Phân tích thiết kế hệ thống thông tin

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng
LI NI U
Cho mng cc bn n vi mn hc Phn tch thit k thng, mt mn hc rt th v, cn thit trong vic xy dng mt ng dng thc t. N cng s trang b cho cc bn nhng kin thc cn thit dng vit phn l thuyt ca n tt nghip. Ti liu s cung cp nhng k nng cn thit trong phn tch thit k mt h thng thng tin qun ly. Ti liu ny mt phn c dch v bin son li t quyn sch Practical Data Modelling For Database Design ca hai tc gi Renzo DOrazio & Gunter Happel v t Gio trnh Phn tch Thit k H Thng ca Nguyn Vn V Ti liu trnh by tng tn chi tit cc k nng cn thit trong phn tch thit k mt h thng thng tin, t vic trnh by cc nguyn tc cn thit phn bit mt khi nim l tp thc th hay thuc tnh n vic trnh by hnh nh d liu bng m hnh thc th kt hp. N cng o su vo cc kha cnh tp thc th cha con, mi kt hp mt ngi, mi kt hp ba ngi, nhiu mi kt hp gia cc tp thc th. Ti liu c nhiu v d c th d hiu t n gin n phc tp. D c gng ht sc, ti liu cng khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong s ng gp ca cc bn. Mi gp xin gi v Th.S. Trn c Phin B mn H thng thng tin trng i hc Cng nghip Tp H Ch Minh. Chng ti chn thnh cm n s ng vin v ng gp kin ca cc bn ng nghip trong qu trnh bin son ti liu.
M C L C
Chng 1 : PHNG PHP LUN PHT TRIN H THNG THNG TIN.................................................................. 3 Chng 2 : KHO ST HIN TRNG XC NH YU CU H THNG...................................................................... 21 Chng 3 : M HNH NGHIP V CA H THNG.......................................................................................................... 32 Chng 4 : M HNH HA QU TRNH X L.................................................................................................................. 42 Chng 5 : M HNH HA LOGIC TIN TRNH ................................................................................................................ 57 Chng 6 : GII THIU V M HNH HA D LIU....................................................................................................... 65 Chng 7 : M HNH QUAN H.............................................................................................................................................. 79 Chng 8 : PHN TCH D LIU V YU CU CHC NNG ........................................................................................ 89 Chng 9 : TNH BT BUC, KHNG BT BUC TRONG MI KT HP ................................................................. 96 Chng 10 : TP THC TH CHA V TP THC TH CON ........................................................................................ 104 Chng 11 : M RNG KHI NIM MI KT HP ........................................................................................................ 113 Chng 12 : S CHUN HA ................................................................................................................................................ 123 CC TRNG HP NGHIN CU...................................................................................................................................... 132
----oOo----
Chng 1 : PHNG PHP LUN PHT TRIN H THNG THNG TIN 1.1. Khi nim v thng thng tin
Pht trin mt HTTT l mt qu trnh to ra mt HTTT cho mt t chc. Qu trnh bt u t khi nu vn cho n khi a h thng vo vn hnh trong t chc. Vi thc tin ca nhiu nm xy dng cc HTTT, nhng c s phng php lun pht trin HTTT khng ngng c hon thin v b sung cho ph hp vi s pht trin ca cng ngh v cc iu kin mi trng bin i. 1.1.1 Khi nim v nh ngha C nhiu nh ngha v HTTT khc nhau. V mt k thut, HTTT c xc nh nh mt tp hp cc thnh phn c t chc thu thp, x l, lu tr, phn phi v biu din thng tin v thng tin tr gip vic ra quyt nh v kim sot trong mt t chc. Ngoi cc chc nng k trn, n cn c th gip ngi qun l phn tch cc vn , cho php nhn thy c mt cch trc quan nhng i tng phc tp, to ra cc sn phm mi. D liu (data) l nhng m t v s vt, con ngi v s kin trong th gii m chng ta gp bng nhiu cch th hin khc nhau. Thng tin (Information) cng nhu d liu, thng tin c rt nhiu cch nh ngha khc nhau. Mt nh ngha bao trm hn c xem thng tin l d liu c t vo mt ng cnh vi mt hnh thc thch hp v c li cho nhi s dng cui cng. Cc hot ng thng tin (information activitties) l cc hot ng xy ra trong mt HTTT, bao gm c vic nm bt, x l, phn phi, lu tr, trnh din d liu v kim tra cc hot ng trong HTTT. X l (processing) c hiu l cc hot ng ln d liu nh tnh ton, so snh, sp xp, phn loi v tng hp 1.1.2 H thng thng tin qun l Trong cc HTTT, HTTT qun l c bit n sm v ph bin nht. i tng phc v ca HTTT qun l thc s rng hn rt nhiu so vi ngha ca bn thn tn gi ca n. HTTT qun l l s pht trin v s dng HTTT c hiu qu trong mt t chc (Keen, Peter GW.- mt ngi ng u trong lnh vc ny).
