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-----------------------------

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

OD;y@d

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"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

10

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onf qif&Spfaomif;NcH&Hvsuf? rjywfa&upm; urf;okdYwufavvQif aemufqkH;usaomqifukd uk@mvAkZGef
onf brf;pm;\/ tavmif;awmfqifrif;onf ta>ct&Henf;yg;onfukd jrifojzihf taMumif;ukd pkHprf;av
aomf AkZGEfpm;aomtjzpfukdod/ wpfaeYaomaeY a&upm;NyD;aomf bk&m;tavmif;awmfqifrif;onf
aemufcsefae\/ tavmif;awmfqifrif;ukd uk@mvAkZGefonf brf;NrJbrf;av\/ tavmif;awmfqifrif;
onf BuD;aomcGeftm;Av&Sdonfjzpf? AkZGef\vufrESpfacsmif;wkdYukd eif;csKd;avaomf? vufrESpfacsmif;usKd;
arsmavvQif? ork'&modkYa&mufojzifh wpfacsmif;ukd tol&mewfwkdYq,f? wkdufpnfMuuf? odMum;ESihf
ppfx;dk avaomf/ tol&mI;H aomaMumihf odMum;rif;&av\/ tVr&pnfawmf[
l rSnafh vonf/ wpfacsmif;ukd
um;? 0goka'0rif;om;nDaemifwkdYonf 'Gg&m0wDjrpfurf;yg; a&upm;aomobif0,f arsmvsufygvmaom
aMumif/h ,lNy;D vQif wku
d pf nfMuwfNy;D rS? tmVr&pnf[al omtrnfudk rSn
fh wD;cwfavvQi?f ZrL'dyw
f pfuRe;f vk;H
&Sad om tcGeb
f @mawmfwYdk ykq
Yd ufMu&av\/ aemifvmrif;taygif;wko
Yd nf tmVr&awmfudk r&aomaMumifh
wkdufpnfMuwf atmifpnf[k-wD;Muavukefonf/ (onfum; a&S;ola[mif;wkdY O'gef;pum;wnf;/) xkd
rif;nDaemif wpfusyd w
f o
Ydk nf/ &Snjf rifph mG umvywfv;Hk NrKd Ujyckid f ekid if t
H vk;H &Sad om-ajcmufaomif;ok;H axmif
aomNrdKU&Sdaom jynfolvltaygif;wkdYukd o*F[w&m;av;yg;? em,u*kPfajcmufyg;? &mZ"rq,fyg;jzihf
qkH;rawmfrlvsuf? xkdxkdNrdKU&Gm ed*kH;Zeyk'fwkdYonf pnfyifBuD;yGm; jyefYajymvsuf &Sdav\/
---------------------

2- 0goka'0rif;Bu;D om;awmf rif;om;i,fwo


Ydk nf
'dAp uK tbdnmOf&- uPS'yd g,e&aohudk jypfrmS ;
0goka'0rif;rsK;d wkYd ysupf ;D onfh tjcif;t&mukd jyjcif;/
uJhodkY &SdpOftcg/ nDaemifrif;wpfusdyfwdkY\ om;awmfjzpfukefaom rif;om;taygif;wkdYonf?
0goka'0rif;rsKd;wkdY ysufpD;&tHhaomudef;cef;onf usa&mufvmonfESihf? t&Sif'dyg,e &aohukd 'dApuKtbd
nmOf&Sd\[k qkdMuukef\/ pkHprf;ukeftHh[k xkdrif;om;wkdYonf wpfa,mufaomrif;om;i,fukd wef;qmqif?
ukd,f0ef&Sdaom tjcif;t&mukdjyK? 0rf;om;a&ukdbGJU? t&Sif&aohxHokdY aqmif,lNyD;vQif/ t&Sifbk&m;?
oli,fronf tb,fukd oGm;vwftHhenf;[kar;\/ uPSm'dyg,e &Sif&aohonf 'dApuKjzihf MunhfIonf
&Sdaomf nDaemifwpfusdyfwkdY\ trsKd;tqufonf ysufpD;tHhaomtcga&mufNyD/ ig\tm,kocFg&onfum;
tb,fodkY oabm&SdtHhenf;[k Munhfvwfaomf/ ,aeYyif ightm;ao&jcif;onf jzpfvwHU[k od\/ rif;om;wkdY
om;bGm;tHah omtaMumif;jzihf oifrif;om;wkt
Yd m; tb,ftusK;d &St
d ehH nf;[kq\
dk / t&Sib
f &k m;? qkad wmfral vmh
[k qkdonf&Sdaomf/ oli,fronf aeYrS ckESpf&ufajrmufaeY &Sm;wkH;ukd bGm;vwHU/ xkd&Sm;wkH;jzihf 0goka'0
rif;rsK;d wko
Yd nf ysupf ;D vwUH / pifppfaomfum; oifrif;om;wko
Yd nf bGm;vwUH aom &Sm;wk;H uk,
d
l rD;bkwNf y;D vQif

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

14

OD;y@d

jymukd jrpfjyif csavukefavmh[kqkd\/


xkdodkYqkdaomtcg rif;om;wkdYonf uPSm'dyg,e&aohukd? [Jh pOf;vJaom&aoh/ a,mufsm;onf
bGm;aom rnfonfr&Sw
d um;[kq
dk / ,ufuef;BuKd ;jzihf xef;bl;pnf;pnf; nOf;qJjcif;rnfonfudk jyKuek \
f /
xkdt&yfyifvQif toufukefjcif;okdY a&mufukef\/ nDaemifrif;BuD;wkdYonf rif;om;i,fwkdYukd ac:apukef?
tb,fah Mumihf &Si&f aohudk owfuek o
f enf;[kar;? tvk;H pkaH omtaMumif;uko
d v
d Qif aMumufMuukeo
f nfjzpf?
xkdoli,ftm; tapmihfta&Smufukd ay;NyD;vQif? ckESpf&ufajrmufaomaeY xkdol\0rf;rSbGm;aom &Sm;wkH;ukd
rD;zkwf jymukdjrpf jypfcsukef\/ xkdjymonf jrpfokdYarsmonf&Sdaomf jrpf0eHyg;wpfbuf wifav\/
xkdaemufrS Nydef;jrufonfjzpf\/ xkdtcg wpfaeYo rif;taygif;wkdYonf ork'&ma&obifupm;jcif;ukd
upm;ukeftHh[k-jrpfodkYoGm;Muukef? BuD;pGmaomr@yfukd aqmufapNyD;vQif wef;qmqifaomr@yf pm;ukef
aomufukefvsuf? upm;onf\tpGrf;tm;jzihf jzpfukefonf&Sdaomf? vufajcxdyg;Muukefonfjzpf?
ESpfuGJuGJukef BuD;pGmaomckduf&efukd jyKukef\/ xkdokdY ckduf&efjzpfMuukefvwfaomf? wpfa,mufaomolonf
wpfyg;aom aqmufykwfwkwfvSH'Pfukd r&onfjzpf? Nydef;jrufawmrS Nydef;&Gufukdukdif\/ xkdNydef;&Gufonf
ukdifrdumrQjzihfomvQif &Sm;usnfayGUjzpf\/ xkda,musfm;onf xkd&Sm;usnfayGUjzihf vltaygif;ukd kdufykwf\/
xkdYaemufwpfyg;aom tvkH;pkHaom Nydef;yiftaygif;wkdYonfvnf; ukdif;wkdif; ukdif;wkdif; &Sm;usnfayGUwkdYonfom
vQif jzpfukef\/ xkdvlrsm;taygif;wkdYonf tcsif;csif;kdufykwfMuukef BuD;pGmaom aoaMuysufpD;jcif;okdY
a&mufukef\/ xkdvlrsm;taygif;onf BuD;pGmaomysufpD;jcif;jzihf ysufpD;ukefonf&Sdaomf? 0goka'0rif;BuD;
Ava'0rif;BuD; ESrawmf tOea'0D jA[okE&yka&m[dwfykPm; av;a,mufukefaomolwkdYonf
&xm;pD; 'Gg&m0wDNrdKUrS xGufajy;ukef\/ <uif;ukefaom rif;rSL;rwf paomolwkdYonf ysufpD;Muukef\?
---------------------

3-&xm;pD; xGucf mG oGm;aomrif;av;yg;wkw


Yd iG ?f 0goka'0? Ava'0 rif;ESpyf g;vrf;c&D;
aoaMuysupf ;D onfh tjcif;t&mukjd yjcif;/
av;a,mufukefaomrif;wkdYonf &xm;pD;vsuf ajy;Muukefonf&Sdaomf? wmvywdurnfaom
awmtkyo
f Ydk a&mufuek \
f / rk|u
d rnfaom vufyrf;onfonf Ava'0rif;om;uk?d bDv;l jzpf pm;&vkad om[k
qkawmif;jcif;ukdjyK? xkdawmtkyfbDvl;BuD; jzpf\/ Ava'0rif;vmonf\tjzpfukd odvQif? xkdawmtkyf
&Gmzefqif; vufyrf;onf\toGifukd ,lNyD;vQif? tb,folonf vufyrf;vkH;vkdoenf;[k a<u;aMumf
BuHK;0g;vsuf? vufyrf;aygufcwfvsuf vSnfhav\/ Ava'0rif;onf xkdvufyrf;onfukd ta,mif
aqmifaombDvl;ukd jrif? aemifawmf 0goka'0rif;BuD;ukd vufyrf;onfESihf vkH;axG;tHh[kqkd? 0gok
a'0rif;BuD;onf wm;jrpfpOfyifvQif? &xm;rSqif;oufNyD;vQif? xkdbDvl;xHodkYoGm; [pfatmfBuHK;0g;vsuf
vufyrf;aygufcwf\/ xkt
d cg Ava'0rif;om;ukd bDv;l onf qefaY omvufomvQif ukid
f ? MumpG,Mf um&if;
ukduJhodkY pm;\/ 0goka'0rif;BuD;onf ESrawmftOea'0Dukdvnf;aumif;? jA[okE& yka&m[dwfykPm;ukd
vnf;aumif;,l? nOfhokH;,HywfvkH; ajy;oGm;? aexGufaomtcg? wpfckaom &GmpGeft&yfodkYa&mufvQif?
xrif;ukcd su
f aqmifcu
hJ ek af vmh[k ESrukv
d nf;aumif;? yka&m[dwu
f v
dk nf;aumif;? &GmokaYd pvku
d \
f / rdro
d nf
wpfckaom csKHxJ tdyf\/
xkdtcg? 0goka'0rif;BuD;ukd? Z&mrnfaom wpfa,mufaom rkqkd;onf csKHvIyfonfukd jrifvQif?
csKH0uf&SdonfjzpfvwHU[laomtrSwfjzifh vSHukdvTwfvkdufaomf? ajcpl;\/ tb,folonf ighukdxkd;oenf;[kar;vwfaomf? vlukdxkd;rdaomtjzpfukdodvQif? aMumufonfjzpf? ajy;jcif;iSmtm;xkwf\/ 0goka'0rif;BuD;
onf owduadk qmufwnf xNy;D vQi?f OD;&D;? raMumufvifv
h mvSn[
hf k ac:vmvwfaomf? rkq;dk ukd oifonf
tb,ftrnf&Sdoenf;[k-ar;\/ t&Sif? tuREkfyfonf Z&mtrnf&Sdowwf[k-qkdonf&Sdaomf? Z&mrnfaom
olonf xkd; aovwHU[k- ighukdynm&Sdaom olwkdYonf a[mbl;ukef\/ rcRwf ,aeYvQif igao&tHh/ OD;&D;
raMumufvifv
h mvSn/fh ighajcukd usypf Of;ygavmh[-k qk\
d / xkZd &mrnfaom rkq;dk onf-vSpH ;l &mt&yfudk usypf nf;

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

15

OD;y@d

Ny;D vQi?f Z&mrnfaom rkq;dk ukd vTwv


f u
dk \
f / 0goka'0rif;Bu;D onf jyif;pGmaoma0'emjzpfonf&adS omf? ESrawmf
yka&m[dwfwkdYaqmif,lcJhaom tpmukd pm;awmfac:tHhaomiSg rwwfEkdif/ xkdtcg ESrawmf yka&m[dwfwkdYukd
ac:? ,aeYigao&vwUH [k qk
d ? oifwo
Ydk nf El;nhaHh om uk,
d &f u
dS ek \
f / wyg;aomtrIudk jyK toufarG;jcif;
iSg rwwfEdkifukefvwHU/ twwfrEefukd oifMum;ukefavmh[kqkd? wpfckaomrEefukd oifapNyD;vQif
vTwfvkduf\/ 0goka'0rif;BuD;onf xkdcsKHyifvQif toufukefjcif;okdY a&mufav\/ odkYvQif ESrawmftOe
a'0Dux
dk m; tvk;H pkaH om rif;nDaemifwpfusyd Ef iS w
fh uG? om;awmfajr;awmf rSL;awmfrwfawmf paom'Gg&m0wD
jynfoltaygif;wkdYonf ysufpD;jcif;okdY a&mufavukef\/ cyfodrf;aom awblruocFg&w&m;wkdYonf tNrJ
tm;jzihf r&Sdukef/ qif;&Jjcif;taMumif;om jzpfukefownf;/ / oaAocFg&m tedpm/ / tedpm 0wocFg&m?
Oyg'-0,"rdaem/ OyZdxGm edkZEd? awoH0loarm okacg/ /
---------------------

4- tOea'0DEiS fh ya&m[dwyf P
k m ;wkYd a0omvDa&Teef;ukd
odr;f jref;pk;d pHaom taMumif;t&mukd jyjcif;/
0goka'0rif;Bu;D ewf&mG pHawmfrv
l Qi?f jA[oEk & yka&m[dwyf P
k m ;ESi?fh tOea'0Dwo
Ydk nf xkad wmt&yf
rSvmcJh wpfckaomawmt&yfodkY a&mufavaomf? a,musfm; rdef;rwkdYtm; tdrf,mwnfaxmifcrf;pum;ukd
tay;wifajymqkdMuNyD;rS vifr,m;jzpfMu\/ (tay;wifaom t&yfukd tay;wif[k-a&S;utrnfwGif\/
,ckvlwkdYum; ywifuRef;[k-ac:Muukef\)/ xkdt&yfrSwzef oGm;Mujyefaomf? awmwpfckodkYa&muf?
awmifxufaeaom iSufwd&pmefwkdYonf jrnfwGefusL;&ihfMuaom toHukdMum;vQif? tvGefom,mbG,f
aumif;aypGwum;[k-vnfr
Ydk MunhNf y;D vQi-f wefEY UJT ae\/ (vnfr
Ydk Munhaf omt&yfudk rkdYawmif[k ,ckwkdif
atmif wGif\/ wefYETJ aeonhft&yfukd wefYETJU[k-a&S;uwGif\/ ,ckvlwkdYum; wef;vTJ[k-ac:Mu\)/
xkt
d &yfrw
S zef oGm;Mujyefaomf? wpfcak om awmt&yfoYkd a&mufjyefav\/ tOea'0Drif;orD;onf t&yf
ukd tb,ftrnfwGifoenf;[k-ar;aomf/ yka&m[dwfykPm;vnf; rif;orD;? a&S;tcg a&TaiGrsm;pGm&Sdaom
aMumifh/ [d&np&awmif[k-wGif\/ (,cktcgum;? 0gvrKbDvl;aeaomaMumihf 0gvrKwGifownf;[k
ajym\)/ xk d r S w zef oG m ;Mujyef a omf t"G e f Y & S n f p G m aom jrpf a uG U uk d jrif a vvQif ? tO e a'0D o nf
yka&m[dwfykPm;tm; jrpfauGUum; tb,frQt"GefY&Snfoenf;[k-&ifukdaumhvsufajymhMunhfNyD;aomf?
ywJacsmif;wum;[k-qk\
d /xkad jymhMunhaf omt&yfu/dk r,fajymhjrpf[-k a&S;uwGi\
f / ,ckum; ywJacsmif;[kwGif\/ xkduwzef oGm;Mujyefaomf? acsmif;wpfckokdY a&mufjyefav\/ xkdacsmif;rSaeMunhfvwfaomf?
t&yf&yfonf pdrphf rf;awG aebG,w
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um; tHb
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wm;vifhaomaMumifh/ xkdt&yfukd wm;vuf[k-a&S;uwGif\/ (,ckvlwkdYum; 'g;vuf[k ac:Muukef\)/
xkdt&yfrSwzef oGm;Mujyef aomf a0omvDNrdKUodkY a&mufawmfrlMuav\/
xkad 0omvDNrKd UwGiv
f nf; rif;Bu;D aovGe
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dk w
f efaom rif;rsK;d rif;EG,jf ywfaomaMumif?h
trSLK;trwfpaom jynfoltaygif;wkdYonf rif;avmif;rif;vsm&Smavaomf? jA[okE&ykPm;? tOea'0DwkdYukd
awGUjrifavvQi?f ajcvuft*FgvuPm orwEd iS fh jynhpf o
Hk nfujdk rif? ykPm ;awmfwEYdk iS w
fh uG jynfot
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f dk aqmufEiS ;f av\/
xkdyka&m[dwfykPm;tOea'0DwkdYonf jynf&Gmwkdif;um;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;csrf;omukdom&Gufaqmif? umv
jrifh&SnfpGm pHaysmfNyD;rS rif;BuD;aovGef\/
---------------------

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

16

OD;y@d

5-om;awmfjA[oEk & rif;om;ESifh oD&Ed & rif;orD;wk?Yd


a0omvDa&Teef;ukd pk;d pHawmfro
l nfrpS upye'Djrpf
ta&SUbuf-taemufbufNrKd Utrnfujdk yjcif;/
rif;BuD;aovGefavvQif/ om;awmf jA[okE&rif;om;onf oD&dE&rif;om;onf oD&dE&rif;orD;ESihf
tbdou
d o
f eG ;f jynfBu;D pnf;pdru
f dk pk;d tkyjf yef\/ xkjd A[oEk & rif;um; 'ge? oDv ponfwYdk tvGeaf rGUavsmf
\/ aumif;jrwf,Ofaus;aom pdwfESvkH;awmfjzihf jynfoljynfom;wkdYtm; cspfcifjrwfEkd; rdbuJhodkY csD;jrifh
axmufyhH\/ xkdrif;onf a0omvDNrdKUrSajymif;? upye'Djrpf\ ta&SUbufjzpfaomt&yf iacG;oif;awmif
NrdKUukd wnfav\/ xkdNrdKUum; xkdrif;\om;ajr;tpOfonf ajcmufqufomaecJh eef;pOfrjywf qufum
qufum wnfaxmifaom NrdKUwkdYonfum; upye'Djrpf\ ta&SUbuf ukd;qJhukd;NrdKU/ taemufbuf vnf;
ukd;qJhukd;NrdKU wnfav\/
ta&SUbuf ukd;qJhukd;NrdKU[lonfum;/
1- 'Gg&m0wDNrdKU/
2- yE0wDNrdKU/
3- odAvdNrdKU/
4- rif;orD;jyifNrdKU/
5- rif;om;jyifNrdKU/
6- oufwif0efNrdKU/
7- qifxkNrdKU/
8- ajymifavmifwkdifNrdKU/ 9- wkdifcsKdifNrdKU/
10- um0efawmifNrdKU/
11- uRef;aygifavmifNrdKU/ 12- tif;acsmif;NrdKU/
13- eEGif;awmifNrdKU/
14- aomuf&SjyifNrdKU/
15- pnfabmif;awmifNrdKU/
16- rlav;awmifNrdKU/
17- **FgjyifNrdKU/
18/ a'gihfjzL;awmifNrdKU/
19- xD;0efwifNrdKU/
20- rkO&DNrdKU/
21/ a0VKyAwNrdKU/
22- xif;I;awmifNrdKU/
23- iefYawmifNrdKU/
24- a&csrf;awmifNrdKU/
25- a&Tyef;awmifNrdKU/
26- yOmNrdKU/
27- ausmufyef;awmif;NrdKU/
28- oD&duk#fNrdKU/
29- "n0wDNrdKU/
30/ qifusKH;NrdKU/
31- uefokH;qifhNrdKU/
32- tZ0wDNrdKU/
33/ oD&drm0wDNrdKU/
34- rvm,kjrpfzsm;&mZN*dK[fNrdKU/ 35- &E0wDNrdKU/
36- aovm0wDjrpfem;a0omvDNrdKU/
37- yO0wDNrdKU/
38- orm0wDNrdKU/
39- usp0wDNrdKU/
40- ukr0wDNrdKU/
41- u&PDok0P*d&dNrdKU/ 42- a<ujyifNrdKU/
43- avif;awmifNrdKU/
44- ygoD0HNrdKU/
45- cOemNrdKU/
46- o0ifukdif;NrdKU/
47- NydKifwkdifNrdKU/
48- iacG;awmifNrdKU/
49- 0g;&JawmifNrdKU/
50- aq;'ef;NrdKU/
51- Muufoa&awmifNrdKU/
52- pnfobifawmifNrdKU/
53- ig;&HUacsmif;NrdKU/
54- pr0ufNrdKU/
55- aygif;bl;awmifNrdKU/
56- NydKifwkdifawmifjzLNrdKU/ 57- Murf;omNrdKU/
58- ovGefawmifNrdKU/
59- ydEJacsmif;NrdKU/
60/ qifjzLuRef;NrdKU/
61- axG;jym;jzLNrdKU/
62- umwefawmifNrdKU/
63- tre'Djrpfem;ykoifwufNrdKU/
64- aovmtkdifNrdKU/
65- &ifcwfwdrf;NrdKU/
66- prme'DNrdKU/
67- y&def;NrdKU/
68- rm&fatmifNrdKU/
69- yef;eHYomNrdKU/
70- uRef;eHYomNrdKU/
71- rONrdKU/
72- uRef;omNrdKU/
73- qDrD;awmufNrdKU/
74- vif;vkdNrdKU/
75- oDwmuefNrdKU/
76- pr,fNrdKU/
77- u&yAweef;awmifNrdKU78- vSHkd;ykHNrdKU/
79- awmifokH;q,fNrdKU/
80- o&AmefNrdKU/
81- e*g;awmifNrdKU/

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf
828588919497-

1471013161922252831343740434649525558616467707376798285889194-

17

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---------------------

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

19

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20

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xkrd if;vGeaf wmfral vvQif om;awmf umvpE&m;rif;onf ol&,


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---------------------

9-rif;oD&&d mZmvufxuf? tdyrf ufawmf\ t|Kywu


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"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

25

OD;y@d

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---------------------

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pEol&d,rif;om;ukd trnfay;awmfrltHhaomaeYtcg? Mu,fOygoydwfvkH;cefY taemuft&yfu ysHvm?


