk &vQif &ckid jf ynf\ Ekid if aH &;tk<H urIudk vufiif;ajz&Si;f ,lEidk f
jcif;ukd usaemfwYdk uGi;f uGi;f odaeMuNy?D Zlvidk v
f (16)&ufaeYxw
k f ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]OD;pdEm ESiahf wGU&ef
OD;baqG om,m0wDa&mufvmjcif;}}acgif;pOfjzifh q&mawmfEiS afh wGU&ef OD;baqGwYdk om,m0wDaxmif
odYk a&mufvmNy;D q&mawmfudk vTwaf wmhrnf/ ocifEw
k EYdk iS t
fh wl &ckid jf ynfoYkd oGm;Murnf/ q&mawmf
&efukefNrdKUwGif 0gqkdrnf[k a&;om;yg&Sd\/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm wdYk vGwaf wmhrnf/ usaemfwYdk Ekid if aH &;wku
d yf JG wvSr;f atmifawmhrnf/ usaemf
wk\
Yd t"du&nfreS ;f csujf zpfaom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd jrefrmwjynfw0Sr;f vk;H wGif wNyKd iw
f nf;vkv
d dk
vufeufpu
JG ikd w
f u
kd cf u
dk ef nf;jzihf vGwv
f yfa&; 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;eSifh qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wku
Yd dk qufvufaqmif
&GuEf idk af wmhrnf/ 1942ckEpS w
f iG f NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ESihf 1945-ckEpS w
f iG f zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;
vkycf phJ Ofu nDw
G cf ahJ om nDw
G af &;ukd jyefvnfwnfaqmufEidk af wmhrnf[k usaemfw0Ydk rf;omrqk;H
jzpfaeawmh\/ okaYd omf Zlvidk v
f (19)&ufaeYwiG f rarQmv
f ifah om rkew
f idk ;f Bu;D du
k cf wfavNy/D Akv
d cf sKyf
atmifqef;ukd vkyfBuHowfjzwfcJhoGm;&avNyD/
&ckdifjynf ArmjynfwkdYwGifom 1947-ckESpf EkdifiHa&;n rNidrfroufjzpfaeonfr[kwf/ urmh

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

140

bkHaygufomausmf

tajctaeukd tMurf;zsi;f Munhv

f Qif xkpd Ofu urmppfBu;D 'Pfudk ESpBf urd w
f idk f tvl;tvJ 'Pfcb
H ;l NyD
jzpfaom vlom;tEG,t
f m;? aemufxyfurmppfrjzpfa&;twGuf Nird ;f csr;f a&;jrwfE;kd aom Bu;D i,fra&G;
EkdifiHwkdif;tm;? vGwfvyfa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf tmrcHcsuf&Sd&rnfpaom y#dnOfrsm;yg0ifonfh
urmu
h v
k or*udk atmifjrifpmG zGUJ pnf;xlaxmifEidk cf MhJ uaomfvnf; t&if;zGUJ y#dyujzpfonfh t&if;&Sif
e,fcsJUpepfESihf qkd&S,fvpfpepf y#dyu? t&if;&Sife,fcsJUtcsif;csif; y#dyu? t&if;&Sife,fcsJUpepfESihf
ukdvkdeDEdkifiHrsm; y#dyu? t&if;&Sife,fcsJUpepfESihf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; y#dyu[laom y#dyursm;
aMumifh urmw0Srf;vkH; EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJrsm;jzihf >yef;wD;aeMuonf/
urmw0Sr;f qk&d ,
S v
f pfpepfEiS fh t&if;&Sief ,fcsUJ pepf tiftm;NyKd iq
f jJ zpfaeMuonf/ qkAd ,
D uf
,leD,H\tzufzufrS ulnDrIaMumifh Oa&mywkdufwGif yl*kdqvm;AD;,m;EkdifiH? csufukdpvkdAD;,m;EkdifiH?
bla*;&D;,m;Ekid if ?H [efa*&DEidk if ?H lar;eD,m;Edik if ?H ykv
d efEidk if ?H t,fab;eD;,m;Ekid if pH aom Ekid if rH sm;onf
qk&d ,
S v
f pfvaYl bmifopfwYdk csw
D uf&ef tajccHrsm;jzifh iGg;iGg;um;um; ay:aygufaeonf/ urmt
h &if;&Sif
*kP
d w
f iG f csr;f om<u,f0aom tar&duefEidk if o
H nf 'kw,
d urmppftwGi;f u ppfav,mOfrsm;? ppfocH syf
um;rsm;? tygt0if ppfvufeufrsm;ESifh ppfo;Hk ypn;f rsm;ukd rdrBd uKd uo
f vkad ps;jzifh a&mif;csc&hJ jcif;aMumifh
yk
d csr;f om<u,f0aom txG#t
f xdyEf idk if jH zpfvmaomfvnf; NAw
d o
d Q jyifopfpaom ppfEidk o
f nfh t&if;
&Sife,fcsJUEkdifiHrsm;rSm rGJjymusNyD;? &m&Sifpepfjzifh? ravmufriS pm;okH;0wfqifaexkdif&csdefjzpfonf/
Oa&mywku
d f t&if;&SiEf idk if rH sm;onf tar&duefEidk if u
H rm&S,pf rD u
H ed ;f jzifh ykaH tmulnaD eaom
aiGv;Hk aiG&if;ESiw
fh uG? pufryI pn;f rsm;ESihf vlo;Hk ypn;f rsm;tay: rScD adk e&csed jf zpfaeonf/ ,if;aMumifh
pD;yGm;a&;tMuyftwnf;ukd aeYpOfEiS t
hf rQcaH e&aom Oa&mywku
d Ef idk if rH sm;&Sd tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;
onf r[mpwmvif\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh xlaxmifxm;aom urmhuGefjrLepftzGJUcsKyfwGif yg0ifonfh
toD;oD;aom uGejf rLepfygwD\acgif;aqmifraI tmufwiG f tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;wku
d yf rJG sm;ukd nDw
G f
pGm tk<H upGm wku
d yf 0JG ifaeMuonf/ tm&Swu
dk w
f iG v
f nf; r[wr*EED iS fh y@pfael;acgif;aqmifaom
tdEd,EkdifiHonf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jynfvkH;csDum pnf;kH;nDGwfpGmjzifh tkH<upGmwkdufyGJ
0ifaeonf/
EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;paom enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd qefYusifaeonf/
AD,uferftygt0if tif'kdcsKdif;em;wGif zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;tNyD;? jyefvnfuRefZmwfoGif;&ef?
usL;ausmv
f maom jyifopfe,fcsUJ ppfwyfrsm;ukd uGejf rLepfxyd o
f ;D a'gufwm[kcd srD if;\ acgif;aqmifrI
jzifh tvk;H t&if;ESihf ckcaH wmfveS af eMuonf/ 'cs(f a[mfvefEidk if )H vufatmufrS pkrw&m? *sAm;uRe;f pk
rsm;? (,ck tif'kdeD;&Sm;)wGif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifqkdumEkd acgif;aqmifrIjzihf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;
wkdufyGJ txG#ftxdyfokdY a&mufaeonf/
wkyfjynf uGefjrLepfeSihf uGefrDwifwkdY nDGwfrIjzifh usausmfa&;orm; *syefzufqpf
ppfwyfrsm;ukd wkyt
f rsK;d om;rsm; nDnmzszsawmfveS cf MhJ uaomfvnf; zufqpf*syefppfwyfrsm; t<uif;rJh
vufeufcsNyD; urmht&if;&Sif xdyfoD;tar&duefukd tm;ukd;&xm;aom uGefrDwifacgif;aqmif
cseaf u&Sw
d t
f yk pf o
k nf uGejf rLepfrsm;ukd csK;d ESrd v
f mjcif;aMumifh uGejf rLepfEiS fh uGerf w
D if uGt
J ufomG ;um
wkyfjynfwGif bwjyef usm;wjyef tmPmvkaeMuqJ? jyif;xefaom jynfwGif;ppfjzpfaeqJjzpf\/
jrefrmjynfwGifum; urmhuGefjrLepfvIyf&Sm;rIESihf uGJjym;onfhvIyf&Sm;rIukd Auyu tm;oGef;
cGefpkduf vkyfaqmifae\/ zqyvtzGJUcsKyfrS Auyukd xkwfy,fvkdufNyDjzpfaomfvnf; Auyonf
]]zqyv uGejf rLepfn
D w
G Mf u}}]]&Jabmfwyfen
D
D w
G Mf u}} ]]acG,idk af eaom zqyv'g;ukd xufatmif
aoG;Mupk}Yd } a<u;aMumfojH zihf Auyxdyo
f ;D ocifoef;xGe;f uk,
d w
f idk f zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf vufwJG

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

141

bkHaygufomausmf

Ny;D &efuek rf S ysO;f rem;wavQmuf aus;&Gmaygif;rsm;pGmrS vufeufrsm;ukd &mcsaD xmifcsD odr;f qnf;tyfEHS
ay;vsuf&Sd\/ AuyxdyfoD;rsm; ba&muf'g0g'ukd tkd;pGJaeqJjzpf\/
rkefwkdif;xefaomacwf
1947-ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v
f (19)&ufaeYwiG f e,fcsUJ 'vH *VKeOf ;D apmwkYd vkyBf urH aI Mumihf Akv
d cf sKyaf tmif
qef;? ocifjr? OD;bcsK?d rkid ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;paom tmZmenfacgif;aqmifrsm; aoqk;H cJ&h Ny/D xkad cgif;aqmif
rsm; rusq;Hk rDuyif NAw
d o
d QppfwyfrS b&if*ef;rsm; &mcsaD ysmufq;Hk oGm;rIrsm; &Scd o
hJ nf/ 1947-ck Zlvidk v
f
(19)&ufaeYxw
k f ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ]]b&if;*ef;udpa rTjyefNy}D }qkad om acgif;pOfBu;D ESiw
fh qufwnf;
]]b&if;*ef; 200aysmufonfu
h pd E iS hf ywfoufNy;D &m*sma&;'D&mausmif;okYd ykvyd rf sm; wufa&muf&mS ukef
NyD}} [ka&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ b&if;*ef; 200 tpkvkduf tcJvkduf aysmufqkH;rIonf tao;tzGJ
jyemr[kwf/
&efuek Nf rKd Ue,f a[mifaumifbPfwu
dk f "g;jywku
d cf &H rI? za&Zmvrf;ESifh 29vrf;a'gifh oGm;pku
d f
q&m "g;jywkdufcH&NyD; aoewfypf aoqkH;&rI? armfwmtajrmufygaom vlqkd; 150cefYu ukudKvf
ZD;&Gmok0Yd ifNy;D pD;rI? vufeuf 60cefyY gaom vlq;dk rsm; OuNH rKd Uukd 0ifp;D rI? &efuek Nf rKd U ykvyd t
f rIxrf;oydw?f
&efukefNrdKU tpkd;&trIxrf;aygif;pkH qEjyyGJBuD;wkdYonf tao;trTm;jyemvnf; r[kwfMu/ bk&ifcH
twkid yf ifcH tpk;d &tzGUJ ukv
d ufcx
H m;aom tpk;d &tzGUJ 0if zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;onf wu,ft
h mkH
pl;pku
d pf mG jzifh b&if;*ef; 200aysmufru
I dk azmfxw
k Ef idk cf v
hJ Qif Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wkYd vkyBf uo
H wfjzwfc&H
rnffvnf; r[kwfay/
,ck odrYk jzpfc&hJ / NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ orm;wcsKUd \ ajcxk;d rIEiS fh ya,m*aMumifh Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;
wkdY &ufpufpGm owfjzwfcHoGm;&ovkd? NAdwdoQe,fcsJU t&m&Sdqkd; &rf;NAJe,fykdif rsufESmjzL rufol;?
ausmufjzLckdif0ef rsufESmjzLt&m&dSqkd; rpwm tuf*sdatpaumh (uufpbDacwf ar*sm Mr. S.lG.A.
Scott) &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD; OD;armifausmfESifh EkdifiHa&;MoZmwudr usqif;vmNyDjzpfaom &ckdifwkdif;
zqyv acgif;aqmifwcsKUd \vkyZf mwfcif;rIjzifh q&mawmfO;D pdEm tzrf;cHc&hJ avNy/D Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;
wkYd vkyBf uo
H wfjzwfco
H mG ;&onfEiS w
fh NyKd ief uf rkew
f idk ;f xefaomacwf arSmifxak cwfoYdk qku
d af &mufomG ;
&awmh\/
&efuek &f dS usaemfwYdk au'g&Jabmfrsm;xHrS pmt& tvHeyD gwDtm; rw&m;toif;aMujimcsuu
f dk
kyo
f rd ;f rnf/ Armjynf uGejf rLepfEiS fh zqyvy#dyursm;ukd ajz&Si;f &eftwGuf a&SUIaqmif&u
G rf nfqdk
aom jyemrsm;om rkew
f idk ;f xefaom arSmifxak tmufwiG f aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;onfr[kw?f q&mawmf
OD;pdEmtm;vTwfrnf/ q&mawmfESihf ocifEkwkdY &ckdifjynfodkY oGm;Murnf/ q&mawmf &efukefNrdKUwGif
0gqdrk nfqo
dk nfh aocsmoavmufjzpfaeaom jyemvnf; rkew
f idk ;f xefaomtarSmifxak tmufwiG f
tpte &Smr&atmif uG,faysmufoGm;av\/
NAw
d o
d Q'vH *VKeOf ;D apmwk\
Yd vlrqefaom npfywfr?I vkyBf urH aI Mumifh Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wkdY
usq;Hk cJ&h onft
h wGuf *VKeOf ;D apmacgif;aqmifaom rsK;d cspt
f zGUJ ESit
fh vm;wl e,fcsUJ olvQKt
d zGUJ tpnf;
rsm;ukd ajcrIef;&jcif;? xkdtzGJUtpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; brf;qD;&jcif;wkdYukd jyK&onfrSm obm0us
aom ? jyKxu
dk jf yKoifah om aqmif&u
G cf surf sm; jzpfonf/ vkyBf urH aI Mumifh toJem&aom rsu&f nfus
aeaom jynfov
l x
l \
k tk<H uaom axmufcrH u
I &dk ,ltyfaom aqmif&u
G cf surf sm; jzpfonf/ trsK;d om;
vGwfvyfa&; 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESihf qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdYtwGuf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUESihf e,fcsJU'vHqefYusifa&;
vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd aqmif&Guf&if;? 1945-ckESpf? zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;umvu &&SdcJhaom

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

142

bkHaygufomausmf

vuf0n
J
D w
G af &;ukv
d nf;aumif;? trsK;d om;nDw
G af &;ukv
d nf;aumif;? &,lEidk &f ef BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G f
tyfygonf/
q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwo
Ydk nf Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wkYd zqyv bk&ifct
H wkid yf ifcH tpk;d &tzGUJ 0if
NyD; tmPm&oGm; tmPmcGJa0ray;ojzifh AkdvfcsKyftpkd;&ukd aumufaumufiifiif qefYusifvmMu
olrsm; r[kwMf uovk?d Akv
d cf sKyw
f t
Ydk mPm&vm aumufumiifum axmufcv
H molrsm;vnf; r[kwf
Muyg/
1945-ck rwfvwGif &ckid jf ynfwiG f zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &; Ny;D csed rf pS Armjynf uGejf rLepf
ygwDEiS hf jynfot
Yl a&;awmfyyHk gwDwrYdk S aMujimcJah om awmfveS af &;wyfO;D pmwrf;ESihf ArmwyfrawmfEiS fh
jynfot
Yl zGUJ tpnf;rsm; yl;aygif;zufqpfwu
dk zf suaf &; jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKy\
f vGwv
f yfa&;
aMujimcsuw
f iG yf gonfh Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;? jynfot
Yl pk;d &xlaxmifa&;? tESpo
f m&wku
Yd dk tajcwnfum
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESihf qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdYtwGuf NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&; tpkd;&ukd
q&mawmfESihfusaemftoufay;NyD; qefYusifcJhjcif;om jzpfMuygonf/
jrefrmjynfw0Sr;f vk;H ESifh wNyKd iw
f nf;vkv
d dk NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd awmfveS w
f u
dk cf u
dk &f ef usaemf
arQmfrSef;&nf&G,fNyD; &ckdifjynfwGif zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;NyD;qkH;cJhaom 1945ck rwfvcefYuyif
ajratmufawmfveS af &;wyfzUJG rsm;ukd zGUJ pnf;um ajrcGeaf jrqDcray;a&;? vufiw
k v
f uf&if; ajrykid af &;?
NAw
d o
d Q'vHoBl u;D rsm;ukjd zKwNf y;D aus;&Gmvlxak &G;aumufaom OuXpepfjzifh aus;&Gmtkycf sKyjf cif;? paom
tmPmeDe,fajrrsm;ukd us,jf yefEY idk o
f rQ us,jf yefeY ufidI ;f Ekid o
f rQ eufidI ;f BuchH idk pf mG q&mawmfO;D pdEm
ESifh usaemfwkdY xlaxmifcJhMujcif;omjzpf\/
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wkYd vkyBf uo
H wfjzwfjcif; rcH&rSD &ufyidk ;f cefu
Y zqyvXmecsKyf taxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;AaqGEiS hf uk
d x
dk eG ;f (0efBu;D a[mif; ,ck oHtrwfBu;D )wku
Yd ,
dk w
f idk f om,m0wDaxmif&dS
q&mawmf OD;pdEm xHomG ;a&mufcNhJ y;D q&mawmfEiS fh oabmwlnrD &I ,lcMhJ uonf/ q&mawmftm;vTwf
rnf/ q&mawmfESihf ocifEkwkdY &ckdifjynfvmMurnf/ usaemfwkdYESihf awGUqkHrnf/ OD;ausmfNidrf; vef'efrS
jyefonfukd apmifhaeonf paomjyemonf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY vkyfBuHcHoGm;&NyD; jynfxJa&;
0efBu;D OD;ausmNf ird ;f jyefa&muf tawmfMumonfw
h idk f r,fr,f&& taumiftxnfay:rvmjzpfae\/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkYd vTwaf wmhrnf[al om jyemonf usaemfwYdk pdwu
f ;l ,OfcahJ om jyem
r[kw/f wu,fjh zpf&yfreS jf zpf ,if;jyemESifh ywfoufNy;D 1947-ckEpS f Zlvidk v
f 16&ufaeYxw
k af 0
aom ol&,
d owif;pmwGif ]]OD;pdEm ESiahf wGU&ef OD;AaqG om,m0wDoYkd a&mufvmjcif;}}acgif;pD;wyfum
qufvufa&;om;xm;onfrmS ]]Zlvidk v
f 15&ufaeY eHeuf 10em&Dtcsed cf efw
Y iG f &efuek Nf rKd U zqyvtzGUJ
csKyrf S taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;AaqG jynfxaJ &;Xme Ekid if aH &;twGi;f 0ef ukv
d aS rmifEiS fh &ckid af wmfveS f
a&;acgif;aqmif Akv
d
f x
dk eG ;f wko
dY nf ok;H q,fNrKd UodYk armfawmfuav;jzihf a&muf&v
dS mNy;D vQif ocifjrav;
ukad c: if;ESit
hf wl om,m0wDaxmiftwGi;f &Sd &ckid jf ynfacgif;aqmif OD;pdEm tm; 0ifa&mufawGUqkMH u
aMumif;? OD;pdEm usef;rmpGmyif&SdonfqkdaMumif;? b,fwkef;urS q&mawmfOD;pdEmonf tpmiwfrcHcJh
qkdaMumif;/ aexkdifraumif;ojzihf 2&ufqGrf;rpm;EdkifcJhqkdaMumif;? axmifuvGwfvQif OD;pdEmonf
&ckid jf ynfoYkd ocifEw
k EYdk iS fh twlomG ;rnfqadk Mumif;? &ckid jf ynftwGuf vkypf &m&Sad om vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ukd
&efukefrSmbJvkyf &efukefrSmyif 0gqkdrnf[k Mum;od&aMumif;}}[k a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
q&mawmfvGwfrnfqkdNyD; rvGwfao;ojzifh wzufu bk&ifcHtwkdifyifcH zqyvtpdk;&ukd
usaemfwYdk tm;rvkt
d m;r&jzpfaeMu\/ tjcm;wzufuvnf; Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wkYd vkyBf uo
H wfjzwf
cHoGm;& *VKefOD;apmESifhwuG taygif;yg e,fcsJU'vHrsm;ESifh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd usaemfwkdY ykd