Hnh 1.1. Cc yu t cu thnh ca HTTT Nm yu t cu thnh ca HTTT qun l xt trng thi tnh l: thit b tin hc (my tnh, cc thit b, cc ng truyn- phn cng), cc chng trnh (phn mm), d liu, th tc-quy trnh v con ngi (hnh 1.1). Cc nh ngha v HTTT trn ay gip cho vic nh hng qu trnh phn tch, thit k h thng. Tuy vy, s m t ny l cha , cn i su phn tch h thng c th mi c s hiu bit y v h thng thc v cho php xy dng c s d liu, cc chng trnh v vic b tr cc thnh phn bn trong n. 1.1.3. Phn loi h thng thng tin Di y trnh by mt cch phn loi HTTT vi cc loi sau : a. H thng t ng vn phng
H thng t ng vn phng l HTTT gm my tnh vi cc h phn mm nh h x l vn bn, h th tn in t, h thng lp lch lm vic, bng tnh, chng trnh trnh din bo co cng cc thit b khc nh my Fax, in thoi t ghi, chng c thit lp nhm t ng ha cng vic ghi chp, to vn bn v giao dch bng li, bng vn bn lm tng nng sut cho nhng ngi cng tc vn phng. b. H thng truyn thng H thng truyn thng gip cho vic thc hin cc trao i thng tin gia cc thit b di cc hnh thc khc nhau vi nhng khong cch xa d dng, nhanh chng v c cht lng. H thng ny ng vai tr phc v cho cc HTTT qun l, h tr gip iu hnh v cc h khc hot ng hiu qu. c. H thng x l giao dch H thng x l giao dch la mt HTTT nghip v. N phc v cho hot ng ca t chc mc vn hnh. N thc hin vic ghi nhn cc giao dch hng ngy cn thit cho hot ng nghip v ca t chc giao dch vi khch hng, nh cung cp, nhng ngi cho vay vnnh h thng lp ha n bn hng. N l HTTT cung cp nhiu d liu nht cho cc h thng khc trong t chc. d. H cung cp thng tin thc hin H thng ny c t rt sm, n cung cp cc thng tin thc hin cc nhim v trong t chc. N l h my tnh nhm tng hp v lm cc bo co v qu trnh thc hin cng vic cc b phn trong nhng khong thi gian nht nh. Cc tng hp, bo co c thc hin theo mu vi ni dung, quy trnh tng hp rt n gin, r rng v c nh hn thi gian. e. H thng thng tin qun l H thng thng tin qun l tr gip cc hot ng qun l ca t chc nh lp k hoch, kim tra thc hin, tng hp v lm cc bo co, lm cc quyt nh qun l trn c s cc quy trnh th tc cho trc. Nhn chung, n s dng d liu t cc h x l giao dch v to ra cc bo co nh k hay theo yu cu. H ny khng mm do v t c kh nng phn tch f. H tr gip quyt nh H tr gip quyt dnh l h my tnh c s dng mc qun l ca t chc. N c nhim v tng hp cc d liu v tin hnh cc phn tch bng cc m hnh tr gip cho cc nh qun l ra nhng quyt nh c quy trnh (bn cu trc) hay hon ton khng c quy trnh bit trc (khng c cu trc). N phi s dng nhiu loi d liu khc nhau nn cc c s d liu phi c t chc v lin kt tt. H cn c nhiu phng php x l (cc m hnh khc nhau) c t chc c th s dng linh hot. Cc h ny thng c xy dng chuyn dng cho mi t chc c th mi t hiu qu cao. g. H chuyn gia H chuyn gia l mt h tr gip mc chuyn su. Ngoi nhng kin thc, kinh nghim ca cc chuyn gia, v cc lut suy din n cn c th trang b cc thit b cm nhn thu cc thng tin t nhng ngun khc nhau. H c th x l, v da vo cc lut suy din a ra nhng quyt nh rt hu ch v thit thc. S khc bit c bn ca h chuyn gia vi h h tr quyt nh l ch: H chuyn gia yu cu nhng thng tin xc nh a vo a ra quyt nh c cht lng cao trong mt lnh vc hp. h. H tr gip iu hnh H tr gip iu hnh c s dng mc qun l chin lc ca t chc. N c thit k hng s tr gip cho cc quyt nh khng cu trc bng vic lm ra cc th phn tch trc quan v cc giao dch rt thun tin vi mi trng. H c thit k cung cp hay cht lc cc thng tin a dng ly t mi trng hay t cc h thng tin qun l, h tr gip quyt nh i. H tr gip lm vic theo nhm Trong iu kin nhiu ngi cng tham gia thc hin mt nhim v, h ny cho phng tin tr gip s trao i trc tuyn cc thng tin gia cc thnh vin trong nhm, lm rt ngn s ngn cch gia h c v khng gian v thi gian. k. H thng thng tin tch hp Mt HTTT ca t chc thng gm mt vi loi HTTT cng c khai thc. C nh vy mi p ng c mc tiu ca t chc. iu ny cho thy, cn phi tch hp nhiu HTTT khc loi m bo s hot ng hiu qu ca t chc. Vic tch hp cc HTTT trong mt t chc c th tin hnh theo hai cch: xy dng mt h thng tin tch hp tng th hoc tch hp cc h c bng vic ghp ni chng nh cc cu ni. Vic s dng cc h tch hp tng th thng t chc n mt h thng tp trung, mt s phi
hp v kim sot cht ch. Nhng chng cng to ra sc v qun l, v s quan liu trong hot ng v kh thay i. Khi s tp trung ca mt HTTT t n mt im bo ha, nhiu t chc bt u cho cc b phn ca mnh tip tc pht trin nhng h con vi cc c th ring. 1.1.4. Ti sao mt t chc cn pht trin HTTT Vic xy dng HTTT thc s l mt gii php cu cnh trong cuc cnh tranh cng cc i th ca nhiu doanh nghip v n c xem l mt gii php hu hiu cho nhiu vn m t chc gp phi. Thc t cho thy, mt t chc thng xy dng HTTT khi h gp phi nhng vn lm cn tr hoc hn ch khng cho php h thc hin thnh cng nhng iu mong i, hay mun c nhng u th mi, nhng nng lc mi c th vt qua nhng thch thc v chp c hi trong tng lai. Cui cng l do yu cu ca i tc. Xy dng HTTT khng n thun ch l mt gii php k thut. N l mt b phn quan trng trong chin lc tng th pht trin ca t chc, tc l cn tin hnh ng thi, ng b vi nhiu gii php khc. V vy cn c mt l trnh chuyn dch t chc c v mt t chc v qun l t trng thi hin ti n mt trng thi tng lai thch hp vi mt HTTT mi c thit lp. 1.1.5. Nhng ni dung c bn ca vic pht trin HTTT Ba vn ln lin quan n qu trnh pht trin mt HTTT l : - Cc hot ng pht trin mt HTTT v trnh t thc hin chng (c gi l phng php lun pht trin h thng) - Cc phng php, cng ngh v cng c c s dng. - T chc v qun l qu trnh pht trin mt HTTT Sau y s trnh by ln lt cc ni dung ny.
1.2. Tin ha ca cch tip cn pht trin HTTT

Pht trin HTTT da trn my tnh bt u t nhng nm 1950. Cho n nay hn nm mi nm pht trin. Nhiu cng ngh mi v phn cng, phn mm khng ngng pht trin, nhiu vn mi ca thc t lun lun t ra. V vy, cch tip cn pht trin mt HTTT cng thay i. Ta c th k n bn cch tip cn chnh pht trin mt HTTT: - tip cn nh hng tin trnh, - tip cn nh hng d liu, - tip cn nh hng cu trc v - tip cn nh hng i tng. Tr cch tip cn u tin, mi cch tip cn sau u gn vi vic gii quyt nhng vn t ra v s pht trin ca mt cng ngh mi. 1.2.1. Tip cn nh hng tin trnh Thi gian u khi my tnh mi ra i, tc my rt chm, b nh lm vic cn rt nh nn ngi ta tp trung vo cc qu trnh m phn mm phi thc hin. V vy, hiu qu x l cc chng trnh tr thnh mc tiu chnh. Tt c s c gng lc l t ng ha cc tin trnh ang tn ti (nh mua hng, bn hng) ca nhng b phn chng trnh ring r. Lc ny ngi ta c bit quan tm n cc thut ton (phn x l) gii c bi ton t ra v cch s dng kho lo b nh lm vic rt hn hp. Cc d liu c t chc trong cng mt tp tin vi chng trnh.
Hnh 1.2. Mi quan h gia d liu v ng dng theo cch tip cn truyn thng Sau ny, vi s tin b v kh nng lu tr, cc tp tin d liu c t chc tch bit vi chng trnh. Mc d vy, thit k mt HTTT vn da trn trnh t m n s thc hin. i vi cch tip cn ny, phn ln cc d liu c ly trc tip t cc ngun ca n qua tng bc x l. Nhng phn khc nhau ca
HTTT lm vic theo nhng s khc nhau v tc khc nhau. Kt qu l, tn ti mt s tp tin d liu tch bit trong nhng ng dng v chng trnh khc nhau, v dn n c nhiu tp tin trong nhng ng dng khc nhau c th cha cng cc phn t d liu nh nhau (hnh 1.2). Mi khi mt phn t ring l thay i hay c s thay i trong mt tin trnh x l th ko theo phi thay i cc tp tin d liu tng ng. Vic t hp cc tp tin d liu chuyn bit cng rt kh khn, v mi tp tin mang tn v nh dng d liu khc nhau. Cch tip cn ny to ra s d tha d liu, hao ph qua nhiu cng sc cho vic thu thp v t chc d liu, v cc d liu s dng km hiu qu do khng th chia s gia cc ng dng vi nhau. 1.2.2. Tip cn nh hng d liu Tip cn ny tp trung vo vic t chc cc d liu mt cch l tng. Khi s quan tm chuyn sang d liu, phm vi ng dng m rng n nhiu qu trnh ca HTTT, n bao gm nhiu b phn ca mt t chc: nh nh cung cp, nhng ngi iu hnh, khch hng, i th cnh tranh. Hai tng chnh ca cch tip cn ny la: -Tch d liu ra khi cc qu trnh x l -T chc c s d liu chung cho cc ng dng
Hnh 1.3. Cu trc h thng hng d liu Cng ngh qun l d liu tin b cho php biu din d liu thnh cc tp tin ring bit v t chc chng thnh nhng c s d liu dng chung. Mt c s d liu l mt tp cc d liu logic vi nhau c t chc lm d dng vic thu thp, lu tr v ly ra ca nhiu ngi dng trong mt t chc. Nh vic tch d liu t chc ring v tp trung, ngi ta c th p dng cc cng c ton hc (l thuyt tp hp v logic) t chc d liu mt cch ti u v c phng din lu tr (tit kim khng gian nh) cng nh v mt s dng: gim d tha, tm kim thun li, ly ra nhanh chng v s dng chung. Vic t chc d liu nh trn cho php c s d liu phc v cho nhiu ng dng c lp khc nhau. 1.2.3. Tip cn nh hng cu trc Tip cn nh hng cu trc nh mt bc pht trin tip tc ca nh hng d liu. Nhiu ti liu thng gp hai cch tip cn ny lm mt v gi l tip cn hng d liu chc nng. Tip cn hng cu trc hng vo vic ci tin cu trc c chng trnh da trn c s modun ha d theo di, qun l, bo tr. Pht trin hng cu trc cp n qu trnh s dng mt cch c h thng v tch hp cc cng c v k thut tr gip thit k phn tch HTTT theo hng modun ha. Cc phng php lun hng cu trc s dng mt hay mt s cng c xc nh lung thng tin v cc qu trnh x l. Vic xc nh v chi tit ha dn cc lung d liu v cc tin trnh l tng c bn ca phng php lun t trn xung (Top-down). T mc o: mc chung nht, qu trnh tip tc lm mn cho n mc thp nht: mc c s. t cc s nhn c ta c th bt u to lp cc chng trnh vi cc modun thp nht (modun l)
Hnh 1.4. Cu trc h thng nh hng cu Pht trin c cu trc cung cp mt tp hp y cc c t h thng khng d tha c pht trin theo qu trnh logic v lp li. N cho ta nhiu li ch so vi cch tip cn trc : a) Lm gim s phc tp (nh chia nh, modun ha) b) Tp trung vo tng (vo logic, kin trc trc khi thit k) c) Chun mc ha (theo cc phng php, cng c cho) d) Hng v tng lai (kin trc tt, modun ha d bo tr) e) Gim bt tnh ngh thut trong thit k 1.2.4.Tip cn nh hng i tng Tip cn nh hng i tng l cch mi nht pht trin HTTT. Cch tip cn ny da trn tng xy dng mt h thng gm cc n th c gi l i tng lin kt vi nhau bng mi quan h truyn thng. Cc i tng thng tng ng vi cc thc th trong HTTT nh khch hng, nh cung cp, hp ng, tha thun thu. Mc tiu ca cch tip cn ny l lm cho cc phn t ca h thng tr nn c lp tng i vi nhau v c th dng li. iu ci thn c bn cht lng ca h thng v lm tng nng sut hot ng phn tch v thit k.
Hnh 1.5 Cu trc h thng hng i tng
tng khc nm pha sau ca cch tip cn ny l s tha k v bao gi thng tin. Cc i tng c cng cu trc v hnh vi c t chc thnh tng lp. K tha cho php to ra cc lp mi c chung vi cc lp ang tn ti mt s c trng v c thm cc c trng mi. Nh vy m s m t lp mi ch lin quan n nhng c trng mi. Do bao gi c d liu v x l trong mt i tng lm cho hot ng ca n khng nh hng n cc i tng khc. R rng rng, vi c ch bao gi thng tin v lin kt qua truyn thng, h thng c lp ghp v tho d n gin, d bo tr, d s dng li v c th t c quy m ty . Cch tip cn mi ny p ng c nhng yu cu v thch thc c bn hin nay l pht trin cc h thng phn mm c quy m ln, phc tp hn, nhanh hn, d bo tr v chi ph chp nhn c.
1.4. Vng i pht trin mt thng thng tin

HTTT c xy dng l sn phm ca mt lot cc hot ng c gi l pht trin h thng. Qu trnh pht trin mt HTTT k t lc n sinh ra n khi n tn li c gi l vng i pht trin h thng. Vng i pht trin cc h thng l mt phng php ln cho vic pht trin cc HTTT. N c c trng bng mt s pha ch yu phn bit nhau ca qu trnh : phn tch, thit k v trin khai HTTT. Tc gi ca nhiu cun sch hay nhiu t chc pht trin cc HTTT thng s dng nhng m hnh vng i khc nhau v mi vng i c th gm t ba n hai chc pha khc nhau cho mt phng php lun pht trin c th. Mt trong nhiu m hnh vng i sp xp cc bc pht trin h thng theo m hnh bc thang vi cc mi tn ni mi bc vi bc sau n. Cch biu din ny c xem nh tng ng vi m hnh thc nc. M hnh ny s c s dng trnh by v phng php lun chung - mt qu trnh pht trin mt h thng vi cc pha: khi to v lp k hoch, phn tch, thit k, trin khai, vn hnh v bo tr HTTT : mi pha u c ci vo v ci ra. Chng th hin mi quan trng gia cc pha vi nhau. cui mi pha cn t n mt ct mc c nh du bng nhng ti liu cn c to ra cc b phn qun l xem xt, nh gi v ph duyt. l mt c trng ca qu trnh qun l s pht trin. 1.4.1. Khi to v lp k hoch d n Vic hnh thnh d n nh mt yu cu bt buc c th tin hnh nhng bc tip theo ca qu trnh pht trin: Khng c d n th cng khng c vic xy dng HTTT Hai hot ng chnh trong khi to v lp k hoch d n l pht hin ban u chnh thc v nhng vn ca h thng v cc c hi ca n; trnh by r l do v sao t chc cn hay khng cn pht trin HTTT. Tip n l xc nh phm vi cho h thng d kin. Mt k hoch d n pht trin HTTT c d kin v c bn c m t theo dng i pht trin h thng, ng thi cng a ra c lng thi gian v cc ngun lc cn thit cho vic thc hin n. H thng d kin phi gii quyt c nhng vn t ra ca t chc hay tn dng c nhng c hi c th trong tng lai m t chc gp, v cng phi xc nh chi ph pht trin h thng v li ch m n s mang li cho t chc.
Hnh 1.3. M hnh thc nc ca vng i h thng
Trong pha ny cn xc nh ci g l cn thit cho h thng mi hay h thng s c tng cng. Ti y cc nhu cu HTTT tng th ca t chc c xc nh, n th hin ra bng cc dch v m h thng d kin cn phi thc hin. Chng oc phn tch, thit lp s u tin v sp xp li ri chuyn thnh mt k hoch pht trin HTTT, trong bao gm c lch trnh pht trin h thng v cc chi ph tng ng. Tt c ni dung trn y thng c gi l nghin cu h thng. Sau khi nghin cu h thng phi a ra mt k hoch d n c s. K hoch d n ny cn c phn tch m bo tnh kh thi trn ba mt: Kh thi k thut: xem xt kh nng k thut hin c (v thit b, v cng ngh v kh nng lm ch cng ngh) m bo thc hin cc gii php cng ngh thng tin c p dng pht trin h thng. Kh thi kinh t: th hin trn cc ni dung sau: - Kh nng ti chnh ca t chc cho php thc hin d n: bao gm ngun vn v s vn c th huy ng trong thi hn cho php. - Li ch m h thng c xy dng mang li, t nht l b p chi ph phi b ra xy dng n (chi ph u t ban u). - Nhng chi ph thng xuyn cho h thng hot ng (chi ph vn hnh) l chp nhn c i vi t chc. Kh thi v thi gian: d n c pht trin trong thi gian cho php, tin trnh thc hin d n c ch ra trong gii hn cho. Kh thi php l v hot ng: H thng c th vn hnh tri chy trong khun kh ca t chc v iu kin qun l m t chc c v trong khun kh ca php l hin hnh. Ngoi cc phn tch trn ngi ta cn phn tch mt s kh thi khc. Khi d n c chp nhn, th i tng tng qut ca d n nh phm vi ca d n, k hoch trin khai d n phi c vch ra v thng qua trin khai. 1.4.2. Phn tch h thng Phn tch h thng nhm xc nh nhu cu thng tin ca t chc. N s cung cp nhng d lu c s cho vic thit k HTTT sau ny. Trc cn tin hnh kho st hin trng ca t chc thuc phm vi lin quan n d n. Nhng d liu thu c phc v cho vic xy dng m hnh quan nim v h thng hin thi: m hnh bao gm m hnh d liu v m hnh x l ca h thng cng cc ti liu b sung khc. Phn tch bao gm mt vi pha nh: trc ht xc nh yu cu: cc nh phn tch lm vic cng vi ngi s dng xc nh ci g ngi dng ch i t h thng d kin. Tip theo l nghin cu yu cu v cu trc n ph hp vi mi quan h bn trong, bn ngoi v nhng gii hn t ln cc dch v cn thc hin. Th 3 l tm gii php cho cc thit k ban u t c yu cu t ra, so snh la chn gii php thit k tt nht p ng cc yu cu vi chi ph, ngun lc, thi gian v k thut cho php t chc thng qua. 1.4.3. Thit k h thng Thit k l tm ra cc gii php cng ngh thng tin p ng cc yu cu t ra trn. c t gii php cho cc yu cu pha trc c chuyn thnh c t h thng logic ri l c t vt l. T cc kha cnh ca h thng, thit k c xem xt bt u t mn hnh tng tc, cc ci vo v ci ra (cc bo co) n c s d liu v cc tin trnh x l chi tit bn trong. Pha thit k ny gm hai pha nh: thit k logic v thit k vt l. Thit k logic. V mt l thuyt, thit k h thng logic khng gn vi bt k phn cng v phn mm ca h thng no. Thit k logic tp trung vo cc kha cnh nghip v ca h thng thc v vy mt vi phng php lun vng i cn gi pha ny l pha thit k nghip v. Cc i tng v quan h c m t y l nhng khi nim, cc biu tng m khng phi cc thc th vt l. Thit k vt l l qu trnh chuyn m hnh logic tru tng thnh bn thit k vt l hay cc c t k thut. Nhng phn khc nhau ca h thng c gn vo bng nhng thao tc v thit b vt l cn thit tin li cho vic thu thp d liu, x l v a ra thng tin cn thit cho t chc. Trong pha thit k vt l cn phi quyt nh la chn ngn ng lp trnh, h c s d liu, cu trc tp tin t chc d liu, nhng phn cng, h iu hnh v mi trng mng cn c xy dng. Sn phm cui cng ca pha thit k l c t h thng vt l dng nh n tn ti trn thc t, sao cho cc nh lp trnh v k s phn cng c th d dng chuyn thnh chng trnh v cu trc h thng.
10
1.4.4. Trin khai h thng Trong pha ny, c t h thng c chuyn thnh h thng vn hnh c, sau c kim tra v a vo s dng. Bc trin khai bao gm vic lp ra cc chng trnh, tin hnh kim th, lp t thit b, ci t chng trnh v chuyn i h thng. a.To lp cc chng trnh Trc ht cn la chn phn mm (platfrorm: h iu hnh, h qun tr c s d liu, ngn ng lp trnh, phn mm mng. Trong nhiu trng hp, ngn ng lp trnh c th chnh l ngn ng ca h qun tr c s d liu hay ca h ng dng c s dng). Sau chn cc phm mm ng gi. Cui cng chuyn cc c t thit k cn li thnh cc phn mm (cc chng trnh) cho my tnh. Chng trnh c tin hnh kim th cho n khi t yu cu ra. Qu trnh kim th bao gm kim th cc modun chc nng (kim th n v), cc h thng con (kim th tch hp), s hot ng ca c h thng (kim th h thng) v nghim thu cui cng (kim th chp nhn). b. Ci t v chuyn i h thng Qu trnh chuyn i bao gm vic ci t cc chng trnh trn h thng phn cng ang tn ti hay h thng phn cng mi lp t, chuyn i ton b hot ng ca t chc c sang hot ng vi h thng mi (bao gm vic chuyn i d liu, sp xp i ng cn b trn h thng mi v o to ngi s dng, khai thc h thng). Chun b cc ti lu chi tit thuyt minh v vic khai thc v s dng h thng (c v mt k thut, v h thng v ti ni lm vic ca ngi s dng). N cn c hon tt trong thi gian chuyn i phc v vic o to v m bo hot ng hng ngy (bo tr) ca h thng sau ny. 1.4.5. Vn hnh v bo tr Khi h thng c lp t v chuyn i ton b, giai on vn hnh bt u. Trong thi gian ny, ngi s dng v cc chuyn vin k thut vn hnh cn nh gi xem h thng p ng cc mc tiu ra ban u hay khng, xut nhng sa i, ci tin, b sung. Khi h thng i vo hot ng, i khi ngi dng thng mong mun h thng phi lm vic mt cch hon ho v cc chc nng ca h thng lm vic tt hn. Mt khc, t chc thng xuyn c nhng yu cu p ng nhng thay i ny sinh. V vy, cc nh thit k v lp trnh cn phi thc hin nhng thay i h thng mc nht nh (m khng phi tt c) p ng nhu cu ngi s dng cng nhu nhng ngh ca t chc. Nhng thay i ny l cn thit lm cho h thng hot ng hiu qu. Bo tr khng phi l mt pha tch bit m l s lp li cc pha ca mt vng i khc, i hi phi nghin cu v p dng nhng thay i cn thit. Tng s thi gian v s n lc dnh cho bo tr ph thuc rt ln vo s hon thin ca cc pha trc thuc vng i. Khi chi ph bo tr tr nn qu ln, yu cu thay i ca t chc l ng k, kh nng p ng ca h thng cho t chc v ngi dng tr nn hn ch, nhng vn cho thy n lc phi kt thc h thng c v bt u mt vng i khc. Thng thng, s phn bit gia vic bo tr c qui m ln v s pht trin mt h thng mi l khng r rng.
1.5. Cc phng php khc nhau pht trin HTTT

1.5.1. Vng i pht trin h thng truyn thng Vng i pht trin h thng truyn thng l phng php lun ra i sm nht v n nay vn c s dng rng ri. Theo phng php ny, HTTT c mt vng i tng t nh mt thc th bt k: c giai on bt u, giai on pht trin, giai on trng thnh v giai on kt thc. Qu trnh pht trin HTTT gm su giai on: xc nh d n, nghin cu h thng, thit k, lp chng trnh, ci t, v p dng (hnh 1.6). Mi giai on gm cc hot ng c bn cn phi hon thnh trc khi bt u giai on sau. Cc giai on c thc hin ln lt vi mt s phn cng lao ng r rng gia nhng ngi s dng v cc chuyn gia k thut.
11
Hnh 1.6. M t pht trin HTTT theo vng i truyn thng a. Cc pha pht trin V c bn ni dung cc bc y gn ging vi ni dung ca m hnh chung pht trin h thng trnh by trn. giai on phn tch thng hnh thnh mt bo co gi l nghin cu h thng. Trong pha thit k c bit nhn mnh ti cc c t hnh thc ha, cho nn rt nhiu cng c thit k v lm ti liu khc nhau c s dng, nh cc s lung d liu, s khi cu trc chng trnh, cc m hnh v thut ton ton hc b. Nhn xt v nh gi Phng php vng i h thng thch hp xy dng cc h thng x l giao dch ln (TPS) v cc h thng tin qun l (MIS) m i hi h thng c cu trc v xc nh cht ch. N cng thch hp cho cc h thng k thut phc tp nh h thng phng tu v tr, kim sot hot ng hng khng. Nhng p dng nh vy i hi mt s phn tch hnh thc ha cao v cht ch, cc c t c xc nh trc v vic kim tra st sao trong qu trnh xy dng h thng. V nhng l do , phng php ny c xem l nh hng ti liu. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c chi ph cao, thi gian thc hin di v khng mm do. Khi lng cc ti liu ln u l rt ln v s tng ln rt nhiu nu nh cc yu cu v cc c t phi lm li. R rng rng, phng php ny khng thch hp vi phn ln cc h thng va v nh m ta thng gp vo nhng nm 1990 v th k 21 sau ny. 1.5.2. Phng php lm bn mu a. Ni dung phng php Phng php ny t hnh thc ha hn phng php vng i truyn thng. Thay vo vic to ra nhiu ti liu c t, phng php lm mu nhanh chng to ra mt m hnh lm vic thc nghim ngi s dng xem xt, nh gi. Khi bn mu hon thin n c em s dng cho cc bc tip theo. b. Cc bc ca phng php lm bn mu. Bc 1. xc nh cc yu cu ca ngi s dng. Chuyn vin thit k h thng lm vic vi ngi s dng nm c yu cu thng tin c bn cho vic to ra bn mu. Bc 2. Pht trin bn mu u tin. Ngi thit k to nhanh mt bn mu bng cch s dng cng c phn mm th h th t (chng hn cng c CASE)
Trin khai

Kho st, thu thp thng tin s b
12
Xy dng nhanh mu ban u
Lm mn (pht trin) mu
Kho st, ly kin ngi s dng
Hn ch
Loi b mu
ti
nh gi, Quyt nh
Mu hon chnh
S dng thm phng php khc
Cha
H thng hon chnh ?
Hon chnh d n t cc mu thu c
Hnh 1.7. S phng php lm bn mu Bc 3. S dng bn mu lm vic vi ngi s dng Bn mu c xy dng em trnh din hay cho ngi s dng th nghim. Ngi s dng bit c bn mu p ng nhu cu ca h nh th no v a ra nhng ngh b sung v ci tin. Bc 4. Hon thin v tng cng bn mu. Ngi thit k thay i bn mu p ng i hi mi ca ngi s dng v lm mn hn bn mu mt cch ph hp trn c s s dng cc thng tin b sung khc. Bc 3 v 4 c lp li cho n khi bn mu tha mn yu cu t ra. Khi bn mu c chp nhn l hon tt c t cui cng ca ng dng. Lm bn mu c bit c li khi m mt s yu cu thng tin hay gii php cho n cn cha c xc nh. N cng rt c li khi thit k giao din ngi dng ca HTTT (mn hnh nhp liu, mn hnh kim tra, bo co). Bn mu d lm cho ngi s dng phn ng t nhin vi nhng phn ca h thng m ngi ta s lm vic vi n. T ng gp b sung lm mau chng to ra h thng, v hn ch c nhng chi ph qu ng ca s pht trin v nhng sai st thit k. Phng php lm mu thch hp nht vi nhng h thng nh hay nhng h thng ln c th chia nh lm mu tng phn. Vic lm mu nhanh cho php i qua nhng bc c bn trong pht trin h thng mt cch d dng, khuyn khch i pht trin tin nhanh ln pha trc t n m hnh lm vic m khng cn nm bt ngay tt c cc nhu cu thng tin c bn. Nhiu cng c lm mu cho php chuyn bn mu thnh h thng vn hnh mt cch t ng. Khi kt thc, nu bn mu lm vic hp l, cng vic qun l khng i hi phi lm li chng trnh, thit k hay th nghim ton din cc kt qu ca h thng. Mt khc, chnh s tin li ny lm kh khn cho vc bo tr sau ny. Khi m bn mu khng c cu trc cht ch, vic m bo k thut c th khng hiu qu. V bn mu c xy dng vi t cng sc, ngi qun l c th ngh rng vic th nghim c th dnh cho ngi dng v nhng sai st nh c th chm c sa i hn. V h thng rt d thay i, vic lm ti liu c th khng kp thi. Cc mc lm bn mu khc nhau
13
Ty theo cng c v cch thc tin hnh m kt qu lm mu rt khc nhau: - Khi tin hnh lm mu bng tay hay bng mt cng c bnh thng, kt qu lm mu ch n thun cho mt c t yu cu. - Khi lm mu vi cc cng c chuyn dng, mi thng tin c thu thp v lu tr trong kho d liu chung. Bn mu cui cng l mt c t yu cu c hnh thc ha c th dng to sinh ra chng trnh cho h thng v vn hnh ngay c. - Mt cch lm mu trnh cao hn l s dng cng c chuyn dng cng vi cc thnh phn c th s dng li c sn. Trong trng hp ny, mu nhn c cho ta mt s modun c th vn hnh ngay c. Khi lin kt cc modun lm mu nhn c ta c mt h thng ban u vi nhng chc nng nht nh, c th p ng nhng dch v c bn ca h thng t ra. Ngoi vic xc nh nhanh chng v chnh xc yu cu, lm bn mu to ra nhng c s cho vic k kt hp ng, lm khch hng tin tng vo h thng c xy dng, gip cho vic hun luyn ngi dng h thng ngay t khi lm bn mu. 1.5.3. M hnh xon c Trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta quan tm n m hnh xon c nhiu hn c. M hnh c Boehm a ra nm 1988. M hnh ny c bit quan tm n vic phn tch yu t ri ro (nh hng ri ro). Qu trnh pht trin c chia thnh nhiu bc lp, mi bc bc bt u bng vic lp k hoch, phn tch ri ro ri to nguyn mu, hon thin v pht trin h thng, duyt li, v c th tip tc (hnh 1.8) a. Ni dung phng php Qu trnh pht trin h thng c tin hnh qua mt lot cc bc lp. Mi bc lp gm bn hot ng chnh: - Lp k hoch: xc nh mc tiu, gii php v rng buc - Phn tch ri ro: phn tch cc phng n v xc nh/ gii quyt ri ro - K ngh: pht trin sn phm mc tip theo - nh gi ca khch hng: khng nh kt qu ca k ngh
Hnh 1.8. M hnh xon c Vi mi ln lp xon c (bt u t trung tm), cc phin bn c hon thin v b sung dn. Nu phn tch ri ro ch ra rng yu cu l khng chc chn th lm bn mu c th c s dng trong gc phn t k ngh. Ti mt vng xon c, phn tch ri ro phi i n quyt nh tin hnh tip hay dng. Nu ri ro qu ln th c th nh ch d n. Ngc li phi c gii php cho n.
14
Phn k ngh (gc ng-nam) s dng mi vng lp c th l cch tip cn vng i hay lm bn mu. Khi cc hot ng pht trin tng ln, vng xoy chuyn xa hn ra khi trung tm, ta c c mt phin bn phn mm mi bao gm mt phm vi rng hn cc chc nng ca h thng cn xy dng. b. nh gi v nhn xt M hnh xon c l mt cch tip cn thc t pht trin cc h thng phn mm quy m ln. Trong lm bn mu xem nh mt c ch lm gim bt ri ro Hiu qu ca n l trng thy c. Qu trnh lp v nh gi ri ro mi bc l c ch tt m bo s thnh cng ca vic xy dng HTTT (v ri ro mi bc l nh, d nhn ra, d khc phc v nu xy ra cng khng nh hng ln n phn xy dng). Tuy nhin, vic nh gi ng ri ro cn c chuyn gia v v th chi ph cn thit s khng thch hp vi d n nh. Hn th na, s thay i linh hot trong pht trin khng d thc hin khi m hp ng c k kt v xc nh. 1.5.4. Phng php s dng phn mm ng gi HTTT c th pht trin bng cch s dng cc gi phn mm ng dng. l nhng chng trnh ng dng vit sn dng m my dnh cho nhng lp bi ton c th. Cc gi phn mm ng dng pht trin rt mnh v nhiu ng dng l chung cho tt c cc t chc. Sau khi phn tch, thit k, ngi ta chn cc gi phn mm thch hp. Khi t chc khng cn vit chng trnh, m ch cn ci t n s dng. Vic s dng cc gi phn mm ng dng thc s rt ngn thi gian v chi ph cho vic pht trin mt h thng mi v chi ph qun l qu trnh pht trin h thng. Ngi bn cn cung cp cc cng c h tr, bo tr v tng cng h thng lm cho n c kh nng pht trin theo kp tin b cng ngh. Vic cung cp cc ti liu v phn mm ng gi l rt y v kp thi. Cc phn mm thng hot ng rt n nh. Nhc im ca gi phn mm ng dng l khng t c cht lng k thut v chc nng cho cc ng dng a mc tiu v c nhiu c th. p ng ti a nhu cu th trng, cc gi phn mm ng dng ch p ng nhng nhu cu chung nht ca cc t chc. V vy, n khng th thay th cc phn mm c bn. Vic to ra cc t chn, cc chng trng mang tnh chuyn i pha trc hay pha sau (front-orback program: hnh 1.9) ca cc phn x l chc nng trong phn mm ng gi cho php khch hng c th lm thch nghi hay s dng nhng chc nng thch hp ca cc gi phn mm ng dng p ng yu cu a dng ca t chc. tuy nhin, i khi nhng ci tin ca khch hng hay cc chng trnh b sung ny li qu t hay lm gim cc li th vn c ca cc gi phn mm.
Hnh 1.9. M hnh chung nht s dng phn mm ng gi chn c cc phn mm ng gi thch hp, cn nh gi n theo nhiu tiu chun khc nhau. Cc mt sau y cn c xem xt khi chn gi phn mm: - Chc nng: Gi chng trnh c th p ng c nhng chc nng g? - Tnh mm do: Gi phn mm c d ci bin, d m rng khng? Nhng c trng g c th dnh cho khch hng thc hin, m rng? - Tnh thn thin: Chng trnh c d s dng v d kim tra hay khng? d nh, d hc, d thao tc,?... - Yu cu v k thut: Cu hnh my ti thiu? S a, bng lu tr? Loi hnh d liu v cu trc tp tin s dng?...
15
- Ci t v bo tr: C kh khn g chuyn i t h thng hin hnh sang h thng lm vic vi gi phn mm? i ng cn b ti thiu cn m bo vic bo tr v tr gip khai thc l bao nhiu? Trnh no?... - Ti liu: Ti lu cho ngi dng, ti liu h thng c cung cp gm nhng ti liu g? N c y , d c? - Cht lng ngi bn: Ngi bn c kinh nghim p dng trong lnh vc no? Nhng tin ch mua hng m ngi bn cung cp trong v sau bn hng l g? Doanh s bn v nhng ghi nhn v ti chnh ca ngi bn? Nhng khch hng ca ngi bn l nhng ai? - Gi thnh: Gi bn, gi thu phn mm? Gi mua bao gm nhng khon mc g? (cc modun b sung, tin ch thng xuyn, thi gian t vn, o to, tr gip ci t). Bo tr min ph bao lu?, chi ph hot ng thng xuyn l bao nhiu?... Khi s dng gi phn mm, vic thit k h thng bao gm c vc nh gi nng lc gi phn mm v n lc nm bt c cc c trng ca n. Theo kinh nghim, ngay cc gi phn mm tt nht cng ch c th p ng 70% yu cu ca t chc. Vi 30% yu cu cn li bn thn t chc phi xy dng phn b sung. Tt c cc chi ph trn y c tnh ton so snh vi d n pht trin n. 1.5.5. Pht trin h thng do ngi s dng thc hin Trong nhiu t chc, ngi dng cui cng pht trin mt phn ng k HTTT vi s gip cht t hay khng chnh thc ca cc chuyn gia tin hc. Hin tng ny gi l pht trin h thng do ngi s dng cui cng. Nhiu h thng do ngi s dng cui cng pht trin mang li kt qu nhanh hn so vi phng php vng i. Mc d cn nhiu hn ch, vic pht trin h thng do ngi s dng thc hin em li rt nhiu li ch cho t chc. Do ngi dng pht trin cc phn h thng mt cch c lp nn c th to ra nhng vn khng th trnh khi: Phn ln t chc khng c mt chin lc pht trin HTTT m bo p ng c cc mc tiu t ra v cc chun mc thch hp vi chc nng ca h. