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43
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(1293 ckESpf? 'kwd,0gqkdvwGif raorDw ESpfu? xyfrHjyKjyifkdufESdyfcJhonf/)
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1/
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aumfumEk omcsif;
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a[mif;) 'kwd,pr0uf?'kwd,yOmyif jzpfonf[k qkdvkd&dyf&SdEkdifayonf/
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aemuf awmif\wllt&yfwGif awmifilNrdKUukd wnfvQuf 16-qufpkd;pHcJhonfqkd\/
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ukd}}? tcsKdUu yk&defNrdKU&ma[mif;ukdyif ,lqcsufjyKMuavonf/
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BudK;jyif)wGif teD;pyfpDwnfcJhonf[k ,lqMuonf/ awmifilNrdKUukdum;? av;NrdKUjrpfta&SUbufurf;? NydKif;wkdif
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uefrsm;? NrdKUkd;? tk#fwHwkdif;ysufrsm; ausmufrkcfyef;rsm;ukd ,ckwkdif awGUae&ao;onf/
a'gufwmzkcd sr;f rSmum;? "elaygrif;onf? Ncyd Nf rKd UrS zJcmG rif;jym;NrKd U used ;f awmifwef; ta&SUajrmufbuf?
awmifajc&if;wGif prm0ufudk wnfco
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(pef;yifv,f)? oJwef;? Ncdyfawmif paom ae&mXmetrnfrsm;&Sdae\/ xkdtrnfwkdYukdaxmufI a'gufwmzkd
csrfrmu cefYrSef;avjcif;jzpfEkdif&monf/ rif;xD;um;/ oJNrdKUtjyif? bdwfNrdKU? e*&m ompnfNrdKUwkdYukdvnf;wnf
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&ckdifrif;\orD;awmf{;jcif;wGif ]]rif;zkef;pm;um;? [l;&m;usrf;vm? av;NrdKU rSmwnf;? tnm&SpfNrdKU(tcsKdUC:\YIN KYE MU NO 8 SISISYE.P65
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102
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NcdyfNrdK)? wnfavwkdYonf}}[k taxmufukd,l rif;zkef;pm;onf? NcdyfNrdKUESihf av;NrdKUjrpftSmwGif NrdKUBuD;&SpfNrdKU

wnfaMumif;ukdvnf; jyqkdMuavonf/
wl;azmfoak woejyKoifNh yD
xkdokdY eef;pkdufcs&mNrdKUrsm;tjyif? NrdKU&Hrsm;um&SdcJhaomfvnf; ,ck&mZ0ifyg ae&O&m awmifilNrdKU[lonf?
NrdKUa[mif;pr0if? yOm? yk&defwkdYukdyif qkdoavmh? e*&mompnfNrdKUukdyif ae&O&mawmifilNrdKU[k ,lq&rnfavm?
cGJjcm;odomEkdif&ef? av;NrdKUjrpf? 0J? ,m? wpfavQmuf&Sd NrdKU&ma[mif;wkdYukd wl;azmf orkdif;okawoejyKMu&
ayvdrrhf nf/ avmif;Muufe,fawmifw0ku
d u
f dk avmif;MuufNrKd U wnfc&hJ m[kvnf;aumif;? xkrd aS vmif;Muufacsmif;?
ajrmufbuf? yef;armfw0kduf ukd yk&defNrdKU&m[kvnf;aumif;? ,lqajymqkdaeMuonf/ xkdwGif aumvd,('o
&mZmrif;\crnf;awmf)rif;\eef;&m? a&Tawmif? aiGawmif ponfrsm; &SdaeMu ao;onf/ prf;bGufukdif;&GmESihf?
rkd;BudK;jyifwavQmufukd? pr0uf? yOmNrdKU&Gm[k ,lqaeMuavonf/ Ncdyfacsmif;&Gm? Ncdyfacsmif;bk&m;BuD;teD;
w0kduf? ajrawmif ajrkd;rsm;ukd awGUae&ojzifh? NcdyfNrdKUwnfcJh&m trSefjzpfonf[k xifcsufay;aeMuygonf/
NyKd i;f wkid af wmifajcwavQmuf? e*&&Gmw0ku
d w
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awmufavQmufe&D aJ eaomtkXw
f ef; oG,rf sm;ukd awGUjrifae&ayonf/ xkaYd Mumihf pHepfwus avhvmokawoe
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&ckdifr*Zif;? av;NrdKUacwf txl;xkwftwGuf a&;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ (pmwnf;)
103
toQifpudE\
&ckid ,
(tOee'D-pmyef;csD)
]]tOee'D-jrpfukdrSDvsuf? wnfvDNrdKUjy}}
(tO e e'D - jrpf r S D N rd K UzG J Y r sm;)
pr0ufac:-yOgNrKd Uawmf
]]...plVpjE? om;\aoG;OD;? apma&Tvl;um;? ukd,fxl;a&Smifvpf? ppfwef; wifxuf? oufESihfbuf?
oufoabmyif? oufrnfwGifom? irifiwkef;? bkef; vufkH;um;? pr0ufukd? jzL&GufjzefYrkd;? ESif;vmpkd;u}}
(rif ; orD ; {;csif ; )
]]...plVwGif jim;? pE&m;\? oufxm;vkvifom;irifvQi?f Bu;D tifBuYH pnf xD;eef;wnf? trnfpr0uf?
rif;kd;quf}}...
]]...irif;? iwkH;? vlxdyfzkH;um;? a&S;xkH;rysuf? pr0ufukd? oMuZfocsFm? okH;&mhig;q,f? ajcmufck0,f?
aeEG,fbkef;pGifh? xD;eef;zGifhonf?}}
(ompG a vvuF m )
]]...plVpjEm;? &ifonf;Mum;rS? rif;om;a&Tvl? wxl;a&Smifvpf? ppfwef; wifxuf? oufESihfzuf?
a&S;qufBuD;pif? irif;iwkH;? vufkH;xGef;y? pr0ufrS? NrdKU&mcs? wnfvSmtkd;? odrf;jref;pkd;cg?}}...
(a&S ; xk H ; )
]]...pr0uf? rif;qufjyvQif? irif;iwkH;? tpkH;? aemufqkH;rnf[d? rif;ywda&muf? xD;atmufpHpm;?
qJhig;rif;quf? NrdKUoufrSmrl? Z&me0? tpfvQifus\}}...
(0g;ausmif ; y@d w f )
]]...rif;BuD;? yJjzL? ewf&Gm,laomf? plVpjEm;? rif;zsm;om;&if;? irif;iwkH;? olYbkef;ay:vQuf? pr0ufwGif?
ueuf&dyf0,f? pHavaomcg? ESpfaumZmrl? av;&mig;q,f? pGef;0,fajcmufck? rSwfpkocsFm}}
(OD ; pH w if )
]]...irif;iwkH;? bkef;uHukokdvf? Murm,kdaomf? xkdrif;om;yif? rif;vQifjyKrnf? pHonfrjcm;?
om;awmf r nf o m? em*ol & d , ? (C)? om;ocF o l ? onf ; tl r if ; oywd ? quf N yD ; eef ; pH ? k d u f & mcH o nf ?
EkdifiHpr0ufwGifwnf;/}}
(OD ; pH w if )
]]...ae0,fxif&Sm;? pE&m;\ om;&if;rSefyif? oufrnfxifonf? irif;iwkH;? awZmbkef;ESihf?
vufkH;jzefYMuuf? pr0ufukd? wnfvQufpkd;um? aZmADomwnf;}}
(OD ; ausmf r nf )
]]...om;jrwfonf;csm? rif;&mZmvQif? a0omMuXgef;? zrif;pHau? bkHysH eef;rSm? pHjref;wkH&m? w&HcgwGif?
&mZmbk&if? pdwfr&Tifau? t,ifcsDum? xGuf<u vm? od*Fge'D? jrpfurf;NcDokdY? a&mufvDMuay? pra0[k?
trnfqef;ESihf? NrdKUeef;wnfvkdY? xkdpOfup? or,au? umvaemuf0,f? NrdKUa0omrSm? &mZmuif;au? okOfzsif;
a&av}}
(bk & m;zl ; omjcif ; )
]]...irif;iwkH? r[mqGDau? omuDbkef;rSm? pkkH;rsm;pGm? twefwefau? rwf0efrsm;kdU? cpm;umjzihf?
wpf&mig;q,f? ajcmufcu
k ,f? a&mufonfoMuZf? xkt
d cgav? od*gF jrpfwiG ?f NrKd UopfwnfvQu?f wGit
f rnfau?
pr0ufrSm? eef;wuf wkHjyef? jrifh&SnfMumwGif? cEm,Gef;au? ewf&GmpHaomf? wzefeef;wuf? qufcHum jzihf?
pOfvmajrmufau? q,fhajcmufqufwnf;? &GDwufocFsm? pumwnf? Mum &Snfvsm;au? NrdKUoufrSmum;?
toQifpudE\
104
&ckid ,
okH;&mukd;ESpf? ou&mZfukd wGufppfjyefaomf? av; &mausmf? pGef;ay:ajcmufq,f? ig;cku,fESihf? |gaeueuf?

rif;eDjynfav? pr 0ufrSm? eef;wufpH[d? tqkH;pGefwGif? bkef;uHzsif;au? rif;ywdukd}}
]]...{onfwcsuf? pr0uf? bkef;qufpOfNzHK;? q,fa,mufBuHK;wGif? tqkH;pGefrI;? rif;bDvl;ukd?
BuHxl;vSnhfywf? ykefuefowf? rwfocF,m? rnfomwcsuf? 0a&mif;iSufvQif? okH;qufom? yOmNrdKUa[mif;?
usdef;NyD;aESmif;rS}}
]]...xkduvGefvQif? acwoifonf? tjcif;ig;&m? jynfhwif;&maMumif;? yOgac:wGif? NrdKUa&Tpifukd?
wnfxGifpkd;ajrmuf? q,frif;aemuf? bkef;awmufvQHjrL;? rif;bDvl;ukd? BuHxl;owfvQuf? rwfrsKd;wuf?
okH;qufwkdifatmif? xD;eef;axmifonf...}}
(ompG a vvuF m )
]]...ig;rnft*Fg? jynhfpkHygom;? yOgac:x? NrdKUod*Fukd? ou&mZm? qef; twmESihf? cgoma&mufvQif?
acwoifonf? pkd;jcif;q,fESpf? aeonfjzpfrS? nDcspf t&if;? pEoif;onf? yGif;vif;bkkHom? eef;atmifcsm0,f?
{um'o? pH&iT yf \/ (y)? om;vSbek ;f [d? rif;ywdum;? w&do;Hk ESp?f a&wGujf zpf\/ pifppfreS pf mG ? ESpaf ygif;rSmum;?
yOgt|? odukefMuavmh? 0HopOfvm? rif;qufrSmrl? yPg&om? jzpfukef&monf? od*FgpHbkef;? a&Teef;wnf;/}}
(OD ; ausmf r nf )
]]vufsmrif;eef xD;eef;pHaomf? tBuHawmfonf? ravQmfaESmihf,Suf? pr0uf rnf? yOgjynfonf?
wnf&if;tcg? Zmwmudef;cef;? NrdKUoufuRrf;NyD? wGuf&GDnDrQ? tOee'D? oDwmwzuf? avmif;MuufokdYul;?