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

143

bkHaygufomausmf

a'goykefxum ykdatmhESvkH;emaeMu\/
usaemfw\
Ydk Ekid if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rIEiS hf vlxq
k EjyyGrJ sm;ukd usaemfwdYk qufwufaqmif&u
G af eMuonf/
q&mawmfOD;pdEmwkdYtm; vTwfa&;ESihfajrykHnDvmcH qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; axmufcHjcif;ukd NrdKUaygif;rsm;pGm
wGif rem;rae usif;yaeMuonf/ ajrykHNrdKUwGif okH;BudrfajrmufvlxkqEjyyGJBuD;ukd aomif;aomif;zszs
qifETJ&ef pDpOfMu\/
q&mawmfwkYd tzrf;cHoGm;&csdefrSpNyD; ra&rwGuf Ekdifaom EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;
zdpD;aeojzifh Mumtif;awmifrSwnfhwnfhwkdif;vQif 10rkdifcefYoma0;rnfh cspfZeD;acsmxHodkY usaemf
ra&mufEkdifonfrSm vaygif;tawmfMumcJh&NyD/
Mumtif;awmif&GmwGif apmapmpD;pD; eHeufpm pm;Mu\/ r&yfrem;bJ MuyfpifuRef;bufodkY
usaemfwaYdk vSjzihf ul;Mu\/ MuyfpifuRe;f odaYk &mufvQif ajcvsiaf vQmuf&&m acsmif;i,fajrmif;i,frsm;ukd
auGUaumufomG ;&jcif;ESihf Muyfpifawmifudk ausmjf zwf&jcif;wkaYd Mumifh naeykid ;f 0ufacgif;&GmokaYd &muf
oGm;onf/ cspZf eD;\rdbrsm;tdrw
f iG yf if wnf;ckMd u\/ naepm pm;Mu\/ nOft
h yd Mf u\/ qk;d 0g;aeaom
arSmifxkacwf tajctaersm;ukd olrtm; usaemf aqG;aEG;wifjyonf/
usaemfEiS t
fh wl vmae&ef olrtm; usaemfzw
d af c:cJ\
h / olrMunfjzLpGmvufco
H nf/ ig;ref;&J
uRe;f rStjyefwiG f usaemfEiS t
hf wlwl vku
d v
f mrnf[k uwday;onf/ cspo
f \
l pum;onf ysm;oumxuf
csKyd gonf/ usaemft
h oJEv
S ;Hk xJoYkd pdr0hf ifomG ;ygonf/ usaemf\Ekid if aH &;b0wm wavQmufwiG f rcGrJ cGm
vufwGJavQmuf&awmhrnf[laom aysmf&TifMunfEl;onfhESvkH;om;jzifh olrukd tm;yg;w& uspfuspfyg
atmif zufvkduf\/ aumif;rGefaomtdyfrufrsm;jzihf usaemfESpfNcdKufpGm tdyfaysmfoGm;\/
eHeufapmapmxNyD; iref;&JuRef;? vGef;vkH;ykduf&GmodkYta&muf c&D;Murf;usaemfwkdY csDvmMu\/
vGe;f vk;H yku
d &f mG rS tajccsNy;D &GmpOfavQmufw&m;a[mjcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;? vIaYH qmfjcif;rsm;ukd usaemfwYdk
jyKvyk Mf uonf/ ig;ref;&JuRe;f ? Muufa&uRe;f ESihf MuyfpifuRe;f wkrYd S ajrykNH rKd UwGif usi;f yrnhjf ynfov
Yl x
l k
qEjyyGJodkY aomif;csD aomif;aomif;zszs wufa&;udprsm; a[majymaqG;aEG;NyD;avNyD/ usaemf
Mumtif;awmifoYdk jyef&awmhrnf/ cspZf eD;acsm&S&d m 0ufacgif;&GmodYk usaemfwaYdk &mufomG ;\/ cspZf eD;wkYd
tdrfwGifyif naepmpm;NyD;tdyfMu\/
reufjzef eHeufapmapmoGm;&rnfjzpf tqifoihjf yifqifxm;&ef olrukd usaemftavmwBu;D
wku
d w
f eG ;f onf/ olrxHrS rarQmv
f ifah om pum;ukd Mum;&\/ usaemfwEYdk iS t
hf wlwl olrvufiif;rvku
d f
Ekdif? usaemfwkYdu c&D;Murf;csD&rnfholrsm; jzpfNyD; tpkd;&vufeufukdifwyfrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifwkd;rdvQif olr
aMumifh 'kua&mufbG,fjzpfrnf/ olrESifh olrbcifwkdY rMumcifvkdufvmcJhrnf[l jzpfavonf/
cspo
f t
l m; tMuyfuidk &f ef ESv;Hk om;rJah om usaemf vufridI cf svu
dk &f onf/ usaemfbmrsm; wwfEidk rf nf
enf;/
cspfZeD;wkdY tdrfwGif eHeufpmpm;NyD; Mumtif;awmifodkY usaemfwkYd jyefMu\/ Mumtif;awmif
XmecsKyrf aS eNy;D ajrykv
H x
l q
k EjyyGJ wwd,tBurd af tmifyq
JG ifa&;twGuf aMumzd&ifzd usaemfwYdk BuKd ;yrf;
Mu\/ ajrykNH rKd Ue,fw0ku
d Ef iS fh rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f urf;eD&mG w0Sr;f &Sd &yf&mG aus;vufrsm;odYk &GmpOfavQmufNy;D
vIaYH qmfpnf;k;H aom w&m;yGrJ sm;ukd rem;raeusi;f yMu\/ wwd,tBurd af jrmuf ajrykv
H x
l q
k EjyyGo
J Ykd
jynfolvlxk okH;aomif;ausmfwufa&mufMuonf/
rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;cHae&aom q&mawmfOD;pdEmwkdYvGwfa&;ESihf ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcH
qk;H jzwfcsurf sm; axmufcjH cif;? tqkrd sm;ukd tkwt
f w
k <f uuf<uufq;Hk jzwftwnfjyKvu
dk Mf u\/ ajrykv
H x
l k
qEjyyGJ atmifjrifcJhNyD/ ajrykHvlxkqEjyyGJxuf ykkdrkdBuD;xGm;aom vlxkqEjyyGJw&yfukd rif;jym;NrdKUwGif

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

144

bkHaygufomausmf

usi;f y&ef usaemfwYdk pkid ;f jyif;Mu\/ rif;jym;vlxq

k EjyyGu
J dk rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f w0ku
d w
f iG o
f mru? ajrykNH rKd U
e,f Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,fEiS hf MuyfpifuRe;f vk;H rS aus;&GmpkH csw
D ufa&;twGuf pDpOfowfrw
S Mf uonf/
1947-ck Zlvidk v
f wGif rif;jym;NrKd UwGif Bu;D rm;aom vlxq
k EjyyGu
J dk usi;f yrnf[k aMujimvku
d f
onf/ BuD;rm;aom vlxkqEjyyGJ atmifjrifa&;twGuf a'gifhpkH vIHYaqmfpnf;kH;&efvkdonf/ usaemf
urf;eDwu
dk ef ,f? ig;pifidk ;f wku
d ef ,frsm;oko
Yd mG ;a&mufNy;D vIaHY qmfaomw&m;yGrJ sm;ukd &GmpOfwavQmuf
usif;yonf/ urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;? vGwfvyfa&; 'Drkdua&pDa&;? qkd&S,fvpfa&;rsm;ukdvnf; a[majym
aqG;aEG;jyonf/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkv
Yd w
G af &;vnf; aocsmoavmufjzpfaeNyjD zpf tm;BuKd ;rmefwuf
rif;jym;vlxkqEjyyGJodkY csDwufMu&ef w&m;yGJwkdif;? aqG;aEG;yGJwkdif;wGif vIHYaqmf\/
&ufacsmif;&GmrSpNyD; Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,frS csDwufoGm;aomjynfolrsm;ESifh MuyfpifuRef;
wuRef ; vk H ; rS vuf o D ; vuf a rmif ; wef ; um a<u;aMumf v maom jynf o l v ,f o rm;rsm;onf
Muyfpifawmif armfpGef;wGif qkHMuonf/ MuyfpifawmifarmfuRef;rSarmfMunhfvkdufvQif MunfkdbG,f
aumif;aomorkid ;f 0if used ;f awmifapwDawmfudk zl;arQm&f onf/ MuyfpifawmifarmfpeG ;f wGif em;aeMu
aom jynfolvlxkrsm; jrifawGU&aom usdef;awmifapwDawmfjrwfukd &Sdcdk;uefawmhNyD; wzufurf;okdY
ul;&ef rdrdwkdYtkyfpkESifhrdrd tqifoifh&SdaeMu\/
vlxak cgif;aqmifrsm;\trdeo
Yf rH sm;ukd apmifq
h idk ;f aeMu\/ q,faygif;rsm;pGmaomavSrsm;vnf;
aygufqdefusjrpfwbufodkY qEjyvlxkrsm;ukdykdY&ef tqifoifh&Sdonf/ MuyfpifawmifarmfuRef;rS 2zmvkHcefY&Sdonfh aygufqdefusjrpfukdjzwfvQif rif;jym;NrdKU urf;ajcodkYa&mufrnf/ rif;jym;NrdKUwGif vlxk
qEjyyGJusif;yjcif;onf tBudrf yxrqkH;tBudrfr[kwf? ,cifvnf; rif;jym;NrdKUwGif vlxkqEjyyGJ
usi;f ycJb
h ;l Ny/D NrKd Uay:wGif usaemfwq
Ydk ifEcJT ahJ om vlxq
k EjyyGu
J kd tmPmvufvw
T o
f mG ;rnfp;dk &draf om
vufwqkyfpm EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;rSty wNrdKUvkH;u vkdvkdvm;vm; axmufcHMuonf/
usaemfwNYdk rKd UwGi;f au'g&Jabmfrsm;jzpfaom ukad 0ausm?f ukad usmjf rwk\
Yd pnf;k;H vIaYH qmfay;jcif;
aMumifv
h nf;aumif;? tmPm&Ekid if aH &;orm; vufwqkwpf mu awmyke;f "m;jyrsm; NrKd UxJqEjyyGJ usi;f y
jcif;onf wku
d cf u
dk v
f ,
k uf&ef BupH nfjcif;jzpfonf[k ajcmufveS x
Yf m;aomfvnf; vufawGUqEjyyGrJ sm;
wGif NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;xHrS tyfusKd;wacsmif; rw&m;r,ljcif;wkdYukd ukd,fawGUBuHK&aomaMumifh
vnfaumif;? vlxkqEjyyGJ usif;ywkdif; vbuf&nfqkdif? xrif;qkdif? aps;qkdifrsm;wGifta&mif;t0,f
oGuo
f jzihv
f nf;aumif;? usaemfwYdk qEjyyGaJ eYwiG f NrKd Uol NrKd Uom;rsm;vnf; vIyv
f yI &f mS ;&Sm;jzpfaeMu\/
pk a 0;pk a 0;jzpf a eMu\/ ,aeY v nf ; vl x k q E j yyG J a eY j zpf & m eH e uf y k d i f ; uyif rif ; jym;Nrd K U
touf0ifvIyf&Sm;aeavNyD/
rGe;f wnfh 12em&Dcef&Y adS eNy/D vlxak cgif;aqmifrsm;u qEjyyGv
J molrsm;ukd rdrw
d aYdk us;&Gmtvku
d f
avSrsm;ay:odw
Yk ufaponf/ xGuo
f pfpaea&mifjcnfwq
H yd yf gaom &ckid jf ynf jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ
csKyf tvHux
dk rf; &ufacsmif;&Gmom; ukb
d OD;xdyq
f ;Hk uqif;Ny;D avSxyd w
f iG f ae&m,lonf/ q,faygif;
rsm;pGmaomavSrsm;wGif vlpaHk &mufMuNy/D &maygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomjynfow
l o
Ydk nf ]]igwkq
Yd &m
OD;pdEm jrefrMumcif ab;rJv
h w
T yf pf}} ]]igwkq
Yd &morm; OD;pdEm tm;tjrefq;Hk t<uif;rJv
h w
T Mf u}}]]q&mawmf
OD;pdEmvGwfa&; ...'kdYta&;...'kdYta&; }}vufikwfv,fykdifa&; ...'dkYta&; ...'kYdta&;
...'dt
Yk a&;}}[kr;dk xdaom a<u;aMumforH sm;ESit
fh wl MuyfpifawmifarmfpeG ;f rS avSrsm;jzifx
h u
G cf mG vku
d Mf u
\/
rif;jym;urf;okdYra&mufrD wzmvkHcefYavmufwGif w'def;'def;jrnf[D;aom usnfqHrsm;onf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

145

bkHaygufomausmf

a<uaMumforH sm;ukv
d rT ;f rk;d oGm;\/ q,faygif;rsm;pGmaomavSrsm; ajrmufomG ;\/ &maygif;rsm;pGmaom
jynforl sm;a&m olwcYdk armufrsm;yg ykqed u
f sjrpfxaJ rsmoGm;\/ udb
k OD; yGcJ si;f Ny;D aoonf/ q,faygif;
rsm;pGmaomjynfolrsm; 'Pf&m&oGm;Mu&\/ &ufpufygay&JU zqyv/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUrsufESmjzL ume,f (AkdvfrSL;BuD;)ESihf 'kAkdvfrSL;BuD;rsm; yg0ifaom EkdifiHjcm;om;
a*:&cg; ppfom; 300ausmfESihf ppfoabFm 10pif;cefYjzihf 1946ck {NyDvwGif usif;yaom
Mumtif;awmifjynfon
Yl v
D mcHudk NzKd ciG ;f ypf&ef vmcJMh uonf/ Mumtif;awmifnv
D mcHr@yfudk ra&muf
&atmif vrf;BuKd vrf;Mum;wkid ;f wkid f armfwmtajrmufrsm;? b&if;*ef;rsm;ukd pGu
J idk af om Ekid if jH cm;om;
vufeufuikd rf sm;ukd wyfccJG sxm;aponf/ okaYd omf jynfov
l x
l Bk u;D a<u;aMumfojH zifh csw
D ufvmaom
tcg aoewfjzihf ypfowfjcif; vkH;0rjyKcJh/
,ck rif;jym;urf;qdyrf S zqyvacgif;aqmiftcsKUd ESihf ykvyd w
f aYdk e&m,lxm;Ny;D tyfusK;d wacsmif;
rSrygaom avSjzihful;vmonfh qEjyvlxktm; pdwf&Sdvuf&Sd aoewfjzifh ypfowf&ufavNyD/ umjzL;
trde?Yf 5a,mufyrdk pka0;&trdeYf bmrQxw
k q
f ifx
h m;jcif;vnf;r&S/d &ufpufygay&JU zqyv/ tmZmenf
ukdbOD;tavmif;ukd &ufacsmif;odkY,lvmNyD; XmecsKyfukd,fpm; usaemfukd,fwkdifwufa&mufum
o0PfvTm zwfNyD; &maygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolrsm;jzihf crf;em;pGmoN*K[fvkdufygonf/
tcsi;f csi;f aoG;acsmif;pD;&rnfv
h ufeufuidk f y#dyuudk a&Smif&mS ;Ekid af &;ESifh NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepf
qkd;ukd jrefrmjynfw0Srf;vkH;ESifhtwl wNydKifwnf;vkdvkd vufeufpGJudkifawmfvSef&ef rl&if;&nfrSef;csuf
atmifjrifa&;twGuf Edik if aH &;enf;jzifh usaemfwYdk tepfemcH? taocHum tm;wufoa&m BuKd ;pm;Mu
aomfvnf; tajctaersm;rSm wckNyD;wpfck qkd;&Gm;rIjzifhom yufyif;yg &ifqkdifvm&awmh\/
jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D OD;ausmNf ird ;f vef'efrS jyefa&mufvmvQif q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkv
Yd w
G rf nfqNdk y;D
,ck OD;ausmNf ird ;f jyefa&mufonfrmS &ufaygif;tawmfMumcJNh y/D q&mawmfwYdk rvGwMf u/ uku
d BH u;D tm;
tmrcHay;rnf/ vTw
G rf nf[k &cdik w
f idk ;f rif;Bu;D wkYd tmrcHay;cJyh gvsuEf iS fh jynho
f iG &f mG aoewford ;f rIwiG f
yg0ifonf/ ukduHBuD;xHrS usnfqH4awmifh zrf;rdonf[kvkyfZmwfcif;NyD; ausmufjzLwGJbuf puf&Sif
w&m;olBu;D OD;bNrKd if ;Hk rS axmif'Pfav;ESpf tjypfay;&SNd y/D (aemifuu
dk BH u;D t,lc&H m uku
d BH u;D &efuek f
wGif vli,fha&;&moifwef;wufpOfu txl;cifrif&if;ESD;cJhaom vli,fXmecsKyfOu| OD;b*srf;u
w&m;a&;0efBuD; jzpfaeojzifh ukduHBuD;uGif;vkH;uRwfvGwfcJh&onf/
(udu
k BH u;D &efuek o
f Ydk vku
d o
f mG ;&m zqyvXmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;eSihf qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwD
XmecsKyf acgif;aqmifuAdk aqGwEYdk iS fh awGUonf/ ukAd aqGwEYdk iS fh Ed idI ;f Ny;D vli,ftzGUJ zGUJ pnf;&ef &ckid v
f il ,f
acgif;aqmiftjzpf ukad rmifped v
f ?S uku
d BH u;D wkt
Yd m; wm0efay;onf/ om,m0wDaxmifrS q&mOD;pdEm
ESit
fh wl tzrf;cHae&aom ukad rmifjrOD;ukd olww
Ydk m0ef,u
l mxkwcf o
hJ nf/ usaemfvufeuftyf tvif;
0ifvQif qkAd ,
D ufot
H rwfay;rnf? q&mawmfO;D pdEm wkt
Yd m; vTwrf nf[k zqyvXmecsKyf trIaqmif
tpnf;ta0;wGif uku
d BH u;D tm; txl;{nho
f nftjzpf wufa&mufciG jhf yKNy;D qk;H jzwfMuonf/ ,if;qk;H jzwf
csuu
f dk usaemft
h m; ukad rmifped v
f ?S ukad 0ausmw
f u
Ydk wifjyaqG;aEG;vmMuonf/ usaemfvufrcHw
Hk if
ru? uku
d BH u;D ? ukad rmifb? udak 0ausmw
f BYdk u;D rSL;aom ppfawGEiS fh rif;jym;vli,facgif;aqmif udak usmo
f m
ukdarmifapmjzL? udkatmifodef;a&T? udka&Tombef;? udkpdefomat;? udkarmifapmjr? ukdarmifvlBuD;?
udak rmifausmjf rwkt
dY m; b&ef;*ef;? kid zf ,frsm;ukd &orQ pkNy;D awmckad pcJ\
h /) oHwo
JG yl ek u
f dk aoewfjzihf
ESrd ef if;&ef trdezYf q
D efaom [mumcsi;f trsK;d om; uywed u
f dk ppfwyfu &mxl;jzKwNf y;D ta&;,lxm;&Sd
NyD/ (pmwrf;jzifh [mumcsif;trsKd;om; uywdeftm; OD;Gwftav;jyKyg\) xkdjzpf&yfqkd;rsm;xuf
rif;jym;vlxkqEjyyGJjzpf&yfum; tqkd;0g;qkH;aom tqkd;xdyfoD;jzpfaeonf/ rif;jym;NrdKU jynfolYqE

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

146

bkHaygufomausmf

jyyGu
J adk oewfjzihyf pfNy?D ukb
d OD; ao&Ny?D [laomowif;rSm awmrD;avmifouJo
h Ykd &ckid jf ynfwiG f aeYcsi;f
ncsi;f jyefEY o
YHS mG ;\/ wr[kwcf si;f vlwidk ;f em;xJoYkd a&mufomG ;\/ d;k om;aom &ckid t
f rsK;d om; awmifol
v,form;rsm;? trsK;d orD;rsm;yifvQif rwku
d &f v
J Qif bmaMumifv
h ufeufuidk o
f vJ? 'kv
Yd ufxJ vufeuf
ay;tyf[l awmif;qkdvmMu\/
wuf<uaeaom jynfoUl tzGUJ tpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ajratmufvufeufuidk f wyfzUJG rsm;\
awmif;qkcd suu
f m; tajrmufoo
H bG,f jrnf[;D jyif;xefae\/ usaemfwYdk t"du&nfreS ;f csuf tpdwpf w
d f
trTmrTmuGJysufoGm;avNyD/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESifh qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdYtwGuf
jrefrmjynfwpfjynfv;Hk ESifh wNyKd iw
f nf;vkv
d dk NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;kd ukd vufeufpu
JG ifkd w
f u
dk zf surf nfqdk
aom usaemfwt
Ydk "du&nf&,
G cf suf awmifBu;D NyKd vo
J mG ;&avNy/D &ckid jf ynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKyEf iS hf
&ckid v
f il ,frsm; tpnf;tk;H acgif;aqmifrsm; Mumtif;awmifXmecsKyw
f iG f pka0;Mu&onf/ acgif;csi;f du
fk f
Muonf/ a'gifhpkHaqG;aEG;Muonf/
ajrykn
H v
D mcHraS rG;xkwv
f u
dk af om e,fcsUJ awmfveS af &;wyfaygif;csKyf Ou|ukad usmjf rESihf usaemf
vlcsif;qkH&efrjzpfEkdif/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDESifh usaemfvlcsif;qkH&ef rjzpfEdkif/ pmcsif;qkHMuonf/
pmay;pm,laqG;aEG;Muonf/
e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;csKyfwGif yg0ifaomjynfolYtzGJUtpnf;tm;vkH;u jynfolUtzGJU
tpnf; acgif;aqmiftm;vk;H u Edik if aH &;xGuaf yguf tjcm;vrf;r&SNd y/D vufeuftm;uk;d NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ
tm; vufeufjzihf ckcMH u&ef? oabmwlMuonf/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDwiG f vufeufusnq
f t
H iftm;
rjynhfr0/ tultnDawmif;\/
usaemfwkdY tESpfESpftvvpkaqmif;xm;aom vufeufusnfqHrsm;xJrS b&ef;*ef; 1?
awmfrD*ef; 1? kdifaz aoewf 1ESifh usnfqHESpfaxmifausmfukd tultnDay;vkdufonf/ xkdvufeuf
usnq
f rH sm;ukd ukad usmZf &H DS (,ckawmckd &ckid jf ynf uGejf rLepfygwD) uk,
d w
f idk af vSwpfp;D jzihf toufqzH sm;
pGex
Yf m;Ny;D uGr;f awmif&mG ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDXme ukad usmjf r? ukad rmifwl (aoqk;H cJ&h aom awmckd
&ckdifwkdif; Auyacgif;aqmif) wkYd vufxJodkYta&mufykdYav\/
1947ckEpS f Zlvidk v
f twGi;f ckcw
H eG ;f vSe&f ef qk;H jzwfMuonf/ tESpo
f m&tm;jzifh NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ
uk,
d pf m;tkycf sKyaf eaom rsuEf mS jzLbk&ifct
H pk;d &tzGUJ ukd awmfveS &f rnf/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD &ckid f
wkdif;acgif;aqmifudkausmfjr? ukdarmifwlwkdYtygt0if e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;csKyf tzGJU0if
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh Ed idI ;f oabmwlcsut
f wkid ;f Ekid if aH &;t& tjcm;xGuaf ygufr&S
d awmfveS af &;ukd
pwifqifETJMuygonf/
Auy&ckid w
f idk ;f acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh usaemfwYdk ppfy&d,m,ftm;jzifh uGjJ ymaom awmfveS af &;ukd
qifEMJT uygonf/ Auy&ckid w
f idk ;f acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rdr\
d wku
d cf u
dk af &;tiftm;rSeo
f rQukd pkpnf;Ny;D
NrdKUjyodrf;yGJqifETJ\/
ykPm ;uRe;f NrKd Uukd &So
d rQtiftm;jzifh 0ifp;D \/ Ekid if aH &;pdw"f mwfjrifah eovkd ppfa&;&m tawGU
tBuHr&ifhrmaom Auy&ckdifwkdif; vufeufukdifrsm; ykPm;uRef;NrdKUodrf;wkdufyGJ ratmifjrif/
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom usnq
f rH sm; qk;H I;H Ny;D qkwcf mG cJ&h onf/ usaemfwaYdk jymufusm; ppfy&d,m,frS
tpysKd;onf/ t<uif;rJhqkH;IH;rnfhppfukd oa&usap&rnf/ Ekdifp&m&SdvQif vkH;0OkH tEkdif&ap&rnf/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

147

bkHaygufomausmf

a&TawmifwkdufyGJ
ppfawGckid f rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f? yef;ajrmif;Bu;D acsmif;wGif a&Tawmif[
l tdraf jcav;q,f ig;q,f
cefY&Sdaom &Gmodrfi,fwpf&Gm&Sd\/ rif;jym;rSxkd&GmodkYvmvQif &Gmr0ifrSDwzgvkHcefYu AGDykHoPmef
awmifwef;i,f ESpcf &k o
dS nf/ &Gm\ajrmufbufEiS fh ta&SUbufw0Sr;f wGif opfyiftyk Bf u;D rsm; awmifypl m
i,frsm;ESihf jynhfyfaeonf/ kd;rawmifpG,fawmifyGm;rsm;ESihf qufpyfaeonf/
&Gmonf usaemfwYdk ajratmufawmfveS af &;wyfzUJG rsm;\ tajcpku
d pf cef;jzpf\/ rif;jym;NrKd U&Sd
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyf a&Tawmif&Gmukd rD;IdU&efcsDwufrnfqkdonfukd usaemfwkdYBudKwifod&Sdxm;aeNyD/
awmfveS cf ck &H ef trderYf &Spd Ofu NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfcsw
D ufvmvQif usaemfwYdk qkwcf mG a&SmifomG ;ko
H m
&Sdonf/
,ck awmfvSefckcH&ef trdefY&xm;NyD;/ qkwfcGm&efrvkdNyD/ &Gmr0ifrD wzgvkHcefY AGDykHoPmef
awmifwef;&Sd opfyifBu;D atmufrsm;ESifh oifah vsmaf omae&mrsm;wGif uwkwu
f si;f rsm;wl; tqifoifh
apmihfqkdif;aeMu\/ rTef;wnfhcsdefcefYwGif NAdwdoQe,ffcsJUppfwyf rsufESmjzLuywdef (AkdvfBuD;)wpfOD;
acgif;aqmifNy;D a*:&cg;ppfAv
dk pf pfom; 60-ausmf yef;ajrmif;Bu;D acsmif; urf;ezl;rSwufNy;D a&Tawmif&mG
ukdrD;IdU&ef ajcvsifcsDwufvmMuonf/
a&SUqkH;rS wyfpdyfwpfpdyfcefY uif;axmuf AGDykHoPmefawmifwef;i,f ESpfckMum;odkY0ifvmMu
onf/ uwkwu
f si;f rsm;? opfyifBu;D aemufu,
G rf sm;rS tqifoifah e&m,lxm;aom Akv
d pf ed x
f eG ;f atmif
ESihf &Jabmfo;Hk q,fcefu
Y a&SUqk;H rS0ifvmaom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ a*:&cg;wyfpyd u
f dk uku
d if g;q,ftuGmcefY
u 'vMurf; ypfcwfvu
dk \
f / a*:&cg;ppfom;ig;OD;cefY tkyBf uKd ;jywfomG ;ovkd ajrBu;D ay:wGif bke;f bke;f
vJomG ;\/ olwt
Ydk oufaysmufomG ;avNy/D usepf pfom; 4-OD;cefu
Y tenf;i,fcck NH y;D 'Pf&m&oGm;aom
a*:&cg;ppfom;rsm;ukd 'vMurf;qGJNyD;qkwfMu\/
wpwpjzihf wku
d yf jJG yif;xefvmonf/ wku
d yf pJG jzpfpOfem&Dyidk ;f cefu
Y ae&mtaetxm;r&ao;
aom a*:&cg;wyfae&m&oGm;Ny/D 2-vufr armfwmtajrmufrsm;? b&if;*ef;rsm;ukd wae&mpDcjJG cm;ypf
cwfNy;D a&SUodw
Yk ;dk \/ Akv
d pf ed x
f eG ;f atmifwYdk aemufqw
k x
f u
G rf ajy;? rk;d oD;rk;d ayguf&mG oGe;f ovkd 'vpyf
ypfaeaom armfwmusnq
f ?H kid zf ,fusnq
f MH um;xJrS a&SUokw
Yd ;dk vmaom a*:&cg; ppfAv
dk ?f ppfom;rsm;
ukd tay:pD;,lxm;aom awmifwef;i,fusif;xJrSvnf;aumif;? opfyifBuD;atmufrSvnf;aumif;?
wufvmorQukd ypfcwf\/
usaemfwYdk usnq
f t
H iftm;vnf;raumif;/ 'kw,
d urmppfr<S uif;usev
f u
dk af om usnq
f rH sm;
om jzpf &ckid Ef eI ;f jynfrh ayguf? ppfqifa&;vnf; olwaYdk vmufruRr;f usi?f &JprG ;f owjd zih?f trsK;d om;
vGwv
f yfa&;pdw"f mwfjzihf BuBhH uchH idk cf ck \
H / wGm;wufvmaom rsuEf mS jzL uywed af ygifusK;d Ny;D 'vdrahf cG
usoGm;&onf/ a*:&cg; ppfAkdvfppfom;ESpfq,fausmf 'Pf&m&oGm;Mu\/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyf
a&Tawmifudk rD;rIUd cJEh idk ?f qkwcf mG xGuaf jy;oGm;Mu\/ usaemfwb
Ydk ufrS &Jabmfa&TvidI u
f sq;Hk oGm;onf/
&JabmfokH;OD;'Pf&m&\/
&efoNl Aw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyfonf usaemfww
Ydk yfxuf wpfqausmt
f iftm;Bu;D onf/ usaemfwYdk
xufolwkdY ppfa&;uRrf;usifonf/ usaemfwkdYxuf olwkdYtqrwef vufeufaumif;onf/ olwkdYwGif
2-vufrarmfwm tajrmufrsm;? b&if;*ef;rsm;ESifh umbkid af oewfrsm; yg&So
d nf/ usnq
f rH sm;ukd rk;d oD;
rkd;ayguf&Gmovkd okH;Ekdifonf/
usaemfwkdYwGif b&if;*ef;wpfvufESihf kdifz,fESpfq,fausmfomygonf/ &mckdifEIkef; 50ceYfom
tokH;csEkdifaom usnfqHa[mif;rsm;ukd acRwmpGm tokH;jyK&\/ ,ckaer0iftifyg,mykdif&Sif NAdwdoQ