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27

OD;y@d

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30

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32

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ppfonfAkdvfxkESihf? vmvwf? &wemckepfyg;paom a&TaiGwkdYukd toD;toD; pkykHvmMuukef\/ wm0wom,mr paomewfwkdYuvnf;? &wemckepfyg;ESifhwuG a&TaiGtojymwkdYukd pkykHvmMuukef\/ vlrif;wkdY\
a&TaiG&wemum; wq,fhig;wif;/ odMum;ewfrif;wkdY\ a&TaiG&wemum; wif;aygif; ig;q,f? ESpfpkaygif;
ajcmufq,fih g;wif;? ajcmufq,fih g;wif;aom a&TaiG&wemwku
Yd dk vlwu
Ydk sKcd suaf omtcg/ rxif&mS ;aomuk,
d jf zih?f
ewfe*g;wkdY tNrD;zsm;ESihfvm arTMu\/ odMum;0doBuHK paomewfwkdYonf jrwfpGm bk&m;\ ykHoPmef
awmfEiS w
fh al tmif uln0D idk ;f 0ef;vmMu\/ jrwfpmG bk&m;\wef;ck;d awmf bke;f awmf-tmPmawmfjrwfEiS /fh a0ykv
awmif 0 ,f ? ok H ; ur m touf & S n f a om? pl V &|ewf r if ; BuD ; onf vmvwf ? vl r if ; ewf r if ; wk d Y t m;
BuD;Muyfapmihfr? rjywfaeav\/ pEmol&d,rif;onf tvkH;pkHaom jynfoljynfom; aqGawmfrsKd;awmf

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

37

OD;y@d

rSL;rwfaoemywdwkdYESihfwuG BuD;pGmaom obifyGJvrf;ukdjyKvQuf? auR;arG;{nhfcHvsuf aeav\/ xkdplV&|


ewfrif;BuD;a&SUwGif tvkH;pkHaom xD;aqmif;rif;taygif;wkdYESihf? odMum;0doBuHKpaom ewftaygif;wkdYonf
ajcmufq,fih g;wif;aom a&TaiG&wemwku
Yd dk aumif;pGmusKcd su
f ? aeYwpfcsuw
f ;D ausm?f ESpb
f 0g;wvufopftcg
wGif/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ykHawmfjrwfukd oGef;vkyfwnfxm;Muaomtcg? OD;acgif;awmfjrwfonf raph-uGJaeojzifh?
pEol&d,rif;ESifhwuG? tvkH;pkHaom xD;aqmif;rif;taygif;wkdYESihf? odMum;0doBuHK paom ewfrif;? plV&|ewf
rif;BuD;wkdYonf okH;BudrfokH;cg oGef;vkyfMuygaomfvnf;? OD;acgif;awmfjrwf? raphpyfbJ? uGJaeaomaMumihf/
acsmarGUatmif rwwfEdkifMuojzifh? jrwfpGmbk&m;xH avQmufMum;avaomf/ tpdaE,s okH;vlYbvnf;? rdefY[
>rufcsK?d odq
Yk \
dk / 'g,umtaygif;? oifrif;aumif;wk?Yd taMumif;udp? vkv
H aMumih?f pk;d aESmifAh smyg r&Sv
d if/h
igbk&m;<uawmfr
l ? ig\&ifaiGUawmfu?dk oGi;f xm;vQi?f rkcsoifwYdk tvkjd ynfph t
Hk ?hH ,ckomG ; &wemyviaf wmf
ukdom? pDrHjyKvkyfMu? tvsifNyD;atmif pDrHwnfvkyfMu[k? rdefYawmfrlvQif/ ewfrif;vlrif;taygif;wkdYonf
jrefpGmvmvwf? &wema&Tyvifukd? tvsifNyD;atmif pDrHwnfvkyfMuav\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif\ wef;ckd;
tmEkabmfaMumihf? vlewfwdkY r<ucsDbJ? kyfwkawmfjrwfonf? yvifay:odkY bmom<uxkdifvsuf aevifh\/
oCFmawmftaygif; Nc&H v
H suf bk&m;<uvmawmfral omtcg? vlewfjA[mwko
Yd nf? r<urcsb
D v
J su?f kyw
f ak wmf
jrwfonf? yvifawmfay:okdY <uaeaMumif;ukd avQmufMuaomtcg? bk&m;jrwfpGmonf odkYrdefYawmfrl\/
igbk&m;onf yg&rDawmftavsmuf? aAm"dyifESihf a&Tyvif ay:aygufvmaomtcg? rnfolrQ wifxm;olr&Sd?
bk&m;jrwfpGmwkdY\ wef;ckd;awmfjrwfukd? csD;rGrf;BuHpnfjcif;iSg rwwfEdkif&maomtaMumif;ukd/ /
{0H tpdEd,m Ak'g? Ak'*kPm tpdEd,m/ /
tpdEa, yoEmeH? 0dygaum a[mwd tpdEda,m/ /
xko
d aYdk [mMum;awmfrNl y;D vQi?f &ifaiGUawmfjrwfudk ,lvQu?f kyx
f ak wmf\OD;acgif;wGi?f ckepfcg xnfah wmf
rl\/ kyfwkawmfjrwfonff touf0dnOf&Sdaom oPmefawmfuJhodkY &Sdckd;acgif;ikdufcH\/
xkdYaMumihf bk&m;BuD;orkdif;a[mif; q&mOD;Ekd;u/ /bk&m;&Sifawmf <uNyD;aomfvQif? nDawmfjrwfpGm?
r[mrked? GwfbdtrSef? ikHYcH[k? jrwfrGefbkef;wl? rdefYawmfrlu? wlwkHyDjyif? 0dnOfcifokdY? OD;wifaom[ef? ikHY
cHu? jrwfreG Zf ad emf? &ifaiGUawmfudk ,lawmfrv
l Qu?f ckepfvufcyk ?f t[kwjf ynhjf ynf?h acgif;xnfah omf? xnfafh v
acgif;awmf? yvifay:u? ukd,fawmfcsufcsif;/ kH;umqif;rS qGwfous\/ yg'ESpfabmf? brkd;awmf? aumfa&mf
kdusKd;? &SdpkHckd;? bk&m;wynhfawmf? <uawmfrl&m? aemufawmfrSm? ruGmwluG? vkdufcsifpG[k? OD;cswkHajrmuf?
yefMum;avQmufu? orK'v
nf;? >ruf[csKo
d m? rdeaYf wmfvm\/ r[mrked rnf&w
dS iG af c:? ighnaD wmfvQi?f ighaemuf
wGif? wlyifruGm/ rvkdufomwnfh/ rSmnDcspf/ aysmfwkH&pf? pifppfrrSm;/ ighukd,fpm;vQif? nDbGm;oufa0?
ae&pfay[k? rdefYavwkHaomf? qif;wkawmfvnf;? aumfa&mfusL;usL;? vle,fikdu/ xkdjcif;qukd? jrifMuwkHjim;?
vlewfrsm;wkdY? >rufMum;aysmfaysmf? om"kac:rS? tHhMoMuvQuf? ajrrrsufESm? tHhp&mESifh/ aMumif;&mckaomf?
nDaemifawmfvnf;? >rufabmfpum;? qkMd ujim;onf? jzpfjim;wxl;? rjrifb;l wnf;/ usL;usL;ausmaf usm?f ckyifaomf
ay/ raoae? jrif&awGUvnf;/ aphaphMunhfaomf? nDaemifawmfvnf;/ ESpfabmfly? wlaypG[k NcD;rQvlYykH?
tHhMoukHonf/ / tukefvlwkdY &Tifarmwnf;/
dk &f dS -r[mrked yk w
f ak wmfjrwfudk
jrwfpmG bk&m;uk,
d af wmfwidk ?f ,ckvw
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Ydk tawmifEiS hf ckEpS af wmifEpS rf u
&ifaiGUawmfjzihf ckepfBudrfoGif;vQuf? NyD;pD;atmifjrifaomtcg/ jA[mewfvltaygif;wkdYonf? rdrdwkdY\jynfrSjzpf
aom yef;eHYomtarT;txkHwkdYukd ajrjyifrqHh/ BuJjzefYylaZmfvsuf? [pfatmfa<u;aMumfvsuf? aumif;csD;om"kac:
Muukef\/ xkdtcg &wemckepfyg;rkdCf;vnf; xpfBudK;NzdKifNzdKif? okH;Bufdrfwkdifatmif &GmoGef;BuJjzef;ukef\/
ESpo
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hJ Ykd oGuo
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ukd ukdif;Idif;vsuf? wpfNydKifeuf oD;yGihfMuukef\/ t&yf&SpfrsufESm aeukefaom tcsif;csif; &efolow0gwkdY
onf? 0rf;om0rf;ajrmuf w0rf;aygufodkY/ cspfcifpkHrufMuukef\/ kyfwkawmfjrwf oGef;vkyf? <uif;usefaom
&wemckepfyg; a&TaiGrsm;ukd? rnfuJhodkY jyKvkyfodrf;qnf; yg&rnfenf;[k pEol&d,rif;onf bk&m;xHavQmuf

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

38

OD;y@d

Mum;? jrwfpGmbk&m; trdefYawmfjrwf &Sdonfhtwkdif;? tcsKdUa&TaiG&wemwkdYukd? kyfxkawmfjrwf\yvifawmf?


jrKyfxm;vQuf? ewfe*g;wkdYrjywf apmihfaeap\/ tcsKdUa&TaiG&wemwkdYukd kyfxkawmfjrwf\ awmifrsufESm
ajrtjyif? qif;&JErG ;f yg;aomolwYdk azmf,o
l ;Hk pm;pdrahf omiSg jrK yEf aHS p\/ tcsKUd a&TaiG&wemwku
Yd dk kyw
f ak wmfjrwf

\ ajrmufrsuEf mS pkyv
Hk su/f odMum;rif;apwDwnfxm;ap\/ ,ckwidk f xkad pwDudk a'0apwDawmf[k xifay:
ausmaf pm\/ odMum;rif;onf? kyw
f ak wmfjrwf\tyg;? om,mpGmjrnfaom ewfpnfarmif;wpfcu
k ?dk 0wKuaH jr
tvkdYiSg? qGJxm;vSL'gef;cJh\/ xkdpnfarmif; wD;cwfaomtcg? toHMum;&maom t&yfonf? bk&m;\0wKuHajr
jzpf? cyfodrf;aomvlwkdYonf? aejcif;iSgrtyf? odMum;rif;onf o&blrukd#f&Sdaom ywjrm;&wemukd
cRw,
f
l ? aemifyk w
f ak wmfjrwf w&m;a[mMum;aomtcgwkid v
f Qi?f ywjrm;onf xGe;f vif;awmufyapom;
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h / xkt
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f m;tmeEm? qkid ;f vifOh ;D / ighnaD wmfr[mrket
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raxmif;wmwnf;/ ouFmawG;q/ a'govGwfykdif? rajzEdkifu/ a0rIdifarm[? rmefrmeESifh? pdwfurom?
xkdykpmukd? r[mrked/ pdpdqkH;ykdif? rajzEkdif[k? NzD;vIdifvlrsm;? pum;>ruf[? Iwfcsvnf;qkd? rkdrao/ usihfMuav
rl/ xkdoolwkdY/ avmifylygy? i&Jusvdrfh? aMumif;pr,Gif;? okdYjzpfjcif;aMumifh? nD&if;jrwfpGm? vlwumtm;/
pum;rajym? ra[mw&m;/ nDbmG ;oufa0? wdww
f w
d af e[k/ / xkd yk w
f ak wmfjrwftm;? a[mMum;rSmxm;cJNh y;D vQi?f
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oufqif;av\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifvnf;? odkYrdefYawmfrl\/ / nDawmfr[mrked? pEol&d,rif;ESifhwuG?
jynfoljynfom;? ow0grsm;ukd? ig\ukd,fawmfpm;jyK ukd;uG,fylaZmfjcif;ukd cH&pfavm? ighnD r[mrkedtm;?
kdaopGmqnf;uyf ukd;uG,faomolwkdYonf? igbk&m;ukd kdaopGm qnf;uyfukd;uG,f vSL'gef;bdouJhodkY/ vl
ewf edAmef okH;wefaom csrf;omokcukd &MuukeftHh/ aemifaomtcg? 'g,um-pEol&d,rif;onf?
ta&SUwcGifukd? pkd;eif;ykdifo/ ewfvSH&aom-e&oif;uspf? {u&mZf[k rif;jzpfaomtcg? vmwzef yifh,l?
tcguJhodkY? o'gMunfjzL? tvSL'ge? edpr,Gif;? qnf;uyfjcif;aMumifh? cyif;rsm;pGm? ow0gAkdvfajc? a&ajrykdif
jcif;? pMumrif;ESiw
fh uG? tvif;&dyjf zL? jynfeAd L uk?d qk,al omhtm;? a&mufMujim;vdr/hf nDymG ;kyx
f ?k oAv
k nf;?
,ckxm;awmfrcl ahJ om? omoemawmf ig;axmifjynhrf ?S ig\aemufawmforYdk aDS tmif? oifvu
dk cf [
hJ ?k a[mMum;rSm
xm;awmfrlNyD;vQif? pEol&d,rif;tm;? ig\kyfwkawmfjrwfonf? &Spfyg;aomthhHbG,fESihfwuG? omoemawmf
ig;axmifywfvkH;? wnf&pfrnfh taMumif;ukd a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom tHhbG,f&Spfyg;um;/
(1)
wd&pmefaus;iSuf ow0gtaygif;wkdYonf kyfwkawmfjrwf\ a&Tjyom'ftay:okdY vTm;ausmfckefysH
em;aejcif;iSm r0Hhjcif;/
(2)
kyfwkawmfjrwf\ a&TrsufESmawmfonf? xGef;ay:xGufpaom-vjynhf0ef;oPmefuJhodkY? aeYnOfhrpJ/
Ir&Jatmif? tNrJxGef;vif;awmufyaom a&mifjcnfawmfjrwfukd? pGefYvTwfawmfrljcif;/
(3)
rdpm,lrSm;? rw&m;usihfBuHaom 'kDvyk*dKvfwkdYonf? xkdkyfwkawmfjrwfukd? IMunhf0ifzl;aomfvnf;?
aomufI;yrm? a&TrsufESmonf? kdjymarSmifvsuf? ta&mifawmfrxGufjcif;/
(4)
kyw
f ak wmfjrwf\ oPmefawmfudk yk,
H "l mwfu;l ? a&;om;oGe;f vkyaf omfvnf;? yifyef;umrQ? useyDjyif
pGm rul;r,lEkdifjcif;/

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf
(5)

39

OD;y@d

w&m;qkid -f trINyKd i?f tEkid t


f I;H ? usi;f ok;H rkom;/ used q
f jdk im;vnf;? xif&mS ;vufiif;? ysu,
f iG ;f xda&muf
apEkdifaom wefbkd;awmfBuD;rm;jcif;?
(6)
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odef;aomif; ruaom a&Tjym;a&Tqkdif;wkdYjzihf/ aeYwkdif;uyfvSLMuygaomfvnf;/ ajyjypfoefYpif jynhfNzdK;
vGifaom -ukd,fawmfr&Sdjcif;/
(7)
wpfq,fhESpfv rnfonfhtcgor,rqkd/ nOfhygaeYa&m? aomaomnHnH? toHrpJ? yGJawmfobif?
vl&Siftrsm;? pnfum;zl;a&mufaom wefckd;awmfjrwfBuD;jcif;/
(8)
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f wm? a&oGe;f cg/ 0J,ma&SUaemH? rkC
d ;f aygufrC
dk ;f oD;ru? tk;d Bu;D tk;d i,fwYdk
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(9)
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kyfwkawmfjrwfbk&m;onf xif&Sm;pGm wef;ckd;awmfjrwf txl;jyoawmfrlaom bkef;awmf&Sdjcif;/ /
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vlewfjA[m? ow0gtaygif;wkdYonf? jrwfpGmbk&m;xm;awmfrlcJhaom ukd,fpm;awmfpm; r[mrked
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ckepfyg;? jy,kd;,m;wkdYjzihf? cs,fvS,fpDvkyftyfaom wefaqmif;jyom'fawmfukd/ rD;wm;t&HESihfwuG BuD;us,fpGm
aqmufvyk u
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jyK\/ oko
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wko
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40

OD;y@d

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41

OD;y@d

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42

OD;y@d

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43

OD;y@d

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aMu;eDaiGoHrvGwfvQif? ta&taoG;rajzmifh/ xkdYtwl omuD0ifrif;rsKd;wkdYvnf;/ EG,fawmf0HopifrS? trsKd;wl
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ukd xdr;f jrm;awmfrv
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apmjynhfkdukd armifESr&if;csm xdrf;jrm;awmfrlav\/ ynm&Sdtrwfukd aiGojymwpfaxmif qkay;awmfrl\/
/ xkrd [mol&,
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awmfrlav\/
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pnf;pdrfukd pkd;tkyfawmfrlav\/ aevESpfyg; xif&Sm;ay:xGuf/ eHeuftcsdefwGif bGm;jrifawmfrlaomaMumihf
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kyf&Sifawmfr[mjrwfrked\ oddrfawmfukd rD;oifhvsuf ysufpD;&Sdonfukd/ topfxyfrHaqmufvkyfawmfrl\/
yvifawmfukdvnf;/ ausmuftkwfwkdYjzihf pDvkyfwnfxm;awmfrl\/ ifukokdvfawmfonf tvkdawmfjynhfrS?
tNy;D okaYd &mufawmfro
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ig;usdyfokH;a,mufvnf; <ua&mufawmfrlvmonf/ / xkdtcg ol&wefjynfBuD;ocif/ y#durif;BuD; rvmbJ
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tvSLawmfBu;D ay;awmfrpl Oftcg &wemq,fyg;tjynhyf gaom oabFmckepfpif; qku
d af &mufvm\/ oabFmyg

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44

OD;y@d

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jyefvm\/ "n0wDwidk ;f oljynfom; vltrsm;wko
Yd nf? ok;H pm; rukeef idk af tmif &wema&TaiG jynfNh zKd ;<u,f0\/
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rif;rsm;taygif;wkdY/ ig\bkef;tmEkabmfukd MunhfawmfrlMuukefavmh[k rdefYawmfrlNyD;vQif/ pkdpGwfaomt0wfukd
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f Quf pkid ;f jy
awmfrl\/ jrif;awmfvQifjrefaomaMumihf? wcPjcif; pkdpGwfaomt0wfawmfonf aoGYajcmuf\/ xkdxkd
rif;trsm;wko
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vufxufvnf;? odMum;rif;ukd,fwkdifvm vSHysHpMumukd ay;tyfvmaomaMumihf bkef;tmPmawmfum;
tvGefBuD;rm;awmufy\/ txl;tm;jzihfum;? xkdumvwkdif; pE&m;rif;onf ab;awmf? bkd;awmf? crnf;awmf
wkdYuJhodkY o'gjcif;r&Sd? tvSLaumif;rI vspfvsLI\/ xD;eef;pnf;pdrf BuD;yGm;jcif; ESvkH;arGUavsmfawmfrl\/
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45

OD;y@d

ESihf ou&mZf 205-ckwiG f jynfpnf;pdru


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"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

46

OD;y@d

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rif;BuD;vnf; oif;axG;jynfokdY <uawmfrlvkdaom ESvkH;awmf&Sd\/ wpfaeYaomaeY? odMum;rif;qufoaom
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Bu;D pGmaom apwDuw
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47

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jynhfpkHaom orD;unmwkdYESifh/ raempnf;pdrfjzihf aysmfyg;arGUavsmfawmfrlaomaMumihf/ &ufvMum&Snfawmfrl


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dk Ef iS f
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vufxuf? wkdif;EdkifiH tvGefpnfyifjyefYyGm;\/ xkdplVwkdif; pE&m;rif;onfum;/ tdrfedrfhESpfq,f? eef;pnf;pdrf

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48

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ajcmufESpf? ESpfpkoufawmf ESpfq,fhajcmufESpfwGif e*g;jynfodkY ygav\/ xkdplVwkdif;pE&m;rif; e*g;jynfodkY


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tjrul;\ om;wnf;/
-------------------

12- pEma'0Drzd &k m;ESifh NrKH rif;ok;H a,mufwYdk


tVKywu
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aemifawmftjrxl;ukd pEma'0Drzd &k m;ESifh tbdou
d cf
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tjrul;uku
d m; tdraf &SUt&mukd ESi;f awmfral v\/ tjrul;om;ay;jzLuku
d m;? ajrmufO;D &Gmukd ay;oem;awmfral v
\/ xkdtjrxl;rif;vufxufawmftcg/ vSHvufeuf pMumukdum;? a&S;rif;rsm;twl &awmfrrlaomaMumihf/
wkdif;EkdifiHvnf; a&S;rif;rsm;yrm pnfyifrjyefYyGm;&m/ wkdif;jynfrSmrlum;? om,m0NzdK;jcif;jzpf\/ xkdNrHKrif;tjrxl;rif;jyK ajcmufEpS &f adS omtcg? pEma'0Drzd &k m;ESifh rwfjzpfaom tjrul;tdraf &SUrif;onf/ wyfaompdwf
jzihf rSm;,Gif;BudKufcspfvsuf &Sdav\/ rdzk&m;pEma'0Donf rwfjzpfaom tjrultm; tvGefpkHrufjrwfEkd;\/
xkt
d aMumif;ukd NrKH rif;tjrxl; odavaomf/ ig\rdz&k m;ESifh ignDBuaH omxuf/ igvsiaf tmifBut
H [
hH -k wpfaeYaom
tcg y&d,m,frm,mjzihf/ oef;acgif,HtcsdefrSm? NrHKrif;tjrxl;onf aMumufvefYpGma<u;aMumfatmf[pf\/
rdzk&m;pEma'0Dvnf; taMumif;ukdar;vwfaomf/ NrHKrif;tjrxl;um;? nDawmftdrfa&SUrif; tjrul;ukdac:/
igwkdYum; jrefrmjynf rif;tjzpfukd&\/ trsKd;EG,fqufum; awmifxufaeaom NrHKtrsKd;om;wnf;/
rif;tjzpfukd &onfrSp ajcmufESpfumv&SdavNyD? awmapmifh awmifapmifhewfwkdYukd rylaZmf&aomaMumihf/
,cknOfhtcg? rsm;pGmaom awmifapmihfewfwkdYvm/ vIyf&Sm;um? awmifjzihf Ncdrf;armif;vm? igaMumuf&GHU
xdwv
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d nf; usiafh wmfrl
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NrHKvlrsKd;wkdY 0wfqifaom a<ueDa<uayguf OD;zG,fponfukd0wf/ av;? jrm;? awmifh? um? vufpGJvsuf/
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f / awmifoaYkd &SUIvsu/f NrKd UrSxu
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? acsmif;wpfckodkYa&muf/ a&SUuoGm;aom nDawmftdrfa&SUrif;ukd tqdyf&Sdaomjrm;ESihf ypfowfav\/
a&SUwlIvmNyD;aomf? rif;rvif;cif vlolrjrifpOf? nDawmftavmif;ukd acsmif;i,fwpfck0,f 0Sufxm;cJh?
xkdNrHKtjrxl;rif;BuD;um; eef;awmfokdY jyefawmfrlav\/ a&mufawmfrlavvQif? y&d,m,fpum;jzihf odkY
qkdav\/ nOfhrkdufaomtcsdeftcg? iga<ujzLukd &G,f&mwGif/ vufcRwf,Gif;onfhtcif;aMumifh/ nDawmf&if;
tjrul; qkH;yg;&avonf[k ikd,kduRefjyKawmfrlav\/ tdrfa&SUrif; tjrul;om;-ajrmufOD;NrdKUpm; ay;jzLvnf;/

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49

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tbuk-d NrKH rif;tjrxl; bBu;D awmfowfavaomtjzpfudk od trsu&f o


dS jzih?f &efNiKd ;xm;vsuf Nird 0f yfpmG ae\/
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Yd nf/ NrKH idk ;f -csi;f kid ;f wkEYd iS /hf
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Yd dk qifah c:awmfr
l / zk;d acgifawmif
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taqmifukd y,fcRwfNyD;vQif/ zkd;acgifawmifkd;xm;cJh/ ta&SUjyLwkdY\ t0wfwef;qm tqift,ifukd
yDpGmqif,ifvsuf/ a0omvDNrdKUawmfokdY vma&mufMuukef/ wzef zkd;acgifawmifkd;okdYjyefNyD;vQif vkyfukdif
pm;aomuf aeMuukef\/ xkdNrHKtaygif;? csif;taygif;wkdYonf umv&Snfvwfojzihf/ ta&SUbufajrtjyifodkY
qif;ouf v,facsmif;rkdCf;ajr vkyfMuavaomf/ ta&SUbuf yk*Hjynfwkdifatmif/ ESHYpyfav\/ tMunf
atmufbuf oufavaom NrHK-csif;[lorQukd/ atmufom;[l trSwfa0g[mtm;jzihf xm;ukef\/ a0omvD
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BupH nfae&m0,f/ t&Sirf if;jrwf a&mufawmfrv
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f dk ewfvQif rownf;/ t&Sirf if;jrwf?
tOee'DjrpfBuD;\ ul;wkdYukdum;? tuREkfyf ykdYoygrnf[k avQmufavaomf/ jyLrif;vnf; tvGef0rf;ajrmuf
awmfrlay\/ ay;jzLrif;om;vnf; aeewfom;? vewfom;? odMum;? jA[m? ewfrsm;pGmwkdYukd kdaopGm &Sdckd;vsuf
odkY opm"d|mefjyK\/ aMomf igonf tu,fpifppf/ &efnpfukd/ ESdyfuGyfatmifjrifygonfjzpftHh? ckepf&uf
wkid w
f idk rf u
dk af paom0f/ 'g;vSv
H ufeuftjynhx
f nfv
h Qu/f avSwpfpif;ukd &apaom0f[k t"d|mefopmjyKavvQi/f
"d|mefonftm;avsmfpGm? vufeuftjynhfygaom *RwfavSwpfpif;rSm vla,mifaqmifcg? ewfokH;usdyfausmf
aqmif,lvm? rMumcif ay;jzLrif;om;tm; aqmufESif;qufovm\/ ckepf&ufywfvkH; rkd;wdrfzkH;ojzihf
trku
d t
f wdvnf; jzpfav\/ xkad y;jzLrif;om;onf ewfwq
Ydk ufoaom avS,mOfjzihf ul;l wkw
Yd if? jyLppfonf
wkdYukd awmifwpfvkH;okdY aqmifMuOf;/ ckepf&uf ckepfnOfhywfvkH; owfavvQif/ jyLppfonf wpfaomif;rQom
<uif;/ &Spaf omif;aom jyLppfonfwo
Ydk nf aoaMuysupf ;D uke\
f / ckepf&ufaphvQif tvif;ukd &Mujyefav\/
jyLrif;vnf; <uif;aomppfonfwkdYESihf NydKifwkdifawmifxufodkY wufawmfrl? ig\&JrufAkdvfygwkdYonf? tb,f
t&yfrSmpkaqmif;? aeMu&Smoenf;[k Munhfvwfaomf/ awmifBuD;wpfckxufwGif aoaMuysufpD;onfukdjrif
avrS? NrKH uReo
f m;um; igwku
Yd dk Oyg,fjzihf vSnjfh zm; owfojzih?f jyLtaygif;ukeaf vNy[
D k aMumufvefw
Y ek v
f yI pf mG

jzpf jyefoGm;Muavukef\/ jyLtaygif; OD;acgif;-vnfyif;jywf pkykHvsuf&Sdaomt&yfukd/ 0aohawmif[k


jyLwkb
Yd momjzif?h aeYwidk af tmif ac:prSwjf yKuek \
f / xkjd yLtaygif;wk\
Yd Opmypn;f pkaqmif; xm;aomawmif

ukd a&Tawmif[k aeYwkdifatmif ac:prSwfjyKukef\/ bBuD;awmfjzpfaom tjrxl;rif;vnf;/ nDawmfom;


jzpfaom ay;jzLrif;om;\ bke;f wef;ck;d vuf;Hk Bu;D jrifah omtaMumif;ukd Mum;avvQi/f ighuv
dk nf; owfvwUH [k
aMumuf&GHU aoG;tefaoma&m*gjzihf pnf;pdrfckepfESpfwGifvGefawmfrlav\/
xkdrif;vGefawmfrlavvQif/ ay;jzLrif;om;ukd trSL;trwf jynfol wkdif;om;wkdYonf nDGwfwkdifyif/
pEma'0Drdzk&m;ESihfyif/ tbdodufcH/ ou&mZf 326-ck jymokdvwGif jynfBuD;pnf;pdrfukd pkd;tkyfawmfrlap\/
xkday;jzLrif;vnf;? tvkdawmfjynhfvQif/ a0omvDNrdKUonf udef;cef;ukefavNyD[k/ ou&mZf 326-ck
waygif;vwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUukd wnfaxmif rif;jyK\/ xkdajrmufOD;NrdKU wpfq,fhfESpfESpfa&mufvwfaomf/
&Sr;f ok[
d b
H mG ;Bu;D onf/ uk;d ode;f aom &Sr;f ol&t
J aygif;ESi/hf av;NrKd Ujrpfnmzsm;u qif;oufNy;D vQi/f tOee'Djrpf
ukd pkeq
f if; ppfrufBu;D pGm uyfvmvwfaomf/ ay;jzLrif;Bu;D onf? ppft*FgrwefaomaMumih/f rdz&k m;ESiw
fh uG/
armif;rrdt
H aygif;uk,
d v
l su/f ygpGr;f orQ trSL;trwfwu
Ydk dk aqmifMuOf;? ou&mZf 338-ck? k;d zsm;oydwf