&TifjrL;aysmfyg;? pHpm;rMum? okH;ESpfomvQif?...}}
(OD ; pH w if )
yxravmif;MuufNrKd U
]]...vusfmrif;eef? &mZrmefrl? yOt|? pwku[k? ouw&uf? NrdKUavmif; Muufukd? xD;&GufjzefYrkd;?
okH;ESpfpkd;aomf....}}
(ausmf r nf )
]]...pr0ufrnf? yOgjynfonf? wnf&if;tcg? Zmwmudef;cef;? NrdKUouf uRrf;NyD;? wGuf&GDnDrQ? tOee'D?
oDwmwzuf? avmif;Muufukdul;? &TifjrL;aysmfyg;? pHpm;rMum? okH;ESpfomvQif...}}
(OD ; pH w if )
]]...wifonf xD;eef;? vlx
Y yd pf eG ;f [k? ewfeef;bko
H m? rif;vufsmvQi?f pGecYf gG a&Smifxu
G ?f NrKd Ua[mif;Muuf0,f?
jzL&GufjzefYrkd;? okH;ESpfpkd;vnf;? aumif;usKd; r[d? jzpfvwfbdu...}}
(ompG a vvuF m )
yxryk&ed Nf rKd U
]]...vufsmrif;eef? eef;k;d rSev
f Qi?f wzefvnf;aumif;? avmif;pnfocl idk ;f ? t,lvidI ;f wGi?f wvkid ;f wpfoed ;f ?
jyLwpfodef;ESihf? atmifudef;cgcsdef? jyu'def avQmuf? yk&defNrdKUopf? axmifvmvpfonf}}
]]...aumZma&mufcsdef? cgaMumif;BudefwGif? yk&defNrdKUopf? wnfvsmvSpf wGif? okH;ESpfpHum? vGefNyD;cgrS?
&mZmoD[? wESpfrQvQif...}}
(ausmf r nf )
]]...xkrd S eef;odr;f ? yk&ed Nf rKd UrSm? vusmf rif;eef;? tppHvQu?f teEo&D ?d okx
Yd &d pS af ,muf? toufaxmufu?
wpf&mhckepfq,f? &SpfESpfu,fonf eef;0,fpHMu? NrdKUoufwnf;}}
toQifpudE\
105
&ckid ,
]]...rif;vusmf vQi?f pGecYf mG a&Smifxu

G ?f NrKd Uavmif;Muuf0,f? jzL&Gujf zefrY ;dk ? ok;H ESppf ;dk vnf;? aumifusK;d r[d?
jzpfvwfbdu? t|dq|? pwk&m[k? aumZma&mufBudef? cg&efESdrf0,f? yk&defNrdKUopf? axmifvmvSpfwGif?
okH;ESpfpHaomf}}
(ompG v uF m )
]]...waMumif;yk&ed ?f &dyNf ird af umif;pGm? rnfomwGix
f ? aumvd,EG,?f jzpfonfig;quf? ,if;NrKd Uxufyif?
qufayemr? 'o&mZm? pOfvmokH;quf? ysufavwkHjim;}}
(ausmuf k H ; vuF m )
]]...vufsmrif;eef xD;eef;pHaomf? tBuHawmfonf? ( )? ajrmufnmpl;pl;? acsmif;okdYul;rS? &SmMuNrdKU&m?
xkdtcgwGif? yanmifyifukd? pkd;usifwkHvwf? anmif apmihfewfvQif? t0wfjzLxGm;? qif0wfpm;vQuf?
ukvm;o@mef? NyDpGmzefrS? a&S;urwdrf? yg&defyg&def? ESpfBudrfqkdjim;? xkdpum;ukd? rSwfom;ESpfvkdY? NrdKUwnfNyD;vQif?
bk&ifeef;pH? bdodufcHonf/ 0ef;&HrSL;rwf tv,fwnf;}}/
(OD ; pH w if )
]]vusmf rif;eef vuf;Hk axmif &atmifwu
dk af u? odr;f jref;jyef? tvGef ompnf? NrKd Uyk&ed [
f ?k atmifrnf
qef;au? xD;eef;wnfvkdY? pr,fMu&m? xkdNrdKUrSmyif? pOfumpkd;ajrmuf? rif;rsm;pGmukd? &GDumwGufau? &Spfquf
a&muf\/ xkdaemufwoG,f? NrdKUouf0,fum;? av;q,fukd;ESpf? udef;ocsFmav? trSefjzpfvkdY? ou&mZf ig;&m?
wpfckrSmwGif? NydKumysufjyKef;? NrdKUyk&defav? &TDueufrSm? rif;qufwkH;[k}}
]]...'o&mZm? rif;o'gum;? &wemokH;yg;? jrwfbk&m;ukd? GwfwGm;kdao? ylaZmfayrS? a&TjynfomNidrf;?