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

148

bkHaygufomausmf

e,fcsJUppfwyf qkwfcGmoGm;&NyD/ ppfjzpfvmavNyD/ ppfaoG;ppfrmefjrifhwif&rnf/

usq;Hk oGm;aom &Jabmfa&TvidI t
f m; crf;em;pGm oN*K [o
f nf/ 'Pf&m&aom&Jabmfrsm;ESifh &Gy&f yG f
cRcH Rw
H u
dk yf 0JG ifcMhJ uaom &Jabmfrsm;xH usaemfwXYdk mecsKyrf S cs;D usL;vTmrsm; ay;yko
Yd nf/ 'Pf&m&oGm;aom
&Jabmfrsm;ukd aus;&GmtrsKd;orD;rsm;u 0kdif;0ef;jyKpkMuonf/ auR;arG;Muonf/ tm;ay;Muonf/
]]tarmifwkdYaMumifh a&Tawmifjymrus&}} (armifBuD;&Jabmfrsm;aMumifh a&Tawmif&GmrD;IdUrcH& )
]]tarmifkdUykdif &JabmfwDukd wkdif;jynfu vkdyga&}}(armifBuD;wkYd uJhodkY &Jabmfrsm; wkdif;jynftwGuf
vk d t yf y gonf ) ]]vG w f v yf a &;twG u f tarmif k d U uk d tm;uk d ; yga&}} vG w f v yf a &;twG u f
tarmif&aJ bmfrsm;ukd tm;uk;d ygonf)[k wuf<uaom trsK;d orD;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;rS tauR;tarG;rsm;
jzihf vma&muftm;ay;Mu\/ wku
d yf w
JG iG f 'Pf&m&oGm;jcif;yifvQif t&omwrsK;d ? NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ uk,
d pf m;
vS,f rsufESmjzLbk&ifcHtpkd;&\ rsufESmjzLppfwyfukd wGef;vSef&onfrSmvnf; t&omwrsKd;/
a&Tawmifwu
dk yf jJG zpfovk?d ajrykNH rKd UrS XmecsKypf cef; wnf&m Mumtif;awmif&mG rsm;ukd arTaESmuf
&ef ,lbDppfoabFmi,fjzifh vmaom NAdwdoQppfwyfESihf ykvdyfwyfukd Akdvfa&TausmfOD;aqmifaom
usaemfwYdk XmecsKyw
f yfu ]]urfawmif}} awmifuek ;f i,fwiG f tqifoifah e&m,lNy;D wku
d x
f w
k v
f u
dk o
f nf/
usaemfwYdk XmecsKy&f aJ bmfrsm;onf ajrykNH rKd Ue,f? ,k;d acsmif;&Gm? opf&mG bufoYkd csw
D ufvmaom NAw
d o
d Q
e,fcsJU a*:&cg;ppfwyfukd wkdufckdufarmif;xkwfvkduf\/
ausmufawmfNrKd Ue,f? Akv
d b
f om? Akv
d [
f m&DjzL? Akv
d af rmifarmifwYdk acgif;aqmifaom ajrmufyidk ;f
wyfzGJUrsm;onf ausmufawmfrS r[mrked&GmbufokdY csDwuffvmaom NAdwdoQppfwyf? ykvdyfwyfrsm;ukd
vrf;jzwfwkdufyGJqifonf/ &aohawmifNrdKUe,fwGif ukdbapmwkdYonf a&pkd;acsmif;odkY csDwufvmaom
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ vufeufuidk rf sm;ukd ckcw
H eG ;f vSeo
f nf/ urf;axmifBh u;D &Gmrsm;bufoYkd rD;IUd vk,ufr'k ed ;f usihf
&efvmaom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ 'vHppfwyfrsm;ukd Akv
d v
f eG ;f omatmif? Akv
d Of ;D a&Tom (awmifyidk ;f Ekid if aH &;
rSL;)? AkdvfbpH? Adkvfausmfat;? AkdvfarmifapmEkdifwkdY wyfrsm;u wkdufckdufacsrIef;onf/
oHwcJG kid Mf u,feaD jymufusm;rsm;vnf; &efoNl Aw
d o
d Qppfwyf? ykvyd w
f yfrsm;ukd vrf;jzwfwu
dk yf JG
qif tiftm;csed &YJ m &JXmersm;ukd 0ifp;D ponfjzihf jyKomG ;Mu\/ usaemfw\
Ykd ppfyrJG sm;onf ajymufusm;
ppfukd tajccHonf/ tiftm;BuD;rm;aom tckdiftrm tajcpkdufxm;aom &efol NrdKUjyrsm;ukd t"du
xm;rwkdufMu? wkdufyGJwyGJNyD;wyGJ jzpfae&avNyD/
vufeufukdif wkdufyGJpvQifpcsif; usaemfwkdY awmfvSefa&;ukd tvHeDawmfvSefa&;[l &Jabmf
atmifvif;wOD;wnf;om&Sad om tvHeyD gwDrS olwaYdk wmfveS af &;[k y,fy,fe,fe,f tom;,lonf/
olwkdYuwdtwkdif; ckdif 20vnf; olykefxray;? usaemfwkdYtm;vnf; usnfqHwawmifh rulnD
tcsi;f csi;f vufeufuidk f y#dyupjzpfaeNy/D rnfot
Ykd qk;H owfrnfudk b,fEidk if aH &;yg&*lrQ rcefrY eS ;f Edik ?f
usaemfwdkYvnf; rcefYrSef;Ekdif/
usaemfum; xkdpOfu ocifjr(AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdYESihftwl vkyfBuHcHoGm;&aom tmZmenf
acgif;aqmif)? ukdAaqG (zqyvXmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;? aemif0efBuD;csKyfESifh umuG,fa&;
0efBuD;wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom OD;AaqG) AkdvfcsKyfae0if; (,ckEkdifiHawmfaumifpDOu|ESifh orw
OD;ae0if;) ukdausmfNidrf; (xkdpOfu qkd&S,fvpfygwDxyfwef;acgif;aqmifwOD;ESihf jynfxJa&;0efBuD;)
OD;uku
d Bdk u;D xkpd Ofu ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBu;D ) ocif0wif (xkpd Ofu qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwD xdyw
f ef;acgif;
aqmifwOD;) ukad tmifBu;D (xkpd Ofu qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwD ta&;ygaom yk*Kd vw
f OD;) ukv
d aS rmif (xkpd Ofu
qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwD ta&;ygaom yk*Kd vw
f OD;)wk\
Yd tcspaf wmfwOD;? ,kMH unftm;uk;d jcif; cH&olwOD;jzpfc\
hJ /
usaemfom NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ ppfwyf? ykvyd w
f yfw\
Ydk zdEydS rf u
I kd &ifrqkid b
f J qk&d ,
S v
f pfacgif;aqmif

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

149

bkHaygufomausmf

rsm;ESihf vufwGJcJhvQif &mxl;tcGifhxl;cH&rnfrSm ajrBuD;vufcwfrvGJjzpfaeonf/ EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfukd

rufarmNy;D rdr&d mxl; tcGix
fh ;l ukd rrufarmaomusaemf? wk;H wku
d w
f u
dk ?f urf;wku
d w
f u
fdk ?f ikwrf o
d w
J idk ?f
wufEkdifzsm;a&mufvkyfavawmh\/
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;tm; vuf0JnDGwfa&;ukd trmcHxm;NyD; trsKd;om;nDGwfa&;ukd
twwfEidk q
f ;Hk rwnfaqmufbJ wzGUJ wygwDvufxJ ,liifvQif vufiif; vlxw
k u
dk yf ?JG vlwef;pm;wku
d yf ?JG
vlrsK;d pka&;jyemrsm;jzihf >yef;wD;aeaom jrefrmjynfonf rMumrDt<Hk uaygufuv
JG mrnfuu
dk m; usaemf
cefYrSef;xm;onf/
rMumvSygacs/ Akv
fd rf LS ;ausmaf Zm (tNird ;f pm;,lomG ;aom Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf usmaf Zm) wyfjzifh usaemfwYdk
tm; ppfa&;ppf&mjzifh csK;d ESrd \
f / oHwcJG kid w
f iG f Akv
d rf LS ;rif;vGif acgif;aqmifaom aomif;use;f rI ESrd ef if;
a&; wyf&if;u Mu,feDajymufusm;rsm;ukd wkdufckdufacsrIef;\/
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;um; r&ao;/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukd,fpm; rsufESmjzLbk&ifcHu tkyfcsKyfqJjzpf\/
Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf Zm\ ]]jynfwiG ;f Nird ;f csr;f a&;oabmxm;ESifh vufa&G;pifred cYf eG ;f rsm;}}pmtkyw
f iG f atmufyg
twkid ;f a&;om;xm;onf/ ]]jrefrmjynf qlyrl I 10ESpcf &D;rSm 1948ck bDpyD D uGejf rLepfrsm; awmcko
d nf
rSp jzpfymG ;cJah omfvnf; 1946-47ckEpS u
f p zsmyk?H ysO;f rem;? yJc;l ? &rnf;oif;? &ckid jf ynf ponfww
Ydk iG f
qlyrl rI sm;&Scd o
hJ nf/ ,if;teuf &ckid jf ynftvHeq
D yl rl o
I nf Bu;D us,cf o
hJ nf/ wyftrsm;tjym;vTw
f
ESdrfeif;cJh&onf/ tuif;raorD 1948ckESpfrSp wjynfvkH; tESHYtjym; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfcJhonf}}[k
AkdvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm a&;om;xm;onf/
AkdvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm\ acgif;aqmifrIatmufwGif &Sdaeaom wyfrawmfwyfzGJUrsm;? jynfolY
&JabmfwyfzUJG rsm;? aomif;use;f rIErdS ef if;a&;wyfzUJG rsm;onf usaemfwt
Ykd m; y,fy,fe,fe,f tm;yg;w&
ESdrfeif;Mu\/ usaemfwkdYxuf olwkdYvufeufukdif tiftm;qaygif;rsm;pGm tiftm;BuD;\/ olwkdYwGif
acwfrDarmfwm tajrmufrsm;rSpNyD; acwfrDSvufeufrsKd;pkH&Sd\/
usaemfwkdYwGif b&if;*ef;tenf;i,fESihf kdifz,faoewfrsm;om&Sd\/ olwdkYwGif usnfqHukd
rkd;oD;rkd;ayguf &GmoGef;ovkd tokH;jyKEkdif\/ usaemfwkdYwGif ig;q,f&mckdifEIef;yifraygufaom usnfqH
a[mif;rsm;ukdyif acRacRwmwmtokH;jyK&\/
olwkdYwGif ppfoabFm? pufwyfoabFmtrsKd;rsKd;jzihf ae&mwumokdY em&Dykdif;twGif;
oGm;vmEkid \
f / awmBuKd ? awmifMum;? awmifi,fawmifBu;D toD;oD;ukd ajcvsif jzwf&aom usaemfwYdk
um; olwkdYem&Dydkif;jzifha&mufEkdifaom c&D;ukd waeukefwaecef; oGm;&\/ olwkdYppfa&;ppf&mt&
uRru
f si\
f / usaemfwYdk ppfa&;ppf&mruRr;f usi/f okaYd omf jynfov
l x
l u
k usaemfwt
Ydk m; axmufcx
H m;&Sd
onf/ usaemfwYdk rI;H edrEhf idk /f tptqk;H r&Sad om 'kuq
if;&Judk cHNy;D a&&Snaf jymufusm;ppfjzifh usaemfwYdk
tEkdif,lEdkifrnf/
Mumtif;awmifwkdufyGJ
Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf usmaf Zmwkv
Yd ufxw
J iG f usaemfwv
Ydk pl k y,fy,fe,fe,f tm;yg;w& ESrd ef if;cH&onfh
xJwGif usaemfhtm; t"duypfrSwftjzpfxm;onf/ 1947-ck Ekd0ifbmvwGif usaemfXmecsKyfwnf&m
Mumtif;awmif&Gmw0Srf;ukd tzufzufrS ydwfqkdYvkdufonf/
a&aMumif;rS xGurf ajy;Edik af tmif trsK;d rsK;d tpm;pm;aom ppfoabFmBu;D i,frsm;ukd &armifjrpf
k;d wavQmufwiG f na&maeYyg uif;csxm;onf? oa,Gacsmif;wGi;f vrf;qkv
H rf;cGrsm;wGif &maygif;rsm;pGm
aom wyfuif;rsm; tckid t
f rm wyfpx
JG m;onf/ ,k;d acsmif;vrf;qkv
H rf;cGt&yf&yfwiG v
f nf; wyfrawmf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

150

bkHaygufomausmf

uif;rsm;? uwkwfrsm;jzihf tusteae&m,lonf/

&maygif;rsm;pGmaom wyfrawmfom;rsm;onf Mumtif;awmifajrmufbuf tkd;ykHawmif&GmrS
vnf;aumif;? Mumtif;awmifawmifzuf &ufacsmif;&GmrSvnf;aumif;? Mumtif;awmiftaemuf
ausmufiEGm;&GmbufrSvnf;aumif;? Mumtif;awmifta&SUbuf awmifwef;rsm;rSvnf;aumif;?
ydwfyfNyD; wyf&if;vkduf wyfcGJvkduf csDwufwkdufckdufMu\/
XmecsKyw
f yf[
l emrnfBu;D aeaomfvnf; pkpak ygif;usaemfwYdk vufeufuidk f 150cefo
Y m&So
d nf/
axmifaygif;tawmftoifh&Sdaom vufeuftiftm;aumif;aom AkdvfrSL;ausmfaZmwkdYudk usaemfwdkY
ppfa&;jzihf tEkdif,l&ef rjzpfEkdif/ odkYaomf usaemfwdkY taotaysmuftenf;qkH;jzifh wzufu tao
taysmuftrsm;qH;k jzpfatmif wku
d &f rnf/ usaemfwYkd wyfzUJG rsm;ukd wku
d &f if;qkwcf mG [laom aqmify'k f
jzifh jywfjywfom;om; usaemfwkdY TefMum;onf/ wdwdususajymjyonf/
,kd;acsmif;bufrS awmifBudKawmifMum; vrf;Murf;jzihfcsDwufvmrnfh wyfrawmfukd
taotaysmuf trsm;qk;H jzpfatmif ckcNH y;D wyfqw
k v
f m&ef &Jabmfr;dk aumif;wyfpyd u
f dk wm0efay;vku
d f
onf/ vrf;jytjzpf a&SmufNc&H mG OD;a0vmukd xnfah y;vku
d o
f nf/ *s[if;cg;&GmrS qef,o
l mG ;&ef Tev
f u
dk f
onf/
Akv
d af tmifomvS? Akv
d af rmifbpdew
f Ydk vufeufuidk rf sm;ukd tk;d tkaH wmif&mG xdyf awmifuek ;f rSNy;D
ckcHum urf;eD&Gmxdyfa&SU awmifylpmawmifukef;i,frsm;rS wqifhNyD;wqifhckcH&if; qkwf,l&ef usaemf
trdeaYf y;onf/ Adv
k u
f seaf tmifwYdk vufeufuidk rf sm;ukd &ufacsmif;teD; awmifuek ;f i,frpS Ny;D ckc&H if;
acsmif;BuD;&GmteD; awmifukef;i,fESifh awmpyfrsm;rSwqihfNyD;wqifh ckcHumqkwfMu&ef jywfom;pGm
usaemfwm0efcsay;vkdufonf/
*s[if;cg;&Gmta&SUzuf&dS awmifuek ;f i,fudk qkwv
f maom wyfzUJG rsm;\pk&yfXme owfrw
S o
f nf/
uREJ mG ;rsm;ukd ppfwvif;ajrjyifEiS fh a0;aomae&modaYk jymif;ap\/ ppfwvif;ajrjyifwiG f ajrZmrjzpfap
a&;ESihf wzufwyfrsm; owif;tpte r&apa&;ESifh vkdtyfovkd usaemfwkdY ppfqifEkdifa&;wkdYtwGuf
wtdrfaxmif &ufowwywftwGuf vkHavmufrnfhqefukd ,lapNyD; &Gm&Sd&[ef;ESifh vltm;vkH;ukd
awmBudKawmifMum; ajrmifBudKajrmifMum;rsm;okdY ajymif;ay;vkduf\/
ppfa&;ppf&mudpr sm;ukd rem;raepDpOf&ojzihf aeYa&mnygtvkycf iG x
f J epfreG ;f ae ESpn
f wdwd
wrdepfrQ usaemfrtdy&f ao;/ eHeuf 8-em&Dcef&Y NdS y;D / N*[
H if;cg;&GmteD; opfyifBu;D atmufwiG f opfyifjrpf
ukd acgif;tkH;NyD; wa&;tdyf&ef usaemfvJSavsmif;vkdufonf/ 2-vufr tajrmufusnfqHrsm; usaemf
ESifh 4-zmvkcH efw
Y iG f w0ke;f 0ke;f aygufuaJG e\/ N*[
H if;cg;&Gmom; at;xGe;f OD; tl,m;zm;,m; ajrmifMum;
awmMum;xJrS ajy;xGufvmonf/
,k;d acsmif;bufraS usmq
f if;vmaom [mumcsi;f trsK;d om;wyfzUJG rsm;u N*[
H if;cg;&Gmom;rsm;ukdk
zrf;rdxm;avNy/D olowif;yk&Yd ef xGuaf jy;vm&om olt
Y m; kid zf ,frsm;ESio
hf mru 2-vufrtajrmufjzihf
yif ypfcwfaMumif; owif;vmykdYonf/
rdepfyikd ;f twGi;f usaemfq;Hk jzwf&rnf/ vlorl &Sad omaus;&GmwGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufaexkid Mf u&rnf/
Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf ZmwkYd wyfrawmfudk tenf;qk;H ok;H nOfo
h ;Hk &ufcefY ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;jyKNy;D rS xlxyf
aom&ckid f ;dk rawmifp,
G af wmtkyrf sm;wGif wyfaf zsmufomG ;&ef usaemfwYdk pDpOfco
hJ nf/ ,ck rarQmv
f ifb
h J
SAkdvfrSL;ausmfaZmwkdY wyfrawmfusaemfwkdYESihf zmvkHtenf;i,fwGif a&mufaeNyD/ &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;ukd
pD;rdavNyD/
usaemfwduspGm qkH;jzwfvkduf\/ wqifhwqifhwkduf&efukd zsufodrf;onf/ usaemfwkdYwyfrsm;

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

151

bkHaygufomausmf

csucf si;f qkwo

f nf/ pk&yfXmetjzpf Mumtif;awmifajrmifudk ajymif;a&TUowfrw
S o
f nf/ yke;f vQK;d aeaom
&yfol&yfom;rsm;ukd &Gm0ifaponf/ ykdvQHaeaomqefrsm;ukd usaemfwkdYtwGuf xm;cJha&; arwm&yfcH
onf/ usaemfqkH;jzwfcsufukd qufom;&Jabmfrsm; csufcsif;vTwfNyD; taumiftxnfazmfvkduf\/
usaemfu,
dk w
f idk v
f nf; N*[
H if;cg;&Gma&SU awmtkyx
f 0J ifum Mumtif;awmifajrmifoYkd okwaf jcwifawmh
\/ vrf;wGiaf wGUaom &yfo&l yfom;rsm;ukv
d nf; qefrsm;ukd usaemfwt
Ydk wGuf eD;pyf&m&GmvlBu;D rsm;xH
vSL'gef;cJhMu&ef usaemfarwm&yfcHcJhav\/ vufeufukdif&Jabmf? ygwDau'gESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;
awGUorQukd Mumtif;awmifajrmifodkY vmMua&;twGuf owif;ykdYMu&ef usaemfajymav\/
qkwfcGma&;ppf
naeykdif;wGif vufeufukdifwyfzGJUrsm;? au'g&Jabmfrsm;ESihf acgif;aqmifrsm; trsm;pkonf
Mumtif;awmifajrmifwiG f awGUqkrH Md uonf/ pnf;a0;Muonf/ &ufacsmif;zufwm0efusaom Akv
d u
f sef
atmifww
Ydk yfzUJG qkwv
f mpOf N*[
H if;cg;&Gmukd odr;f xm;aom wyfrawmfuif;axmufwyfEiS fh &ifqidk w
f ;dk
wku
d yf jJG zpfomG ;&\/ usaemfwb
Ydk ufrS &JabmfwOD;usq;Hk &\/ k;d acsmif;rSausmq
f if;vmrnfh wyfrawmf
uk?d ausmv
f rf;qkrH v
S rf;jzwf wku
d yf q
JG if&ef wm0efusaom Akv
d rf ;dk aumif;wyf tcsed rf rDS a&muf? aeYcsi;f
aygufomG ;&ef usaemf\TeMf um;csut
f wkid ;f raqmif&u
G ?f OD;a0vm\pDrrH jI zihf N*[
H if;cg;&GmwGif nOft
h yd f
Ny;D rSomG ;Muonf/ ,if;aMumifh k;d acsmif;rSausmq
f if;vmaom wyfrawmfu ckad tmif;aeaom N*[
H if;cg;
&Gmol&mG om;rsm;ukd pD;rdomG ;&onf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;a0vm\trSm;ukd usaemfaxmufjy\/
rnfonfh ppfa&;ppf&mukd wa&G;om;rQrodaom OD;a0vmukd usaemftjypfray;/ okdYaomf oluJhodkY
q&mawmfOD;pdEmwynhfwumwOD;tm; a0bef&rnfvm;[laomrmejzihf usaemfhtm; &efId;zGJU\/
Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf Zmwko
Yd nf usaemft
h m; t"duxm; OD;wnfNy;D oJorJ rJ w
J u
dk af eMuonf/ usaemf
Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,fwiG f ckad tmif;aeaMumif;odvQi?f Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,fudk arTaESmufacsreI ;f
a&;ppfukd xyfwvJvJ qifETJaernf/ acgif;aqmifrsm; pkNyHKNyD; 'kua&mufEkdifonf/
AkdvfrSL;ausmfaZmwkdY rsufajcjywfoGm;atmif? ajrvQKd;rdk;ysHenf;jzihf ausmufawmfe,fbufwGif
usaemfomG ;vIy&f mS ;rnf[k usaemfw
h ifjycsuu
f dk qEwn
l MD uonf/ Akv
d af &TausmOf ;D ? Akv
d yf v
k ZS ?H Akv
d pf v
H S
abmf? Akv
d rf ;dk aumif;wkEYd iS fh wyfom; 100cefu
Y dk usaemfc,
JG o
l nf/ Akv
d af rmifa&Tatmifudk XmecsKyv
f NHk cKH a&;
wm0efukd ay;NyD; wyfAkdvfwyfom; 50cefYjzihf csefxm;cJhonf/ AkdvfrSL;ausmfaZmwkdY wyfpGJxm;aom
ae&mrsm;ukad &Smifwrd ;f Ny;D oa,Gacsmif;uku
d saemfwjYdk zwfum 0ufacsmif;odt
Yk a&muf c&D;Murf;csw
D ufomG ;
Mu\/
rkdif 250c&D;Murf;csDwufyGJ
Mumtif;awmif? usaemfXh mecsKyu
f dk xk;d ppfrqifru
SD yif? oa,Gacsmif;ESifh k;d acsmif;&Sd ausmv
f rf;
qkv
H rf;cGrsm;wGif ckid rf mpGmwyfzUJG xm;Ny;D rSom? Mumtif;awmifw0Sr;f xk;d ppfqifjcif;ukd Akv
fd rf LS ;ausmaf Zm
wkdYjyKMuonf/ oa,Gacsmif; b,fvrf;qkHrsm;wGif AkdvfrSL;ausmfaZmwkdY wyfpGJxm;onfukd usaemfwkdY
BudKwifod&Sdxm;&SdcJhNyD/
,if;aMumifh Mumtif;awmif&mG rS oa,Gacsmif;okjYd zwfpOfuyif? vrf;qkv
H rf;cGrsm;rS usaemfwYdk
rausmjf zwf/ vrf;r&Sad om awmBu;D rsurf rJ S auGUuma0SUum ausmjf zwfcMhJ uonf/ Mumtif;awmif&mG rS
oa,Gacsmif;okYd urf;eD&mG ? tk;d ykaH wmif&mG wkrYd S jzwfoGm;k;d oGm;pOfomG ;vQif q,fridk cf efo
Y ma0;rnf/
awmifrsm; rausmfjzwf&/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

152

bkHaygufomausmf

,ck usaemfwkdY Mumtif;awmifta&SUbuf ay 2000cefYjrihfrnfh awmifkd;wavQmufpD;NyD;

ausmfvmMuojzihf tenf;qkH;rkdif 20cefYoGm;NyD;rS oa,Gacsmif;ukdjzwfrdonf/ oa,Gacsmif;rS ay
2500cefjY rifo
h nfh awmawmifrsm;ukd waeukejf zwfNy;D rS 0ufacsmif;odaYk &mufMuonf/ 0ufacsmif;wGif
AkdvfrSL;ausmfaZmwkYdvlpk wOD;rQr&Sd/ ae0ifqnf;psmcsdefwGif 0ufacsmif;&Sd csif;&Gmodrfi,fwckodkY
a&mufomG ;Muonf/ csi;f trsK;d om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd tdrw
f tdrw
f iG f pk;Hk Ny;D usaemfEidk if aH &;a[majymj
jyonf/ usaemfwkdYjzwfoGm;onfukd AkdvfrSL;ausmfaZmwkdY vlrsm;xHowif;rykdY&efajymxm;vkdufonf/
,if;&GmodrfwGif naepmpm;NyD; at;aq;pGmusaemfwkdYtdyfvkdufMuonf/
eHeuftkPw
f iG f olwu
Ydk n
l aD om qeftenf;i,fudk ,lNy;D 0ufacsmif;a&pD;aMumif;wavQmuf
acsmif;k;d twkid ;f usaemfwYdk pkeq
f if;vmMu\/ eHeuftkPcf efu
Y yif usaemfwYdk Ekq
Yd b
D ;l w0ufcefrY Qaom
qefjyKwfukdaomufNyD;? yljyif;aomaeatmufwGif oJawmifrsm;? ausmufwkH;ausmufapmif;rsm;ukd
waeukefwaecrf; c&D;jyif;csDMuonfhwkdif 2nOfhtdyfNyD;rS? 0ufacsmif;0&Sd &Gmodrf&Gmzsm;pkokdY a&mufMu
onf/ 0ufacsmif;0 csif;&GmodrfpkokdY a&mufaomtcg 70&mckdifEIef;&Sdaom &Jabmfrsm;\ajcaxmuf
raxmufEkdifjzpfaeMuNyD/
oJuE&wrQyjl yif;aomoJaomifjyifrsm;ESifh 'g;oGm;uJo
h x
Ykd ufaom ausmufapmif;rsm;aMumifh
bdeyfrahJ om&Jabmfrsm;\ ajcaxmufrsm;wGif 'Pf&mtrsK;d rsK;d &aeMuNy/D usaemfwYdk waeYEiS fh ESpn
f tem;
,lMu\/ ygvmorQaomaiGrsm;ukdpkNyD; 0ufESihfqef0,fum? waeYvQif EkdYqDwAl;cefYrQom qefjyKwf
aomufcJh&aom usaemfwkdY\qmavmifaeaom 0rf;bkdufukd t0tNyJjznfhwif;Mu\/ ajcaxmuf
'Pf&mrsm;ukd aq;0g;jzifh jyKpkMu\/
NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUe,fESihf yvuf0ckdif (,ck yvuf0NrdKUe,f) e,fjcm;jzpfaom vl;acsmif;kd;
wavQmuf usaemfwYdk eHeufapmapmuyif oJaomifxeG ;f aeaom av;NrKd Ujrpfrsm;ukd jzwfumcsw
D ufvm
Muonf/ ajcaxmuf'Pf&mrusuaf o;aom&Jabmfrsm;u axmheif;axmheif;jzifh c&D;Murf;pkid ;f vmMu&
\/ narSmif&dyfvTrf;NyD;rS &rf;acsmif;xJ&Sd &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;aexkdif&m acsmif;acsmuf&GmESifh bmtd&Gm
rsm;okaYd &mufMuonf/ Akv
d b
f omwkv
Yd pl Ek iS hf tquf&Muonf? &rf;acsmif;zsm; awmifwef; awmifo,
G f
rsm;ukdjzwfNyD; ukvm;wefjrpfurf;bufodkY AkdvfbomwyfESifh usaemfwkdYqif;vmMuonf/
ukvm;wefurf;&Sd a&Tjynf&Gmomrsm;tm; usaemfwkdY ukvm;wefjrpftm; jzwful;oGm;onfukd
owif;raygufMum;&ef EIwfydwfNyD; ukvm;wefjrpfukd avSrsm;jzifh nul;Muonf/ ukvm;wefjrpf
taemufbufurf;wGif Akv
d af pm&Jow
H t
Ydk m; awGUonf/ Akv
d b
f om? Akv
d af pm&Jow
H EYdk iS t
hf wl usaemfwYdk
ausmufawmfNrKd UESifh ig;rkid cf efu
Y mG a0;aom ig;,ufuidk ;f &Gmxd 'vMurf;cso
D mG ;Mu\/ vkNH cKH pmG uif;csNy;D
tdyMf u\/ eHeuftkPw
f iG f ausmufawmf&dS ppfwyf? ykvyd w
f yfudk tenf;i,fypfcwfvyI &f mS ;Ny;D jyefqw
k f
Mu&efpDpOfxm;onf/
tkPfOD; a&mifjcnfroef;rDuyif ausmufawmfNrdKU&Sd &ckdifjynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUESifh usaemfwkdY
i,ufuidk ;f wGif wku
d yf jJG zpfMuonf/ BuKd wifppD Ofxm;onhu
f saemfww
Ykd yfudk wxpfNy;D wxpfqw
k ,
f v
l m
Mu\/ usaemfausmufawmfbufa&mufaeonfudk Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf Zmwko
Yd o
d mG ;MuNy/D ppfoabFm? pufwyf
a&,mOftrsK;d rsK;d jzihf olww
Ydk yfzUJG rsm; ausmufawmfbufoYkd ajymif;,lvm\/ ausmufawmftaemufzuf
ukvm;wefjrpfwavQmufwiG f yvuf0NrKd Uxdta&muf olww
Ydk yfzUJG rsm; ae&mwumwGif wyfcsvu
dk \
f /
&Gmodr&f mG i,frsm;ukd &GmBu;D wGif pkonf/ bke;f awmfBu;D ykid af vSrt
S p avS[o
l rQudk odr;f onf/ avSjzihf
oGm;vmrItm;vkH;ukd &yfpJypfonf/ usaemfwkdYtm; tzufzufrS ydwfqD;0kdif;0ef;NyD; tiftm;BuD;aom
acwfrSDvufeufrsKd;pkHaom wyf&if;wyfcGJrsm;jzifh vkdufvHwkdufckdufavawmh\/

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

153

bkHaygufomausmf

usaemfwkdY ukvm;wefjrpfurf;bufodkY ajcOD;rvSnfh? awmBuD;awmifBuD;rsm;wGif ckduyfum

qkwcf mG vmMu\/ ukvm;wefjrpfurf;rSavQmufvQif 10rdik af vQmuf&rnfh c&D;ukd vrf;[lr&Sad om
ay 2000ausmf 3000cefUjrifo
h nfah wmifrsm;tm; auGUaumufjzwfausmaf e&um; rkid f 10rdik o
f mG ;&rnf
ukd rkdif 30-us yifyef;wBuD; oGm;,l&\/
awmiSufaysmyifjzifh toufquf
ausmufawmfNrKd UrS ig;rkid u
f mG ig;,ufuidk ;f &GmrS qkwcf mG 2-najrmufNy;D aemufwaeY rGe;f wnfh
ykdif;wGif usaemfwkdY ausmufp&dwfi,frsm;om &Sdaom ajrmifMum;wckwGif wGm;oGm;ovkd wvSrf;csif;
oGm;ae&onf/ &J&aJ wmufaom aerif;atmufwiG f zdeyfrahJ om usaemfwYkd &Jabmfrsm;\ajcaxmufrsm;
onf rD;NrKd ux
f m;ovkd yljyif;aeaom ausmufp&dwrf sm;ay:wGif ajccs&rnfuydk if i&Jt;dk wGi;f qif;&rnfh
i&Jom;uJhokdY aMumuf&GHUaeMuonf/
usaemfwdkYoGm;aeMuaom ajrmifMum;rS taemufzufvSrf;MunhfvQif rkd;om;vTGrf;aeaom
&[wfawmifudk awGU&onf/ &[wfawmif\wzufwiG f tdE,
d Ekid if (H ,ck b*Fvm;a'h&EfS idk if )H &Sad eNy?D
wvSr;f csi;f oGm;&if; a&iwfvmMuonf/ rkid f 7000ausmf c&D;Murf;cscD &hJ aom wkwu
f eG jf rLepforkid ;f ukd
ajymjy&if;? azsmif;jz&if;? tm;ay;&if; &Jabmfrsm;ukd vQmrsm;wGif t0kidk ;f 0kid ;f tjzLuGurf sm; jzpfaeMuNy/D
xkdtjzLuGufBuD;ukd prf;oyfukdifwG,fMunhfvQif El;nHhraeNyD? rmaMumae\/
waeYvQif eHeuf EkdYqDbl;0ufcefY&Sdaom qefjyKwfESihf n EkdYqDbl;0ufcefY&Sdaom qefjyKwfukd
aomufNy;D oJuE&obG,yf jl yif;aom oJaomifjyifEiS fh 'g;uJo
h x
Ydk ufaom ausmufapmif;rsm;ukjd zwfum
waeukew
f aecef; ppfypn;f vufeuftpkjH zihf ajcvsiaf vQmuf&onfrmS Bu;D rm;aomyifyef;qif;&Judk
cH&aomfvnf; a&iwfjcif;avmuf rqk;d 0g;? ,ck usaemfwYdk tqk;d 0g;qk;H tajctaeodaYk &mufaeMu
&NyD/
avQmufvmMu&if; ajrmif;ab;em;wae&mwGif awmiSuaf ysmyif ESpyf ifudk awGUonf/ tjrpfu
pwl;NyD; vSJMu\/ txpfxpfydkif;NyD; tnDtrQa0,lMu\/ wOD;vQif ajcmufvufrpwk&ef;&Sdrnfh
iS?ufaysmzwfESpfckpD &Muonf/ ,if;iSufaysmzufukd owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefwGif pkwf,lapjcif;jzihf
usaemfwkdY a&iwfab;'kurS vGwfvmMu&\/
olwkdYwyfzGJUrsufarSmufrSxGufayguf
txyfxyf tpif;pif; xlxyfaeaom awmawmifadI jrmifrsm;ukd jzwfausmo
f ef;&if; ukvm;wef
jrpftaemufbufrS ta&SUbufoYkd ul;jzwfrnfx
h u
G af ygufudk usaemfwYdk &SmBuMH uonf/ usaemfwadYk &muf
aeaomae&mrS waeukeftaemufbufodkYoGm;vQif tdEd,EkdifiH(,ck b*Fvm;a'h&Sf) okdYa&mufrnf/
eHeufapmapmqefjyKwf Ekq
Yd b
D ;l 0ufcefaY omufNy;D ? tm;oGew
f ufc&hJ m ay 2000cefjY rifrh nfh awmifxyd o
f Ykd
rGef;wnhfykdif;wGif a&mufoGm;onf/
,if;awmifxyd rf MS unhv
f Qif ESrawmf&mG (crT;D trsK;d om;&Gmi,f) ukd jrif&onf/ ESrawmf&mG teD;
10vk;H wpnf;pkyx
Hk m;aom 0g;yku
H v
dk nf; awGUjrif&onf/ awmifxyd w
f iG f &ifrh maeaom 0g;rsm;ukad &G;
Ny;D ckwv
f u
JS m 0g;BuKd ;uspMf uonf/ ,aeYnOf0h g;azmifjzifh ukvm;wefjrpfujdk zwf&mwGif 0g;BuKd ;ukd tok;H jyK
&rnf/ usaemfuo
hJ Ykd pdw"f gwf&ifah om Akv
fd b
f omukd ac:Ny;D rGe;f vGJ 2-em&Dcefw
Y iG f awmifxyd rf S usaemfwYdk
ESpfOD; qif;vmMu\/
usaemfwEYkd pS Of ;D wGif ajcmufv;Hk jyL;wvufEiS fh vufypfA;Hk wpfv;Hk ukd cg;Mum;wGif vQKUd 0Su,
f al qmif

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

154

bkHaygufomausmf

vmMu\/ usaemfwYdk ESpOf ;D pvk;H pGyu

f s,pf w
k Ef iS fh npfErG ;f aeaom vkcH snw
f u
Ydk dk 0wfvsu?f wu,haf wm
om;kyf yDyjD yifjyifay:aeonf/ wyfom;wyfAv
dk w
f u
Ydk kd uif;axmuf&efwm0efray;&uf usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D
uif;axmufMu&jcif;jzpfonf/
xlxyfaom awmtkycf sKyH w
k rf sm;ukd tumtuG,,
f Nl y;D ESrawmf&mG ESifh uku
d t
f enf;i,fumG xd
usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D uif;axmufMuonf/ ESrawmf&mG teD; pkyx
Hk m;aom 0g;ykBH u;D ESihf ESrawmf&mG xJ vIy&f mS ;
oGm;vmrIrsm;ukd axmufvrS ;f Munhf MI uonf/ ESrawmf&mG rS armif;oH w'l'w
l ;D cwfae\/ armif;oHrmS
aysmyf pJG m;aomufyt
JG wGuf wD;aeaomarmif;oH? aysmyf pJG m;aomufyrJG sm;usi;f yvQif teD;tem;&Gmrsm;rS
SESrawmf&GmodkYvmMurnf/ naeapmif;vQif rdrd&GmokdY jyefoljyefMurnf/ naeapmif;jyefrnfhol wOD;p
ESpfOD;pukd awGUvQif wddusaomowif;&,lEkdifrnf/
,if;aMumifh usaemfwkdYESpfOD; ESrawmf&GmrS ESpfzgvkHcefYa0;rnfhae&mwGif awmtkyfcsKHykwfBuD;
wckwGif; 0ifum ESrawmf&GmrS xGufvmrnfholrsm;ukd apmifhqkdif;aeMu\/ em&D0ufyif rMumvSyg/
ESrawmf&mG rS crT;D trsK;d om;ESpOf ;D xGuv
f monf/ ukvm;wefjrpfurf;ay:wGif ajcvsiaf vQmuf usaemf
wkb
Yd uf wlv
l mMu\/ awmifypl mi,fcsKyH w
k Mf um;rS tay:pD;Munhaf eaom usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D xGuv
f mMu
onf/ olwEYdk iS &fh ifqidk &f ef usaemfwv
Ydk nf; avQmufvmMuonf/ olwEYdk iS fh usaemfwMYdk um;wGif auGUaumuf
aeaomawmtkyBf u;D umuG,af e wOD;ukd wOD;rjrifMu&? olwEYdk iS u
hf saemfwYdk yufyif;&ifqidk w
f ;dk Mu\/
usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D ESrawmf&mG ukd oGm;rnfo
h rl sm;jzpf ESrawmf&mG odYk oGm;a&;vma&; vG,u
f rl ul
ukd axmufvrS ;f ar;jref;onf/ ESrawmf&mG wGif &ckid jf ynfo&Yl aJ bmf xdyo
f ;D acgif;aqmifyif&o
dS nf/ ppfwyf
rSppfAv
dk rf sm;vnf; &So
d nf/ bkaH ygufwu
Ydk dk 0kid ;f xm;Ny?D bkaH ygufajrvQK;d rk;d ysEH idk rf v
S w
G af wmhrnf? taojzpf
jzpf t&Sifjzpfjzpf rMumrDbkHaygufwkdYudk brf;&rnfjzpf ESrawmf&GmwGif uRJxkd;yGJacgifyGJusif;yae
aMumif;wkdYukd ajymjy\/ usaemfwkdY&vkdaom owif;ukd&&SdavNyD/
usaemfwEYdk pS Of ;D ESrawmf&mG bufoYkd avQmufomG ;[efjyKNy;D usaemfwq
Ydk if;vmonfah wmifxyd o
f Ykd
w[kefxkd;wufvmMu\/ awmifxdyfodkYa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; wyfpk wyfcGJrSL;rsm;ukd pkkH;aponf/
usaemfw&Ydk cJah omwdusonhf owif;ukd ajymjyonf/ ,aeYnOfh ukvm;wefjrpfujdk zwfrnfh tpDtpOfEiS fh
wuG ukvm;wefjrpfta&SUbufoYkd aAGpmG OD; ul;&rnfw
h yfzUJG ESifh uif;wm0efwu
Ydk ykd g tao;pdwaf qG;aEG;
twnfjyKMuonf/ reufuusecf ahJ om wOD;pD&onffh Ekq
Yd b
D ;l 0uf qefjyKwrf sm;ukd aomufvu
dk Mf uonf?
usaemfwYdk &Jabmfrsm; ajcukev
f ufyef;usaeMuNy/D waeukew
f aecef; vufeufypn;f tpkjH zihf
awmufavmifaeaomaeylatmufwGif ausmufp&dwfrsm;ukd bdeyfrJhajcaxmufjzihf eif;cJh&vnf;
aumif;? ayaygif; 2000-rS 3000-xdjrifah om awmifrsm;ukd jzwfausmcf &hJ vnf;aumif;? &Jabmfrsm;
\ajcaxmufrsm; ro,fEidk af tmif jzpfaeMuNy/D waeYEq
Ydk w
D vk;H qefjyKwo
f maomuf& tm;tifvnf;
csed aYJ eMuNy/D okaYd omf oHrPduo
hJ Ykd ckid rf maom usaemfwYdk pdw"f gwfuu
dk m; Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf Zm rcsK;d ESrd Ef ikd ?f
awmifxdyfrSwa&GUa&GU usaemfwdkY qif;vmMu\/
nOfh 10em&DcefYwGif ESrawmf&GmteD;&Sd 0g;ykHxJrS 0g;ckd;yGJpwifonf/ aeYvnfuyif usaemfwkdY
MunhfIxm;aom 0g;ykHbufodkY usaemfESihf vufa&G;pifa&G;xm;aom &Jabmf 4-OD;vmMuonf/ udkuf
w&mceft
Y uGm ESrawmfurf;xdyw
f iG f Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf Zmwkw
Yd yfrawmfrS uif;&So
d nf/ 0g;ykrH S 0g;pnf;rsm;ukd
toHAvHrMum;&atmif ,l&rnf/ 10-vkH;wpnf; pnf;xm;aom 0g;tpnf;ukd &Jabmf 4-a,muf
wNydKifwnf;xrf;um toHrMum;apbJ ,lMu\/ 0g;pnf; 10-pnf;cefY usaemfwkdY ckd;Muygonf/
10-pnf;aom0g;udk ESrawmf&GmrS 2-zmvkHcefYa0;onfh ukvm;wefjrpfwGif csum azmifzGJUMu
onf/ &Jabmfrsm; uk,
d v
f ;Hk wDjzihf vufeufrsm; ypn;f rsm;ukd 0g;azmifay:wifum w[l;[l;wku
d cf wfae

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

155

bkHaygufomausmf

aom aqmif;Owkavjyif;atmufwiG f ukvm;wefjrpfudk jzwfu;l Mu\/ ukvm;weftaemufbufurf;okYd

&JabmfpkH a&mufcsdefwGifum; aerif;xdefxdefvif;aeavNyD/
iwfjywfvmaom&Jabmfrsm;? ukvm;wefoaJ omifjyifwiG af wGUaom z&Jo;D i,frsm;? c&rf;oD;rsm;
wkdYukd [efY&if;wm;&if; vufvSrf;rD&Smpm;oGm;Muonf/ 5-zmvkHceYf ajcvsifavQmufvm&m crTD;&Gmi,f
wckoaYkd &mufomG ;\/ xk&d mG wGif xrif;userf sm;ukd usaemfwYdk pkMu\/ usaemft
h w
d x
f w
J iG f <uif;useaf e
aom aiGESpfusyfukd &JabmftcifBuD; (usaemfhvufpGJawmf &Jabmfjzpfonf/ touftBuD;qkH;jzpf
olYukd &Jabmfrsm;a&m usaemfyg OD;av;BuD;[k ac:Muonf/)tm; ay;vkdufonf/
olEpS u
f syw
f ef Muufwaumif0,fonf/ csucf si;f owf? csucf si;f tarT;EIwu
f m awmufavmif
aeaom 0g;acsmufrD;ykHxJ ypfoGif;vkdufonf/ em&D0ufyifrMumrD w&GmvkH; (tdrfajcajcmufq,fcefY
&Saom crT;D &Gmodr)f rS xrif;userf sm;ukd cGaJ 0Ny;D avNy/D rD;ykx
H J taumifvu
dk yf pfoiG ;f xm;aomMuufudk
&JabmftcifBu;D xkw,
f \
l / usaemft
h m; MuufwaygifzahJ y;onf/ MuufaoG;wpufpufusvsuf rD;zkwf
xm;aom Muufaygifudk usaemfuu
dk q
f NJG y;D pm;vku
d o
f nf/ t&momxl;aom Muufom;? usaemfw
h ouf
wGif wBudrfxuf t&om&Sdaom Muufom;ukd usaemf,aeYxd rpm;bl;ao;/
rD;zkwaf om Muufom;tenf;i,fEiS fh xrif;usef vufwqkypf mp usaemfwYdk pm;aomufNy;D vQif
Ny;D csi;f crT;D trsK;d om;vrf;jyukad c:um awmawmifxyfrsm;wGi;f odYk usaemfwYdk 0ifomG ;Mu\/ &rf;acsmif;
odkY usaemfwkdY wlIcsDwufvmMuonf/
awmBu;D rsurf rJ sm;ukd azmufxiG ;f vmMu&mwGif &maygif;rsm;pGmoD;aeaom awm'jyKwyf ifrsm;ukd
awGUonf/ 0rf;us0rf;ysufjzpfrnfpkd;&drfNyD; usaemfu 'jyKwfoD;rcl;Mu&ef a&SUwyfukd [efYaevQif
aemufwef;wyfzGJUrsm;u wvkH;rusef qGwfcl;pm;aomufNyD;MuNyD/ iwfjywfaeaom &Jabmfrsm;tm;
tpm;udpE iS yfh wfouf [efq
Y ;D &onfrmS rvG,u
f /l nOfeh ufoef;acgifxd c&D;Murf;csw
D ufvQif opfpek ;f
0g;pkef;[laom jzLjzLta&mif&Sdonfh opfzJh0g;zJhrsm;ukd a0cGJzJh,lum wOD;ESihfwOD; awm&dyfarSmifrJBuD;
atmufwGif vIyf&Sm;aeaom tjzLa&mifukd MunfhNyD; vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmaeMu&\/
odYk nOfeh ufoef;acgifxd oGm;ae&aomaeYwiG f omref&aJ bmfxuf usaemf ok;H qyifyef;\/
a&SUwef;uif;rS aemufwef;uif;xd acgufwaYHk cgufjyefomG ;&if; csw
D ufaeaom&Jabmfrsm;ukd ppfaq;&
onf r S m ouf a wmif h o uf o mr[k w f y gay/ uk v m;wef taemuf z uf u rf ; ajcuk d ajccsrd N yD ;
ESpn
f Ofv
h eG af jrmufo;Hk &ufajrmufaomaeYwiG f &rf;acsmif;zsm;&Sd aq;cif;vkypf m;aeMuaom wJpw
k pkoYkd
usaemfwkdYa&mufoGm;Muonf/ wJpkwGif wJi,fukd;wJ q,fwJcefY&Sdonf/ usaemfwkdY tESpfESpftvv
pnf;kH;xm;aom r[mrked aus;&GmrS &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;\wJpk
,if;wJprk sm;u usaemfwt
Ydk m; vIu
d v
f pJS mG BuKd qMdk uonf/ &Srd phJ rk hJ Muufrsm;ukd owf auR;arG;
nMuonf/ &Jabmfrsm;tm;vkH; eHeufpm pm;MuNyD/ vrf;qkH vrf;cGwGif &JabmfwcsKdUtm; uif;wm0ef
csay;vkduf\/ w&ufcefY tem;,lrnf&nf&G,fNyD; eHeufpmrpm;ao;bJ usaemf\ xkxyfaeaom
*sD;rsm;ukd &rf;acsmif;wGif pdrfusaemf a&csKd;aeonf/
uif;pcef;wae&mrS w'kid ;f 'dik ;f ypfcwforH sm;ay:vmonf/ usaemfwnf;ck&d m wJi,foYdk w[kef
xkd; usaemfajy;wufvm\/ AkdvfrSL;ausmfaZmwkdYwyfESifh wkdufyGJjzpfaeaMumif; &JabmfwOD; vma&muf
owif;ykdYonf/ usaemfwkdY &Jabmfrsm;vnf; EGrf;&daeMuNyD/ ckcHaevQif tqrwefrsm;jym;aom olwkdY
ppfwyfu ydwfqkdY ppfqifa&;qifcsifvnf; qifrnf/ ckcH&if; pepfwusqkwfcGm&ef usaemfpDpOftrdefY
ay;vku
d o
f nf/ Akv
d b
f omwkt
Yd m; &rf;acsmif;rSusaemfwYdk qkwcf mG &mwGif vku
d rf vmawmhbJ xdecf seaf e
cJh&ef usaemfwm0efcGJay;vkdufonf/ qefjyKwftxyfaygif;rsm;pGm pm;vmcJhMu& qmavmifaeaom

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

156

bkHaygufomausmf

usaemf\0rf;Aku
d o
f nf xrif;ESiMhf uufom;ukd vufrvTww
f ?dk wJ&iS x
f rH S ajruGuBf u;D wuGuf tvSLcHum
xrif;ESihfMuufom;ukd oGefarSmufvkduf\/ qkwfcGmvmaom vl;acsmif;wavQmuf oGm;&if;pm;&if;
usaemfppftrdefYay;vmav\/
waeukev
f mcJ&h m vl;acsmif;0&Sd csi;f trsK;d om;&GmodYk a&mufomG ;\/ vkNH cKH pmG uif;csNy;D naepm
pm;Muonf/ nOfah rSmifonfeiS w
hf NyKd ief uf vl;acsmif;0&GmrS usaemfwx
Ydk u
G cf mG vmMuonf/ ajymufusm;
ppfy&d,m,ftwkid ;f taemufoYdk oGm;[efjyNy;D ta&SUzufoo
Ykd mG ;Muonf/ wnOfv
h ;Hk rem;rtdyo
f mG ;Mu
onf/
nOfha&maeYyg 'vMurf;c&D;csDvmaom usaemfwkdYvlpk? rif;jym;NrdKUe,f yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;okdY
a&mufoGm;Mu\/ AkdvfpdefxGef;atmifwkdYtm; usef;rm&Tifvef;pGm awGU&onf/ if;wkdYtm; azmifom
acsmif; jzwful;a&;twGuf avSrsm; pDpOfckdif;vkdufonf/
usaemfwkdYa&mufaeNyDukd owif;raygufMum;&ef txyfxyfajymMum;xm;NyD; nOfhtcsdefwGif
azmifomacsmif;ukd usaemfwYdk jzwfu;l vmMu\/ usaemfwXYdk mecsKyw
f nf&m Mumtif;awmifwu
dk ef ,foYdk
wOD;wa,mufrQ 'Pf&mr&bJ? wOD;wa,mufrQrusq;Hk bJ rkid f 250ausmcf &D;ukd 'vMurf;cscD &hJ aom
c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJNyD;pD; acsmarmpGmusaemfwdkYjyefa&mufMuavNyD/
rkid f 250ausmf c&D;Murf;cs&D mwGif tHb
h ,
G af umif;aom&JabmfEf pS Of ;D ukd usaemfrw
S w
f rf;
rwifbJ raeEkid yf g/ atat*if;ESihf b&if;*ef;ukd wGx
J m;&m atat*if;ESihf b&if;*ef;ukd olwyg;tm;
tvSnfhray;bJ wa,mufwvSnfhpDxrf;NyD; rnnf;lbJ kef;uefvmaom &Jabmf ykvSZHESihf &Jabmf
kad rmifwt
Ydk m; usaemfw
h oufrarhEidk yf g/ usaemfwYkd vSnpfh m;cJo
h nft
h wkid ;f Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf ZmwkYd wyfzUJG
rsm; ausmufawmfe,fykdif;wGif txltxyfcsum usaemfhtm; arTaESmuf&SmazGaeMu\/ udpESifh
ywfouf tpk;d &jyefMum;a&;XmerS &Si;f wrf;w&yfukd jyKc&hJ m 1948-ck azazmf0g&Dv 18&ufaeYxw
k f
ol&d,owif;pmwGif atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;\/
]]&ckid w
f idk ;f Armhwyfrawmf aqmif&u
G cf surf sm;}}[laom acgif;pOfatmufwiG f azmfjyxm;onfrmS
]]1947 ck Ekd0ifbmv 26&ufaeYrSp 1948 ck Zefe0g&Dv 1&ufaeYtxd &ckdifwkdif; Armhwyfrawmf
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rSm xkd;ppfqifwkdufckdufrIjzpf\/ ppfawG'dpBudwftxuf ausmufawmfNrdKUe,frS
ausmufjzL ajrykeH ,ftxd wyfrawmfu ae&mtESt
YH jym;wGif xk;d ppfqif&m tvk;H t&if;ESifh ckad tmif;ae
aomawmykef;rsm;rSm tpdwfpdwfESihf zkdz&Jjzpfum ArmhwyfrawmfvufwGif;odkY oufqif;usa&muf&
avonf/
xko
d Ykd ArmhwyfrawmfrS wku
d cf u
kd rf 'I PfaMumifh Mumtif;awmif A[kOd u| AkaH ygufomausm\
f
tiftm;tBu;D qk;H jzpfaom ajrykNH rKd Ue,frS vufvw
T yf pfc&hJ avonf/ AkaH ygufomausmrf mS useaf eaom
wyfzGJUav;jzihf ausmufawmfe,ftxufwGif yD;acsmif; {&d,mw0kdufwGif vlowf? rk'def;usifhum
aomif;use;f vsu&f adS om ajrmufyidk ;f "m;jyAkv
d f apm&Joef*P
dk ;f ESiv
fh nf;aumif;? "m;jyAkv
d x
f eG ;f pdeEf iS fh
vnf;aumif;? yl;aygif;vufeufrcswrf; ArmhwyfrawmfESifh ,SOfNydKifwkdufckduf&ef BuH&G,fvsuf&Sdae
ao;onf/
xkdtawmtwGif; tv,fykdif; "m;jyAkdvfxGef;atmif? taemufykdif; "m;jy AkdvfausmfZHwkdYESihf
awmifykdif;"m;jy AkdvfvGef;omatmifwkdYrSm 0&rf;ajy;b0okdYa&mufoGm;&avonf/
Armhwyfrawmf trSwf (1)? csif;wyftrSwf (5) bm;rm;kdifz,fwyf&if;rS wyfcGJ 2cGJ? trSwf
(3)bm;rm;kid zf ,fwyf&if;rS wyfcw
JG wyf? Aoeuwyf&if;rS wyfcJG 2wyfonf ajrykrH S rif;jym;? NrKd Ua[mif;
aygufawmESifh ausmufawmfNrKd Ue,frsm;wGif &Sad om <uif;useaf jymufusm;rsm;ukd vku
d v
f w
H u
dk v
f csu&f adS p

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

157

bkHaygufomausmf

onfomru wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;ukdvnf; w&m;Oya'ukd em;vnfatmif aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/

ajryk?H rif;jym;e,fww
Ydk iG f ausmufBu;D tkid ?f ausmufcw
k 'f idk ;f vk?H Mumtif;awmif? urf;eD? k;d qEGi;f ?
uRe;f acsmif;uRe;f {&d,mrsm;vnf;aumif;? NrKd Ua[mif; ausmufawmfe,f r[mjrwfrek {d &d,mvnf;
aumif;? rdacsmif;{&d,mvnf;aumif;? wyfrawmfu wkdufckdufvsuf&Sdonf/
ausmufawmfNrdKUESihf rkdif 20uGm rdacsmif;{&d,m AkHaygufomausmf*kdPf;ESihf apm&Joef*kdPf;ukd
wku
d cf u
dk &f m &efoal pm&Joef usq;Hk oGm;avonf/ AkaH ygufomausmf ckad tmif;aeaom ae&mukv
d nf;
awmeif;&SmazGvsuf&Sdonf/
18-1-48&ufaeYrS 2-2-48 aeYtxd zrf;qD;&aom pm&if;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
b&if;*ef;wvuf? pwif;*ef;wvuf? kdifz,f 11vuf? usnf 750? armif;ryg 8vuf?
vkyaf oewf 9vuf? vufypfA;Hk 10vk;H ? zrf;rdaom ajymufusm; 59a,muf? aool 3a,muf? vufeuf
cs 107? vufeufcsOu| 19a,muf? tjcm;vl 300zrf;qD;cJhonf/ vlaumif;ukd vTwf\ ponfjzifh
ol&d,owif;pmwGif a&;om;xm;ygonf/
&ckdifwkdif; Auyvufeufcs
rMumvSygacs/ &ckdifwkdif; Auy ukdausmfjrwkdY ZmwdkyfvkH; ay:vmNyD/ ukdausmfjr( ,ck Auy
A[kad umfrw
D )D armifwl (awmwGi;f usq;Hk ) wko
Yd nf r[mNrKd iaf wmpcef;wGif q&mawmf OD;pdEm 0&rf;ajy;
aepOfuvnf; txyfxyfa&mufMuonf/
q&mawmfwYdk 0&rf;ajy;b0rSvw
G Nf y;D e,fcsUJ awmfveS af &;wyfaygif;pkzUJG &ef pkid ;f jyif;pOfuyifvnf;
usaemfwkdYESihf wyfaygif;csKyfjzpfajrmufa&;ukd vufwGJvkyfukdif aqmif&GufvmcJhMuonf/ trsKd;om;
vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;kd ukd vufeufpu
JG idk f wku
d zf suaf &;rSpNy;D vGwv
f yfa&;&vQif
qk&d ,
S v
f pfval erIpepfudk wnfaqmufa&;xd ukad usmjf rwkEYd iS fh usaemfwYdk Ekid if aH &;oabmxm; wlnrD I
&SdcJhMuonf/
1947ck {NyDv 1&ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhaom ajrykHnDvmcH atmifjrifa&;ukd olwkdYukd,fwkdif
tm;wufoa&m yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ {NyDv 2&ufaeY ajrykHnDvmcH nOfhw&m;a[majymyGJwGif
q&mawmfOD;ynmoD[\ ba&muf'g0g'rIdif;csonfh a[majymcsufrsm;udk? ukdausmfjr jywfom;pGm
EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;a&;jzihf acsycJhonf/ jynfolvlxktm; OD;ynmoD[\ ba&muf'g0g' rIdif;rrd
atmif a[majymcJhonf/
OD;ynmoD[a[majymNyD;vQifNyD;csif; ukdausmfjrpifjrifhay:okdYwufNyD;? OD;ynmoD[\
ba&muf'g0g'ESiafh jzmifah jzmifBh u;D qefu
Y siaf om NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ awmfveS af &;w&m;ukd a[majymcJo
h nf/
em;uGJvkrwwf jrnf[D;aeaom ajrykHnDvmcHodkYwufa&mufonfh jynfolajcmufaomif;ausmf\
MobmoHatmufwGif ukdausmfjr NyHK;&TifvQuf/
ajrykHnDvmcHrSarG;xkwfonfh e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;csKyf tmPmykdiftzGJUwGif NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;wGif jywfom;aom ukdausmfjrtm; xdyfqkH;Ou|ae&mukd vIdufvSJpGmay;Mu\/
1947-ck Zlvidk v
f wGif rif;jym;jynfov
l x
l k qEjyyGu
J kd aoewfjzihf ypfowfjcif;ESihf tpk;d &wyfzUJG
rsm;u vufeufjzifh zdESdyfif;qJjcif;wkdYukd jyKvmaomtcg? vufeufukdvufeufjzihf ckcHwGef;vSef&ef
udkausmfjrESihf usaemfwkdY pdwfwloabmwl qkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/
usaemfwx
Ydk rH S tultnDawmif; tESpEf pS t
f vvu qif;&Jcu
H m? tiwfiwftjywfjywfcu
H m?
usaemfwYdk pkaqmif;cJah om vufeufrsm;xJrS kid zf ,frsm;ESiw
fh uG? b&if;*ef;wvuf? awmfr*D ef;wvuf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

158

bkHaygufomausmf

wku
Yd kd aiGaMu;wjym;r,lbJ olwv
Ykd ufa&mufay;ykcYd o
hJ nf/ 1947-ck Zlvidk v
f wGif ukad usmjf rESifh usaemfwYkd
vufeufukd vufeufjzifh ckcHwGef;vSefcJhMuonf/
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ uk,
d pf m;tkycf sKyaf eaom rsuEf mS jzLbk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&ef tpk;d &ukd vufeufpJG
ukdifwkdufckdufMuonf/ tu,f EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOf tajymif;tvJjyKvkdvQif udkausmfjrwkdY(&ckdifwkdif;
Auy)ESihf usaemfwkdY (&ckdifjynf jynfolY vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyfESihf &ckdifjynfvli,frsm; tpnf;tkH;)
Ed idI ;f aqG;aEG;Mu&rnf/ ,ck ukad usmjf rwkYd (&ckid w
f idk ;f Auy)u usaemfwEYdk iS fh wcGe;f rQyif raqG;aEG;&
ay/ Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf ZmwkYd ppfwyfrsm;a&mufNy;D ESrd ef if; vykid ;f cefrY MumrS?D Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf ZmESifh ukad usmjf r
wkdYem;vnfrI,lum ]]jALkdu&ufxHwGif vufeufrcs}}]]OD;ynmoD[xH vufeufcsvkdufNyDjzpfaMumif;}}
aMujimcsufjzifh ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHwGif ukdausmfjru EkdifiHa&;t& y,fy,fe,fe,f wD;cJhonfh
OD;ynmoD[xH vufeufcsvkdufMuonf/
odaYk omf olw
l &Ykd &dS if;pGJ vufeuftm;vk;H ukv
d nf; ray;tyf? usaemfwu
Ydk n
l cD ahJ omvufeufrsm;ukd
vnf; ray;tyf? ajrmufrsm;pGmaom vufeufusnq
f H cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;ukd 0Sux
f m;Ny;D ? rD;usK;d armif;
ysut
f enf;i,fuo
dk m ay;tyfonf/ vufeufcsyJG jyKusio
hf mG ;Muonf/ usaemfwu
Ydk n
l cD ahJ omvufeuf
rsm;? usnq
f rH sm;xJrS vufeufwvuf usnq
f w
H awmifyh if usaemfwt
Ydk m; jyefray;krH u ukad usmjf rwkYd
vlpk Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf ZmwyfzUJG rsm;ESifh ae&mtESyYH gvmNy;D usaemfwt
Ydk m; vkyZf mwftrsK;d rsK;d cif;um Ekid if aH &;
xkd;ppfqifMu\/
jynfolY&Jabmf\yfydwfwkdufyGJ
rMumvSygacs/ uk
d x
dk eG ;f \okyrf eS v
f nf; Al;ay:ovkad y:vm\/ q&mawmfO;D pdEm 0&rf;ajy;
awmykef;b0jzihf ae&pOfuvnf; ukdkdxGef; rMumcPa&mufonf/ q&mawmf0&rf;ajy;b0rS
vGwu
f RwNf y;D vnf; uk
d x
dk eG ;f cPcPvm\/ ukAd aqG (xkpd Ofu zqyvXmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSL;)q&mawmfxHvmpOfuvnf; ukduHBuD;ESihf usaemfwkdYESihftwl ukdkdxGef;ygvmonf/ usaemfwkdY
XmecsKyfESihf q&mawmfxHta&mufaygufqkH; acgif;aqmifxJwGif ukdkdxGef;xdyfwef;rSygonf/
NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd vufeufuidk ef nf;jzihf awmfveS Nf y;D trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pD
a&;ESifh qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wku
Yd kd uk
d x
dk eG ;f ESiu
fh saemfwYdk tyfaMumif;xyfatmif txyfxyftvDvD aqG;aEG;
cJMh uNy/D txyfxyftvDvo
D abmwlnrD I &&Scd MhJ uNy/D ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHusi;f ya&;twGuf tprS
tqkH;xd? ukdkdxGef;tm;wufoa&m yg0ifaqmif&Gufonf/
q&mawmfO;D pdEm \ obmywdred cYf eG ;f rSpNy;D ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcH\ Ekid if aH &;&nfreS ;f csurf sm;
ESihf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifhwuG tmPmydkif tvkyftrIaqmif a&G;cs,fa&;udpt00wkdYwGif ukdausmfjr?
ukdausmfxGef;wkdYryg0ifbJ usaemfwkdY wBudrfrQ qkH;jzwfcsuf wckrcscJhbl;yg/
wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmf a&G;aumufyu
JG dk uk
d x
dk eG ;f trwfavmif;tjzpf yg0ifae&m q&mawmf
OD;pdEmwkdY usaemfwdkYESifh udkkdxGef;wkdY ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHtwGuf aqG;aEG;dEIdif;Muwkdif;vkdvkd?
olwkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTGwfawmftrwfjzpfvQif ol\toHonf q&mawmfwkdYtoHjzpf&rnf/ olYtm;
EIwx
f u
G cf idk ;f vQif tcsed rf a&G;EIwx
f u
G rf nf[k jrifrh &dk af wmifuo
hJ Ykd jrifrh m;ckid rf maom uwdopmukv
d nf;
oljyKcahJ jymcJyh gao;onf/ ud
k x
dk eG ;f onf zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &; acgif;aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf/
EkdifiHa&;wGif tar&duef? NAdwdoQEdkifiHwkdYrS EkdifiHa&;yk*dKvfBuD;wrQ EdkifiHa&;ukd ajrmfjrifEkdifaom yk*dKvf
wOD;vnf;jzpfonf/
olYtm; usaemfwkdY tm;ukd;Muonf? wu,fhxdyfoD;EkdifiHa&;orm;avmuf? EkdifiHa&;OmPfjynhf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

159

bkHaygufomausmf

aom uk
d x
dk eG ;f onf 1947-ck Zlvidk f 15-&ufaeYwiG f ukAd aqG (xkpd Ofu zqyv XmecsKyf taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;) ESihftwl om,m0wDaxmifxJrS q&mawmfOD;pdEmxH oGm;a&mufawGUqkHcJhao;onf/
q&mawmfwkdYtm; vTwfa&;wGif ulnDyg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ rarQmfvifhbJ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY
vkyfBuHowfjzwfcH&jcif;? rif;jym;jynfolvlxkqEjyyGJukd aoewfjzihf ypfowfjcif;? ArmhwyfrawmfrS
tvkH;t&if;jzifh usaemffwkdYtm; ESdrfeif;jcif; ponfwkdYjzpfvmaomtcg ukdkdxGef; EkdifiHa&;uGufausmf
upm;oGm;onf/
0efBu;D &mxl; tcGix
fh ;l ukd olvrS ;f ,lonf/ usaemfwt
Ykd m; yx0Dajray:rS toufaysmufomG ;&ef
olpDpOfawmh\/ vufeuftm;jzihf usaemfwkdYtm; y,fy,fe,fe,f ESdrfeif;\/ EkdifiHa&;ESihf pnf;kH;a&;
jzifv
h nf; xk;d ESu\
f / olt
Y m; zsm;a,mifaoG;aqmifrv
I nf; usaemfwYdk rjyKc/hJ &mxl;tcGit
fh a&;xl;jzifh
vnf; rqG,/f Ncrd ;f acsmufjcif;vnf;rjyK/ olu,
dk w
f idk f tBurd Bf urd t
f zefzef vma&mufum? olu,
dk w
f idk f
acgif;aqmifcJhaom ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHukdyif olwkdYu odkYoabmxm;onfqkd\/
olwkdYoabmxm;ukd 1947-atmufwkdbmv 5&ufaeYxkwfa0aom ol&d,owif;pmwGif
atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ ]]&ckid w
f idk ;f y&wznDvmcHq;Hk jzwfcsu}f }[laom acgif;pD;Bu;D
ESihfwqufwnf; ]]vGwfvyfa&; &efolrsm;ukd ESdrfeif;rnf}}acgif;pOfatmufwGif a&;om;xm;onfrSm
]]&ckid jf ynftwGi;f &Sd vGwv
f yfa&;aESmuf,u
S o
f l vGwv
f yfa&;&eforl sm;onf qlyal omif;use;f aeonf/
ArmjynfBuD;\&efoljhzpfaom apm? pdef? armf *kdPf;om;rsm;ukd um,uHajrmuf tvkyftauR;jyKol
vGwfvyfa&;&efolrsm;ukd tNyD;wkdifESdrfeif;&efvkdtyfygaMumif;}}
]]vGwv
f yfa&;&efow
l o
Ydk nf 1947- azazmf0g&DvrSp &ckid w
f idk ;f ppfawG? oHwcJG kid rf S qeford ;f
yGJ? tcGefray;? trawmfray;paom jymjzpfaeonfhArmjynfukd ykdjymusatmif BudK;pm;vkyfMuum
atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyfrS xGufay:vmaom a&G;aumufyGJwqifh? wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfBuD;rS
vGwv
f yfa&;Armefoo
Ykd mG ;&efvrf;ukd zsuq
f ;D vmonfEiS t
hf rQ {Nyv
D 1-&ufaeYrpS usi;f yaomajrykH
nDvmcHwnf;[laom azmufjyefol vlwpk\qkH;jzwfcsufjzifh &ckdifwjynfvkH; qlylaomif;usef;rIukd
zefwD;cJhMuavonf/
]]vGwv
f yfa&;&efow
l pkrmS y&wzESifh zqyvacgif;aqmifwu
Ydk dk zrf;jcif;? "m;jywku
d jf cif;jyKae
Muavonf/ xkdYjyif &cdkifjynfwGif; tzsuform; vufeufukdifwkdYrSm if;wkdY\vkyfief;ukd rjyKjyif
rajymif;vJb?J Arm&efoyl yD D qk;d oGr;f vsuf &SMd uayonf/ if;wko
Yd nf vrf;rSm;okaYd &mufaeonf/ olw\
Ydk
qkd;oGrf;rIukd EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif[lvnf;aumif;? awmfvSefa&;vuf0Jorm;[lvnf;aumif;?
vdrfvnfokH;pGJvQuf&Sdonf}}/
]]odkYESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wkdY\ tzsuform;? olckd;"m;jyrsm;tm;?
usLyifckwf usLikwfrusefap&ef ESdrfeif;MuukeftHh}}[la&;om;azmfjyxm;\/
&ckdifwkdif; y&wznDvmcHrS usaemfwkdYtm; apm? pdef? armf *kdPf;om;rsm;ukd um,uHajrmuf
tvkyt
f auR;jyKorl sm;[l yufpufpmG pGypf o
JG nf/ apm? pde?f armf qko
d nfrmS *VKeOf ;D apm? ocifApdef
ESihf a'gufwmAarmfwkYdtm; ac:a0:jcif;jzpfonf/
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wdt
Yk m; vkyBf uo
H wfjzwfcahJ om *VKeOf ;D apmwk*Yd P
dk ;f ESifh a&marTNy;D usaemfwYdk
tm; pGypf o
JG nf/ *VKeOf ;D apm? ocifApde?f a'gufwmbarmfwu
Ydk kd ,cifuvnf; wcgrQrqkb
H ;l / odyYk gvsuf
ESifh usaemfwYkd vuf00J g'Dorm;rsm;ESifh ajzmifah jzmifBh u;D qefu
Y siaf om vusmf 0g'D? apm? pde?f armf *kP
d ;f ukd
tvkyftauR;jyKolrsm;[k pGJcsufwifonfrSm t"dyg,frJhvGef;vSygonf/
ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHonf vuf0o
J rm;rsm;ukd tajcpku
d Nf y;D &ckid jf ynforl sm;\ nDw
G af &;ukd

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

160

bkHaygufomausmf

wnfaqmufrnfh nDvmcHjzpfonf/ trsK;d om;vGwv

f yfa&;twGuf NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd awmfveS f
rnfn
h v
D mcHjzpfonf/ vGwv
f yfaomEkid if u
H &dk vQif 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;? qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wkjYd zifh wnfaqmufrnfh
nDvmcHjzpfonf/
,if;tjyif nDvmcHEiS fh usaemfwo
dYk nf Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wkYd bk&ifcH twkid yf ifcH tpk;d &tzGUJ odYk
0ifomG ; &mxl;tcGix
fh ;l rsm;ukd a0ykrH & aumufumiifum qefu
Y siv
f mMuolrsm;r[kw/f awmfveS f
a&;wyfO;D pmwrf;ESihf vGwv
f yfa&;aMujimcsuw
f w
Ydk iG f yg&So
Sd nfo
h abmw&m;rsm;ukd pGu
J idk u
f m NAw
d o
d Q
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwf (uufpbDacwf 1945 ckESpfuyif ajrcGefajrqDcray;a&;ESihf vufikwfvuf&if;
ajrykid af &; vkyif ef;rSpNy;D raMujimaom pifNyKd it
f pk;d &vkyif ef;rsm;ukd worwfwnf;vkyu
f idk af qmif&u
G f
vmMuolrsm; jzpfojzihf &ckdifwkdif; y&wz nDvmcHrS usaemfwkdYtm; apm? pdef? armf *kdPf;ESihf a&maESm
arTaESmufNy;D pGcJ suw
f ifaomfvnf; &ckid jf ynfow
l v
Ydk ufrcHMu/ ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcH\ vkyif ef;rsm;ukd
&ckdifjynfolrsm; axmufcHNrJaxmufcHMu\/
&ckid w
f idk ;f y&wznDvmcHu ajrykn
H v
D mcHwnf;[laom azmufjyefov
l w
l pk\ qk;H jzwfcsujf zifh
&ckid jf ynfv;Hk qlyal omif;use;f rIudk zefw;D cJMh uavonf[al om pGcJ suu
f m; uk,
d ahf ygifu,
dk v
f eS af xmif;
jcif; omjzpfonf/ ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHjzpfa&;ukd tptqk;H uk
d x
dk eG ;f tm;wufoa&m aqmif&u
G f
cJo
h nf/ ,if;nDvmcHoYdk uk
d x
dk eG ;f ESifh &ckid w
f idk ;f y&wzxdyo
f ;D rsm; uk,
d w
f idk v
f nf; uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f jzpf
wufa&mufMuonf/
,if;nDvmcHraS rG;xkwo
f nfh e,fcsUJ awmfveS af &; wyfaygif;csKyf tmPmykid t
f zGUJ wGif 'kw,
d Ou|
tjzpf ukdkdxGef;wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ ukdkdxGef;ESihf &ckdifwkdif; y&wzacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd
wOD;wa,mufurQ tMuyfrudik ?f zsm;a,mif;Ncrd ;f ajcmufjcif;vnf; rjyK/ q&mawmfO;D ynmoD[onf
ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHjzpfa&;ukd aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHusif;yaeqJwGif ol\
ba&muf'g0g'ukd olu,
dk w
f idk n
f v
D mcHwufaeaom jynfov
l x
l ak jcmufaomif;ausmt
f m; y,fy,fe,f
e,f a[majymjy\/
e,fcsUJ awmfveS af &;wyfaygif;csKyf tmPmykid t
f zGUJ zGUJ pnf;onft
h cg vrf;pOfurdk BuKd u
f olr0if/
olt
Y m;wpkw
H a,mufrQ rSUJ waygufpeG ;f atmifrjyKMu/ uk
d x
dk eG ;f wkYd &ckid w
f idk ;f y&wzonf olwu
Ydk ,
dk w
f idk f
BuKd uEf pS o
f uf tprStqk;H wkid f olwyYdk g0ifzUJG pnf;cJah om ajrykw
H yfaygif;pknv
D mcHEiS fh e,fcsUJ awmfveS f
a&;wyfaygif;csKyu
f dk azmufjyefow
l pku &ckid jf ynfv;Hk qlyal omif;use;f atmif vkycf o
hJ nf[k pGypf v
JG Qif
xkdazmufjyefolwpkwGif olwkdYryg0ifbJ &SdEkdifygrnfvm;/
&ckid w
f idk ;f y&wz (jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUJG ) nDvmcHq;Hk jzwfcsut
f wkid ;f usLyifcw
k f usLikwrf usef
ap&ef y&wz rsm;u aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uygonf/ yxrtqifw
h iG f y&wztrnfjzihf vufeufrsm; pGu
J idk f
um Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf ZmwkYd wyfrsm;ESiw
fh zJG uf usaemfwt
Ydk m; ppfa&;? Ekid if aH &;? pnf;k;H a&;? vlraI &;rsm;jzifh
tzufzufrSxkd;ppfqifMuonf/
'kw,
d tqifh aomif;use;f rI ESrd ef if;a&;wyf trnfjzifv
h nf;aumif;? wwd,tqifw
h iG f ,ltrfyD
wyfzUJG okYd wufvrS ;f um acwfrv
SD ufeufrsm;jzifh xlaxmifcMhJ uygonf/ usLyifcw
k f usLikwrf useaf p&ef
usaemfwkdYtm; bufpkHwufpkH tm;wufoa&mESdrfeif;cJhMuygonf/ ,if;udpESifhywfouf ol&d,
owif;pm &ckid w
f idk ;f y&wz wkid ;f rSL;uk,
d w
f ikd f 10-10-47&ufaeYu tkad tavaMumif; o,fyaYdk &;Xme
av,mOfjzihf &efuek o
f aYdk &mufNy;D &efuek yf &wzXmecsKyrf w
S qifh jynfyidk t
f pk;d &okYd tpD&ifcu
H m acwfrDS
vufeufrsKd;pkHeSifh zGJUpnf;cGifhwkdYukd awmif;qkdvdrfhrnf[k a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
1947-ckatmufwkdbm 17 &ufxkwf ol&d,owif;pmwGif &efukefwkdif; y&wzwkdif;rSL;ESihf

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

161

bkHaygufomausmf

ppfawGckid f y&wz trIaqmifwOD;\ aqmif&u

G cf ahJ om aqmif&u
G cf suu
f dk a&;om;&mwGif ]]&ckid w
f idk ;f
ta&; aqG;aEG;Mujcif;}} acgif;pD;atmufwGif qufvufazmfjyoGm;onfrSm ]]jrefrmjynfoufqkdif&m
tpkd;&u &ckdifjynf,leD,H(,ltrfyD) jynfaxmifpka&;ykvdyf wkdif;&if;wyfwwyfukd pwkw(,ltrfyD)
wyftrnfjzifh zGJUpnf;&ef cGifhjyKvkdufNyD[k od&aMumif;/
tqkdygppfwyfukd ppfynmoifMum;&ef &ckdifjynfrSm oifwef;zGihfrnf[k od&aMumif;/ jynfolY
&Jabmftxl;ykvyd rf sm;u wkid ;f jynfNird 0f yfru
I dk aqmif&u
G &f ef acwfrv
SD aHk vmufpmG ay;Ny;D aqmif&u
G af p
rnf[kod&aMumif;}}
]]wkid ;f jynfNird 0f yfvmaomtcg ,if;ykvyd t
f zGUJ ukd kyo
f rd ;f vdrrfh nf[q
k adk Mumif;/ tqkyd gudpE iS fh
ywfouf 10 &uf? 9&uftwGif; zGJUpnf;a&;rpf&Sifwck &efukefrS&ckdifjynfodkY oGm;Muvdrhfrnfjzpf
aMumif;}}[lol&,
d owif;pmwGif a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ &ckid w
f idk ;f y&wzrsm;onf wu,fyif
usaemfwt
Ydk m; usLyifcw
k f usLikwrf useaf tmif &Si;f vif;okwo
f if&ef tm;wufoa&m aqmif&u
G Mf uyg
onf/
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;\ bk&ifcH twkid yf ifct
H zGUJ ukd kww
f &uf aumufumiifum qefu
Y siv
f mol
rsm;r[kwaf om usaemfwt
Ydk m; vGwv
f yfa&; r&ao;ygbJvsu?f vGwv
f yfa&;&efo[
l k wHqyd w
f yfum?
acwfrv
SD ufeufrsK;d pku
H idk x
f m;aom trsK;d rsK;d wyfzUJG rsm;jzihf ESrd ehf if;Muygonf/ odq
Yk v
dk Qif vGwv
f yfa&;
&Ny;D watmifwem;rQ r&Srd t
D vk;H t&if;jzihf awmckyd v
JG yk Mf uaom ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDEiS fh tpk;d &ay;
xm;aom acwfrSDvufeufrsm;jzifh NrdKUjyaygif;rsm;pGmukd tykdifpD;Muaom jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUrsm;ESihf
awmckdArmhwyfrawmfrsm;ukd rnfolY&efol[k owfrSwfMuygoenf;/
1947 ck {Nyv
D rS atmufwb
dk mvtwGi;f (6vtwGi;f ) &ckid jf ynf\tajctaeonf aZmufx;dk
arSmufckHjzpfoGm;&onf/ 1947-{NyDv 1-&ufaeYwGif pwifusif;yaom ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHu
&ckdifjynf uHMurmukd wrsKd;wrnfajymif;vJzefwD;cJh\/ ajrykHwyfaygif;pkHnDvmcHrwkdifrDu Auy
ay:vpf jALkd0ifb0rSjzKwfxkwfowfvrf;pOfwGif paw;cHoGm;&aom &Jabmfbwif (rpwm*kd&S,f)
ukd,fwkdif OD;aqmifNyD; OD;ynmoD[? ukdausmfjrwkdYESifhtwl &ckdifwkdif; zqyvXmecsKyfESihf &ckdifwkdif;
AuyXmecsKyfwkdYukd jyaw;&GmwGif pwifzGifhcJhMuonf/
jyaw;&GmrS 2-zmvku
H mG avmif;&Snaf csmif;&GmwGif usaemfxm;cJah om &JabmfapmxGe;f OD; towf
cH&Ny;D ? qk&d ,
S v
f pftqkad umufrsm;[k pGypf cJG &H aom usaemfwv
Ydk nf; toufraoko
H museo
f nf/ Ekid if H
a&;t& trsKd;rsKd;pGyfpGJESdrfeif;cHcJh&onf/ XmecsKyf zqyvrS Auyukd xkwfypfNyD;aemuf &ckdifwkdif;
AuywkYd Ekid if aH &;MoZmvnf; usqif;vmMuonf/ XmecsKyf zqyvESifh tpk;d &tzGUJ wGif qk&d ,
S v
f pfwYdk
EkdifiHa&MoZmESihf tmPmBuD;xGm;vmMu\/
qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif ocifjr (tmZmenf ocifjr) ukdAaqG(zqyvXmecsKyf taxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL;ESifh umuG,af &;0efBu;D ESifh 0efBu;D csKyaf [mif;) wkYd uk,
d w
f idk ?f q&mawmfO;D pdEm ESifh usaemfwYdk
xH q&mawmfawmckd 0&rf;ajy;csed u
f yif tacgufacgufa&mufMuonf/ qk&d ,
S v
f pfacgif;aqmifrsm;u
q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdYtm; ,kHMunftm;ukd;Muonf/
vufz0g;ay:wifNy;D wzl;zl;rIwx
f m;onf/ ajrm ufpm;xm;onf/ q&mawmfEiS u
fh saemfwYdk vkcd sif
vQif &mxl;tcGihfxl;onf vufwurf;wGif zl;yGihfa0qmae\/ jynfolYem,uq&mawmf OD;pdEmESihf
usaemfwkdY udk,fwkdifvnf; aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmus,fjyefYaom &ckdifawmifolv,form;xkESihf &ckdif
vkyfom;jynfolvlxktm; ckdifrmpGmpnf;kH;xm;EkdifcJhMuNyD/ &maygif;tawmftoihfvufeufukdif
ajratmufawmfveS af &;tzGUJ rsm;ukd zGUJ pnf;xlaxmifEikd cf MhJ uNy/D oaumifo
h m; usaemfwYdk &mxl;tcGix
fh ;l

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

162

bkHaygufomausmf

ukd qGwfcl;r,lMu/ 'kuqif;&Jukdom qGwfcl;,lMu\/ aowGif;aoaygufukdom wkd;0ifMu\/

rnfonfNh crd ;f ajcmufr?I jzm;a,mif;rI? tMuyfuidk rf rI QrygbJ? pdww
f o
l abmwl ajrykw
H yfaygif;pk
nDvmcHukd &ckdifjynf&Sd &cdkifwkdif; Auy? &ckdifwkdif; y&wz? &ckdifwkdif; ykvdyfor*? ygwDtzGJUtpnf;
aygif;pkEH iS t
hf wl q&mawmfEiS fh usaemfwYdk yg0ifusi;f ycJMh uonf/ trsK;d om;vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;?
qk&d ,
S v
f pfa&;wku
Yd kd aqmif&u
G &f mwGif vuf00J g'Drsm;\ pkaygif;acgif;aqmifru
I dk ,lum trsK;d om;nD
Gwaf &;ESifh &ckid jf ynforl sm; rdru
d MH urmukd rdrzd efw;D a&;ukd ajrykw
H yfaygif;pku t"dutajccHvrf;pOf
tjzpf xm;Muygonf/
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ajrqDajrcGefray;a&;? vufikwfvuf&if; v,fykdifa&;rSpNyD;
k;H *gwfrsm;ukd &mxl;jzifh 0kid ;f a&;okYd wk;d csUJ oGm;um NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk ukd vufeufpu
JG idk f wku
d zf suo
f mG ;
a&;xd jri w
hf ifomG ;&ef vkyif ef;pOfrsm; csrw
S Mf uygonf/ NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ pepfq;dk atmufrS trsK;d om;vGwf
vyfa&;ukd vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;jzihf &,lrSomvQif usyfjynhfwif;jynhf vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k
,kHMunfMuygonf/
ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHvrf;pOfukd woa0rwdrf; q&mawmfOD;pdEmvkdufem\/ &rf;NAJNrdKUwGif
kH;*gwf0kdif;vlxkwkdufyGJqifonf/ rw&m;zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmufjzLckdifacgif;aqmif ukdbkd;EG,f
ukb
d [efEiS fh &yf&mG acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vTw&f efta&;qko
d nf/ 1947-ck arvwGif q&mawmfwt
Ydk m;
rsufESmjzL ausmufjzLckdkif &mZ0wf0ef rpwmpaumhu zrf;qD;onf/
q&mawmfwYdk vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf jynfov
l x
l q
k EjyyGrJ sm;ukd NrKd Ujyrsm;wGif txyfxyftvDvD
qifETJMu\/ q&mawmfwkdY vTwfvkqJqJwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY vkyfBuHcH& tarSmifxkacwfokdY
a&mufoGm;&NyD/ rif;jyjynfolYqEjyyGJukd aoewfjzihf ypfowfvkdufNyD/ &ckdifwkdif; AuyESifh
usaemfwv
Ydk ufeufjzihf tMurf;bufru
I dk vufeufjzifh ckcw
H eG ;f vSeaf &;jzifh pwifMu&awmh\/ NAw
d o
d Q
e,fcsJUrsufESmjzL ppfAkdvfrsm;OD;pD;aom ppfwyfESihf &ifqkdifwkdufckdufMu&onf/ rMumvSygacs/ AkdvfrSL;
ausmfaZmacgif;aqmif Armhwyfrawmfwyf&if;(1)? wyf&if;(2) wyf&if;(3) csif;wyf&if; trSwf(5)?
bm;rm;kdifz,fwyf&if;? Armjynfaomif;usef;ol ESdrfeif;a&;wyf&if;(3)ponfh acwfrSDvufeufrsKd;pkH
pGJukdifxm;aom ppfynmuRrf;usifaom axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom Armhwyf&if;rsm;ESihf armif;usKd;
armif;ysuf kdifz,faoewfrsm;ukd pGJudkifxm;onfh waxmifcefYrQ&Sdonfh ppfynmruRrf;usifaom
usaemfwkdY ajymufusm;rsm; &ifqkdifMu&ygonf/ ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;? pnf;kH;a&;? vlrIa&;rsm;jzihf
tbufbufrS xkd;ppfqifjcif;ukd cHcJh&ygonf/ rMumvSygacs/ &ckdifwkdif; Auyrsm;u q&mawmf
OD;ynmoD[ Akv
d rf LS ;ausmaf ZmwkEYd iS hf em;vnfr,
I Nl y;D / jALku
d &ufxw
H iG f vufeufrcs/ OD;ynmoD[xH
vufeufcsvu
dk af Mumif; aMujimcsux
f w
k u
f m vufeufcsomG ;Muygonf/ Ekid if aH &; pnf;k;H a&;rsm;jzihf
usaemfwkdYtm; olwkdYxkd;ppfqifMuygonf/
rMumvSygacs/ wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmfwiG f olajymrnft
h oHonf wyfaygif;csKy\
f toHjzpf&yg
rnf/ EIwfxGufckdif;vQif tcsdefra&G;EIwfxGufygrnf[k jrifhrdk&fawmifuJhodkY ckdifNrJonfh uwdpum;ukd
txyfxyfuwday;cJhaom ukdkdxGef;onf 0efBuD;&mxl; vufcHoGm;onf/ &ckdifwkdif; y&wzrsm;ukd
acwfrSDvufeufwyfqifNyD; usaemfwdkYtm; usLyifckwf usLikwfrusefatmif ppfa&;t& ESdrfeif;onf?
EkdifiHa&;? pnf;kH;a&;? vlrIa&;wkdYjzifh xkd;ppfqif\/
usaemfwb
Ykd 0 aZmufx;dk ajymif;jyefjzpfomG ;onf/ 1947-ckEpS f {Nyv
D rwkid rf u
DS usaemfwYdk b0
onf &mxl;tcGihfxl;rsm; vufwurf;wGif a0qmpGm zl;yGifhaeaomb0? tck tqrwefBuD;rm;aom
acwfrv
SD ufeufrsm; pGu
J idk x
f m;aom ppfynmuRr;f usiaf om trsK;d rsK;d trnfwyfxm;aom wyfzUJG rsm;ESifh

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

163

bkHaygufomausmf

twl &ckdifwkdif; Auy? &ckdifwkdif; y&wzwkdY\ ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;? pnf;kH;a&;? vlrIa&;xkd;ppfrsm;ukd

tvl;tvJcHae&aomb0? ydef;ydwfatmif arSmifusaeaom nOfhoef;aumif,H rkefwkdif;atmufwGif
aoG;yifv,fx?J usaemfwYdk epfarsmMu&Ny/D ul;cwfMu&Ny/D okaYd omf rMumrD vif;tmkPo
f ef;awmhrnf/
avScGufcsnf;usef usaemfwkdY tvHrvSJ/
&ckid jf ynforl sm;\ toufay; axmufcrH EI iS f Ekid if aH &;,kMH unfcf surf sm; tjynht
f 0&S
d usaemfwYdk
tvHrvSJ/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwGif vuf0J0g'Drsm;tm; tajcwnfaom? us,fjyefYonfh
trsK;d om; nDw
G af &;ukd rwnfaqmufEidk v
f Qi?f tmPm&Sad omvlwef;pm;rsm;u tmPmrJh tO;f qJcH
vlwef;pm;rsm;ukd tMurf;zufcsK;d ESrd jf cif;jyKvmvQif vufeufpu
JG idk af wmfveS rf rI sm;? aygufux
JG u
G v
f mrnf
ukd usaemfwkdY arQmfrSef;Muonf/ ,kHMunfMuonf/ usaemfwkdY arQmfrSef;,kHMunfonfhtwkdif; 1948-49
ckESpfrsm;wGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD? autif'Dtkd? tvHeD&JabmfjzL awmckwyfrawmfponfrsm;?
vufeufpGJukdif aygufuGJxGufvmMu\/ ,aeYxd vlYoufwrf;acwf wacwf (ESpfaygif; 25ESpf)
ausmv
f eG cf NhJ y/D jynf0h aomjynfwiG ;f Nird ;f csr;f a&;ukd r&ao;? ypn;f rJ?h tmPmrJ?h rScD &dk mrJh jzpfaeMuaom
usaemftygt0if jynfolrsm;um; aomif;Murf;olrsm;\ eD;&m'g;ukd aMumuf&vQuf/
bkHaygufomausmf
g

awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f

164

bkHaygufomausmf