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

50

OD;y@d

awmifNrKd UodYk ajymif;aeav\/ r[mrked yk &f iS af wmf\ odrw


f efaqmif;awmf ta&SUbuftjyifwiG /f wyfwnf
a&S;a&S;pE&m;rif;wkdY vkyfaqmifvSL'gef;xm;cJhaom a&TtkXf? aiGtkXf? a&Tjym;? aiGjym;? *lawmfwGifpDaom
ausmuftrsu?f *lawmfxufwnfxm;aom a&Tom;apwDig;vk;H ? a&Tpef;awmf aiGpef;awmfwu
Ydk dk ,laqmifomG ;av
\/ r[mrkedwef;aqmif;awmfu ,loGm;avaom ypnf;onfum;? okH;rif; av;rif;pm;aomufavmufatmif
rsm;jym;pGm&S\
d / odrw
f efaqmif;awmfuv
dk nf; rD;wku
d af v\/ r[m&mrfww
H idk ;f ukv
d nf; zsuq
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h / opfyifBu;D
[lorQukdvnf; ckwfjzwfy,fcs\/ brf;rdaom &udKifvlrsKd;wkdYudkvnf; ab;qD;&efum ,laqmifoGm;av\/
if;&Srf;okd[HbGm; wkdufckdufzsufqD;onfrSp? wpfq,fhESpfESpf ywfvkH;? &udKifjynfudk &Hcg&Srf;wkdY ykdifavonf/
&Hcgta&SUjrefrmrif;wkdY tykdifcHavownf;/ / 'Gg&m0wDoHwGJNrdKUukdum;? wvkdif;rif;wkdY tykdifcHav\[k-&mZ0if
a[mif;qkdonf/
yk*jH ynfudk tpk;d &aom taemf&xmrif;Bu;D onf? ol&w
J pfoed ;f ESifh csaD wmfrv
l m\/ r[mrked yk &f iS af wmf
jrwfudk yifah qmifrnf[k Bu
H ? yk*jH ynfoo
Ykd mG ;aom Al;&Gurf I;d vrf;ukv
d nf; azmufawmfr\
l / wpfaeYaomtcg
taemf&xmrif;BuD;onf pufawmfac:&m? tdyfrufawmf ay;vm\/ oifrif;BuD;onf ig\aemifawmf
a*gwrbk&m;<uvmawmfrrl ?S ig\uk,
d u
f dk yifv
h &Ydk rnf[k tdyrf ufay;awmfral vonf/ taemf&xmrif;Bu;D vnf;?
ig;vywfv;Hk BupH nfaomfvnf; ryifrh aqmifEikd af omaMumih/f odrw
f efaqmif;wku
Yd dk aqmufvyk v
f LS 'gef;xm;cJh
\/ ky&f iS af wmfjrwf\ oif;uspaf wmfudk ,lt[
hH k BupH nftm;xkwaf omfvnf;/ oif;uspaf wmfonf aumif;uif
jyifoYkd xef;ok;H qifrh Qavmuf ysw
H ufaeav&m/ vltaygif;rsm;pGmvnf;? ta&mifawmfuo
dk mjrif Munhf u
I m
ae&\/ xkt
d aMumif;ukd odMum;rif;jrifavaomf? uk,
d w
f idk v
f mNy;D vQi?f oif;uspaf wmftppfudk okrd ;DS xm;Ny;D vQi/f
oif;uspaf wmfymG ;ukd aemf&xmrif;Bu;D tm;? ay;vku
d \
f / a&Tb&k m;? aiGb&k m;rsm;pGmukd yifah qmifvsuf oif;uspf
awmfyGg;ESihfwuG/ yifhaqmif,lxm;NyD;rS? taemf&xmrif;w&m;BuD;onf/ ta&SUyk*HjynfodkY ppfonfol&JESihfwuG
jyefvnfawmfrlav\/
-------------------

13- pEa'0Drzd &k m;? om;awmf iyifiwk;H rif;\


t|Kywu
d dk tus,jf yqkjd cif;/
xkdtcg? &udKifjynfrSm rif;qufjywfvsuf &Sdae&mwGif/ plVwkdif; pE&m;rif;BuD;/ oif;axG;jynfodkY
cspD Oftcg? rdz&k m;pEma'0DrmS ? oaEo;Hk vESifh use&f pfaomom;awmfonf bGm;jrif&&dS m/ i,f&,
G af omtcguyif?
NrHKrif;vufu vGwfxGufoGm;&m? oufEdkifiHt&yf/ ppfwef;wifNrdKUodkY ajymif;a&TU0Sufxm;&Sdavojzihf? oufvrl sK;d
wkdY bmomjzihf a0g[mac:wGifaom iyif iwkH;rif;om;onf? taemf&xmrif;BuD;jyefoGm;NyD;aemuf/ ou&mZf
356-ckta&mufwiG /f rdz&k m;oD&ad '0DEiS fh tbdou
d cf
H / &uKd ijf ynfBu;D ukd xD;eef;pk;d tkyjf yefav\/ xkrd if;onf
pr0ufNrKd Uukd wnfaxmifjyKp\
k / xkrd if;tm; oufo&l t
J aygif; axmifaomif;ru ygvm\/ xkrd if;\bke;f awZm
aMumihf rkd;BudK;uefa[mif;rSm e*g;rif;wpfOD;aevm\/ xkde*g;rif;\wef;ckd;tmPmjzihf rkdCf;aumif;rGefpGm
&Gm\/ jynfol&Gmom; csrf;omyGm;\/ jynfoltaygif;vkdaom qkukdawmif;vQif/ rMumcifjynhfpkHonfcsnf;/
xdrk if;vufxuf ESrtjyif y[k&d pf ifxm;aom ydawmufpnfudk wD;vQi?f yk*jH ynf&iS f tpk;d &rif;wkYd wpfaeYo;Hk Burd f
vefYNydKojzihf/ taMumif;ukd ppfaMumav&m/ &udKifrif;\ bkef;awZm[k [kwfrSefpGm odavMu&m/ vdrmaom
tif;,Mwm? *gxmrEef? aA'ifusrf;wwfaomolwkdYESihf ESD;aESmwkdifyif? yk*Hjynfh&Sifrif; tokH;awmfcH? tvdrm
OmPf&Sdaom olESpfa,mufukd/ a&TaiGb@mESihfwuG? jrif;vkH;qif&H? vlrsm;pGm 0kdif;0ef;? rif;'Pf&Sda,mif
toGifwl-aqmifNyD;cg? &udKifjynfodkY apvTwfa&mufvm\/ xkdtcg &udKifjynfrSm txl;0ajymom,monfESihf
vlynm&Sed nf;yg;? rif;Bu;D xH xko
d El pS af ,mufcpm;vQi?f jynf&iS rf if;ESiw
hf uG/ jynfojl ynfom; vltrsm;wko
Yd nf
av;pm;,kHMunfMuukef\/ xkdolESpfa,mufwkdYonf? bkrd&yftwwfynmukdjy vdrfvnf&m/ a&Ttkd;
aiGt;dk wku
Yd dk a&S;OD;pGmjrK yx
f m;/ [l;&m;xGu-f opfysu
H sr;f ta[mjzih/f rnfonfah wm? rnfonfo
h pfyifrmS wl;av/
rQaom a&Ttkd;-aiGtkd;ukd&vdrhfrnf[k a[majymonfhtavsmuf/ tjcm;olwkdY wl;azmf&SmazG&m? a&Ttkd; aiGtkd;
rsm;pGm&\/ xkduJhodkY rsm;pGma&TaiGtukefcH pOf;vJaomOmPfjzihf a[majym &m/ vlrsm;pGmwkdY ,kHMunf&SdMu&m

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

51

OD;y@d

wGif/ e*g;rif;aeaom rkd;BudK;uefrSmvnf;/ a&Tcsdefq,fydm [oFmkyfwpfckukd? vlrod&atmifypfxm;?


jynfh&Sifrif;tm; avQmufMum;onfrSm bkef;awZmocif-t&Sifrif;w&m;/ rkd;BudK;uef rSm/ a&Tcsdefq,fydm&Sd
[oFmkyfwpfck &Sdygonf/ e*g;wefckd;aMumifh jynf&Sifrif;tm; oufawmfr&Snf&m/ bkef;awZmonf arS;rdSef&m
aom taMumif;&S&d monf/ tuREyfk w
f Ydk opfysu
H sr;f xGut
f a[mjzpfygonf[k avQmufMum;avvQi/f xko
d v
l QKw
d Ydk
pum;ukd rif;BuD;,lrSm;/ e*g;aeaom rkd;BudK;ueftxuf zkdwnfNyD;vQif/ ausmuftkwfrsm;pGmwif/
zkdusif;xkd;vsuf/ rD;cJyrm ausmuftkwfrsm;pGmukd? ypfcsav&m? yljyif;pGm&Sdojzifh? e*g;rif;ueftwGif;ukd wl;xGif;
abmufNyD;vQif? csrf;om&mt&yfokdY oGm;av\/ xkdtcg opfysHusrf;q&mwkdYvnf;? uefxJrSm&Sdaom a&T[oFm
kyfukd,l? rif;tm;qufoavvQif? jynfh&Sifrif;vnf; a&S;uxufyif ,kHMunfjyef\/ e*g;rif;vnf;
rm&fatmifuRef;odkY oGm;aeav\/ xkdYaemufjynhf&Sifrif;ukd avQmuf? ydawmfpnfawmfBuD;jzwfabmuf
jyefav\/ xkdaemuf ,Mwmrsm;pGm jyKavvQif/ &udKifjynf pr0ufNrdKUom; vltrsm;wkdYonf paemifhpeif;
tcsif;csif; jzpfMuukef\/ xkdtaMumif;ukd opfysHusrf;trwf vlvdrfESpfa,mufwkdYonf/ xkd&udKifjynf\
taMumif;ukd/ yk*Hjynfukd tpkd;&aom aAm"dab&Dtrnf&Sdaom tavmif;pnforl if;Bu;D tm; avQmufMum;av
vQif? tavmif;pnfolrif;BuD;onf ol&Jrsm;pGmESihf csDvm/ iyifiwkH;rif;ukd wkdufavaomf/ ppfyGJwGif
&uKd irf if;usav\/ xkid yif iwk;H rif;onf tdref rd o
hf ;Hk q,fu
h ;dk ESp?f eef;pnf;pdrf ESpq
f ,fah v;ESp?f ESppf o
k ufawmf
ajcmufq,fhokH;ESpfwGif vGefawmfrlav\/
---------------------------

14-pEu;l rif;om;awmf acwoifrif;om;uk?d yk*jH ynf&iS f


tavmif;pnfoBl u;D eef;wifvmaom
t|Kywu
d dk tus,jf yjcif;
yk*Hjynf&Sif tavmif;pnfolrif;w&m;onf? kd;zsm; oydwfawmifNrdKUwGif aeaom txufplVwkdif;pE&mrif;\wlawmf/ pEu;l rif;\om;awmf acwoifrif;om;/ pEoifrif;om;/ ESrawmfo&D u
d rk m &D ok;H a,muf
&SdonfwGif/ aemifawmfacwoifrif;om;ESifh? ESrawmfoD&dukrm&Dukd pkHbufawmfrl? &udKifjynf pr0ufNrdKU/
xD;eef;ukd tyfESif;rif;ajrmufawmfrlNyD;vQif/ yk*HjynfodkY jyefvnfawmfrlav\/ xkdacwoifrif;BuD;onf
pr0ufNrKd UrScmG xGuNf y;D vQif awmifbuft&yfrsuEf mS oko
Yd mG ; yOmNrKd Uudk wnfaxmif eefpnf;pdru
f dk cHpm;awmf
rlvQuf aeav\/ xkrd if;um; tdref rd hf ESpq
f ,fah v;ESp?f eef;pnf;pdrf ESpq
f ,f? ESppf o
k ufawmf av;q,fah v;ESpf
wGif ewf&GmpHawmfrlav\/
xkdrif;ewf&GmpHawmfrlavvQif? nDawmftdrfa&SUrif; pEoifrif;om;onf ESrawmfoD&dukrm&DESifhyif?
aemifawmfrif;BuD;twl xD;eef;pnf;pdrfukd odrf;jref;ykdufxkyf pkd;tkyfawmfrlav\/ xkdrif;onfum; tdrfedrfh
okH;q,fhwpfESpf? eef;pnf;pdrf wpfq,fhwpfESpf? ESpfpkoufawmf av;q,fhESpfESpfwGif ewf&GmpHawmfrlav\/
(pEoifrif;BuD;\ om;awmf rif;&JjzLvufxufrSp rif;ukvm;BuD;vufxufwkdifatmif/ rif;
q,fqufwdkY\ vufxufrSwfom;&ef pum;t"dyg,ftxl;r&Sd? tus,fra&;vkdufonf/ xkdrif;wkdYtrnf/
tdrfedrfhpH? xD;eef;pH? touftykdif;tjcm;ukd tusOf;jy*Pef;ykHkjyifrSm MunhfI rSwfMuav)/
------------------

15-rif;bDv;l ukd trwfocF,mykepf m;Ny;D vQi?f


xD;eef;pk;d pHaom t|Kywu
d jdk yqkjd cif;/
xkrd if;q,fqufww
Ydk iG ?f rif;ukvm;Bu;D ewf&mG pHawmfral vvQi?f om;awmfrif;bDv;l onf apmppfrzd &k m;
ESifh tbdodufcH/ ou&mZf 437-ckESpfwGif jynfBuD;pnf;pdrfukd pkd;tkyfawmfrlav\/ xkdrif;bDvl;um;?
rif;&Jb,[laom om;awmfvnf; wpfa,muf? apmaygufkd[laom orD;awmfvnf; wpfa,muf? okdY
om;awmf orD;awmfESpfyg;&Sdownf;/ xkdom;awmf rif;&Jb,ESihf orD;awmfapmaygkdukd/ armifESr&if;csm

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

52

OD;y@d

xdrf;jrm;awmfrl? tdrfa&SUt&m xm;awmfrl\/ xkdrif;BuD;\trwf tocF,m-xm;ykdifBuD;onf/ rdrd\t&Sif


jzpfaom rif;bDv;l tm; ykepf m;ykeu
f efjyK&tHah om tBut
H pnfuo
dk m tcgcyford ;f BupH nfvsu?f penf;wabmif
emvsufaeav&m/ 0a&mif;iSufwpfaumifonf? rdrdbmompum;jzihf? aumif;pG[laomtoHukd jrnfwrf;av
vQif? xkdtoHukd penf;,l? igrif;jzpfaomaumif;tHh[k ESvkH;ykdufojzihf/ jynhf&Sifrif;bDvl;ukd ykefuefwkdufckduf
avaomf? trwfBuD;tocF,monf rif;bDvl;ukd atmifEkdifojzihf? rif;tjzpfukd &av\/ 0a&mif;iSufxH
penf;cHaomaMumih?f rif;tjzpfoYkd a&mufawmfrv
l Qi/f 0a&mif;iSuf penf;rif;[k trnfwiG \
f / xk0d a&mif;iSuf
penf;rif;onf? t&Sifrif;bDvl;ukd ykefpm;aomtcg? t&Sifrif;bDvl;\ om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;&Jb,onf?
rdz&k m;apmaygHEdk iS w
hf uG ta&SUyk*jH ynfoYdk oGm;Ny;D vQi?f tavmif;pnfoil ,frif;xH cpm;aeav\/ yk*jH ynf&h iS f
tavmif;pnfoli,frif;vnf; om;awmftrSwfjzihf arG;jrLawmfrl\/ / xkd0a&mif;iSuf penf;rif;onf
eef;pnf;pdrf wpfq,fhav;ESpfwGif vGefawmfrlav\/
xkdrif;vGefawmfrlavvQif? om;awmf rif;oHBuD;onf ou&mZf 454-ck oDwif;uRwfvwGif? jynfBuD;
pnf;pdrfukd pkd;tkyfawmfrlav\/ xkdrif;vufxuf yk*Hjynhf&Sif tavmif;pnfoli,frif;onf trwfawmfvusfm
BuD;ukd? r[mjrwfrkedodrfawmfukd aqmufapjcif;iSm? ol&Jig;aomif;ESifhwuG? apvTwfvkduf? apwkw&mwGif
wyfcsaeNyD;rS/ &udKifjynhf&Sifrif;xH odrfawmfaqmufvkdaMumif;ESihf awmif;yefavaomf? &udKifrif;vnf;
cGifhay;awmfrl\/ trwfvusfmBuD;vnf; r[mjrwfrked kyf&Sifawmf\ odrfukdaqmufvkyf vSL'gef;ojzihf
jyefav\/ &udKifjynfh&Sif rif;oHBuD;vnf;? wpfwkdif;wpfjynfu aqmufvkyfxm;aom? wefaqmif;awmfukd?
tvkdr&Sdojzihf? zsufqD;NyD;vQif? topfaom odrfawmfukd? aqmufvkyfjyefav\/ xkdrif;oHBuD;onfum; tdrfedrfh
okH;q,fhav;ESpf? pnf;pdrf&SpfESpf? oufawmfav;q,fhESpfESpfwGif ewf&GmpHawmfrlav\/
xkdrif;vGefawmfrlavvQif? om;awmf rif;ywdonf ou&mZf 462-ckESpfwGif? jynfpnf;pdrfukd pkd;tkyf
awmfral v\/ xkrd if;vufxuftcg? yk*rH if;xHcpm;? &Sad eaom rif;&Jb,\ rdz&k m;apmaygufw
dk iG f bGm;jrif
aom vusfmrif;eef-[laom om;awmfwpfyg;/ a&Tulom[laom orD;awmfwpfyg;&Sd&m/ armifESrcsif; ay;jrm;
av\/ xkdom;awmf orD;awmfwkdYukdvnf;? bkd;awmfrif;BuD;xH cpm;ap\/ w&Ha&mtcg? rif;&Jb,onf
jyif;xefaoma0'emuyfa&mufavvQif/ om;awmfvusfmrif;eefukd ac:awmfrl? ighom;awmf? igonf
om;awmforD;awmfwkdYESihfwuG/ aygum&mrodkYvm? oif\bkd;awmfrif;BuD;xH cpm;ygaomfvnf;/ bkd;bwkdY\
kd;&mawmfjzpfaom "n0wD&udKifjynfukd r&ygaomaMumihf/ om;awmfvusfmrif;eef? orD;awmfa&TulomwkdY
rsuEf mS ukd Munhf
I omae&\/ igaovGev
f Qif om;awmfrif;onf bk;d awmfrif;Bu;D tm; avQmufxm; "n0wD
&udKifjynfukd rif;jyK&pf/ oif\bkd;awmfvufxufrS? "n0wDodkY rjyef&vQif? aemufrif;wkdYvufxuf?
jyef&rnfr[kwf/ tb,fhaMumihfenf;[lrl/ rif;w&m;BuD;omvQif qifjrif;&xm;ppfonf Akdvfygrsm;onf?
vkyaf &;BuaH &;? ynmtajrmftjrif &Sv
d o
S nf/ rif;w&m;Bu;D tm;xkw
f ay;awmfral tmif Bu&H rnf/ tb,foYdk
jyK&rnfenf;[laomf bkd;awmfrif;BuD; OD;aq;r*FvmjyKaomtcg? &udKifwkdYbmom qHyifukd aemufwGJxkH;?
rif;BuD;jrifatmif aeav[k? om;tm;rSmcJh rif;&Jb,aoav\/
---------------------

16-rif;&Jb, om;awmfvusmf rif;eefudk


yk*jH ynf&h iS f tavmif;pnfoil ,frif;
&uKd ifjynfwiG f xD;eef;wifvmaom t|Kywu
d jdk yqdjk cif;/
om;awmf vusfmrif;eefonfvnf;? tbrSmcJhwkdif; rif;BuD;\OD;aq;r*FvmtcgwGif? &udKifjynf\
bmomtpOf/ qHyifudk aemufwx
JG ;Hk rif;Bu;D jrifatmifaeav\/ yk*jH ynh&f iS rf if;vnf;? r*FvmtcgawmfwiG ?f
r*FvmrJjh yK&moavm[k-owfap[k trdeaYf wmf xkwaf v&m/ vusmf rif;eefvnf;? owfawmfrv
l Qif ao&ygrnf/
bkd;awmfrif;xH oHawmfOD;wif&ygapOD;[k awmif;yef/ tbrif;&Jb,rSmwkdif; avQmufav\/ tavmif;
pnfoli,frif;BuD;vnf; oem;awmfrlvS/ trdefYawmfukdEkwfNyD;vQif/ trwfvusfmBuD;ukd AkdvfrSL;cefYNyD;?

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53

OD;y@d

jrefrmukd;wyf/ ol&Jwpfodef;ESifh/ Munf;aMumif;/ wvkdif;ukd;wyf? ol&Jwpfodef;ESifh vusfmrif;eefukd a&aMumif;


csDap? csDvmaMumif;ukd &udKifrif;? rif;ywdMum;odavvQif? avSwufpD&if? y#du&m;awmifkdu qD;
wkdufavvQif ukef;aMumif;wyf ysufav\/ xkdtaMumif;ukd Mum;awmfrlavvQif? tavmif;pnfoli,frif;
trsufxGufawmfrl/ rsm;pGmaom &Jrufxyfavmif; csDapjyefaomf/ rif;ywdvnf; rcHEkdif/ eef;xufwGif
owf&av\/ xD;kd;? eef;kd;? rif;rsKd;rSefaom vusfmrif;eef? ESrawmfa&TGulomwkdYukd? &udKifa&TxD;a&Teef;ukd
ay;tyfaqmufESif;awmfrlav\/ xdktaMumif;ukd? uAsmvuFmaqmif/ (&udKifrif;orD;{;csif;wGif)/
{;onfwpfcsuf? pr0uf/ bkef;oufpnfjyKef;/ q,fa,mufBuHK;wGif/ tqkH;pGefrSL;/ rif;bDvl;ukd/
BuHxl;vSnhfywf/ ykefuefowf/ rwftocF,m/ rnfomwpfcsuf? 0a&mif;iSufvQif? okH;qufa&GUom/ yOmNrdKU
a[mif;/ usdef;NyD;aESmif;rS? rif;aumif;aoG;cJ? rif;&Jb,? aygufkdjrESihf/ <ucJha&Tjynf? aqGESpfrnfwGif/ jrifonf
onf;csm? a&TulomESihf/ vufsmrif;eef? eef;kd;rSefvQif? wzefvnf;aumif;? avmif;pnfolckdif;? t,lvIdif;?
wvkdif;wodef;/ jyLwodef;ESifh/ atmifudef;cgBudrf? jyu'defavsmuf/ y&drfNrdKUopf/ axmifvmvSpfonf/ /
cspfjynfol? ,llownf;av/ /[l pyfqkdavonf/
xkdvusfmrif;eefukd tavmif;pnfoli,frif; apvTwf? eef;wifxm;aom jyLESifhwvkdif;wkdYonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m; r[mrked &Sdaeawmfrl&m t&yfukd &Smavaomf/ oD&duk#fawmif r*Fvmwefaqmif;awmfBuD;xuf
awGUavu/ aemifawmfoAkbk&m;onf/ igbk&m;\ESpfyg;aom 0dygwfawmfukd ighnDcspf/ kyf&Sifawmfr[mrked
onf cHav[k trdefYawmfay;cJh/ om0wda&TjynfokdY jyefavawmfrlrnfhtcg/ Asm'dwfpum;xm;awmfrlcJhaom
twkdif;yifvQif/ jyLwkdYonf csif;wpfaxmifjzihfxkd;? &wemukd;yg;twdNyD;aom aemufawmfuausmom;ukd
,lavonf/ / wvkdif;ppfonfwkdYum; kyf&Sifawmfjrwf\ aygifawmfukd jzwfNyD;vQif? ,ljyefoGm;aomtcg?
&if;0jrpfodkY a&mufavvQif? e*g;wkdYwuf? a&yGuf? 0Jcaemif;? jrpfvkH;ajymif;jyef? vIdif;wefykd;jyif;xefpGm
xavvQif/ wvkdif;ppfonfwkdY avSepf/ kyf&Sifawmfjrwf\ aygifawmfukd e*g;wkdY yihfaqmif,lavonf/
kyf&Sifawmfr[mrkedbk&m;ukd zsufqD;vsuf ,laqmifaom jyL wvkdif;[lorQwkdYonf? El0Javukef\/ xkdaom
t&yfukdvnf;/ &rf;0caemifBuD;[l aeYwkdifatmif ac:wGifav\/ / onfum;/ &ckdif&mZ0ifa[mif;
vmaom pum;wnf;/
r[mjrwfrkedorkdif;um;? ou&mZf 480wGif yk*Hjynfh&Sif tavmif;pnfoli,frif;onf? xkdvusfm
rif;eefukd eef;wifapvTwfawmfrlaomtcg? jyLwvkdif;wkdYoonf r[mrkedkyf&Sifawmfjrwfukd yk*HjynfokdY yifh,l
aqmifMuOf;aomfvnf; r&ojzif/h xkrd [mrked yk &f iS af wmfjrwfu/dk csK;d zJzh suq
f ;D vsu?f zku
d si;f xk;d Murnf BupH nfMu
aomtcg? arSmiftwdrkduf uG,faysmufNyD;vQif/ wefckd;awmftm;jzihf vlESifhreD;aom awmBuD;wpfckokdY
a&mufae&m/ csif;-u&iftkdif;tpkdif;wkdY awGUjrifMu/ ewfBuD;trSwfjzifh ukd;uG,fMu\/ rdrdwkdY&yf&Gm?
rkdCf;av0or&Gmaomtcg? Muuf-0uf-EGm;-uRJ wkdYukd owfjzwf? aoG;acsmif;pD;apvsuf/ acgifao&nfwkdYESihf
ylaZmfMu\/ xko
d jYdk yKvyk af omtcg? Bu;D pGmaomrkC
d ;f &Gmojzih?f vGepf mG tm;&Mu\/ xkrd [mrked yk &f iS af wmfjrwfudk

tkid ;f wk\
Yd bmomjzihf rkC
d ;f aumif;ewfBu;D [k trnfrn
S v
fh su/f edpb
wfyal Zmf uk;d uG,Mf uonf[k tpOfpum;?
tcsKdUaom orkdif;pmwrf;rsm; vmonhftwkdif;? r[mjrwfrkedorkdif;wGif xnfhoGif;vsuf yg&Sdonf/ xkdvusfm
rif;eefrif;BuD;onfum; tdrfedrfhav;q,fh&SpfESpf? eef;pHESpfq,fh&SpfESpf? oufawmfckESpfq,fhajcmufESpfwGif
ewf&GmpHawmfrlav\/
(vufsmrif;eef rif;BuD;aemuf/ om;awmfoD[rif;rSp? omuD0ifi,f rif;BuD;vufxufwkdifatmif?
rif;ig;qufwkdY\ vufxuf t"dyg,fxl;r&Sd tus,fra&;vkdufonf/)
xkdrif;ig;qufwkdYwGif? omuD0ifi,frif;BuD;onf? ewf&GmpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf? om;awmfaumvd,
rif;om;onf ukrm &D[al om rif;orD;ESihf tbdou
d cf
H / jynfpnf;pdru
f dk ou&mZf495-ckEpS w
f iG f pk;d tkyaf wmfrl
av\/ xkdrif;um; qifjrif; &xm; &JrufAkdvfygwkdYonf tvGefjrm;ajrmifpGm &SdaomaMumihf? &SpfrsufESmaom
t&yf cyfodrf;aom &efolwkdYonf? OD;acgif;rQxltHhaomiSg r0Hh&SmMuojzihf/ oGm;av&m&mt&yf? jynfaxmif
rif;wdkYonf? twkwftcGefb@mvufaqmifukd zwfr&yg/ xkdrif;\ wkdif;EdkifiHum; taemufukdvnf; zwfr&