NrdKUyk&defokdY? arGUodrfMunfjzL? jref;awmfrlvQif...}}
(OD ; pH w if )
Ncyd Nf rKd Uawmf

]]...yk&ed Nf rKd Uxuf? &Spq
f ufpeG ;f zsm;? rif;zke;f pm;um;? [l;&m;usr;f u? av;NrKd UrSmok?Yd tnmNcyd Nf rKd U? wnfav
wkdYonf? ]]a&BudKjrpfurf;? OD;wnfav;...}}/
(rif;orD;{;csif;)
]]...oMupfonm? aema'G,mESihf? yOga&mufjim;? rif;zkef;pm;onf? pGefYoGm;azG&Sm? NcdyfNrdKU&GmokdY? wnfum
eef;aqmuf? pkd;tkyfajrmuf? wpfaxmufESpfwef? rif;rsm;vGefaomf...}}
(ompGavvuFm)
]]...wjcm;wnfaxmif? ajymifajymifxkdcg? NcdyfrSmxif&Sm;? rif;zkef;pm;EG,f? ESpfq,fhav;quf...}}
(ausmufkd;vuFm)
]]...MuiSgef;atmifcsm? NcdyfNrdKUomukd? aumZmESpfa&; azmfjyaytHh? aema'G;yO? a&mufaomcg? awZm
xufyGm;? rif;zkef;pm;onf? wnfxm;NyD;rS? NrdKUeef;cs? pkd;xtkyfvkduf? ckESpfESpfwGif;....}}
(ausmfrnf)
]]...eef;ajryk&def? okOfzsif;wdrf? rNidrfvIyf&Sm;? &Sdaomtm;aMumif; [l;&m;*Pef;? udef;cef;qifjcif?
a&Tjynf&SifvQif? wkdif;cGifjynfol? rsm;&SifvlESihf? yZKefrdk;&dyf? pkd;uGyfESdyfonf? NcdyfNrdKUwnfjyefavownf;/...}}}
(OD;pHwif)
]]...atmifcsmMuiSgef;? NrdKUXgeDav? yk&defeef;rSm? oufwef;ukefcg? Id;rSdefyg? aemufrSmwjcm;? rif;zkef;
pm;vQif? wnfxm;pHajrmuf? NcdwfNrdKU0,f? pkd;onfrif;ukd? pm&if;aumufvQif? xD;atmufaysmf&Tif? Budrfzefzef
av? pHrysufau? q,fqufyifwnf;...}}
(bk&m;zl;omcsif;)
]]...NcdwfNrdKUOD;zsm;? rif;zkef;pm;rS? jyefYyGm;aemufqkH;? iESvkH;wkdif? vufkH;qkdifvQuf? pkd;ykdifrif;um;? qJhig;
toQifpudE\
106
&ckid ,
jzpfav? pHrnfaem'Gg? NrdKUZD0gwnf;...}}

(0g;ausmif;yPdwf)
]]...Ncw
d Nf rKd UwnfNy;D ? xD;eef;om,m? xkt
d cgwGi?f tnmrk;d aumif;? &Sr;f aygif;ok;H ode;f ? ude;f cef;tavQmuf?
ppfrufa&mufvQif? ckaxmufvkyfBuH? qD;&yfcHaomf? bkef;uHpD&if? ppfatmifjrifu...}}
(OD;pHwif)
'kw,
d yOgNrKd U
]]..."elayg? rif;&SifapmrSm? eef;vsmpHjzpf? okH;ESpfpHaysmf? NrdKUawmfudef;cef;? raumif;vGef;?
xD;eef;ueuf? topfquf? pr0ufrSm? wnfwkHvSmaomf? jrihfMumrajrmuf? ajcmufESpfa&muf[k}}
(ausmfrnf)
smfrnf)
]]xkNd rKd UwGi0f ,f? ok;H rif;wGio
f m? Murmukev
f wf? rwfpvuFAv
dk ?f NiKd o&dk efcif;? ykeu
f efvQi;f ? wifcw
hJ pfcsu?f
pr0uf? toufokH;ESpf? cEmypfrS..}}
'kw,
d yOmac:- 'kw,
d yk&ed af c: ae&O&mNrKd Uawmifil
]]...wkdif;cspfwGifrnf? pkd;rif;onfukd? jynf Akdvfvl? BudKufrloem;? &Sifkd; om;[k? ajrmufpm;pD&if?
bddufwifrS? xkdwGifraxmif? awmif\wll? NrdKUawmifil? wnfrlpOfvQuf? q,fhajcmufqufwGif? NrdKU
oufukefNyD;}}
]]...awZmxGef;0if;? rOLoif;um;? aumif;jcif;ompG? NrdKUyOgukd? ig;&mausmfvpf? av;q,fESpf[k?
ou&mZfrSm? wnfwkHyg...}}
(OD ; ausmf r nf )
]]...wufonf xD;eef;? trwfoGrf;pm;? bkef;yef;yGifhvif;? rOLoif;vQif? twif;owfjzwf? okwfoif
vwfrS? wifhjrwfom,m? NrdKUyOmukd? ig;&mausmfvpf? av;q,fESpf[k? wGufppfudef;wGif;? wnfzefqif;\/ xkd
rif;NyD;aemuf? qJhig; a,mufvQif? razmufrjyef? &efrsKd;vSef? bkef;oefausmf[kd;? pHMupkd;onf}}
(ompG a vvuF m )
]]...NcdyfNrdKU0,fwGif? xD;pnfysufau? rif;wufwkH;vkdY? NydKifEIef;rjrif? rif;&TD oifrSm? bkef;a&mifyau?
tppHvkdY? wzefaemufrS? iESvkH;au? tqkH;usatmif? &mZmq,fquf? pHjref;vIHau? *kPfrcsKdUbJ? NrdKUtoufukd?
&GDwGufwkHay? cgtnD av? Mumonfjzpfau? ESpfajcmufq,fav? *kPf&nfawmufxGef;? atmifcsufNrDav?yk&def
eef;rSm? qkH;cef;wkdifaxG? rif;&mZmESifh? uif;uGmNyD;au? ysufpD;a&av}}
]]udef;cef;topf? &SmazGvSpf? rif;ppfrSefpGm? tavmrmjzL? rif;rl&mZm? jrwfr[monf? yOgwGifx?
NrdKUyl&ukd? awZwufNzdK;? ESpfESpfpkd;rS? &efrsKd;rxGuf}}
(OD ; ausmf r nf )
]]iESvkH;rif;? oufESif;onf;csm? tavmrmvQif? NrdKU&Gmeef;quf? pr0ufonf? jzpfysufumv? a'o
,Gif;uGuf? ta[mxGuf? tkwfusufoif;yif;? rsm;vkH;&if;ESihf? trif;avmrm? ajymif;cJhcGg}}
(OD ; pH w if )
'kw,
d avmif;MuufNrKd U
]]...jrpfBuD;ul;vQuf? jrpfaemufbuf0,f? avmif;Muufrnfac:? NrdKUomausmfukd? tavmrmjzL?
wnfawmfrlonf}}
toQifpudE\
107
&ckid ,
]]tavmrmjzL? NrdKUawmifilu? BuH,lpl;pl;? avmif;Muuful;? txl;NrdKUrGef? wnfvwfwGefonf?

&mefrmefNidrf;a&;}}
]]tavmrmjzL? rif;rlwv
Hk Qu?f NrKd Uavmif;MuufwiG ?f eef;qufaemufpH apm rGeo
f aYdk &muf? pOfavQmufumjzpf?
qJhckESpfwnf;? &efppfaxmifvm? jrefrmwvkdif;? jynfwkdif;ukdvk? ppfrufxkvQuf? rif;jyKcgjzpf? ESpfq,fhwpfESihf?
wGufppftwfAsnf;? a'G;wnf;odkY? ESpfaygif;wkdYwGif}}
]]avmif;MuufNrdKUrGef? wzefrif;vS? eef;usBuD;i,f? ESpfqJhESpfquf? avmif; MuufNrdKUBuD;? rif;xD;tEG,f?
wq,fhav;quf? axmif;axmif;ysufaomf}}
(ausmuf k d ; vuF m )
]]udef;cef;topf? &SmazGvSpf? rif;ppfrSefpGm? tavmrmjzL? rif;rl&mZm? jrwfr[monf? yOgwGifx?
NrdKUyl&ukd? awZwufNzdK;? ESpfESpfpkd;rS? &efrsKd;rxGuf? NrdKUavmif;Muufukd? a&wGufoMuZf? ESpfrSmaumZm?
ajcmuf&mav;q,f? okH;ck0,fwGif? yEufcif;? zefqif;jyKx? xD;eef;csvQuf? aexajcmufESpf? pHNyD;&pfrS}}
(OD ; ausmf r nf )
]]trif;avmrm? ajymif;cJhcGm? NrdKU&Gmta[mif;? avmif;MuufokdYul;? pkd;csKyfrSL;onf? pdefzl;a0NrdKif
pkdufxlwnf;}}
(OD ; pH w if )
]]...tOee'D? jrpfukdrSDvQuf? taemufbufwGif? avmif;MuufNrdKU&Gm? tavmrmrif;? &yfwif;ranmif;?
pHNyD;a&Smif;aomf? wkdif;cGif;om,m? &SpfrsufESm onf? aumZmoMuZf? wGufppfocsFm? ajcmuf&mwpfck? &wkarpkH?
wdrfrIef&pfoef;? rkd;ao;jzef;onf? vqef;ESpf&uf? pef;v*fa&G;? paeaeYwGif? acsmarmom,m? BuD;pGmNrdKUeef;?
tcef;cef;ukd? ryef;ryif? wnfNyD;usifaomf}}
(OD ; pH w if )
]]xkdcgumv? bkef;awmfa&mifjzihf? ajymifajymifyau;? rif;vS&mZm? rnfonmrSm? tavmrmjzL? avmif;
Muufjynfukd? wnfwkHvwfau? eef;pkdufxlvQuf? rif;rlonfrS? aemufqufcH eef;pHrsm;ukd? wGufjim;uvQif?
&mZEG,f ajrmuf? xD;atmuf0,f? prm,fcJhau? wpfqJhajcmufwnf;}}
]]...Nrd K Uavmif ; Muuf 0 ,f ? bk e f ; wuf G e f Y v l ? &mZol v Qif ? quf , l a &T x D ; ? vG e f v wf N yD ; aomf ?
woD;qifhaxmuf? ESpfqufajrmuf0,f? rawmufbkef;rD;? rBuD; tm;tef? rif;apmrGefaMumihf? ESpfrSefwGufppf?
oMuZft|? qowwGif? "natmifajr? taervS? ysufudef;usonf}}
(ompG a vvuF m )
]]...rif;apmrGefvQif? Adrmef&yfa[mif;? pHranmif;onf? avmif;MuufucGm? aemufrsufESm? oDwm
jrpfjcm;? ukvm;aerSef? ol&wef0,f? ESpfqJhwpfESpf? pHonfjzpfESihf? xkdacwfumv? "n0wD? ac:nD&ckdif? pkd;ykdif
avmif;Muuf? wkdif;jynf ysuf}}
(OD ; pH w if )
]]...ol&wefrif;? om;&if;toGif? oem;Muif? eef;wifacs[k? OD;vlciftm;? Akdvfajcrsm;ESihf? cefYxm;
aqmpGm? csDwufvmvQif? eef;&mrysuf? NrdKUa[mif; MuufcGif qkdufa&muf0ifaomf}}
(OD ; pH w if )
]]csDvmcJhaomf? rMumaeY&uf? avmif;MuufokdYa&muf? pm;aomuf&yfwif; &ckdifrif;ukd? cif;usif;wkHrSef?
rusefr<uif;? pD&ifvQif;rS? rif;apmrGeftm;? eef;wifjim;&Sifh}}
(OD ; pH w if )
toQifpudE\
108
&ckid ,
]]...&mZmapmrGef? a&mufvSmjyefvQuf? qufvufom? wkdif;cGifomukd? pkd;vSmwGufppf? oMuZfum;?

wGifvpfow? t|t|? ESpfaumZm0,f? roG,frysuf? NrdKUavmif;Muufukd? wnfvSmqufonf? aepufvES,f
awmufxGef;wnf;}}
(OD ; ausmf r nf )
]]...awmufxeG ;f vSE,
S ?f &efrsK;d y,f? bke;f <u,fjrwfreG ?f rif;apmrGeu
f m;? trSerf ysu?f NrKd Uavmif;Muufu?dk
ueufpkdufaqmuf? pkd;tkyfajrmufaomf? xGef;awmufemr? OuoF? pkd;xESpfESpf? pHonfjzpf?...}}
(OD ; ausmf r nf )
]]...,S O f N yd K if r zuf wjcuf j cuf v Qif ? rouf r om? aeMucg? &mZmapmrG e f ? a&muf v S m jyef ?
wzefavmif;Muuf? wnfvSmqufaomf? &efzufcyfodrf;? uif;Nidrf; aysmufvGifh? xD;jzLzGihfonf..}}
(ompG a vvuF m )
]]...a&mufaumZmvQif? ckepf&mukd;q,f? ESpfck0,fwGif? bkef;<u,fapmrGef? avmif;Muufrnfau?
&TDjynf&yfukd? pGefYvTwfjyef? *kPf0SefuJ;rkd;? aqmifbkHysH ESihf? tvGefxl;au? ajrmufOD;NrdKUukd? aqmufvkdYwnfjyef?
vSwifhw,fau? NrdKUjynfopfrSm? okH;ESpfpHvkdY? ewfxHajymif;<u//}}
t&SifpudEpkpnf;onf/
109
toQifpudE\
&ckid ,
arkUd yef&muAsmwd
&ckid o
f nf yGiv
hf ef;cJph Ofu yef&myef;rsm;vnf; a0qmcJo
h nf/ tvS yef;jzihf &ckid o
f rl sm;wkv
Yd nf; Muufoa&
wufxGef;cJhonf/ yef&myef;wkdYwGif tvSyef;um; tpOfwifh&Tef;&efvkdonf/ wBudKifBudKifoif; wvIdifvIdif
jzef;ae&rnf jzpfonf/ oHwGJolapm&ifrdonf o&PmyGihfyef;okH;qifhjzihf? rif;c&DtvDcifukd arESihf"dXmefyef&
apaMumif; qufoG,furf;cJhonfwum;/
yef;wumwGif o&PmyGifho&Pmyef;um;twGufjrwfqkH;wnf;/ MunfjzL ESvkH;towfqkH;jzpfownf;/
xkdyef;ukd tcspfqkH;armifawmfukd yefqifapvkdonf/ armifawmfESifhcspfMunfjzLpGm yeforIjyK&apvkdonf/
apm&ifrd\ o&PmyGifhyef;okH;qifhukd arESihf"dXmefyefcsifvkdonfwum;/ eef;wGif;rdkdvnf; yef;okH;yGifhukd
zl;yGifhapcsifonf/wpfyGifhyef;um; aeYcif;yGifhvef;aom aea&mufvQHwum;/ wpfyGifhyef;um; nOfhcif;a&mif0g
vef;aom aiGvpEmwnf;/ wpfyGifhyef;um; aeYa&mnOfhyg wifhw,fvSaom oeif;xGwfacgif bkef;a&mif&Sif
wnf;/
xkdYaMumihf olronf okdY wrf;wcJhonfr[kwfavm/
(1)
yef;okH;yGifhwpfyGifhyef;um;? edcif;a&mif0g edudkomvsif? yGihfygay\ tkdcspfrd/
(2)
yef;okH;yGifhwpfyGihfyef;um;? nOfhcif;a&mif0g nOfhukdomvsif? yGihfygay\? tkdcspfrd/
(3)
yef;okH;yGifhwpfyGifhyef;um;? edcif;wnf;yGihf nOfhvnf;wGif\/ oeifhxG#fcsm? apm&mZmukd? pmqkdtuRef
jrifjyefvwf\/ tkdcspfrd/
&ckdifolwkdYum; yef;tvSjzihf wifcJhonfhtwkdif; Ak'jrwfpGm? xG#fcsmoeif;? yef;rsm;rif;ukd,f "n0wD
acwfuyif yefqifvmcJhMuaom yef;bk&ifrrsm; aywum;/ xkdYaMumihf txG#fqkH;vkyfp&Dyef;? vdp&D? vdpkd?
a*:oZif? y'krmMum yef;wkdYjzihf oeif;xG#fcsm? xdyfawmfrSm yefocJhMuay\/ xkdyef;wkdYum; wacwfu
vef;cJhoavmuf &ckdifrSm yGihfqef;cJhonfr[kwfygavm/ &moDtvkduf yef;rsm;jzihfukd qGwfcl; Ak'ocifarhxG#f
wifukd yefqifcJh\/ yefatmifyGJ? rmvmjyefyGJ? ajymhOD;bk&m;pifyGJ? EGJcJhonfwum;/ yef;wumwGif o&umyef;?
(uk;d uG,&f myef;)o&Pmyef;ac: ]]bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm}} yef;ok;H qifo
h m tjrwfq;Hk jzpfonfudk &ckid o
f rl wkt
Yd od
jzpf&Sd Muonf/ wrf;wqGwfcl;cJhMuonf/ &ckdifrSmom yGihfyg&ef&nfrSef;cJhMuonf/ xkdyef;ukd arkdUyef&mjyKcJhonf/
tvm;wl &ckdifawmifcGifawmifwef;wkdYrS tvSyef;rsm;ukdvnf; rajcmuf vef;apvkdacs/ zl;yGifhorQ
arwkdYyef&mom jzpfapcsifonf/ armifwkdYcspfpzG,f tvSa0zkd;apvkdonf/ wacwfukd &ckdifkd;&m ukd,farT;jzihf
0if;vSBuKd io
f if;&eHY csi;f apvko
d nf/ aq;yef;k?d ypJyeJ o
YD maphwEYdk iS t
fh nDtrQ trIejYf yK yGwv
f rd ;f vmcJh Muonf/
a&rkd;csKd;pOftcg yGwfvdrf;jcif;jzihf acs;aSmfuif; tom;ta&0if;aponf/ tpOfvdrf;ojzihf arT;BudKifoif;ysHU
aom &eH Y v I d i f a ponf / ,if ; ok d Y w uk d , f vk H ; 0if ; oif ; ysH U Bud K if v I d i f w if h E k d i f a tmif qif , if y ef o vsuf
oQifom&ckdifhwef aqmifavmh[k toa&jzef;<u&ayvdrfhrnf/
&ckdifolr\ wifh&mpzG,f? yef&myef;axGaxGwGif &ckdif"avhpkduf ,mOfrl[efwa0a0wkdYukd rykdufoihfay/
xkdYaMumihf &ckdifolwkdY\ yifukd,ftvSrsm;ukda&G;cs,f yefocsifpzG,f yef&muAsmyef;wkdYukd vef;qef;ap&ef
tpOfa&jzef;qGwfcl;Mu&rnf/ "avhtvSukda&G;pkdufysKd;um tpOfywfqifMu&ef arkdUyef&m yef;cif;ukd vSwifh
vSaumif; pifwifjyMu&rnf/ rdrdESihf vSwifh&m vifiif;a&G;cs,f zvS,fyefqifMuapvkdownf;/
(apmjynhfkd pmyDykdif;twGuf &nf&G,fvsuf)
toQipf uEd ( &ckid jf ynfe,f)

2-2-79
toQifpudE\
arkUd yef&mMumy'krm
110
&ckid ,
twGif;uefrSm MumeDaxmifaomif;
Mumaygif;axmif&m? yGifhaomcgvnf;
arkdUyef&m y'krmum; rygod/
tjyifuefrSm MumeDaxmifaomif;
Mumaygif;axmif&myGihfaomcgvnf;
arkdUyef&m y'krmum; rygod/
,if;MumyGifhum; omawmif;om,m
&ckdifrSmom yGifhpygvd?
yGifhygvdar? yGifhvdar/
(toQipf uEd \
&ckid o
f bm0aw;uAsmrsm;rS)
TjD ynf&uif r@dKifpu
dk x
f l
&ura,r@dKif? rsKd;&ckdifav
BudKifBudKifvnf;oif;? tjynfjynfrSm
ausmfowif;ESihf? cyif;&efol
rjzLuif;0D;? jynfA[kd&frSm
yef;awmif;rTD;vkdY? yl&D;zl&m
igkdUrSmav? aMumif;&mr[d
csif;tdtdESihf? &u0Hom
rsKd;Zmwmav? vef;umyGihfjyL;
arkdUrSmav? rSefuif;zl;okdY
xl;xl;cRefcRef? ppfatmifvHukd
wHcGefvnf;xl? &TDjynfolrSm
trIr[d? csrf;tdtdESihf?
0rf;od0rf;om? aysmf&maysmfyg;?
&ckdifom;av? ompGav/
yifv,fig;obif
&efikHNrdKU&Gm? xGufoGm;ygonf? ,if;cgwGif urf;rjrifvwmrSm? vdyfausmuf iref;? >yef;>yef;ay:vSmjyefu?
ig;qifoma&mufvwfrS? ig;awmifolvnf;? &DwGifNzdKxkd;Mu\/ vif;oQLuay:vSmum? &Drdausmif;vnf;
wkdufrnfcsnf;om &Smvsuf? jyifomrSmw&G? ywfum0ef;um? &pfMuygonf/ xkdrSvdyfief;rukd? aqmif&Sm;ujyK
kyf[ef? ig;"m;&Snf &DwGifckefvTm;jyefvsuf wcg;[efYolYbmom? ig;obifukd ,if;wGifjrif&yg\/
(jrefrmcsD&wkrS)
(tdrf&Sifruvifarmifa';0ef;BuD;atmifausmf&Sd jrefrmjynfokdY a&vrf;oGm;pOfjrif&ykHukd armifzGJY&wk
pyfqkdxm;onf)
yifv,fiu
S o
f bif
(ig;obifrS tquf)
(ig;obifukd ,if;wGifjrif&yg\/) a0blrSmpOfumaysm? wif;usdyfi,fvnf;? &DwGifikwfumpm;vsuf? BudK;MumrSm
uXme? tNcdKpif;pif; vkdifMuif;Muif; (usif; usif;qif\)ESihf? ckefqif;ckefqif;Mu\/ &D&Sufy[oFmrSm?
toQifpudE\
111
&ckid ,
armifESHESpfyg;? wlpkHoGm;? awmifzsm;,SufcsHKumESihf? tpmvmcGHMuvsuf? vkdifcsif;,Sufwif? jyL;aysmf&Tif onf?

&DwGifobifiSufwkdY? arcspfoufjyifaomcg? om;OD;rdcif? i,fuRrf;0ifonf? ,if;wGifjyifvSmwnf;/
(jrefrmcsD&wk)
vifAed w
f ;Hk
y'kH;ya,mifa,mif? &armifav?
Adef;orwkdY? r,m;rppf? om;yppf
Adef;,pfvkdYyif? rD;jyifjyif? vufwGifqD;vdyf
b,fuSyfvkdY? rtdyfa,mifa,mif? tdyfa,mifa,mif
oaygufqkd;rSm um;&Dum;&m;? vlwumykdif
tm;cGefxkwf? vkyfrpm;av? r,m;kdUrSm
cg;rSmzGDom? wtmem cg;rSmr[d? tdrfa&mufcg
&Gmjywfrd? eifkdUajE&wwfau?
rsuf&nfukdokwf? wIyfIyfESihf?
vlvkdydwm? arwmESvkH;? pdwfylyif
vifAdef;ukH;av/
(eef ; wG i f ; rd k d q k d - taxmuf )
ay;ygaq;vdyf
(Zrf ; vuF m )
cukdoa0? 0ukdwG,f
0pfukdvnf;pD;? vrSm0wif
*ukd yufvSef? wefcGefvnf;vTm;
ykpmrsm;ukd? ajymvkdufygav?
ay;vkdufav?
(&ck d i f o l p mqk d e ef ; wG i f ; rd k d z G J Y )
0pf= (0p)0payguf/
arkv
Yd DS
(v&J;jy? wuf&J;jy)
TDeef;awmfuvSDNydKifcs?
opfcufopfyifOD;rSSmwif-OD;rSmwif/
yJhpifuavSmfOD;uavSmf
vSDavQmfaumif;\? arkdUvSDa[h/
vSDaumif;a&eefY? vm;a&eefYa[h/
wqJhig;vef? oabFmysH?
vkdufrnfqkd? vkdufrnfqkdau?
avmif;tkdMuHqpf? aemufuvkduf/
BuHqpfavmif;rSm xD;rygauh/
arkdUxydef? wif;xdef;cg;BudK;
xD;vkyfvkdYrkd;/
(&r m 0wD u k e f A G D ausmif ; q&mawmf r S )
toQifpudE\
tdyyf gykv
J mS
(ykcGuf&GJom;acsmh)
tdyfygftdyfyg? ykvJSmau? onf;csmwOD;
jrat;,Ofavh? wifumusL;au?
om;OD;armifvS
ruvmvnf;wxnf? avQmfvnf;wxkH;?
aemufuzkH;aw? NyHK;odykHoGif
uRJausmif;0ifav? yjyifvkduf&?
cspfawolav? toHyD;au
t0D;uav? t0D;u/
cspaf &mufrzko
Yd wif;
t0&mvnf; &Dief?
tzsm;&mvnf; &Daumif;?
ukefonfaysmfau? &Domacsmif;rSm
0g;a&mif;vm;cg? wif;0g;yga&
0,fygcvkduf?
aumufSif;qefukd jzLa,mifzGwfau?
zkwfpm;uwfay?
cspfa&mufrukdrSmvkdufauav/
&ufuef;wwfapmif
wGif;yl;wGif;ckdif? tNydKifvuf,Suf
av;wkdifpifau? ,OfpifxufrSm
wef;jyufpD? BudK;NcD? rygpDbJ
tem;nDda,mif? EIwf&TDoHjr?
orD;ysKdukd ajymqkdjya&/
(wef ; ck d ; q&mxG e f ; )
oZifyef&m
oZifpay: vewfawmfrSm
Akdif;ykdifESif;jzef;? oZifyef;rSm
qufqufvef;a&
yGJa&mif,if;yef;? qGwfcl;NyD;au
eef;A&a0? aqmifvkdY,lau?
OD;pjywfpGm? ylaZmfNyD;rS
xdyfacgifvsifyef; NyD;aurdH
uRefrukr? aemufrSyef&/
ay:OD;oZif
ay:OD;oZif? txGwfwif
wuef&yom;zkdY
112
&ckid ,
toQifpudE\
113
wuef& c,frzkdY
ajymhxufOD; tdyfOD;bk&m;pif?
anmif&Dtkd;? rdc,mvm;-tkdrwfaoQ/
aZmifyifrkdufvm;tkdrwfaoQ/
xkH;wrf;pOfvm? bkd;pOfabmifquf
rdkd;zvm? [da&pGmukd
rifc,mvm;-tkdrwfaoQ/
aZmifyifrkdufvm; tkdyufaoQ
aumufOD;oZif? bk&m;wif
tdrfOD;t&wwefyef?
tdyfoQif&moQif? ylaZmfyo?
tv,fqdwfx&H ewf>yeftkd;/
xkd;NyD;aurS? yef&pGmukd
rdc,mxm; tkdrwfaoQ
aZmifyifykdufvm;? tkdrwfaoQ/
(okawoD armifomatmif(uG,fvGef)xHrS
i,fuuRe;f ukd vGr;f zkq

Yd dk
u0du@? usrf;jyxm;
t,ifucg jynf"nm0,f?
a0omeef;r? &mZwEIduf
0Pybm? uvsmarvs?
tvSoZif? wovQifonf
jrif&tmkH? pGJxkHww
*kdPf;&Spf0jzihf? azmfjyNyD;cg
ybmrnf&? ok0Ponf
i,fuuRrf;ukd? vGrf;bGJYqkd
wownf;/
(q&mOD ; OD ; omxG e f ; xH r S )
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Early History Of India
(V.E. Smith)
The Land Of Great Image
(Morie Collie)
History Of Indo-Pakistan
(Prop-M. Arshad)
A History Of Ehiltagong and Vol 1
ProF A. Rahmand)
124
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