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OD;y@d

jynftvk;H ukd ykid af wmfral v\/ ajrmufbufuv


dk nf; NyKH ;jynf? [pfjHk ynfwidk af tmif? ykid af wmfral v\/ ta&SUbuf
ukdvnf; yk*Hrif;\ EkdifiHtm;vkH;ukd ykdifawmfrlav\/ awmifbufrSmvnf; wvkdif;jynftm;vkH;ukd ykdifawmfrl
av\/ ta&SUbuf ajrmufaxmifhrSmvnf; rkdCf;nif;? rkdCf;aumif;? uav;? tkH;abmifwkdifatmif ykdifawmfrl
av\/ xkrd if;onf tvkad wmfcyford ;f jynhv
f wfvQi/f pEyAwrnfaom awmifxyd f bk&m;kyw
f ak wmfwpfql
ukd wnfawmfral p\/ xkrd if;aumif;rIawmf wnfaomtcg/ wmief;csvkyaf ponfum; yk*rH if;? rkC
d ;f nif;rif;?
uav;rif;/ tk;H abmifrif;? wvkid ;f rif;? ol&wefrif;? NyKH ;rif;? [pfrHk if;wkyYd ifwnf;/ xkrd if;wk\
Yd trnfuv
dk nf;/
bk&m;wHwidk ;f \twGi;f ,aeYwidk af tmif armfueG ;f ausmufwidk Ef iS fh xm;cJ\
h / xkrd if;\bke;f wef;ck;d tmEkabmfwYdk
onf/ ZrL'DyguRef;tjyif cyfodrf;aomrif;wkdYxuf xif&Sm;awmufy\/ xkdaumvd,rif;BuD;onf
tdrfedrfhwpfq,fh&SpfESpf? pnf;pdrfESpfq,f? ESpfpkoufawmf okH;q,fh&SpfESpfwGif ewf&GmpHawmfrlav\/
--------------------

17- aumvd,rif;om;awmf 'o&mZmrif;Bu;D vufxuf/


av;vufeufpMum&jcif;ukd trSL;trwfwYdk
avQmufwifcPf;? r[mrked ky&f iS af wmfjrwf
uG,af ysmufvsuf aeawmfro
l nfu/dk trwfxm;ykid Bf u;D wku
Yd dk
apvTw
f yifNh y;D vQi?f oD&u
d #k af wmifawmf
wefaqmif;awmfBu;D aqmufvyk
f vSL'gef;jcif;
paom t|Kywu
d dk jyqkjd cif;/
xkdrif;vGefawmfrlavvQif/ om;awmftdrfa&SU ukrmb,rif;om;onf tr&ma'0Drif;orD;ESifh?
ou&mZf 515-ckESpfwGif jynfpnf;pdrfukd pkd;tkyfawmfrlav\/ xkdrif;onf- odMum;qufoaom av;vufeuf
pMumukd &awmfrl\/ &udKifjynfwGif pE&m;rif;ukd;qufvnf; t&dErm vSHysHukd &awmfrl\/ xkdrif;vnf;
av;pMumukd &awmfrjl cif;onf? aemufaemifaom pMum&aom rif;ukad xmuf? q,fqufajrmufjzpfco
hJ nfudk
taMumif;jyK? 'o&mZm[laomtrnfuk rSnhfMuavownf;/ xkd'o&mZmrif;BuD;onf crnf;awmf
aumvd,rif;xuf bkef;vufkH;tmPmawmf awmufy\/ crnf;awmfykdifcJhaom wkdif;EdkifiHxufvnf; tvGef
us,f0ef;onfjzpf/ trwfBuD;wpfaxmifhajcmuf&m &Sd\/ qifjrif;&xm;vnf; tykdif;tjcm;r&Sd? ra&wGufEdkif
atmif aygrsm;\/ xkdrif;onf oufawmfq,fESpfwGif eef;wuf/ wpfq,fhig;ESpfajrmufwGif bdodufcHawmfrl
rnf trdefYawmf&Sdaomtcg bdodufcHaomtcg? Bud,mt*FgpkHvif&maom taMumif;ukd/ a&S;ynm&Sd trwf
u0dausmf avQmufaomxkH; pmwrf;rlum;/
EG,jf rpfpOfvm/ jrwf&mZmwk/Yd pMuma&muf&m/ taMumif;rSmay/ y&arbke;f orm/ r[mZede?f omudef
{u&m/ Bu;D us,pf mG rif;wpdw?f bdou
d af wmfc/H wkid ;f Ekid if u
H /dk pk;d pHuyG Ef ydS
f / vlwx
Ydk yd af &S;pOfvm/ bdou
d o
f eG ;f k;d ?
arSmfuGef;xkd;? rif;rsKd;jrwfunmESihf? vusfm&pfckoif;? rif;wkdYokH;&/ jA[Pvnf;/ rlvodum/ usrf;trSmukd/
rSefpGmusihfkd;/ ab;bkd;qif;ouf? bdodufqufrSef&m? **Fgig;&yfa&/ pD;awGrjyef? 0pHMumrsKd;? rId;yef;oajyESihf/
GefYa0jrufajrZm? a&obif;ysOf/ ,SOfonfeHoifh&m? yef;pkHpGm opfav;yif/ awmifajrmufav;&yf-wifhtyf
pkdufxm;/ ppft*Fgav;yg;/ ykPm;ig;&m/ jzLpGmckoif;/ oJwvif; nDGwf&m/ **Fgjrpfurf;? yGJvrf;rysuf/
r@yfo;Hk aqmifrmS vnf;/ jzL0geDqifpk;d ? iSuaf ysmBut
H ek ;f ? yifv;Hk oD;yif? 0ef;usiaf &jynht
f ;dk ESi/fh rI;d oajy&Gu/f
'ef;-qwfoGm;? c&m;cufqkdif/ pum;vIdif/ oif;BudKifapaMumif;xm;rS? ajzmifhrrSm;onf/ w&m;vdrm/
trwfola|;? bDab;kd;rSefpGmESifh/ r*Fvmtcg euwfaumif;/ ynmajrmfjrif/ a&ajr&Sifvnf;/ *kPfvQiftod/
*wdav;yg;/ w&m;wnfapaMumif;wnf;/ a&S;xkH;a[mif;usrf;tvm/ rnD,kwf wuf/ ayghysufr&Sd/
opmBuD;onf/ pkd;xD;rif;aumif;rsKd;wkdY/ qkdkd;a&S;pOfvm/ ukd,f\touf/ y&GufjcykH;/ ESvkH;rjcm;apownf;/

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OD;y@d

ow0guk/d arwx;Hk acG&pf/ Geo


Yf pfwufa0? Muufoa&aMumih/f NzKd ;a0vlewfcsp\
f / av;yg;tjypf &Si;f &Si;f uGm/
jynf o l v k y f c G e f / rvG e f p m;wk d ; &monf / r[mEG , f j rpf - bk e f ; yG i h f o pf / &[ef ; od u m / rif ; rS m bd o d u f /
olawmfpdwfonf/ rbdwfusihfkd; jrwftrsKd;/ / ,if;odkYxkH;a[mif;ESifhtnDjynhfpkHpGm/ 'o&mZmrif; cHawmfrlaom
&mZbdaoutcPfum;/ a&S;ab;awmf? bkd;awmfcrnf;awmfwkdYcHonfhtbdodufenf;/
ESpfOD;tay:/ uqkefvef wpfq,fhig;&ufaeYvnf;aumif;/ ajrrem-aeveuwf rykwfaomESpf
vnf;aumif;/ bdodufcHr@yfokH;aqmifaqmuf&m/ **Fgjrpfem;? ajrjzLajreD&Sdaom aoavm'uajr
vnf;aumif;/ bk&m;ausmif;ajrvGwfaom t&yfvnf;aumif;/ ,if;okdYaom r*Fvm&Sd&m? tOee'Djrpfa&
Muufoa&&Sdaom bkrdt&yf0,f/ r*FvmjyKaom r@yfokH;aqmif aqmuf&mt&yf/ uvdefawmifajr?
tr&mawmifajr? atmifomNrdKUajr? oD&duk#fawmifajr? uwkawmifajr? eDvmawmifajr? arm&yAw
awmifajrwdu
Yk dk aqmif,
l xm;&m\/ r*Fvmr@yfaqmuf&ef opf0g;Burd w
f u
Ydk dk tonfom;wku
Yd ? &if;zsm;rrSm;
ap&? rSwfom;ckwf,l ay;&av\/ trkd;rSm uefYvefYum&Gufukd? wvkdif;ajrmufpnfom;wkdYu ay;&av\/
,if;odkYtrdk; Budrf0g;pkHvwfaomf/ r*Fvmr@yfaqmuf&mt&yf a&TxGef aiGxGef oHxGefokH;&yf/ a&TxGefrSm
trsKd;tkd; ola|;rSefol\om;? 0garmif;aom wef;qmukd qif,ifvsuf xGef&av\/ aiGxGefrSm trsKd;pOfquf?
ol<u,frSefol\om;? eDarmif;aom wef;qmukd qifxGef&av\/ oHxGefrSm trsKd;pOfqufBuD;aom
awmifolBuD;om;? pdrf;aomwef;qmukdqif xGef&av\/ xkdokH;&yfaom xGefaomfum;/ EGm;vm;OobESihf
xGe&f av\/ ,if;odNYk y;D vwfr/l EGm;ek&Yd nfudk tESjYH zL;&av\/ ,if;odNYk y;D vwfaomf/ EGm;acs;rIejYf zihf tESjYH zL;&av
\/ ,if;odNYk y;D vwfral omf? rka,m? ESr;f ? 0g? ajymif;? yJ? pyg;rsm;ukd BuzJ se;f av&m\/ xko
d NYkd y;D vQi?f NcKH vpHk mG umvsu/f
[kef;ewfylaZmfaomykPm;wkdYu/ pED-y&rDoGm-AdoEkd;paomewfwkdYukd vSnf;&xm;jzihfwif/ &mZrwPf
usrf;vm? *gxmrEefwdkYukd &Gwfbwf&av\/ ,if;odkYNyD;vwfaomf/ oCFawmf? yka&m[dwfwpfq,fhESpfyg;?
oCFm*kdPf;jynhf? bkrdZmv paomatmifjcif;&Spfyg; tpkH/ r*Fvokwf? &weokwf? y&dwfpaom y&dwfawmfukd
&Gwf&av\/ ur0gpmvnf; bmof&Gwfav\/ ,if;odkYNyD;aomf? ewfylaZmfykPm;wkdYu o&Po&d&SdEbkrdZmv
*gxmukd &Gwv
f su/f ckoif;oHay;&\/ ,if;odNYk y;D vwfr-l r*Fvmr@yfaqmufvyk &f ef opf0g;Bu;D trk;d uefv
Y efY
umwkdY y&dwfawmfa& ckoif;a&wkdYjzihf zsef;ap&m\/ ,if;odkYNyD;rS [l;&m;aqG;-ykPm;av;a,mufESifh/ [l;&m;
wwfyP
k m ;/ wpf&m&Spaf ,mufwu
Ydk /dk jzLpifaomwef;qmukq
d ifvsu/f yEucf saom tcgukd apmih&f \/ yEucf s
aomolrSm oabFmom;wkdYkdaom wef;qmukdqifvsuf a&TyEufukd ukdif&onf/ y&dwfykPm;wkdYrSm eDaom
wef;qmukq
d if aiGyEuu
f dk ukid &f onf/ avSoBl u;D wkrYd mS jymaomwef;qmukd qifvQu?f oHyEuu
f dk ukid &f onf/
xkdodkYpkHvifpGmaeav? tcgem&Ddvsuf aumif;aom euwfa&mufvwfaomf/ rD;aygufckepfvkH;ukd? ckepfBudrf
ypfabmuf/ aMu;armif;? cGufcGif;? 'kHrif;? ywfom? wl&d,m? ckoif;toHwkdYjzihf wpfNydKifeufwD;rIwfap?
xkt
d wGi;f yEuu
f dk wnDwnmwnf; cs&avonf/ aqmufaomtcgrlum;? tonf;om;u aqmufvyk rf ;dk um
&onf/
r@yfokH;aqmifaomfum;? oD[moer@yf? *Zmoer@yf? arm&moer@yfwnf;/ oD[moe
r@yf jzLeDaom wef;qmukd cs,f&rnf/ *Zmoer@yf eDarmif;aom wef;qmukd cs,f&rnf/ arm&moe
r@yf kdarmif;aom wef;qmukd cs,f&rnf/ ,if;odkYNyD;aomtcg? oD[moer@yfrSm y&dwfykPm; wkdYu
apmihf&rnf/ *Zmoer@yfrSm oabFmom;wkdYu apmihf&rnf/ arm&moer@yfrSm tonfom;wkdYu
apmihf&rnf/ bdodufoGef;&ef? om*&e'D-**Fgjrpfa&ukd? 'g*gpm;u a&Ttkd;ckepfvkH;ESihf yGJobiftpkHwD;rIwfvsuf
ykdYqufvm&onf? owaum#d **Fgjrpfa&ukd? armufolZmpm;u xkdYenf;yGJobifESihf ykdYqufvm&onf/ tkP
0wDajrrSm? NrdKUopfpm;u xkdenf;yGJobifESihf qufykdYvm&onf/ Ow&r"katmifomNrdKUajrrSm rIHpnf;pm;u
xked nf;yGo
J bifEiS fh qufyv
Ydk m&onf/ upye'Djrpfa&? tOee'Djrpfa&wku
Yd dk cyfrnft
h cg euwaf &mufvwfaomf?
trsKd;tpOf eef;kd;rSefaom rif;orD;&Spfa,muf? trsKd;tkd;rSefaom bdodufr*FvmykPm;orD; &Spfa,muf?
trsK;d pOfqufreS af om trwforD;&Spaf ,muf? trsK;d pOfqufreS af om ola|;orD;&Spaf ,muf/ trsK;d tk;d rSeaf om
ol<u,forD; &Spfa,mufwkdYonf/ qef;Mu,faom t0wfwef;qmwkdYukd 0wfqifvsuf/ rif;orD;wkdYrSm a&Ttkd;?

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56

OD;y@d

ykPm;orD;wkdYrSm ajrtkd;? olaX;orD;wkdYrSm aMu;tkd;? ol<u,forD;wdkYrSm aiGtkd;? trwforD;wkdYrSm oHtkd;? xkdodkY


tpku
H idk v
f su/f bdou
d rf *FvmawmfyP
k m ;&Spaf ,muf/ omoemykid Ef iS fh pMu0aw;av;a,muf? trwf&pS af ,muf?
olaX;ol<u,f? awmifoBl u;D ? oif;awmfBu;D &Spaf ,mufp?D wl&,
d mtpkEH iS ?hf jrpfqyd o
f aYdk &mufaomf/ rif;orD;wkaYd omf
um; iSufqifavSawmfrSm pD;&onf/ trwforD;wkdYrSm vGef;MuifavSawmfrSm pD;&onf/ olaX;orD;wkdYrSm
bm;rJhavSawmfrSm pD;&onf/ ol<u,forD;wkdYrSm rdausmif;avSawmfrSm pD;&onf/ bdodufr*FvmykPm;wkdYrSm
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BuJ xm;ESifh&onf/ pD&Dom;wkdYuvnf; a&vrf;wpfavQmuf a&zsef;&onf/ y&dwf&GwfykPm;wkdYuvnf;?
y&dwf&GwfaeESihf&onf/ oD[moer@yf rif;orD;ESihf ykPm;orD;cyfaoma&? *Zoer@yf trwforD;
cyfaoma&/ arm&moer@yf olaX;orD; ol<u,forD;cyfaoma&wkdYukd wNydKifeufwnfxm;aomtcgvnf;
rD;aygufckepfvkH;ckepfcsuf ypfazmuf&onf/ xkdokdYaomt&mwkdY NyD;vwfaomf eef;awmfuonf r*Fvmr@yf
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vuf0v
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trkd;wGif vkduf&onfum;/ rif;BuD;a&SU vuf0Jvufsm? bdodufoGef;r*Fvmawmf ykPm;trsKd;-w&mrSm vuf0Ju?
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av;a,mufESifh [l;&m;wwfykPm;wpf&m/ ewfylaZmf ykPm;wpf&m/ apmif;wD;ykPm;wpf&m/ y&dwf&GwfykPm;
wpf&m/ yef;wifykPm;wpf&m/ xkdykPm;ig;&mwkdYrSm ckoif;rIwf vkduf&onf/ bdodufoGef; rif;orD;
&Spaf ,muf? ykPm ;orD;? ola|;orD;? ol<u,forD;wko
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y&dwaf wmfudk &Gwaf vap\/ eef;awmfudk jynfp;dk Bu;D trwfu aq;&avonf/ jynf&h iS rf if;Bu;D vnf; arm&moe
r@yf a&csKd;awmfrl/ *Zmoer@yfwGif OD;acgif;aq;awmfrlNyD;rSs/ / ak'O"roHCO? o&PH*awm
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wkdYonf? qef;Mu,faom wef;qmukd qifvsuf- rif;a&SUwlIaeav\/ e0&wfpDaom vusfm&pf ckoif;ukd
ukdifNyD;aomf? **Fgig;&yfa&ukd pkHpGmxnfhvsuf? vufESpfbufjzihf aumif;rGefkdaopGm rif;BuD;OD;acgif; pkduf&av

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\/ t&Sifrif;BuD;? a&S;OD;urmtp r[morwrif;aumif; rif;jrwfwkdY usifhawmfrlaom w&m;ukd NrJpGmaqmuf


wnfawmfrlygavmh? t&Sifrif;BuD;? cyfodrf;aom jynfaxmifrif;wkdYukd trsufrvGefapjcif;? cyfodrf;aom
olwkdYukd aumif;csD;ajrmufyifhjcif;? cyfodrf;aomolwkdYtm; &ifjzpfaom om;ESifhtrQ oem;awmfrljcif;? cyfodrf;
aomolwkdY pD;yGm;ukd apmihfjcif;? cyfodrf;aomolwkdY\ toufukd ukd,fawmf\toufuJhodkY xifrSwfjcif;ukd
jyKawmfral pcsi\
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BuHjcif;ukd jyKawmfrlygavmh/ ,if;odkYaom pum;ukd rif;orD;&Spfa,mufwkdYqkd rif;BuD;xdyf bdodufa&ukd
oGef;ukef\/
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oky#dyaEm paom*kPfawmf? omoemawmf yGifhvif;atmif jyKawmfrlygavmh? t&Sifrif;BuD;? cyfodrf;aom
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a&SmifMuOfjcif;? ynm&Sdaom ol\pum;ukd emvG,fjcif;rsm;ukd jyKawmfrlygavmh/ ,if;odkYqkdNyD;vQif rif;BuD;
xdyfxuf tbdodufa&ukd oGef;av\/
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qef;opfaomvuJhodkY? wpfaeYwpfyg; Muufoa&awmfyGifhvif;? jynfaxmifrif;aygif; OD;acgif;Gwfvm?
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onf/ xkdysm;ta& &ifhvwfaomf? ta&ukd xm;cJh ajrmufokdYysHav&m? xkdedrdwfukd trwfarmufolZmNrdKUpm;

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58

OD;y@d

u0dausmf avQmufxkH;aomfum;/ / t&Sifrif;jrwf? ab;awmfpEol&d,rif;jrwf vufxuf? bk&m;jrwfpGm


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,ckt&Sifrif;jrwf\ bkef;ynmMuufoa& w&m;oDv*kPfawmfaMumihf? ysm;wkdYonf yef;0wf&Sdaom tcsKd
t&omjrwfukd aqmif,lqufo? ajrmufokdY xkdysm;ysHavonfrSm/ ysm;Tef&mt&yfokdY kyf&Sifawmf r[mrked
&Sdonf trSefjzpfygonf avQmufavaomf? jynhf&Sifrif;u? trwfqifuJBuD;ESihf trwfxm;ykdifBuD; ESpfa,muf
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bDawmfvusmf rif;eefudk eef;wifvmaomtcg? jrefrmvlrsK;d wko
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xkd'o&mZmrif;BuD; oufawmfESpfq,f t&G,fa&mufaomtcg/ taemufb*Fg ukvm;wpfq,fhESpfNrdKU
wkdYonf/ oufwkdYESihfaygif;bufvsuf aomif;usef;av&m? trwfukd,f&HBuD; aZ,sAkdvfukd csDaponfumv/
wyfOD;wGif BudK;MumiSufonf om;a&wpfckukd ukdufcsD ysH0Jvm&m/ iSufESifhom;a&ukd brf;&avvQif? rif;xH
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N*dK[f&SpfaxGvnf;/ taervS/ tmumou? jyonftaMumif;/ N*dK[fajymif;qnf;Budrf pnf;pdrfawmfjrwf/
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"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

59

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usrf;wGif xGuf&SdygaMumif;[l avQmufwifavaomf/ ykPm;awmfodkY/ ojymwaxmif qkay;awmfrlavonf/


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ownf;)/
-------------------

18- aeodrrf if;Bu;D \om;awmf tevkrH if;Bu;D vufxuf/


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61

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wkdifwm;NrdKUodkY a&mufavaomf/ ta&;t&mvdrmaom av;NrdKUpm;oHwkdifukd? vufaqmifo0PfpmESihf?

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63

OD;y@d

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64

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pm;aus;vnf; OD;&pfawmifpm;t&mukd ay;awmfro


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---------------------

20- rif;xD;om;awmf 0&"rrif;vufxuf?


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66

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xkd0&"rrif;BuD;onfum; tdrfedrfhajcmufq,f? eef;pHESpfq,fhig;ESpf? ESpfoufawmf &Spfq,fhig;ESpfwGif ewf&GmpH


awmfrlav\/
xkrd if;Bu;D vGeaf wmfrNl y;D onfah emuf/ rif;Bu;D \nDawmf od*o
F rl if;onf jynfpnf;pdru
f dk pk;d tkyaf wmfr\
l /
xkrd if;onf/ tdref rd o
hf ;Hk q,fEh pS Ef pS ?f pnf;pdro
f ;Hk ESp?f ESppf o
k ufawmf ok;H q,fih g;ESpw
f iG f ewf&mG pHveG af wmfro
l nf/
------------------

21-if;om;awmf apmrGev
f ufxuf &uKd ifjynfysu
f ?
taemufb*Fg 12-NrKd UokYd ajymif;a&TUaexkid &f aom
tVKywu
d dk jyqkjd cif;/
xkdrif;vGefawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf/ xkdrif;\aemifawmf/ xkdaemifawmfrif;aemuf-0&"rrif;BuD;\
om;awmf e&rdwfvSrif;om;onf xD;eef;pnf;pdrfukd pkd;tkyfawmfrl\/ tbwl trduGJ/ nDawmfe&Ekrif;om;ukd
oHwGJpm;t&mukday;? oHwGJNrdKUrSm xm;awmfrl\/ xkde&rdwfvSrif;BuD;onf crnf;awmfvufxuf trIxrf;
a&mufvmaom jyL-rvGepf m;- &mZolorD; a&Tqu
Hk dk awmifnmxm; &mZoludk uk,
dk &f BH u;D trwf cefaY vonf/
rdzk&m;a&TqkHaqGom; aus;uRefwkdYukdvnf; toD;toD;aus;pm;ay;awmfrl\/ jynfolwkdYukd ESdyfpufMuvQuf/
xkdrif;vnf; rdzk&m;a&TqkHtvkd&Sd&m vkdufav\/ rif;aerif;oGm;? rif;ajymrif;qkd? rif;okH;rif;aqmif?
rif;tdyfrif;pm; rnD? jyKvkd&m trwfoGrf;wkdYESihf? oabmaysmf&Tifavhvm&Sdav&m/ crnf;awmfvufxufu
rSL;a[mif; rwfa[mif; olBu;D -aus;acgif;wko
Yd nf/ nDawmfow
H pJG m;odYk csO;f uyfMu? avQmufwifavonfum;?
t&Sifom;awmf? MumvQif wkdif;jynfysuftHhaom taMumif; jzpfygonf/ xD;eef;wkdif;jynfukd odrf;,lawmfrlyg[k
oHwGJpm;txHokdY oGm;Mu avQmufwifavaomf/ oHwGJpm; e&Ekrif; trdefYawmf&Sdonfum;/ igwkdYtEG,fawmf
omuD0ifrif;quf trsKd;abmuf 0dvkye-vk,ufwkdufzsuf xD;eef;wufkd; xkH;pHr&Sd/ tpfukd,fBuD;rSm
tbt&mjzpfonf[k avQmufwifolwkdYpum;ukd remr,l/ vufukdpkHvsufom aeoifhonf/ rdpmrkdufrSm;
rBuH&m? ,if;odkY trdefYawmf&Sdavonf/ xkdodkY nDawmftm; avQmufwifaomtaMumif;ukd? aemifawmfrif;BuD;
Mum;awmfrlavvQif/ nDawmf trsuf0ifawmfrl? oHwGJokdY csDrnf&Sdaomtcg? a&S;trwfynm&Sd toufw&m
t&G,f? trwf0drvavQmufaom xkH;aomfum;/ / t&Sifrif;jrwf/ yifv,fjrpfaMumif;? 0Jcaemif;? wdrf;apmif;
rz,fom/ rmvdefrwwf? a&aMumif;vTwfaomf/ ul;cyfra&muf&m/ jynhf&Sifrif;jrwf? tusihfcRwfvQif?
Oy'fow0g? a&S;xk;H a[mif;vm &Syd gonf/ nDawmfow
H pJG m;ESifh rSL;rwfjynfow
l u
Ydk kd trsuaf wmf ra&mufaumif;
yg/ t&Sifrif;BuD;onf a&S;bDawmf-ab;awmfpaom crnf;awmfwkdYESihfrwl/ trsKd;apmihfjcif; w&m;ysufonf
jzpf? nDawmfcsrf;ompGm crnf;awmf baxG;awmfwkdY pm;aus;ay;cJhaom oHwGJNrdKU NidrfoufpGm aeav&m/
olavSmifolqkd;wkdY pum;ukd emawmfrlvsuf? a,murawmf-jyLtrwf&mZmolukd cefYawmfrl? wpfESpfwpfBudrf
wkdufapaomfvnf;? nDawmf *kPfoDvNrJjcif;aMumihf? rSL;rwfaus;uRef t*FgpkHpGm&Sdonfjzpf okH;Budrfwkdifwkdif
ysufvm&ygonf/ oHwGJokdY csDawmfrlrnfh tBuHawmfroifhyg/
a&S;usr;f *eftqk?d umvd*&F mZfrif;u? tourif;ukd ppfjyKavaomtaMumif;? ed'gef;a[mif;wGiv
f nf;/
q'efajymifrkef/ &J[kefeif;csKd;/ cRHcRHxkd;okdY/ tusKd;&Sdoifh/ wkdif;cGifrom? r*Fvmatmifajr/ taeoifh&m/
Akdvfygqifjrif;? odrf;oGif;rysuf/ &JrufrNydK/ &efudkESdyfEGH/ tBuHynm? onfomjzpfcJh/ ol&Jr&Sm;/ vufkH;tm;rSm/
trSm;trSef/ tvGeftusL;? oll;t*Fg? rdpmtusihf/ edrfhjrifhIEdkif/ tykdifcJcuf? vufeufAkdvfajc/ taotqkH;/
xkH;rjyKavmuf/ xGif;abmufajrmufjrm;/ *kPfukd;yg;pkH/ ynmvkHrS/ AkdvfykHryef;/ OmPfpGrf;e*d/ wGif;jyif&Sdu/
BuD;bdppftif/ jrif;qif&xm;/ ajconftm;ESihf/ av;yg;nDpkH? a&mufjim;wkHvnf;/ ykdufNcHKNyD;pD;/ ppfolBuD;wkdY
xkH;rSDvdrm? okdYukdomvQif/ ppftifavrnf/ tyfonfa&S;kd;? &efcsKd;Ekdifonf/ olYjynfom,m/ 0womokdY/
yrmwrQ/ tourif;/ ppfwGif;IH;rnf/ qkdonfpum;? odMum;pOfvsuf/ rysufxkH;pH? eEdaoe? tourwf/
nDGwfjynfhpkH/ ynmvkH/ AkdvfykH&efNidrf;? umvd*F&mZf? olYppfEGrf;Id;/ tusKd;r&Sd? yef;ES,f&d? wpdupuf/

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aMunufy&rf;/ trwfoGrf;ESihf/ rif;Murf;woGef/ rmefwef;cGefukd/ uJvGefpwif/ ukd,fh&Sifukd,f0,f/ tvrm,f


okdY? tE&m,fa&muf/ ajy;ajrmufvrf;rSm;/ aoaysmufjim;vnf;/ w&m;r&/ rif;okn? ,if;okdY xkH;a[mif;&Sdyg
onf/ t&Sifrif;jrwf/ / xkdrSwyg;wkHvnf;? olavSmifoljyuf/ aygif;bufpum;/ rif;BuD;rSm;rl/ wkdif;um;rpnf/
ysufwwfonf/ / a&S;pma[mif;tvmwGif <uufBuD;wGif;atmif;? <uuf0,favmif;/ kH;aygif;wGif;ukd zsufvdrfh
rnf/ / ausmif;wpfq,fausmfukd? &Sifi,fwpfa,muf pm;vdrhfrnf/ /tuscg;wkd/ vlysKdtrwfrsm;vdrfhrnf/ /
ykwD;vufpGJ? vlpOf;vJvnf; rsm;vdrfhrnf/ / ,if;odkYtcg? rkdCf;r&Gm/ tpmiwf &Sm;vdrfhrnf/ / iwfjrpful;wkdY?
vlrykdYvnf; ul;vdrfhrnf/ / <uufrif;ajy;cg? rZdrmokdY a&mufvdrfhrnf/ / jyLESifhwvkdif;? ipifkdif;odkY jyKvdrfhrnf/
/ <uufrif;wwef/ wGif;odkYjyefaomf/ tBuHwGif;opf &Smvdrfhrnf/
MurmukeftHhaomf/ xkdokdY odkuf"mwfa[mif; awGU&Sdygvsuf/ wkdif;jynfysuf&maom wdwfBuD;edrdwfBuD;
vnf; xifjyygvsu/f "mwfav;yg;acsmufcsm;&m? rkC
d ;f vnf;r&Gm/ ow0gwkv
Yd nf; iwfrw
G yf ifyef;? I;d EGr;f vsuf
ESihf &SdonfhtwGif;/ NrdKUpm;? &Gmpm;? uRef;pm;? acsmif;pm;ay;awmfrlonfrSmvnf;? wNrdKUw&Gmwacsmif;wpkdYrS
vGwfonfr&Sdyg/ xkdaus;pm;wkdYuvnf; wkdif;jynfukd zsufqD;jyKMuygonf t&Sifrif;jrwf/ nDawmf om;awmf?
aqGawmf rsK;d awmfrpS rSL;aumif;rwfaumif;wku
Yd dk rESyd pf uftyfyg/ ESyd pf ufacsaomf jynfemonf/ jynfemacsrl
&efolay:aygufu/ jynfvkH;arSmuf ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufwwfygonf/ xkdodkYtrwfBuD; avQmufav&m/
rif;kd;rif;rsKd;rSefvsuf? olrkdufwkdYESihf aygif;rd/ ynm&Sdpum;ukdr,l/ arSmufrSm;ojzihf/ trwfBuD;0drvukd
rm&fatmifokdY ykdYxm;avonf/
,if;aomtcg t0rif;acgifu-om;awmf rif;&JausmfpGmukd cefYxm;csDvmaMumif;ukd/ oHwGJpm; e&Ek
rif;om; Mum;odavaomf/ aemifawmfxo
H Ydk tavQmuftwif/ awmifciG pf m; &efroludk apvTwaf vQmufwifav
&m/ aemifawmfrLS ;rwforG ;f wdu
Yk / nDawmfEiS fh ppfNyKd i&f o
dS nfwiG /f nDawmfval &mufvmonfrmS / tajzmifv
h mjcif;
r[kwf/ tvSefYtacsmuf-tpkHtprf;apa&mufolom jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkYavQmufav&m/ e&rdwfvSrif;onf
OmPfenf;ojzihf? nDawmfvlaxmifcGifpm;&efrolukd? emusifpGm &mZ'Pfay; jyefaponf/ &efroljyefa&muf
vmvQi?f oHwpJG m; e&Ekrif;vnf;/ ckid v
f pHk mG wyfp;D wyfeif;? uif;twefwef? Munf;a&ydwq
f v
Ydk suf aeavonf/
rif;&JausmfpGmvnf; e&rdwfvSrif;ukd wkdufav&m e&rdwfvSrif;rcHEdkif? ou&mZf 780wGif/ taemufukvm;
b*Fg 12-NrdKUokdY xGufoGm;&avonf/
t0NrdKU bk&ifrif;acgifu? orufawmf aemf&xmESihf orD;a&Tjynfhcsrf;omukd? avmif;MuufNrdKUeef;
wifxm;avaomtcg/ aemf&xmESihf a&Tjynfcsrf;omwkdY tvGefqkd;oGrf;? jynfolwkdYukd Of;yef;vwfjyef&m/
oHwGJpm; e&Ekrif;u? yJcl;NrdKU&mZm"d&mZfxH 0ifav\/ aemf&xmrdzk&m;a&Tjynhfcsrf;om rSL;rwfwdkY qkd;oGrf;Ekdif
xuf? jynfow
l u
Ydk dk ESyd pf ufygaMumif;? avQmufavaomf? &mZ"&mZfrif;u t0Ekid f [laomtrwfudk Akv
d cf sKycf ef
Y ?
&Jrufwpfaomif;ESifh csDoGm;wkdufav&m? aemf&xmESifh rSL;rwfwpf&mausmfukd pD&ifNyD;rS? e&Ekrif;ukd eef;wifcJh
onf/ aemf&xmrdzk&m; a&Tjynfcsrf;omukd ac:,ljyefavonf/ e&Ekrif;vnf; w&m;oDv*kPfjynhfpkHaom
rif;jzpf? aemifawmfe&rdwfvS&Sd&mokdY vlapvTwf avQmufapaomf/ aemifawmfcsDvmcJh/ ou&mZf 793ckwkdifa&mufrS? xD;eef;&NrJ&jyefav&m/ om;awmfrsm;ukd tdrfa&SUray;/ nDawmfe&Ekrif;ukd tdrfa&SUESif;awmf
rlonf/ crnf;awmfvufxufu rSL;BuD;? rwfBuD; om;ajr;wkdYukdvnf; pDppfawmfrl toD;toD;ynma&;
tavQmuf tedrfhtjrifh olaumif;jyKawmfrlavonf/ trwfynm&Sd 0drvom; jrausmfatmifukdvnf;/
u0dausmt
f rnfEiS fh av;NrKd Uukd pm;aus;ay;awmfro
l nf/ rif;apmrGeBf u;D trnfuv
dk nf; cHawmfro
l nf/ eef;us
wqJhokH;ESpf&Sdav&m? ynm&SdESihfaygif;azmfav? aemifrif;jzpfaomtcg? a&S;ab;awmf-bDawmf crnf;awmfwkdY
enf;aom usifhawmfrlonf/ avmif;MuufNrdKUukd &efolESdyfpufzsufqD;/ tESpfwpfq,fausmf aeavonf/
NrfdKUajymif;awmfrlrnf trdefY&Sdav&m/ ynm&Sd av;NrdKUpm; u0dausmf avQmufxkH;aomfum;/ / t&Sifrif;jrwf?
wifhtyfaom ckepf|mejynfhpkHpGm/ ppft*Fgav;yg;nDGwf xGef;vif;aomae&myif jzpfapum? usrf;*eftvm?
/ ,x? tMuifwkdif;jynf/ &mZm? jynf&Sifrif;onfvnf;aumif;/ trapm? trwfonfvnf;aumif;? owayg?
rSm;aomtjyKtjyifaomfvnf;aumif;/ edA*H? a0befwwfaom tavhr&Sdjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ pwktygwH/

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av;yg;aom*wdoYdk vku
kd w
f wfjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tao0eH? rku
d x
f ;Hk tavhudk BuKd uaf vaomfvnf;aumif;/
&|H? wkid ;f jynfonf? 'ku?H qif;&Jysupf ;D jcif;ok/Yd ygykaP? a&mufav&m\/ / [k usr;f *efvmygonf/ txufwidk ;f
jynfrysufrD/ t&Sifrif;jrwf xD;eef;pkd;aomtcgvnf;/ a&S;rif;wkdYenf; tbdodyfawmfukd rcH&Sdavonf/
,ckukodkvfay;vmjyef xD;eef;wkdif;jynfukd &NrJ&awmfrljyef&m/ bDawmf paomcrnf;awmf t&Sifrif;wkdYenf;
tbdodufcHawmfrlNyD;rS/ NrdKUopfajymif;awmfrlvkdvQif? ajymif;awmfrl&ygrnf/ / a&S;ynm&SdwkdY trSmpmxkH;wrf;rSm
vnf;/ &[ef;wkdYrSm ur0gwif/ odrf0ifodum/ crmw&m;/ NrJoifhaMumif;/ rif;wkdYrSmvnf;? tbdodufcH&m/
orm-rif;jrwfaumif;[l/ xkH;a[mif;vmonhftwkdif;/ &mZmykHwGifvnf;/ &[ef;odum/ rif;rSmbdoduf/
olawmfpdwfukd/ rbdwfusihfkd;? jrwftrsKd;[k qkdavonf/ wkdif;jynfow0g? uHMurmuyf? Oy'fqkdufa&muf?
wqJKhokH;ESpf/ olykefwkdYrif;rlvsuf&Sdav&m/ tbdodufawmf& ykPm;wkdYonf/ yef;wif? apmif;wD;? pED? [l;&m;?
[kef;ewfy&dwf&Gwf? tpkdYykPm;wkdYESihf a&maESm&Sdav&monf/ tbdodufr*Fvmawmf&-ykPm;wkdY a&S;tpOf
usihfkd;aomfum;/ tif;rEef-aq;-ya&m*-[l;&m;aA'if-rEefrsm;ukdvnf; roifravhjcif;/ a&rcsKd;rD? aq;uGrf;
xrif;ponfwkdYukd rpm;jcif;? wl&odefESifhpvG,fukd ukd,furuGmjcif;/ &moDa&mufaomrdef;r? rD;aeaomrdef;r
wkdYESifh? ra&mrpyfjcif;/ vifaovifuGm rdef;rukd tdrfaxmifbufrjyKjcif;/ om;ig;-iydrpm;jcif;/ wkdif;oljynfol
wkdYtdrfokdY vSnfhvnfoGm;vmawmif;pm;rjyKjcif;/ yd#uwfusrf;*ef? tbd"mefpaom y&dwfr*Fvmukd yDopGm
&Gwb
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ygonf/ tbdodufoGef; a&S;tkd;rSefatmif a&G;ppfawmfrl/ tbdodufa& oGef;cHawmfrlyg/ trwfynm&Sd
av;NrdKUpm; u0dausmfavQmufav&m/ apmrGefrif;BuD; uHukefcsdefa&mufavvQif/ BudKufawmfrrl/ ou&mZf
792-ckESpf? awmfovif;vef;wpf&uf-we*FaEGaeY/ uefvufuefpef;ESifh/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUukd wnfavonf/
NrdKUeef;rNyD;rD? ,m,Deef;ESihf pHawmfrl&m/ a0'emuyfa&muf ewf&GmpHawmfrlavonf/
------------------

22- if;nDawmf tvDcifrif;vufxuf? t0e&ywdBu;D u? ppfEiS afh &mufvmaomfvnf;? rif;ESpyf g;


w&m;jynfMh uolcsn;f jzpf/ r[mrdwBf u;D jzpfMuaom t|Kywu
d dk jyqkjd cif;/
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rlavvQif? txufaemifawmfrif;apmrGef? 'DvDyqmrif;xH/ ppfult*Fg 12-NrdKUvufaqmifjyK awmif;av&m?
'*Fg;wHqdyfukd ukvm;vufrSwfESihfcHrnf/ uwdqkdcJhaomaMumifh? aemifawmfrSmcJhonhf tmPmukd rysufap&/
ukvm;'DvDyqmrif; vufrSwfukd ,lav/ tvDciftrnfukd cHavonf/ xkdtvDcifrif;vufxuf? t0rif;
xlygkH? 'g,ume&ywd ppfcsDvm? zkd;acgifEG,f csKdawmifokdY a&mufavaomf? tvDcifrif;uvnf; urmwGif
cs&yfae/ t0rif;xHodkY trwfOxifpm;ukd apav&m/ ay;onfh &mZoHaomfum;/ / wdydaom?
oGmumawm? oky#dyaEm paom *kPfawmfw&m;okH;yg;ESihftnD/ y&d,w-y#dywd-y#da0" paom
omoemawmf rId;EGrf;ap&/ rlvodum? rif;ormwkdYcHaom tbdodufw&m;? q,fyg;aom rif;usihfw&m;/
wq,fEh pS q
f ifah omt*Fg/ Bu,
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olraumif;ESihf/ uif;aMumif;vkHYvukdom ynmAvjyKvsuf/ rif;wkdYtm; ig;yg; p&drm-qkwf,kwfwwfaom
vuf;Hk rmetm;ukyd ,f/ teD;ta0;ra&G;- yuwdw&m;ckepfyg;ESi/fh ow0gwku
Yd dk apmihx
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avh&Sdaom ajrmufOD;a&TNrdKUawmfBuD; t&SifMum;a&mufvkdufonf/ t0a&TNrdKU&Sif tMunfawmf/ vlow0gwkdY
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ruyfr&Sdjcif;aMumihf/ **Fg0gvkuH? oJvkH;trQyGihfawmfrlMuaom/ bk&m;jrwfwkdY toif;okdYr0if/ oHo&m
puf&[wfurxGuf/ wPSmTeftkdif aysmfykdufvsuf/ awbkru0#f0,f/ tjrifh tedfrfhwG,fNrJ "rwm/ edAmef
bDvm/ ork',opukd/ xkdow0gwkdY? wpfa,mufaomoltm; ormOmPf uyfa&mufjrifjyefaomf/ tZw
A[d'&ef rvGwf&m/ twdZmw-y#doaEESihf pGJ&if;rSef/ edur-qdwfNidrf&mokdY xGufoGm;ojzihf/ um,0dnwf/

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0pD0n
d wf/ raemorwfEiS fh xde;f odr;f vsu/f ormynmwufrukd ajzmifrh wfpmG ukid af v/ tvGeBf u;D us,af om
Av0grkcork'&m? 0JwPSmjrpfu xGufajrmuful;a&mufavonf/ tEkZmw y#doaE jzpfrl? rdby#doaE
ay;olwkdY\ xkH;pHukdom usihfBuHNrJpGJvsuf/ toufxufqkH; aeav&monf/ t0Zmwom;-y#doaEaeaom
om;awmfum;/ a&S;ynm&SdwkdYxkH;ukd r,l/ rdbpOfvm apmihfaomtrsKd;tusihfr&Sd/ qkd;oGrf;aysmf&Tif/ obif
avhvm/ ,pfrsKd;aomufpm;/ twaemrwd? rdrdtBudKufukdom/ tbdZmrw&m;jzihfjyKjcif;/ Asmyg' rsm;vsuf/
olwxl;ukd NidKjiifvsuf/ zsufqD;rI olYpnf;pdrfukd BuHjcif;/ rdpm'd|dw&m; tvGefjyKjcif;/ waMumif;wkHvnf;/
ormolawmfaumif;wkdYESihf acwaygif;bufcJhbl;aom aus;Zl;axmufyHh&m/ avmuDpnf;pdrfukd cHpm;/ pMum
&aomrif;onf/ rdpmOmPfyGm;? odMum;pnf;pdrfukd wufrdacs? b0rjcm;? 'd|"rysufpD;aMumif;
usrf;*efvmonf/ oD&d"raomurif;rlvnf;? ZrL'Dygukd tpkd;&jzpfvsuf/ xkdrif;uHpJcsdefwef trSm;ukdtrSef
xifav&m/ wd&pmefb0okdYa&mufavaMumif;/ uxmpum; ynm&SdwkdY oufaojyTef;qkdcJhavonfrsm;ukd
ESvkH;oGif;? tMunfawmfvnf; rif;rnfumr[kwf/ tvmaumif;vsuf tjyefrapmif;ap&/ ukd,furuGm/
orm&Spfxyf? ppfuGyfvdrm/ ynmvufeuf/ ykd;y&GufodkY/ ppfwufvmMu/ avmbolykef? ukefatmifowfjzwf?
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70

OD;y@d

rif;BuD;onfum;? tdrfedrfhav;q,fhckepfESpf/ pnf;pdrfESpfq,fhig;ESpf/ ESpfpkoufawmfckepfq,fhESpfESpfwGif/


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ewf&GmpHawmfrlav\/
------------------

23- rif;AmBu;D eef;wufawmfro


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Munf;aMumif;? a&aMumif;? wyfaygif;pnf;Muyf/ cefY&yfawmfrlonfum;/ jynhf&Sifrif;BuD;? rkjrpfnmyJ

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71

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72

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wJcG/ acsmif;om;/ uwl;/ csKyfva[mfvlrsKd;wkdYESihf/ zkd;acgifawmifta&SUbuf aus;&GmokdY csDwufaponf/
om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;apmvSukdvnf;/ b*Fg 12 NrdKU ukvm;oabFm okH;qJhig;pif;ESihf armfwifu apmifhaexm;
avonf/ xkdodkY toD;oD;cefY&rf;xm;awmfrlNyD;rS qifhqkdawmfrlonfum;/ awmifilrif;w&m;a&TxD; a&mufvm
vQif/ a&SUuqD;rwkdufESifh/ csDvm NrdKUem;okdYa&mufavrS aemufuydwfqkdY/ &dumr&Smap& wkdufzsuf&rnf/
trdefYawmfjyefqkdvsuf xm;awmfrlavonf/
awmifilrif;w&m;a&TxD;vnf;? ou&mZf 917-ck wykdYwGJvef; 2&ufaeY avmif;MuufNrdKUa[mif;wGif
wyfcsvm/ if;vef; 3-&ufaeY NrdKUukdwkdufav&m/ rD;ayguf? ajymif;? av;jrm;ypfcwfvQif/ taorsm;ojzihf
qkwfcGmaeavonf/ trwfBuFD;ESpfa,mufvnf; aemufuydwfqkdY wkdufavonf/ nDawmfukvm;wefpm;
vnf;/ ta&SUawmifpOf NrKd U&Gmwku
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76

OD;y@d

trwfBuD; ausmfxifaemf&xmukd rif;w&m;a&TxD;u oHapvTwfvkduf 0ifvmaomf/ tawGUcHawmfrrl/ w&m;


obifjyK&mr@yf trwfjynfpkd;BuDF;ESifh pum;ajymqkdaponfumv/ trwfjynfpkd;BuD; "raZ,suausmx
f ifaemf&xmukd ar;onfum;/ trwfBu;D wkjYd ynfwiG f &wemok;H yg;? bk&m; w&m;awmfudk Munfadk omol
&Sdyg\avm/ jynhf&Sifrif;vnf; rif;usihfw&m; q,fyg;? &mZ*kPf&Spfyg; NrJyg\avm/ rSL;rwfwdkYvnf; t*Fg&Spfyg;
jynhfpkHyg\avm/ xkdokdYar;av&m? awmifiltrwfBuD; ausmfxifaemf&xmqkdonfum;/ tuREkfyfwkdY wkdif;jynf?
omoemawmfxGef;vif;? rif;vnf;bkef;tmPmBuD;us,f/ rSL;rwfwkdYvnf; t*FgpkHpGm? ynmAv jynhf0Muonf/
,if;odq
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vmonfrSm/ 'kpkdufw&m; q,fyg;ukd apmihfxdef;aomt&yf omoemawmfwnf&monf/ 'kpkdufq,fyg;ukd
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trwfausmfxifaemf&xm tjyefwGifvnf; awmifilrif;w&m; a&TGxD;xHokdY/ ppfwaumif;NrdKUpm;
r[mynmausmu
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um,/ ponftm;xkwf/ ukd,fEIwfESvkH;/ aqmufwnfokH;Mu/ [lvsuf ormtmZDa0g? toufarG;aMumif;?
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"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

77

OD;y@d

olawmfaumif; tcs;D trGr;f ukd cH&onf/ xko


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tewmtom&ua|e/ wdydaom t&[H paomygVdt&/ lyuEm? a0'emuEm? onmuEm? ocFg&uEm?
0dnmPuEm? "mwfav;yg; jyKjyifckdifcefYonfjzpfvsuf? tprxif oHo&m0#f? tedrfhtjrifh puf0#f\yrm?
awGUNr"J rwmuk?d igrif;wum; yvTm;acsaomf? xkjd ynfow
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ukomrdylwd0g,Ed? {0HAmvlyao0em/ / xkdodkYusrf;*efvm? a&S;ynm&Sdtqkdaomfum;? rif;vnf;rif;Murf;/
trwfoGrf;ESifh? tuRrf;rwf0if/ okdYwnf;vQifrl/ jynfol&dyGwf/ rnf;wnf;jrwfu/ trwfxkdYwl/ jynfolrId;/
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dS wf

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78

OD;y@d

aomf/ trwfynmausmf avQmufonfum;/ t&Sirf if;jrwf/ Ovif;pm; iaygifwo


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odawmfrlvwf/ trwfr[mynmausmfavQmufonfum;/ / t&Sifrif;jrwf/ &mZmaem rif;wkdYonf? trpmeH?
trwfwkdYtm; teD;ta0;xm;&mvnf;aumif;? bmoaum? trsm;olqkdvmaom pum;vnf;aumif;?
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[l;&m;kdwkdYvnf;aumif;/ 0do? aoapwwfaom tqdyfvnf;aumif;? od*? OD;csKd&Sdaom ow0g
vnf;aumif;/ oayg? tqdyf&Sdaom a>rvnf;aumif;? Orwaum? tl;vnf;aumif;/ e'D? jrpfvnf;aumif;/
0dmaoe? ,kHaomtm;jzihf? aemyyZaw? tuRrf;r0iftyf? uom? tb,fhaMumihfenf;[lrlum;/ O'k&ryuH?
a&*obef;oD;onf? Am[d&m? ty/ &wuar0? eDaomta&miftqif; &SdonfomvQifjzpf\/ taEm?
twGif;rlum;? udrdvykaPm? ykd;avmufESifhjynhfpkH\/ 'kZe[',H? ol,kwfwkdY ESvkH;onmonf. etwH?
tusKd;r&Sd/ bdZwd? ysufpD;\/ y@dawm? ynm&Sdonfrlum;/ ol&d,? aeonf. 0dy&Dwm,? abmufjyefojzihf/
ypdar? taemufrsufESmu? Oa'wd/ xGufay:tHh/ ark? jrif;rkd&fawmifonf? 0dy&Dwm,? abmufjyefojzifh?
pvwd? wkefvIyftHh/ OaPSm? &J&JawmufaomrD;onf/ pEeH? pEul;uJhodkY? b0wd? jzpftHh/ y'krHMumyGihfonf/
rwau? awmifxdyf? k[wd? a&muf&myGihf&m\/ om"k0peH? ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wkdY pum;onf? "l0H?
tNrJwnf\/ aoav? awmifrnfumrQ/ rPd? ywjrm;ausmufonf? ewd? r&Sd/ *aZ? qifrnfumrQ?
erkwm? ykvJ&Sdonfr[kwf/ 0ae? awmrnfumrQ? epEeH? pEul;r&Sd/ rEka? vlrnfumrQ? ey@dawm?
ynm&Sdr[kwf? r[m&mZ? rif;jrwf? avmau? avmu? bduK? &[ef;onf? toEKa|m? ra&mifh&JEkdifojzihf/
ukv'loetmywfESihf toufarG;jcif;onf? 0dea,s? ysufpD;&m\/ &mZdaem? rif;wkdYrSmvnf;/ em&DeH?
rdef;rpum;ukd em;axmifjcif;vnf;aumif;? [Detrapm? trwf,kwfESifh vkdufoifha&maESmjcif;vnf;aumif;?
taZ,s? ratmiftyfaomoltm;? aZ,sH? atmifaomtrIukd jyKwwfjcif;vnf;aumif;? ,xm/ tMuifokdY
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om;orD;tm; / 'kAmodwm? raumif;aom pum;&Sd\/ ydwm[de? tb,kwfaomomorD;tm;/ 'kurum?
raumif;aom um,'kpkduftrIukd jyKwwf\/ twa'goH? rdrda'go&Sdjcif;ukd? y&? olwyg;tm;? eZnm?
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79

OD;y@d

&|H? wkdif;jynfonf? eaombwd? rwifhw,f/ wD? rdef;ronf? tomrdum? vifr&Sdrlum;? eaombwd?


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etrapm? ynm&Sdtrwf r&Sdrlum;? eaombwd? rwifhw,f/ bduK? &[ef;onf? ecrm? onf;cHjcif; r&Sdrlum;/
eaombwd? rwifhw,f/ ku? opfyiftm;/ tywH? t&Gufr&Sdrlum;? eaombwd? rwifhw,f/ rEkmeO?
vlwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;? a'0geO? ewfwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;? Ak'omoaem Zm? bk&m; w&m; omoemawmf
MoZmt&om xufjrufjcif;onf? ewd? r&Sdrlum;? eaombwd? rwifhw,f? xkdokdY xkH;oufaoESihf
trwfBuD;avQmufavaomf/ jynfh&Sifrif;BuD; trdefYawmf&Sdonfum;? iaygifwkdi,fonf tbrSmjyK/
trdrSmaomfum; ukvm;a&maESmonfhom;/ qifpD;wkdYvnf; rSL;rsKd;rwfrsKd; r[kwf/ oifhb-iEkd;onf?
crnf;awmfb&k m;onf ukvm;jynfudk odr;f awmfral omumv? trIxrf;vkad Mumif;ESifh avQmufavaomf/ tjyef
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rmefajrmufjcif;om jzpfygonf/ taetxm;? tpm;aus; &Gmoifah vsmrf o
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csr;fomay;awmfrl/ om;r,m;pnf;pdrfESifhwuG trwfBuD;okdY tyfawmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg? jynfh&Sifrif;BuD; i,fuRef ipaeukd rlpm;t&m ay;awmfrl? pm;aus;rllokdY ipae
xGufoGm;avaomtcg/ a&TuGrf;csyfukdaqmif; pm;okH;aMumif;ukd odawmfrlav&m/ ipaeukd ac:awmfrlNyD;rS?
pm;aus;ukd Ekwfawmfrl? rif;ray;rlvsuf-rif;okH;rif;aqmifukd pm;okH;aqmifaomoljzpfonf/ tjypfxkduf&m
pD&ifrnf&Sdaomtcg? trwfBuD;ynmausmf avQmufonfum;/ t&Sifrif;jrwf obifonfonfvnf;aumif;?
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rE&m;ukd avhvmaom&[ef;onfvnf;aumif;? trwfjzpfvsuf rif;okH;rif;aqmifukd tvkd&Sdjcif;onf
vnf;aumif;? ao&nfao&uf BudKufwwfaomolonfvnf;aumif;? rif;\tcspfukd ,kHaomolonf
vnf;aumif;? OD;csKd&Sdaom ow0gwkdYESihf a&maESmaomolonfvnf;aumif;? xkd&Spfa,mufaomolwkdYonf
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av;a,mufaom/ trapm? trwfwkdYomvQif? oefvsufxrf;? xm;vufeufpGJvsuf/ eef;okdY0ifap&monf/
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80

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82

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/ / t&Sifrif;jrwf? rdzk&m;wkdYt*Fgukd? a&S;ynm&SdwkdYqkdcJhonfrSm/ &mZa'0D? rdzk&m;onf/ oDvpm*H? tusihfoDv
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84

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trwfBuD;okdY w&m;qkay;awmfrlonf/

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w&Ha&mtcgvnf; vlwpfOD;onf rnfonfht&yf aiGtkd;&Sdonf pmTef;awGU? rdrdroGm;? wa,muf


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rif;qufom qufawmfrlonf/ xD;usKd;pnfaygufr[kwf? usrf;*efvmonfrSm? uydv0Sa,/ uydv0wfjynf?


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ted;tpyf/ trwfoHukdif;aemifrSmvnf; vufkH;&nfom&Sdonf/ aumufvdrf qef;Mu,faom OmPfr&Sd/


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OD;y@d

Budrfav&m? aomif;aomif;nmvsuf? oHawmifpm;ukd zrf;rd a&xuf 0ifoGm;avaomf/ eHeufNrdKUawmfokdY


a&mufavvQif? oHawmifpm;ukd rif;xHqufavonf/ oufacgif;tBuD;-NrHK-vif;uJ- oHawmif;pm;tygt0if
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avQmufxkH;aomfum;/ / bk&m;&Sif'g,umjzpfawmfrlaom Ardom&rif;BuD; rdzk&m;? tZmwowfrif;ukd?
y#oaEpGJaeaomumv/ raumif;aomwdwfedrdwfxifojzihf? tBudrfBudrfy#doaEukd vIyfzsufaMumif;ukd
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olawmfaumif; rzsuf&macs/ rdzk&m;u arG;bGm;aomom;onf? w&m;rapmihf tZmwowfom;jzpfcJh ightm;
jypfrmS aomfvnf;/ olt
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rif;wkdY\? bkef;vufkH;Muufoa&awmf? &wemckepfyg;? usrf;*efqkdonfrSm/ &mZeH? rif;wkdY\ "eH? Opmrnfonf
um;? ynm*kPfvQifwnf;/ jAm[PmeH? ykPm;wkdY\? "eH? Opm? rnfonfum;/ 0doH? tqdyfvQifwnf;/ bduLeH?
&[ef;&aohwkdY\/ "eH? Opmrnfonfum;? oDvH? oDvtusihfwnf;/ r*Fvmw&m;OD;wGifvnf; rmwmydwm?
trdtbwko
Yd nf? ykw' g&? om;orD;wkt
Yd m;vnf;aumif;? ykw' g&m? om;orD;wko
Yd nf? rmwmydwel ?H trdtb
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waMumif;rlvnf;? r[m&mZ? t&Sifrif;jrwf/ rmwmydwmp? trdtbvnf;aumif;? *klokp? q&mwkdY
vnf;aumif;? OmwumeO? trsKd;wkdYvnf;aumif;? trapmp? rif;tusKd;ukdvkd aqmifwwfaom
trwfvnf;aumif;/ Orwaum? oll;vnf;aumif;/ bduK? oHo&mab;ukd Iwwfaom&[ef;vnf;aumif;/
y@dawm? ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;vnf;aumif;/ owEar0? ckepfyg;aom olwkdYtm;omvQif? &mZm? rif;onf?
a'go? trsufxGufojzihf? ZD0dwda`E aoaMuysufpD;jcif;ukd? eumwAH/ rjyKtyf/ xkdodkYtaMumif; xkH;a[mif;
oufao? usrf;*efvmonfjzpf? om;awmfoHawmifpm;rSm ZrKywdrif;ESihf wlygonf/ om;awmfygatmif
ac:aqmif,El idk af om trwfawmf'g*gpm;rSm rmCwrefEiS hf wlygonf/ t&Sirf if;jrwf? wkaH omfum;? bk&m;ocif
ESifh Oyrmwlygonf/ ,if;odkYtaMumif; xkH;a[mif;xGuf&Sdygonfhtwkdif;/ jynhf&Sifrif; rwdrf;yg;ap&/ avmuD
avmukw& mESpjf zmaomtusK;d uk/d bk&m;paom olawmfaumif;ynm&Sd cs;D rGr;f ap&m/ rSL;rwfaumif;t*Fgjynhpf Hk
pGm ynmAvtm;Bu;D aom trwfBu;D avQmufavaomf/ jynh&f iS rf if;Bu;D u? ipkiH ,fonf tvdrm r&So
d jl zpfonf/
vdrm atmif oGeo
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dS ? trwfBu;D r[mynmausmo
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rlonf/ 'g*gpm;aumif;Geo
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dk m; om;awmfoaH wmifpm; taqmift&Gu?f t0wfwef;qmukd ay;awmfral v
aomf/ 'g*gpm;vnf; toem;jrwfukdomcH raqmifrokH;? jynfh&Sifrif;BuD;odkY qufjyefav&m/ 'g*gpm;u
avQmufonfum;? t&Sirf if;jrwf/ rSL;rwfaus;uReu
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rlaomfvnf;/ t&Sifhom;awmfESifhwlatmif rokH;aqmiftyfyg/ rSL;rwftokH;taqmifukdom okH;aqmifxkdufyg
onf/ vGefjyKacsaomf/ tvdrmr&SdaomolwkdY? xkdwef;qmukd qif0wf? rmefjrihfwwfygonf/ oem;awmfcH&
vQif? okH;aqmif&ouJhodkY jzpfygonf/ a&S;ola[mif; ynm&Sdxm;cJhaom xkH;ESihfjzpfygonf avQmufavvQif/
rif;om;taqmift&Gufukd odrf;awmfrl? trwfBuD;wkdYenf; taqmift&Gufukd ay;oem;awmfrlavonf/
om;awmfoHawmifpm;t0if? ouf-vif;uJ-NrHKwkdYtBuD;acgif;rsm;ukdvnf; toufukdrowf/ ukokdvfawmf
&wemykHbk&m;rSm vSLawmfrlavonf/
w&Ha&mtcg? kHjynfyoD ukvm;rif;u? &uyl&wkdif; omuD0ifrif;? rif;zavmif;BuD;onf bkef;Muuf
oa&ESihfjynhfpkH/ trwfynm&Sdrsm;aMumif;Mum;onfhtwkdif; rSefonfrrSefonfukd odap&maomtaMumif;ukd
pkpH rf;&rnf/ ta&;vdrm aom ukvm;trwfwpfa,mufu?dk oabFmESiafh pvTwv
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jzpfonfqkd/ xkdywjrm;xkyfukd oHwnf;ay: tapmihftaeESihfxm;vsuf aeapNyD;rS/ trwfr[mynmausmf

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u rif;xHavQmufonfum;/ t&Sifrif;jrwf? ukvm;rsKd;wGif? yoDukvm;onf taumuftvddrftqkd;tnpf


xlvSygonf/ ,ckvmonfh 'gukpDvnf; yoDukvm;/ oif;wkdYt&Sifvnf; yoDrif;jzpfonf/ rnfokdYapaMumif;?
quf&efvufaqmifawmfvnf;/ rnfokdYygaMumif;rsm;ukd odatmifpkHprf;NyD;rS/ a&SUawmfodkY 0if&apygrnf
avQmufavaomf/ rif;uvnf; BuKd uaf wmfral vonf/ ,if;aomtcg? trwfBu;D u? xkt
d xkyu
f dk Munhaf v&m/
a&Tcsnfjzihf ,ufonfhyrm/ vkHpGmxkyf jrifvwfrl/ trwfBuD;BuHonfum;/ uJhodkY xnfhkd;r&Sdonfukd
xnfhcJhaomf/ xkdtxkyf taMumif;&Sd&monf qifjcifvsuf/ tbkd;ojymwpfaxmifwef/ y&duyg&m[laom
ydwt
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aMumufvSonfESihf/ oabFmqdyfokdY oGm;NyD;rl? xkdtaygufukd zmwwfaomoltm; &Smavaomf/ oabFmu
tyfvQKdorm;ukd &cJh zmapav&m/ xkdtxnfom;ESihftwl/ tyfvQKdorm; zmNyD;rS/ c0gonfonf trwfBuD;
okdY tyfavvQif/ trwfBuD;vnf;/ xkdydwftkyfukd jzefYMunhfavaomf/ tpkyftaygufr&Sd? &Smr&aomtcg
trwfBuD;vnf;? ukduf,lxm;aomydwfukd? c0gonfukdjyvsuf ar;avrl/ c0gonfu zmolukd qkdavaomf/
trwfBu;D BujH yefonfum;/ jrefrmukjd y'g;? ukvm;ukrd eJ m;/ a&S;ola[mif;wkYd qkd ;dk &So
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ukvm;ukday;NyD;rS? xkdausmufxkyfukd wdwfwqdwf ,lapNyD;aomf/ jynhf&Sifrif;xH 0ifav? ausmufxkyfukd
zGihfMunhf&m? csufausmufywjrm; ckepfvkH; ygonfukdjrifvwfaomf/ trwfBuD;u ojymwpfaxmifwefpDaom
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taumufOmPfjzihf atmifapNyD;rS/ ukvm;trwf 'gukpDukd rif;xHodkY vufaqmifESihf0ifaponf/ a&SUawmfodkY
a&muf/ xkad usmufxyk u
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ckepfvkH;ukd ukvm;trwfjrifvwfaomf/ ac:'gt&SiftrSefjzpfayonf[l/ ukvm;'gukpD tvGefaMumufvefY
kad opGmESi/fh rumbk&m;ukvm;wkYd txGurf eS af yonf/ xko
d aYdk tmufarhvsu?f tBurd rf sm;pGm/ bmom&Scd ;dk jcif;jzih?f
&Scd ;dk avonf/ xku
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ay;vkdufrnf/ ausmufaumif;ckepfvkH;ukd ukvm;odkYjyNyD;vQif/ trwfBuD;odkY xkdausmufukd tyfawmfrlavonf/
trwfBuD;vnf; rif;tyfaom ywjrm;ckepfvkH;ukd? xkdukvm;trwf 'gukpDa&SU aumif;rGefpGmxkwfav?
xkdukvm; r&Sdaemuf? ukvm;wGifygaom csufausmufckepfvkH;ukd? xkdtxkyfESihfwlatmif xkyfapNyD;rS?
ukvm;trwfokdY tyfavonf/ xkdukvm;trwfvnf;? aumif;rGefkdaopGm aqmif,ljyefav\/ rdrdt&Sif
kH;rif;xHqufavaomf/ xkdtxkyfukd ajzMunfhavaomtcg? ay;vkduf&if; csufausmufukd jrifvwfrl/
ukvm;rif;u taMumif;ukdar;aomtcg/ ukvm;trwf 'gukpD odwkdif;jrifwkdif; t&yf&yfpum;ukd avQmufav
aomf? ukvm;rif;u rumbk&m;ac: 'gt&SiftrSefyifjzpfonf/ zl;ajrmfoifhonf/ ,if;odkYqkdNyD;vQif? kH;rif;
ukd,fwkdif vufaqmify@mtrsm;/ oabFmtqif;wpf&mESihf vma&mufqufoNyD;aomf/ jrefrmbmomtrsm;
oifap/ ajcawmf&if;wGif/ uRefcHxm;ygrnfavQmufNyD;rl/ kH;rif;om;tvwf &Smtvif;ukd apokH;&ef uRef
wpfaxmifay;tyfxm;cJhNyD;rS/ trwfBuD;odkY tyfawmfrl/ jrefrmbmomtu&mpmrsm;ukd oifavaponf/
w&Ha&mtcgvnf;/ ta&SUyk*HNrdKUae &[ef;wpfOD;a&mufvm&m/ kd;uRef;tr&mawmifwGifaeav
onf/ xkd&[ef;tm;? kd;uRef;om;wkdY vSL'gef;vsuf? rjywfMunfkdMuaomf/ pnf;acsmif;pm; owkd;atmifonf/
xkdawmifMum;? om;ykdufvkdufrnfoGm;? xkd&[ef;ESifhawGUav&m? oabmESD;aESmajymqkdNyD;rl/ jyefvmcJh/
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awGUcJhaMumif;ESihf? jynhf&Sifrif;BuD;xH avQmufavaomf/ xkdtaMumif;ukd rif;u? trwfr[mynmausmfukd
ar;awmfrlav&m/ r[mynmausmftrwf avQmufxkH;aomfum;/ t&Sifrif;BuD; pnf;acsmif;pm; owkd;atmif
onf/ olawmfaumif;ukd odEkdifrnfh ynm&SdtHhrxifyg/ a&S;olawmfaumif;wkdY pum;wGifvnf;/ trIwumukd

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,kwm ,kw?d EIid ;f


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tvm &Sdaomolonf/ olrkduf/ xkdolrkdufwkdYonf tpm;rwwf? t0pm;av&monf/ c&D;rod? ta&mufoGm;
av&monf/ pum;rwwf? 'kpku
d af jymav&monf/ usK;d jypfrod? qkrd q
d &dk m qkad v&monf/ ,if;odYk xk;H oufao
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d H qnf;uyfaomoabmr&S/d ol,w
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awGUcJhaomolonf pnf;acsmif;pm;ESihf wlaom olomjzpfwef&mygonf avQmufavaomf/ rif;BuD;vnf;
rnfodkYrqkdaeawmfrlavonf/ umvrjrihfrD/ xkd&[ef;onf/ tr&mawmifxdyf&Sdaom "mwfawmfapwDukd
NzdKzsufwl;? a&S;rif;wkdY Xmyemxm;cJhaom a&TaiGtvkH;pkHukd ,lxGufajy;av&m/ kd;uRef;om;wkdY vkdufvHbrf;
qD;avrl/ qjyifurmawmifjcm;vrf; awGUrd&cJh/ xkd&Sifa,mifESifh a&TaiGyg rif;xHqufvmvQif/ xkd
taMumif;ukd trwfBuD;rif;xH avQmufjyefonfum;/ t&Sifrif;jrwf/ w&musrf;*efvmonfrSm? bk&m;? w&m;?
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vnf; BudKufawmfrl? trwfBuD;avQmufaompum;twkdif; zwfr&yg avonf/ pnf;acsmif;pm; owkd;atmif
vnf;/ aemufaemiftrwfBuD; zwfr&yg qkH;rawmfrlyg[k 0efcs? 0wfpkHwef;qmESihf trwfBuD;ukd uefawmh
vmonf/
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qufum zwfr& pm;t&mukd cHavaomf/ rif;BuD;trdefYawmf&Sdonfum;/ eHeufrif;yGJcH&m avQmufapawmh/
trdefYawmf&SdonfESihf/ eHeufrif;yGJcH&m/ ukvm;rsm;vdavQmufav&m? ,if;aomtcg? trwfr[mynmausmf
rif;xHavQmufxkH;aomfum;/ / t&Sifrif;jrwf? jrefrmESifhukvm;onf/ vlcsif;om;wlonf/ pdwfcsif;rwlyg/
jrefrmwkYd rd;dk zvmt,ltusirfh mS bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm/ ok;H yg;aom &wemjrwfu?dk MunfNdk rNJ rH apmihx
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aus;pm;&Gmpm; NrdKUpm;ay;awmfrlavvQif/ wkdif;jynftwGif; ukvm;NrdKU&Gmtrsm; &Sdygonf/ rdrdwdkYtusihft,l
wl&m obm0csif;om aus;pm;&Gmpm; ay;&ygrnf/ t&Sifbk&m;onf odumawmfckepfyg; paom om"ke&w&m;
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aomf/ trwfBuD;odkY/ 0wfpkHwef;qm qkay;awmfrlonf/

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w&Ha&mtcg? awmae&[ef;wpfOD;udk? rdef;rwpfa,mufonf? rjywfqGrf;ykdYvSLav&m? xkdrdef;ronf


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xkdrdef;r y#doaE&Sdvwfrl/ xkd&[ef;ukd ouFmruif;pGJavQmufav&m/ awmaeoljrwf oHCmawmfuvnf;/
r[kwfrrSef rrSm;r,Gif;& tqkdESihf jynhf&Sifrif;xHa&mufavrl/ jynfh&Sifrif;BuD;vnf;? r[mynmausmfukd?
xkdtrIukd tyfavaomf/ trwfBuD;pD&ifaomxkH;rlum;/ / rdef;rav;rsKd;? [x&PD? pdMwPD? xkdrdef;rESpfrsKd;
onf ,kwfaomrdef;rrsKd;/ [x&PDukv&uZmwuH? pdMwPDukvAs*[dEH/ [l a&S;ynm&SdwkdY? trSm&Sdonf/
[x&PDrdef;rwkdYaomfum;/ &udKof bDvl;pdwfESihfwl\/ ,if;okdY avmuDusrf;*efvmonf/ rdef;ronf
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vmaomtcg? trwfr[mynmausmf avQmufonfum;/ / t&Sifrif;jrwf? wwfGefYwkdYonf a&S;ab;awmfrif;
rsm;vufxuf? r&dyfracsmif;ae-NrHKukd;aomif;om; trsKd;wkdY/ NidrfoufpGmrae/ wpfNrdKUwpf&Gmukdomzsuf?
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vufaqmifay;ajymqkdavaomf/ 'g*gpm;u? bk&m;crnf;awmfpHcJhaom eef;awmf&mjzpfonf/ aeawmh


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95

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96

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aom edZ*Fvrif;rsKd;? ig;quftMum;tMum;0if jzpfbl;ygonf/ xkdrif;wkdYvufxuf omoemawmfuG,f

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w&m;r&Sd? rif;ESihftrwfjynfolwkdY t*wdav;yg;vkdufMu? vufaqmifyPm rsufESmay:? olrkdufol,kwf


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w&Ha&mtcg? bk&ifrif;zavmif;onf/ oDvyAwawmifxdyf? OD;&pfawmif &Sifawmf"mwfukd
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---------------------

25-if;om;awmf rif;&mZmBu;D vufxufrmS /


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99

OD;y@d

e&m"dywdoQdefvdefoQm[laom trnfukd ac:wGifMuukef\/ xkdrif;&mZmBuD;eef;wufvQif/ nDawmfapmvSukd


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100

OD;y@d

Ase&pf tvkH;t&if;ESihf csDvmvwfaomf/ awmifilrif;vnf; awmifilNrdKUodkY jyefav\/ ,kd;',m;rif;vnf;


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uRef; oabFmav;pif; 0Sufxm;? tdrfa&SUrif; rif;carmif;vnf;? ayghavsmhpGm csDoGm;? [kdif;BuD;uRef;odkY
wyfcsrnf 0ifoGm;av&m/ it*Fgu nOfhtcg pD;eif;wkdufavaomf/ om;awmf tdrfa&SUrif;carmif;ukd it*Fg
brf;rd&avonf/ xkdtaMumif;ukd jynhf&Sifrif;BuD; rif;&mZmMum;odawmfrlvQif? trsufawmf0if? &JruftvkH;
t&if;ESihf csDwufwkdufzsuf it*Fgukd zrf;qD;rnf&Sd&mwGif/ trwfynm&Sd ppfwaumif;pm; ynm0Ho
avQmufxkH;aomfum;/ / t&Sifrif;jrwf? om;awmfonf &efolYvufodkY a&muf&Sdygonf/ ppfjyK it*Fgukd
brf;onf&Sdaomf/ om;awmfukd t&Sif&rnfr[kwfyg/ oli,fwkdYwaygifqkdMuonfrSmvnf;/ ausmufovif;
jzLqGq?G a&wGiu
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trsKd;jzpfygonf/ ukd;v&efolYvufwGif Mumygrnf/ olrkdufudk Ekdifvkdaomf jzm;a,mif;&monf/ a&S;ola[mif;
pum;trSm/ it*Fgvnf; usKd;jypfodolr[kwf/ vlrkdufvuPmt0if/ tjrihftedrfhukdvnf; ruRrf;/ xkH;wrf;ukd
vnf; em;rvnf/ vdrma&;&Sdaomtrwfukd apvTwf it*Fgukd vSnhfjzm;&aomf/ om;awmfESifhwuG t*Fg
ajcawmf&if;odkY a&mufrnftrSef jzpfygonf[k avQmufavaomf/ jynhf&Sifrif;BuD;vnf; BudKufawmfrl/ ta&;
vdrmaom uHomNrdKUpm;-trwfBuD;om;? twGif;okH;aZ,sAkdvfukd apawmfrlav&m? it*Fgukd vufaqmiftrsm;
ESifh/ om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;carmif;ukd brf;qD;xm;awmfrlaMumif; Mum;odawmfrlaomaMumihf jynhf&Sifrif;BuD;u
apvTwv
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dk yf gonf/ vufaqmifrsm;ukd ,lawmfryl g/ uk,
d af wmfudk tdraf &SUrif; rif;carmif;ESiw
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dk jf zm;a,mif; vSnyfh wfajymqkad vvQi/f it*Fg tusK;d tjypfrodaom olru
dk jf zpf?
tdrfa&SUrif;ESihfwuG vkdufvma&mufvQif tjypfrjyK? it*Fgukd ab;rJhcsrf;omay;awmfrl? oHvsifNrdKUodkY
om,mpGm jyefvTwfvkdufavonf/
,if;aemuf ok;H ESp&f v
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"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

101

OD;y@d

&aMumif;ukd rif;BuD;xHavQmufav&m/ bkd;awmfrif;AmBuD;? ukokdvfqHawmf? tHawmf? eHawmfbk&m;okH;qlrSm


xyf? ausmufpmxkd;NyD;vQif vSLawmfrlonf/ bkd;awmfvSLcJhaom ukvm;av;axmif? wvkdif;waxmif? bk&m;
tonfoifcsDwkdY kpm;ajrrsm;ukdvnf; BudrfwvD? rdausmif;&J? uvlojrpf? armfwifxd v,fusif;ESpfaomif;
0wfajrxyf? vSLawmfrljyefonf/ ou&mZf 983 ck a&mufaomtcg? om;awmftdrfa&SUrif; rif;carmif;onf
ab;avmif;awmf ukov
dk af wmf qHawmf? tHawmf? eHawmfb&k m;ok;H qlu?dk bk&m;tzl;oGm;vkad Mumif;ESi?fh crnf;awmf
rif;BuD;tm; avQmufav&m? cGifhay;awmfrlav? oHwGJNrdKUodkY oGm;avaomf/ oHwGJNrdKUodkY a&mufaomumv?
bk&m;oifcsD wvkdif;acgif;awmfuRef;? ukvm;acgif;tif&Sm? rwlvm? aemyH? ucFg? xkdig;a,mufu crnf;awmf
vnf; Bu;D &ifNh yjD zpf? om;awmforD;awmfvnf; trsm;&So
d nf/ aemifaomtcg eef;vkyJG jzpf&monf/ crnf;awmf
xif&mS ;&Spd Of xD;eef;wuf? crnf;awmfudk ouFe;f ESix
fh m;&vQi?f oHo&mypKye t
f usK;d ESpyf g;yif oihjf rwfvo
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jzpfygonf/ vSnhfjzm;avQmufavaomf/ tdrfa&SUrif; rif;carmif; arSmufrSm;/ crnf;awmfukd eef;rScsrnf
tBuHESihf? oif;yif;pnf;Muyf? bk&m;ocsDig;axmifukd ol&JtpkdY bGJUav? wyfOD;csxm;ojzihf csDvmcJhaomf/
xkdtaMumif;ukd rif;BuD;odojzihf? Munf;a&tjynhf ol&Jvufeufxm;NyD;rS/ ig;pifkdif;uRef;rif;om; NrdKUuqD;qkdY
wkdufcH brf;qD;av&m/ om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;- rif;carmif;ukd brf;&rdavonf? oifcsDtBuD;acgif; vlaygif;
av;axmifudkaomfum;/ ou&mZf 984 ckESpf? ta&SUjynfokdY om;r,m;ukd aqmif,l? oEDacsmif;zsm;u
xGufajy;avonf/ usefukvm;ig;&m? wvkdif;ig;&mwkdYrSm tvSnhfESihfom apmihfaeap/ oif;wkdYukd oHwGJrSm
raeapESihf/ odrf;ac:NyD;vQif? &wemykHbk&m;rSm ig;&m/ r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;rSm ig;&mxyf? vSLawmfrlavonf/
O*gysrH Sm om;awmfukd txdef;tBuD;xm;oljzpfvsuf EdkifatmifrqkH;r/ aysmf&TifrIukdom avhvmoljzpfonf/
rif;okH;tyf? vufukdjzwf? r[mrkedbk&m;rSm vSLawmfrlonf/ om;awmfrif;carmif;ukd tjypfay;rnf&Sdav&m/
trwfr[mynm0Ho avQmufxkH;aomfum;/ / t&Sifrif;jrwf/ a&S;aomtcg? bk&m;tavmif;qifrif;onf
t&Hwaxmifaom qifwkdYESihfopmjyK aeawmfrlonf/ ta*gv[wdqifvnf; qifaygufwpfaxmifESihf
aeMuaomtcg? bk&m;tavmif;qifrif;wGiu
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? t&G,faumif;pGm? oHrmaomumv? rif;rl&rSom/ aus;Zl;xGef;&SdEdkifrnf? tkdaomtcg? yZmtusKd;&SdrnftHh
enf;/ aemifawmfqifrif;ukd jypfrSm;rIukd qkdavaomf/ nDawmftrdEuvnf; ta*gv? qif&Hig;&mukd oif;jyK
vsuf csv
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qifwkdY rcHEdkifjcif;aMumifh? xGufa&Smifajy;avaomf/ nDawmfukd brf;&avonf/ tBuHay;aomol ta*gv
qifrif;vnf; aMumufvefY? ae&mvTJajymif;ajy;MuavvQif/ ta*gvqifrif; oif;yif;a>c&Hwpf0uf?
bk&m;avmif;qifrif;xH a&mufvmonfwGif/ xkdawmifukd awmoif;jyKvsufaeaom qifwkdYonf aMumufvefY
0ifa&mufvmMujyefonf/ xkdokdYaomtcg? nDawmftm; qifrif;rdefYawmfrlonfum; NidrfpGmaeaomumv?
ighbek ;f vuf;Hk ukd trsm;qifwrYdk od? raMumufrvef/Y ighnaD wmftrdEu
onf aemifawmfceG t
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aMumif;ukd? trsm;odatmif jyKonfwGifrS? qiftaygif;wkdY 0ifa&mufvmonfrSm/ nDawmftrdEu aus;Zl;yif
jzpfonf/ nDawmftm; qifrif;csD;rGrf;aMumif; xkH;a[mif;&Sdygonf/ ,ckvnf; om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;onf/
t,kZyl&wkdif;-'Gg&m0wDNrdKUu? ol&Jvufeuf qifvkH;jrif;&if;ESihf csDvmcJh? crnf;awmfbk&m; bkef;vufkH;ukd
xif&Sm;pGmjyonhftrIrSm jynfaxmifrif;wkdY? wkd;aMumufvefYap&maom taMumif;om jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkY
avQmufavaomf/ jynh&f iS rf if;Bu;D trdeaYf wmf &Sjd yefonfum;? yJc;l rif; &mZ"d&mZfonf/ om;aAmavmMurf;awm
onf tbtmPmukd jypfrSm;onf trIvnf; r&Sdao;pOfvsuf/ qiftpG,fukd cRefonfhtrIESihf pD&ifaMumif;
xk;H a[mif;oufaoESifh xif&mS ;xGu&f ydS gonf/ xko
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aom w&m;ukdom? tEG,fawmfrif;quf apmihfxdef;awmfrlaom t&Sifrif;jrwf/ bk&m;ocif a[mawmfrlaom
usrf;*eftvm/ uydv0wfjynf- &mZN*dK[fjynf-rdxdvmjynfwkdY &Spfaomif;av;axmifaom rif;wkdYonf?
xD;usKd;pnfaygufrnfonfr&Sd? a0omvDjynfrlum;? yOurif;? ckd;rSL;eErif;wkdYonf zsufqD;vk,uf vufeuf
EdkifiHrif;rljcif;aMumihf? xD;usKd;pnfaygufrnfonf jzpfukef\/ ,if;odkY usrf;*efpum;tvm? vufkH;tm;ukdom

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

102

OD;y@d

jyKaom rif;wkdYtm;/ bk&m;BudKufawmfrl&if;r&Sd/ urmtp? r[morw rif;kd;pOfvm/ omuD0ifrif;tEG,fwkdY?


trsKd;apmihfaomw&m;ukd? zsufNrJr[kwf/ omuD0ifrif;jzpfvsuf? omuD0ifrsKd; rrSefaomrdef;rESihf pkHbufav&m?
bGm;jrifaomom;orD;aomfvnf;aumif;? rif;qufa,musfm;jywfcJh? omuD0ifrif;orD;ESihf pkHbufrif;rljcif;
onfvnf;aumif;? vufkH;tm;ukd;jzihf rif;rsKd;jcm; rif;rljcif;onfvnf;aumif;? xkdodkYaom rif;wkdYomvQif?
trsK;d apmifah omw&m;r&S?d rif;usirfh rSe?f rdrw
d idk ;f jynfol ow0g? wkid ;f wyg;aeow0gwku
Yd ?kd ow0gcsr;f omjcif;
r&Sad tmif? jyKusiq
fh ;dk oGr;f Murf;wrf;cufxefaMumif; usr;f *efxu
G &f ydS gonf/ rkwr NrKd Uukd tpwnfvm-rif;rlvm
aom olyuwlvnf; edZ*FvtrsKd;? xkdolukd taMumif;jyKvsuf/ yJcl;rif;qufpOfvm-&mZ"d&mZfwkdifatmif
xk;H &mZ0ifwo
Ydk nf/ bk&m;paom olawmfaumif; cs;D rGr;f bG,rf yg/ tbdZmrw&m;ojzihf BupH nfjcif;? Asmyg'jzihf
olwxl;ukd zsuq
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uif;? &ufa&mavonf/ xkdolwkdYvnf; rSefaomw&m;ukdrod? rSm;aomtrIukdom avhvmygonf/ xkdrif;wkdY
vufxufvnf;? ynm&SdxGef;vif;kd;r&Sd? vufkH;rme? cufxefaxmifvTm;? olwyg;ukd zsufqD;wwfaom
olomvQif? xGef;vif;av&monf/ / t&Sifrif;jrwf? ow0gwkdY"avh? wjynfwNrdKUESihf? tu,fppfyGJ&Sdvwfrl/
jynfh&Sifrif;vnf; vdrm/ ynm&Sdtrwfvnf; ppfrSL;&Sdvwfrl/ ow0grao/ ESpfjynfyif rdwf0ifav&monf/
rif;Murf;trwfoGrf;ukd ppfrSL;ppfuGyftyf? &Sdjyefuvnf;/ rdrdvl? jynfoljynfom;vnf; aoaMursm;pGm/
wkdkif;wyg;olvnf; ysufpD;aoaMursm;pGm csrf;omr& &Sdwwfygonf/ ,if;odkY w&m;tvGef qkd;oGrf;aom
rif;trwfwkdY vufxuf/ rdrdwkdYqkd;oGrf;orQukd xkH;jyKvsuf/ xm;cJhorQaom tu&mpmaywkdYonf xkH;a[mif;
r[kwf/ xkH;qkd;? xkH;oGrf;? omoemawmfrSty jzpfaom oknrif;wkdYxkH;/ bk&m;paom olawmfaumif;wkdY
rBudKuf? olrkdufvufxufpm? xkdpm xkdxkH;wkdYudk rif;aumif; trwfaumif;? ynm&Sdolawmfaumif; roif
rMum; rrSwf/ xkH;oufao rjyKoifhyg/ xkdodkY trwfynm0HoavQmufav&m/ trsufawmfajy om;awmfukd
trwfBuD;okdY tyfawmfrlavonf/
xkdrif;&mZmBuD;vufxufawmf? ajrmufOD;a&TNrdKUawmf\ taemufajrmufbuf-a&TGpnf0\urf;xdyf
tjyif a&v,f? jrwfpGmbk&m;\kyfwkawmfonf? tvkdvkday:vwfownf;[k t&yfxuf0ef;usif ausmfapm
vwfvQif/ bk&ifrif;&mZmBuD;onf/ tvGefqef;Mu,f wifhw,faom yGJobifukd pD&ifawmfrlvsuf rSL;awmf
rwfawmfwkdYESihfwuG? odef;oef;ruaom vlAkdvfygwkdYonf pnf;a0;vsuf/ kyfxkawmfjrwfukd? a&xJrS r<uEdkif
ojzihf bk&ifrif;&mZmBuD;onf rsm;pGmaom yef;aygufayguf qDrD;wefaqmifwkdYjzihf/ aumif;rGefpGm ylaZmf
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onf ulraxmufyv
hH mapownf;[k t"d|mefjyKaom cP0,f/ 0vmtjyifxufaumif;uiftvk;H 0,f/ pnfrsK;d
ig;jzm? wl&d,mtaygif;? aomif;aomif;nHvsuf? wD;cwfNyD;cg? ewfrsm;pGmESihf odMum;rif;ukd,fwkdif <uvm?
ulrvm&m/ a&xJrStvkdvkd ay:wufvmojzihf/ urf;xdyfrSm oDwif;okH;aeawmfrl&m/ bk&ifrif;&mZmESihfwuG/
wkdif;oljynfom; vltrsm;wkdYonf? tm;&0rf;ajrmufMu? aumif;csD;r*Fvm om"krsm;pGm ac:a0:Muukefonf/
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;vnf;? if;kyfwkawmf t&Sifjrwftm;/ a&Tpnf0urf;em;wGifyif/ r[m&HwHwkdif;ESifhwuG?
ausmif;awmfaqmufvkyf qGrf;wif? yef;wif? oifcsDv,fajrO,smOf tvSLtpOfjzpfap&ef vSLawmfrlonf/
xkdkyfwkawmfjrwfukd? a&xJrSay:vmaomaMumihf/ bk&m;ay:[k ac:a0:Muonf/ avmuD avmukw&m
ESpfyg;tusKd;? wkdif;usKd; jynfusKd;? omoemawmftusKd;ukd onfykd;&Gufaqmifawmfrlvsuf/ ou&mZf 990
jynhf? 0gqkdvef;&Spf&uf? Ak'[l;aeYwGif ewf&GmpHawmfrlavonf/
-------------------

26- if;om;awmf rif;carmif;


if;om;awmf oD&o
d "k r&mZmrif;wk\
Yd
t|Kywu
d dk tus,jf yqkjd cif;/

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

103

OD;y@d

xkdb0&Sif rif;w&m;BuD; ewf&GmpHawmfrlavvQif? om;awmftdrfa&SUrif;- rif;carmif;onf/ eef;wuf


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acc:wGif\/ a&TxD;a&Teef;ukd tpkd;&vQif? e&m"dywd0&"r&mZm?[k ac:wGifMuukef\/ xkdrif;carmif;ukd?
rZdra'ot&yfom;wkdY\tvkdtm;jzihf Oaosmifosm[k-ac:a0:ynwfukef\/ rif;carmif;[k ac:jcif;
taMumif;um;? bkd;awmf b0&Sifrif;AmBuD;onf tOee'DjrpfnmokdY qefawmfrlaomtcg? tOee'Durf;0,f
carmif;qdyf &wema&TAdrmef0,f pHeef;awmfxuf pHawmfrlpOf bGm;jrifawmfrljcif;aMumihf/ rif;carmif;[k
ac:a0:ynwfMuukef\/ xkdbk&if rif;carmif; vufxufawmf? a&S;ab;awmf-bkd;awmf crnf;awmfwkdY
vufxuf tcguJhodkYyif? txl;ojzihf bkef;wefckd;tmPm xGef;vif;awmufy? wkdif;jynfom,m? ow0gcsrf;
om? <u,f0pnfyifvsuf? avmuDavmukw&mtusKd;? yGm;rsm;Muukef\/ xkdb0&Sif rif;carmif;onf 'geoDv
w&m; tvGeftm;BuD;aom qE&Sdawmfrlonf/ vuFm'DyuRef; xlygkHapwDESihftvm;wl? qef;Mu,fpGmaom
apwDwpfqlukd wnfawmfrl? a&Tausmif;&wemukdvnf;? aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;awmfrl\/ xkdb0&Sifrif;carmif;
onf? &efatmifjyif? &wemykHapwDawmfukd wnfawmfrl? apwDteD;wGif a&Tausmif;BuD; aqmufawmfrl?
EkdifiHawmftvkH;&Sdaom t&d,mEG,f0if oCFawmfrax&fjrwfwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;? cyfodrf;aom tvSLcH,m
pumwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;? BuD;us,fvSpGmaomtvSLukd ay;vSLawmfrlav\/ xkdb0&Sifrif;carmif;vufxuf?
twkdif;wkdif; tjynfjynfrS vufaqmifyPm? orD;unmpaom &wemwkdYjzihf toD;oD; qufoGwfcykdYa&muf
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ajcmufqJh&SpfESpf? e,kefvef;av;&uf paeaeYwGif ewf&GmpHawmfrlavonf/
xkdrif;carmif;BuD; ewf&GmpHawmfrlNyD;onfaemuf/ om;awmftdrfa&SUrif; [&Drif;om;onf ewf&Sifr,f
rif;orD;ESifh/ ou&mZf 1110 jynhf/ e,kefvef;av;&ufaeYwGif jynfBuD;pnf;pdrfukd pkd;tkyfawmfrlav\/
oD&dok"r&mZm[laom trnfawmfukd cHawmfrlavonf/ i,frnfrif;[&D[k ac:avonfum;/ [&Dawmif\
ta&SUbuf crnf;awmf a&TGeef;pHawmfrlpOf/ bGm;jrifaomaMumihf/ rif;[&D[kac:avonf/ / w&Ha&mtcg?
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tykid ;f tjcm;ukd Munhf
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ewf&GmpHawmfrlav\/ / r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;um;/ xkdowkd;rif;vSonf/ taysmft&TiftrIukdom avhvm?
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,kHuRefw&mukdac:? uHomNrdKUokdY xGufoGm;avonf/ 0dZ,rif;u orD;bkef;<u,fukd? xkdrif;tpfukdom;csif;wkdYESihf ay;jrm;awmfrl? omrt&mukd ay;jyefonf/ uHomNrdKUwGif &Sdaeonfh omuD0ifrif;rsKd; r&rmBuD;wkdY
aomfum;/ a,musfm;rdef;rwkdYonf? rdrdtrsKd;csif;ukdom ay;jrm;awmfrlonf/ axmif&Sdojym? Opmay;Ekdifjcif;
aMumihv
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/ ,if;odYk trsK;d apmifjh cif;Nro
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okH;qJhajcmufESpf? eef;pnf;pdrfokH;ESpf? ESpfpkoufawmf? okH;qJhukd;ESpfwGif uG,fvGefawmfrlav\/ / (xkdpEol&d,
&mZmrif;vufxufawmfrSp ukvm;uwsmrif;wkdifatmif/ rif;ig;quf\vufxufawmf/ t"dyg,fpum;
txl;r&Sdonfjzpf tus,fra&;vkdufonf/ xkdrif;ig;qufwkdY\ tdrfedrfh? eef;pH? touftykdif;tjcm;ukd
tusOf;jy*Pef;ykHjyifrSm MunhfIrSwfav)/ / xkdrif;ig;qufwkdYwGif ukvm;uwsmrif; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf?
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tu,frSefap&m/ OyrmxkH;aomfum;/ ysm;wkdYonf toD;toD; a&mufwwf&mysH oGm;aomtaMumif;?
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114

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115

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OD;y@d

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OD;y@d

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qufo&onf rnfaomaMumihf/ igwkdYaeaom e,fy,frSp tvkd&Sd&mwGif jrKyfavawmh[k cGihfay;av\/
Nrdwf0efi&Jvnf;? tkd;ukd,l? r[maAm"dyift&if;? jrKyfcJhNyD;rS jyefvm? tr&yl&rif;tm; taMumif;rsKd;ukd
Mum;avQmufav\/ jrpfpOf0efrif;Bu;D ausmx
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jynf tr&yl&NrdKUawmf bkd;awmfrif;w&m;BuD; ewf&GmpHawmfrlonfhaemuf/ ajr;awmfppfukdif;rif;vufxuf?
c&mzfou&mZf(1182)ck? jrefrmou&mZf(1185)ckESpfwGif? wkyfNrdKU0ef armifpHaysmfukd &udKifNrdKU0efcefY&m/
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bk&ifykdifaom uRef;[l &udKif0ef armifpHaysmfu/ t*FvdyfoabFmqkdufa&mufaMumif;ukd? Mum;avaomf/
vltrsm;apvTwf twif;t"rESifxkwfvkduf\/ jrefrmatmifvHukdvnf;? xkduRef;ay: pkdufav\/
rsm;rMumrD t*FvdyfwkdYvnf; ppfoabFmESihfvmNyD;vQif? xkduRef; jrefrmrif;tvHukd EkwfaepOf? &udKif0ef
armifpHaysmfu ppfrufAkdvfajcESihfvmNyD;? t*Fvdyfrif;wkdYukd &efpjyKMuukef\/ t*Fvdyfrif;wkdYvnf; aemufokdY
qkwfoGm;ojzihf? aeav\/ ta&SUjrefrmwkdYonf iwfjrpf vusfmbufa&kd;ukd ajrjcm;? ta&SUbuf opfwyf
wnf wyfapmihfxm; aeMuukefpOf? wbefvnf;? t*Fvdyfrif;e,fu vlwkdYonf &SifrjzLuRef;odkY ul;oef;
oGm;vmonfu/dk jrefrmwko
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ppfwaumif;pm;tm; 0gxmoifxH ppfyihfjyef\/ xkdtaMumif;tvkH;pkHrsKd;ukd &udKif0efrif;BuD; ausmfapmMum;od
avvQif/ tr&yl&rif;xH avQmufwifavaomf/ t*Fvdyfrif;wkdYtm;tefjy aeonfrSefvQif/ wkdufqdkifav[k
tmPmay;awmfrlvkduf\/ ou&mZf (1185)ck awmfovif;vwGif? &SifrjzLwyfukd jrefrmwkdYwkdufavaomf/
t*Fvdyfwyfapmihfol&JwkdYonf ysufpD; ajy;oGm;av\/ &SifrjzLwyf ysufpD;aMumif;ukd ppfwaumif;NrdKUpm;
0gwmoyfodkY avQmufpmwifav\/ ppfwaumif;NrdKUpm; 0gwmoyfvnf;? NydKifuloyf? oDoyf? Zifoyf AkdvfrSL;
okH;a,mufwkdYukd rsm;pGmaom ol&JwkdYESihf/ yef;0gNrdKUokdYapvTwfvkduf a&mufavvQif/ NydKifuloyfonf &udKif
om;wkdYukd ol&Jvufeufukdif a&G;cs,f qkvmbfay;NyD;vQif ol&JkH;pk? AkdvfoDoyfrlum;? ppfyihfac:oltrf;pm;
ESihf jynfpkd;BuD;uRef;tkyfatmifausmfpHukd &SifrjzLuRef;wGif opfwyfwnf&ef vlwaxmifausmfay;&rnf[k
awmif;aomaMumihf/ ou&mZf?(1185)ck? oDwif;uRwfvjynhfausmfESpf&ufaeYwGif/ yef;0g NrdKU &udKifom;
vlwaxmifausmfukd cefYxm;? AkkdvfZifoyfvufodkY ay;&av\/ AkdvfZifoyfrlum;/ vlwaxmifausmfukd,lNyD;
vQif/ &SifrjzLuRef;-iwfjrpfzsm;-vay:xyf? 0if;acsmif;zsm;-a*:apmifnmwyf? xkdwyfpkukd wnfvkyf&\/
&udKifol&Jajcmuf&m? ukvm;ol&Jajcmuf&mwkdYukd/ &SifrjzLwyf-vay:wyf-a*:apmifnmwyfwkdY toD;toD;
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t[kwftrSefxif? jrefrmwkdYwyfodkY ul;oGm;a&mufavaomf/ jrefrmwyfrSL;wkdYonf csKyfxm;av\/


taMumif;ukd &myodefoyf Mum;jyefavaomaMumihf// rsm;pGmaom ol&JvufeufwkdYESihfcsDvm? yef;0gNrdKUokdY
a&mufavvQif/ &udKifjynf\xkH;enf;ed,ukd odaom vlBuD;vlaumif;wkdYtm; ac:a0:? &udKifjynf\
t|Kywdukd ar;jref;pkHprf;vsuf? Munf;aMumif;-a&aMumif; vrf;ayguf0wkdYukd odNyD;rS? &uKifrif;pOfrif;qufukd?
em;vnfatmif? &udKif&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ukd a&;ul;? rSwfom;vsuf aeqJwGif/ rkHawmwyftkyf-Akdvfrif;&JvS
ausmo
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ajyma[maompum;ukd em;axmif? ppfrwku
d af umif;yg[k pmjzihaf pvTw
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h a&;ukd axmufxm;
mwm? iwfjrpfokdY ukd,fwkdifcsD a&mufavaomf/ rkHawmwyftkyf-Akdvfrif;&JvSausmfolESihf ppfwaumif;pm;
&myodrfoyf t*Fvdyfrif;wkdY? wkdif;rIjynfa&;ukd aqG;aEG;ajyma[mMuvQif? tcsif;csif; nDGwf oifhwifhMu?
rdrdwdkY wnfvkyfxm;NyD;aomwyfukd/ rD;ESihfwkdufIdU jyefMutHh[k EIwfuwdxm;? vuf0g;kdufMuNyD;aomf/
ppfwaumif;pm; t*Fvdyfrif; &myodrfoyfvnf;? &SifrjzLwyfukd rD;wkduf? ppfwaumif;NrdKUokdY jyefav\/
jrefrmwyftyk f Akv
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avQmufpmwifjyefonfrSm? t*FvdyfwkdYonf a&S;a&S;umvESihfrwl? AkdvfrSL;wyfrSL; ol&Jvufeufukdiftrsm;ESihf?
ppfwaumif;yef;0g vkHavmufpGmjyKvsuf/ apmifha&SmufaevmonfjzpfaomaMumihf/ ta&;BuD;wpfpkHw&m
ay:aygufygvQif? vGefpGmrcufygavavm[k tr&yl& 'kwd,a&Teef;&SifxH avQmufpmwifavaomf/ tr&yl&
rif;uvnf; tvkH0efarmif&pfukd AkdvfAEKvbGJUukd ay;? ppfolBuD;t&mjzihf cefYawmfrl? wyfrSL;ol&Jvufeuf
ukdif waomif;ajcmufaxmifwkdYukd ay;NyD;vQif? apvTwfawmfrlvkduf\/ AkdvfAEKv? twGif;0efipwkdYvnf;
&udKifjynfodkY csDvmNyD;vQif? atmifwyfwGif wyfpcef;csawmfrl? &udKifav;NrdKU0efwkdYudk? ol&Jvufeufukdif
awmif;? ppfonfol&JwkdYa&mufvQif? twGif;0efip-twGif;0efickdifwkdYukd AkdvfrSL;-wyfrSL;-ol&Jvufeufukdif
rsm;pGmwkdYESifh? yef;0gNrdKU ppfa&;NydKifav[k apvkduf\/ twGif;0efip? twGif;0efickdifwkdYonf? ou&mZf
(1186)ck? uqkefvjynhfausmfokH;&uf paeaeYwGif/ yef;0gNrdKU wyfapmihft*FvdyfAkdvfrSL;wkdYudk wkdufavaomf/
wyfapmifh t*FvdyfAkdvfrSL;-wyfrSL;wkdYonf vufeufxdrSef aoavukef\/ <uif;usefaom ol&Jaygif;wkdYESihf?
yef;0gNrdKUwGif aexkdifaom-&udKifom; ukvm;vlrsm;pGmwkdYonf? ppfwaumif;NrdKUokdY xGufoGm;Muukef\/ &udKif
av;NrKd U jrefrm Akv
d rf LS ;wyfrLS ; wyfom;[lorQwo
Ydk nf yef;0gacsmif; vusmf buft&yfwiG f wyfwnfaevmukef
\/ yef;0gNrKd UwGif <uif;useaf omvlwu
Ydk dk odr;f ,luek \
f / uR-J EGm;-qdw-f 0uf-0rf;bJ-Muufponfwu
Ydk dk owfjzwf
rsm;pGmpm;aomufMuukef\/ ppfwaumif;NrdKUpm;- &myodefoyf t*Fvdyfrif;onfvnf; jrefrmrif;wkdY
jyKusihfaom tvkH;pkHaom taMumif;rsKd;wkdYudk pma&; b*Fvm;NrdKU bk&ifcHrif;BuD;xH avQmufpmwifav\/
b*Fvm; bk&ifcHrif;vnf; vef'efjynfBuD;ukd tpkd;&aom pwkwa0vmrif;w&m;\ txHawmfodkY avQmufpm
wifav\/ vef'efjynfBuD;&Sif pwkwa0vmrif;w&m;vnf; ta&SUjrefrmrif;wkdYtm; tvGef trsufawmf
yGm;ojzihf ta&SUbuf&udKifjynf? yJcl;EkdifiHukd wkduf&rnf[k tdEd,wkdif;ukd tkyfcsKyfpD&ifaom bk&ifcHrif;xH
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ppft*FgBud,m wkdYukd vkHavmufatmif pD&ifNyD;vQif/ Munf;av;odef;? a&av;odef; &Spfodef;aom &Jrufawmf
ol&Jrsm;wkdYukd pnf;Muyf? a&,mOfysHoabFmBuD;-oabFmi,f-uwL-vGef;usif-orefrsm;pGmESihf? yJcl;jynfukd
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d af v[k
trdefYtmPm ay;awmfrlvkduf\/ rsufrSefAkdvfcsKyfBuD;vnf; &efukefNrdKUudk pwkdufckdufavaomf/ od*kFw&
ukef;awmfukd a&S;OD;pGm &awmfrl\/ xkd&efukefNrdKUrSp jrefrm wyfrSL; AkdvfrSL; ol&Jvufeufukdif[lorQwkdYonf?
wkdufavorQ xkH;jymusyrm? &efukef? yJcl;? anmifwkef;? ykodrf? [oFmw? jynf? rvGef paom {&m0wDjrpfpOf

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wavQmuf? tr&yl&NrKd Uawmfatmuf? &Hwykad &mufatmif? t*Fvyd t


f pk;d &rif;wkYd wku
d zf suaf v&m/ rnfonfah e&m
rSmrS-rcHr&yfEdkif twnfr&? zGJUxkH;jymusonhfyrm? y&rf;ywm ajy;vTm;ysufpD;? ygavukef\/ ppfwaumif;
pm;-&myodefoyfvnf; ppfwaumif;NrdKUwGif/ ol&Jvufeufpkaygif;pnf;Muyf? &udKifjynfokdY csDrnfBuHpnfonf
wGif? vef'efjynfBuD;ukd tpkd;&aom pkwwa0vmbk&ifrif;\ a&Tbkef;awmft&SdefaMumihf/ yef;0gNrdKUteD;rSm
uyfa&mufaevmaom twGif;0efrif; ip? twGif;0efrif;ickdif? AkdvfcsKyfBuD; AEKvpaom jrefrmAkdvfrSL;wyfrSL;-AkdvfcsKyfpaom ol&Jvufeufukdif [lorQwkdYonf/ oabmtavsmuf xdwfvefYaMumuf&GHUojzihf/ yef;0g
t&yfrS qkwfcGmNyD;vQif? ou&mZf 1186-ck? awmfovif;vwGif? &ckdifjynfodkY jyefvnf0ifa&muf aexkdifMuav
ukef\/ ppfwaumif;pm; t*Ffvdyfrif; Akdvfrif;&myodefoyfvnf;? ppfyihfac:,laom xm;ykdifBuD;ausmfykHom;
trf;pm;ESihf? &udKifjynfolvltcsKdUwkdYudk? c&D;vrf;axmuf odpdrfhaomiSg ac:aqmif,loGm;/ Munf;ESpfaomif;?
a&ESpfaomif;? av;aomif;aom vufeufukdifol&JwkdYESihf/ ou&mZf(1186)ck? jymokdvef;wGif? &udKifjynfodkY
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acsmif;bDvmt&yfwGif/ wyfwnfaeukefaom jrefrmAkdvfrSL;-wyfrSL;-wyfcsKyfol&JvufeufukdifwkdYonf/ igwkdY
jrefrmwkdY\*kPfowdukd? rodaomaMumihf/ t*Fvdyftpkd;&rif;wkdY ppfrufBuD;pGm uyfvmonf/ wkdufMu&rSomvl&JpGrf;onfhtjcif;t&mukd odMu&rnf[k a[mqkdvsuf vufId;Tefjyukef\/ &myodefoyf t*FvdyfAkdvfrif;
onf/ AkdvfrSL;-wyfrSL;wkdYukd apckdif;NyD;vQif tcsdeftcsuf trSwfonmay;? ajymif;vufeufypfvTwfavaomf/
acsmif;bDvmwyf cHaeaom? jrefrmwyfrSL;-AkdvfrSL;wkdYonf/ vufeufxdrSefojzihf rsm;pGmaoaMuMuukef\/
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&myodefoyf t*FvdyfAkdvfrSL; wyfrSL;wkdYonf? qifNcHwyfrS? uRJNcHawmift&yfokdY? csDoGm;av/ xkdt&yfrS c&D;
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apmihaf &Smufvsu&f adS eaom jrefrmwyfrLS ;-Akv
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pMumvufeufawmfBuD;jzihf? ajzmifhrwfpGm csdef&G,f? ajymif;BuD;tajrmufBuD; ponfwkdYukd ypfvTwfawmfrl
avvQif/ ta&SUjynhf&Sif jrefrmrif;\ wyfrSL;-AkdvfrSL; ol&Jawmfrsm;onf? xGm;xGm;aMunuf-NrdKUvkH;ysuf?
toufrao <uif;usefvsuf&Sdavaom jrefrmol&JwkdYonfvnf;/ toufab;rSvGwf&mvGwfaMumif;ukd qk
tBudrfBudrfawmif;vsuf? OD;acgif;rsufESmrlrdaom t&yfodkYom/ y&rf;ywmajy;a&Smif xGufoGm;Muukef\/
twGif;0efip? twGif;0ef ickdif? NrdKUolBuD; ivGef;ajy? &udKifNrdKU0ef rif;BuD;ausmfpGmwkdYonf uHMurm
ukefcrf; ysufpD;csdefenf;vrf;odkY trSefqkdufa&mufMuojzihf/ ou&mZf(1186)ck? wef;cl;vef;(14)&uf
aomMumaeYwGif/ &ckdifjynf ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfBuD;? t*Fvdyfbk&ifrif;wkdY\ pufeuftmPm? bkef;awZm
awmufavmifvTrf;bd? om;r,m;Opm &wema&TaiGwkdYudkrQ NidwG,frm? tvkH;pkHukd pGefYcGmvsuf/ touf
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jrefrmwyfrSL;-AkdvfrSL;-NrdKU0ef-NrdKUapmihf paomol&JolcufwkdYukd wkdufckdufESdyfeif;avvQif? &rf;NAJ? rm&fatmif?
oHwGJNrdKUwkdY &SdorQaom NrdKUapmihf-uif;apmihf-wyfapmihf-AkdvfrSL;-wyfrSL;[lorQwkdYonf/ tvGefxdwfvefYMu?
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axmufyMhH uygrnft
h aMumif;ESi?fh aumufcaH v&m/ olaX;rif;bk&m;'g,umonf ojym'*Fg;jym;a& waomif;uk?d
aumif;jrwfaf omo'gjzihf yHah xmufum tvSL0ifvu
dk af yonf/ xko
d Ydk tvSL0ifvQiyf if? rMumjrihcf if? bdvyfb&k if
rif;jrwfu aemufxyfMum;&jyefaomaMumihf? a&TpvG,f&rif; OD;&Jausmfolonf/ vlxl;vljrwf jzpfay&um;/
wkdif;om;jynfol &Sifvltaygif;tm;? o*F[w&m;av;yg;? ty&d[meD,w&m;ckepfyg;/ em,u*kPfajcmufyg;
ESi?hf w&m;ojzihf apmifrMunhf o
I jl zpf? igt&Sif rif;{u&mZfonf/ xku
d o
f ifah vsmufywfatmif? a&Tcu
G w
f q
H yd ?f
cwfESdyfcsD;ajrmufaxmufyHhoifhayonfwum;[k a&TESvkH;awmfjrwf jy|mef;onfhtwkdif;? ud&Sfqma&[def[laom
bGUJ emrjzih?f wHqyd af wmfa&Tcu
G u
f /dk &uKd ijf ynf0ef&iS af wmfrif;Bu;D xHoYkd vTt
J yfvu
dk Nf y;D vQi/f wHqyd af wmfa&Tcu
G f
ukd ay;qif&rnfht&mrSm/ '&umyGJawmfBuD;ukd? aumif;rGefpGm pD&if? yGJ0ifxkdufol- vlBuD;vlaumif;wkdYukd
pkaqmif;pnf;a0;Ny;D rS? a&TpvG,&f OD;&Jausmo
f o
l ?Ydk aqmufEiS ;f ay;tyf&rnf[k trdeAYf sm'dwpf um;jzihf >rufMum;
awmfrlvkdufavownf;/ xkdonfhtcg? 0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;ocifrSm? bk&ifrif;jrwf? rdefYAsm'dwfpum;&yfukd?
OD;xdyfrSm yefqifNyD;vQif? ta&;ykdif0efaxmuf paom XmeE&? &mxl;BuD;ol/ rif;pkHrif;nDESihfwuG/ ppfawGNrdKUr
ae? *kPfMuufoa&&Sd vlBuD;vlaumif;wkdYukd? bdwfrefpnf;a0;NyD;aomf/ a&yGJukef;yGJ? oJoJkwfkwf? tkwftkwf
usuu
f su?f wcJeufaom yGo
J bifudk qif,ifusi;f yvsuf 1271-ck? Owk*rd ES ? uqkev
f e ;f w&uf/ weif;vmaeY
rGef;vGJ2-csufwD;tcsdef0,f? xdefxdefnD;nD;? r@yfBuD;tv,fwGif? *kPftifMuufoa&ESihf? jynhfpkHap/
ud&SJqma&[def-[laom wHqdyfawmfa&TcGufukd/ 0efY&Sifawmfrif;BuD;ocifbk&m;ukd,fwkdif ukdifvsuf/ qifqGJ
csD;ajrmufojzihf? olaumif;jyKcH&ayownf;/ xkdonfhtcg? a&mufvmorQ y&dowftaygif;/ aomif;aomif;
nDrQ? MobmjyvQuf? &Tify0rf;ajrmuf/ vufyrf;aygufjzihf/ vufajrmufwD;a0S;/ aumif;csD;ay;Muavownf;/
ao|d0Hopmwrf; wGifNyD;\/
------------------------

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

141

OD;y@d

omuD0ifrif;quf tdrf edrfhpHeef;pHtouf/


OD; a&
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

rif;trnf
rm&,krif;
rm&aZwkrif;
rm&tkH;rif;
rm&&G,frif;
rm&wiffrif;
rm&Zdefrif;
rm&uifrif;
rsm;jcm;iqwftkdrif;
a'gpE&m;rif;
aomVopE&m;rif;
pEol&d,rif;
umvpE&m;rif;
wOE&m;rif;
r"k&pE&m;rif;
aZ,spE&m;rif;
armupE&m;rif;
*kPpE&m;rif;
uH&mZmBuD;rif;
uH&mZmi,frif;
tok&dEol&d,rif;
oD&dukwrif;
ol&d,mrif;
rif;xD;
rif;yg
pnfatmifrif;
nDawmfuHwkdif;rif;
if;om;awmff ausmfacgifpifrif;
if;om;awmff ol&deErif;
if;om;awmff teEb,rif;
if;om;awmff vufsmpnfolBuD;
if;om;awmff oD[ukpdrif;
if;om;awmff rif;bkef;oH

tdrfedrfhpH xD; eef; pH


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18
36
20
30
25
31
60
66
20
23
40
20
20
27
23
32
36
27
20
32
24
29
21
25
26
19
22
34
40
30
41
38

62
32
53
48
55
33
22
21
40
33
32
40
31
20
47
36
12
41
36
30
28
31
22
22
28
31
31
21
31
32
43
31

ESSpfpkaygif;
toufawmf
80
68
73
70
80
64
82
87
60
56
72
60
51
47
70
68
48
68
56
62
52
60
43
47
54
50
53
55
71
62
84
69

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

142

OD;y@d

omuD0ifrif;quftdrfedrfhpHeef;pHtouf
OD; a&
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64

rif;trnf
if;om;awmfy'yfarG;rif;
if;om;awmfaZ,eHol
if;om;awmfuurif;
if;om;awmfvuPrif;
if;om;awmf*kP&mZfrif;
if;om;awmfoD0&mZfrif;
if;om;awmrif;vSarG;
if;om;awmfy&deferif;
if;om;awmfod'wfrif;
if;om;awmfrif;vSBuD;
if;om;awmfaxG;vkH;BuD;rif;
if;om;awmfap&mZfrif;
if;om;awmfrsuffESm0efrif;
if;om;awmfvuffkH;BuD;rif;
if;om;awmfoD&durokE&rif;
if;om;awmfpEaumrb,rif;
if;om;awmfrif;eefjzL
if;om;awmfrif;Ek
if;om;awmfrif;acgifi,f
if;om;awmfrif;acgif&H
if;om;awmfrif;i,faysmvS
if;aemufNrdK 3a,muf
uH&mZmrif;BuD;
if;om;awmfoD[&mZm
if;om;awmf0gok&rif;
if;om;awmfeE0dok&rif;
if;om;awmfpEol&d,rif;
if;om;awmfol&pErif;
if;om;awmfrEmwfrif;
if;om;awmfoD&dpErif;
if;rif;nDawmfoD[rif;
if;om;awmfoD[Ekrif;

tdrfedrfhpH xD; eef; pH


-----------------------------------------------------------------

19
21
28
31
31
32
33
32
40
19
20
31
16
30
22
39
24
40
31
16
21
30
23
20
22
30
40
30
35
23
10

49
51
46
37
48
41
31
62
22
42
24
38
31
27
31
27
20
28
19
40
6
5-2v
37
48
31
40
32
23
37
40
46
20

ESpfpkaygif;
toufawmf
68
72
74
68
76
73
64
64
62
61
44
69
47
57
53
66
44
68
50
59
27
67
71
51
62
62
63
67
75
69
38

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

143

OD;y@d

omuD0ifrif;quf tdrf edrfhpHeef;pHtouf


OD; a&
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96

rif;trnf
if;om;awmfya,m*rif;
if;om;awmfedv*kPrif;
if;om;awmfa&m[*kPrif;
if;om;awmfoD&d*kPrif;
if;rif;\wlawmforefZmrif;
if;om;awmfukrm&rif;
if;om;awmfoufwifjzLrif;
if;om;awmfoufwifOD;rif;
if;om;awmfaZw0effrif;
if;om;awmfrOdf,rif;
if;om;awmfukrm&0dokurif;
if;om;awmf0gokr@vrif;
if;om;awmfol&dErif;
if;om;awmf&mvrm,krif;
if;om;awmfemvrm,krif;
if;om;awmf0kw*kPfrif;
if;om;awmf0dok&mZmrif;
if;om;awmfrif;oD&d&mZm
if;om;awmfr[mpEol&d,rif;
if;om;awmfol&d,m"dywdrif;
if;om;awmfol&d,r@vrif;
if;om;awmfol&d,m0Prif;
if;om;awmfem*rif;
if;om;awmfol&d,m0Horif;
if;om;awmfol&d,AErif;
if;om;awmfol&d,uvsmPrif
if;om;awmfol&d,&urif;
if;om;awmfol&d,awZrif;
if;om;awmfol&d,yknrif;
if;om;awmfol&d,ukvrif;
if;om;awmfol&d,yArif;
if;om;awmfol&d,pdMwrif;

tdrfedrfhpH xD; eef; pH


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20
18
38
20
19
33
28
21
40
34
20
42
28
31
28
28
37
22
21
29
14
42
27
45
42
22
32
40
22
24
25
32

31
41
31
24
39
20
40
42
36
44
87
34
31
22
31
22
21
35
52
47
64
44
40
9
6
18
31
31
38
33
25
18

ESpfpkaygif;
toufawmf
51
59
69
44
58
53
68
63
76
78
107
76
59
53
59
50
58
57
73
76
78
86
67
54
48
40
63
71
60
57
50
50

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

144

OD;y@d

omuD0ifrif;quftdrfhedrfhpHeef;pHtouf
OD; a&
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128

rif;trnf
if;om;awmf ol&,
d ao|rif;
if;om;awmf ol&d,0drvrif;
if;om;awmf ol&da&erif;
if;om;awmf ol&,
d uHorif;
if;rif;baxG;awmffol&d,ous
if;om;awmf ol&,
d oD&drif;
if;om;awmf ol&,
d auoDrif;
if;om;awmf ol&,
d ukwrif;
if;om;awmf ol&,
d auwkrif;
if;om;r[mol&d,wkdif;pE&m;rif;
if;om;awmfol&d,wkdif;pE&m;rif;
if;om;awmfarmvwkdif;pE&m;rif;
if;om;awmfaygvwkdif;pE&m;rif;
if;om;awmfumvwkdif;pE&m;rif;
if;om;awmfxlvwkdif;pE&m;rif;
if;om;awmfoD&dwkdif;pE&m;rif;
if;om;awmfod*wkdif;pE&m;rif;
if;om;awmf plvwkdif;pE&m;rif;
NrHKrif;tjrxl;
if;nDom;a,jzLrif;
if;aemufiyifiwkH;rif;
if;aemuff acwoifrif;
if;nDawmf pEoifrif;
if;om;awmfrif;&ifjzL
if;om;awmf em*ol&d,rif;
if;om;awmf ol&d,&mZmrif;
if;om;awmf ykPurif;
if;om;awmf rif;jzLBuD;
rsKd;jcm;pnfobifrif;
rif;eefBuD;
if;om;awmf rif;bDvl;
if;om;awmf rif;ukvm;

tdrfedrfhpH xD; eef; pH


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26
24
28
22
40
19
21
37
24
21
33
36
30
32
22
17
18
20

39
24
31
55
21
27
22
22
49
26
19

22
48
38
16
8
20
39
43
42
22
20
19
26
9
9
32
16
6
7
12
24
20
41
10
31
22
24
22
1
5
16
3

ESpfpkaygif;
toufawmf
48
72
66
38
48
39
60
60
66
43
53
55
56
41
31
49
34
26
7
12
63
44
72
65
52
49
46
44
1
54
42
22

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

145

OD;y@d

omuD0ifrif;quf tddrfedrfhpHeef;pHtouf
OD; a&
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160

rif;trnf
if;rif;bDvl;rif;bDvl;
if;aemuf0a&mifiu
S fpenfrif;
if;om;awmfrif;oH
if;om;awmfrif;ywd
vusfmrif;eef
if;om;awmfrif;oD[
if;om;awmf&mZmBuD;rif;
if;om;awmfomuD0ifBuD;
if;om;awmfomuD0ifi,f
if;om;awmf'o&mZmrif;
if;om;awmfteHoD&drif;
if;nDawmfrif;tkef;pm;
if;om;awmfyOumrif;
if;om;awmfudEkyfrif;
yOumvrif;
if;om;awmffi&efriff;
if;om;awmffiyk*Hriff;
i&udKifrif;
if;om;awmfiBuHKrif;
if;aemuff iqlrif;
ipG,foifrif;
if;aemufrif;acgifBuD;
rif;acgifi,f
urmavmifi,f
if;om;awmfvusfm0ifi,f
if;om;awmfoESoifriff;
if;aemufaeodef;rif;
if;om;awmftevkHrif;
if;om;awmftavmrmjzLrif;
&mZolBuD;rif;
if;om;awmfapmvkrif;
if;om;awmfOpemBuD;

tddrfedrfhpH xD; eef;pH


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30
34
48
32
36
20
18
21
21
31
18
12
24
25
22
20
11
16
20
27
20
33
21
11
40
25
38
31
23
46

3
14
8
20
1
2
30
20
23
22
7
2
3
31
22
2
3
13
4
1
1
1
8
11
3
22
27
6
33
25
27

ESpfpkaygif;
toufawmff
33
14
42
76
33
38
50
38
44
43
38
20
15
55
47
24
23
24
20
21
20
21
41
32
14
62
52
44
56
50
73

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

146

OD;y@d

omuD0ifrif;quf tdrf edrfhpHeef;pHtouf


OD; a&
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190

rif;trnf
if;om;awmffrif;ckd;rSefBuD;
if;om;awmff eef;usBuD;rif;
if;om;awmff rif;bDvl;
if;om;awmff rif;xD;
if;om;awmff &mZolBuD;
if;nDawmfod*Fol
if;aemuffrif;apmrSef
if;nDawmfftvdcifrif;
if;om;a wmfrifapmjzL
if;om;awmfaZywdrif;
rif;pkd;tkkd;
rif;a'gvQm
rif;kd
if;aemuffrif;&efatmif
if;aemufpvuFolrif;
if;om;awmfrif;&mZmBuD;
if;aemufom;awmfrif;apmvS
if;nDpMu0aw;rif;
if;baxG;awmfrif;zavmif;
if;om;awmfrif;carmif;
if;om;awmfoD&o
d k"r&mZm
if;om;awmfpaeeHrif;
omuD0ifrif;qufjywfav\/
e&ywdBuD;rif;
if;om;awmfNrdKUopfrif;
if;om;awmfpEok"r&mZm
if;om;awmfoD&dok"r&mZm
rPdok"r&mZmrif;
pEol&d,&mZmrif;
aemf&xmrif;
if;aemufrmkyD,rif;

tdrfedrfhpH xD; eef; pH


-------------------------------------------

ESpfpkaygif;
toufawmf

26
31
22
7
60
32
24
47
30
16
30
27
30
49
40
39
24
19
36
48
20
18

18
14
4
111
25
3
17
25
2
2
33
20
2-6
6v
7
22
8
7
19
20
16
2v

49
45
26
118
85
35
41
72
52
18
63
47
32-6
49-6
47
61
32
26
55
68
46
18-2

56
26
17
23
35
22
14
60

7
7
32
1
2
2
15&uf
1

63
33
49
24
37
24
14-15
61

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

147

OD;y@d

omuD0ifrif;quf tdrf edrfhpH eef;pHtouf


OD; a&
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208

rif;trnf
if;aemufudEwfrif;
pE0drv&mZmrif;
oD[owkd;rif;vS
pEol&d,&mZm
if;aemufpE0dZ,rif;
omrrif;om;
e&m"dywd
e&y0&&mZmrif;
pE0dZ,&mZmrif;
ukvm;uwsmrif;
e&tb,&mZmrif;
od&dok&mZmrif;
pEy&r&mZmrif;
tb,&mZmrif;
pEokre&mZmrif;
pE0drv&mZmrif;
pEowdrif;
r[morw&mZm

tdrf edrfhpH xD; eef; pH


------21
------6
---45
---36
---20
---50
---22
---20
---48
------20
---55
---50
---46
---50
---40
*Pef;ykHjyifNyD;\/

6
4
21
3
1
2
8-v
5
19
3
9
4
40-&uf
5
2

ESpfpkaygif;
touffawmf
17
10
66
39
21
52
22-8
25
67
23
64
54
86
55
42

yJcl;NrdKU-rif;ausmif;q&mawmf OD;y@d jyKjyifpD&iftyfaom ? "n0wD&mZ0ifopfum;


ou&mZf 1271-ck? wefcl;vKwf &&uf Mumoyaw;aeYwGif atmifjrifNyD;pD;ownf;/

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

148

OD;y@d

"r'geukokdvfy g0ifolrsm;pm&if;
ukokdvfyg0ifolt rnf
"n0wD-ppfawGNrdKU/
olaX;BuD; OD;&Jausmfol
&rf;jAJNrdKU-Muufoa&&Ggmae-ausmfatmif trd-pH0ef;
yOif;barmifbkd;OD;
omyk
umvk
OD;ausmfpH
aq;q&m,ufaohatmif
pdefOD;
cspfOD;
bm;OD;
a&Tyef;
armifomvS
ykd;acs
pHbkd;OD;
a&Tausmf
csrf;kd
armiffMumjzL
xGef;omOD;
omZH
ivkH;atmif
if;NrdKUatmifapwD&yf/ xGef;atmif
if;vufyHbkef;awmffBuD;
"n0wDNrdKUa[mif;-anmifyifaps;ausmif;bkef;awmffBuD;
rm&fatmifNrdKUr-q&mawmfBuD;
oHwGJNrdKU bkef;awmfBuD; OD;vmb
[Hom0wD-yJcl;NrdKU q&m0efBuD;
a&SUaearmif[ef
armifatmifyGm;
wkdufolBuD; OD;xGwf
a&SUaeOD;cif
yef;xddrfq&m armifxGef;OD;

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tkyfa&
100
220
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
12
42
7
5
5
1
2
5
1
2

"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

149

OD;y@d

"r'geukokdvfyg0ifolrsm;pm&if;
ukokdvfyg0ifoltrnf
ppfawGNrdKU-vrf;rawmf-pufyGJpm;BuD;
acG;wD;atmif/ [Hom0wDD-yJcl;NrdKU/
yef;vIdif&yf-ukefonf OD;armifBuD;
if;ukefonf OD;bkd;ausmf
yef;xddrfq&m ukdkbkd;ouf
yGJpm;BuD;-ukdckdif
ukefonf-rnD;
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tkyfa&
----

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1
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7
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1
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"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

150

OD;y@d

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if;ae OD;0g,mr

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"n0wD&mZ0ifopf

151

OD;y@d

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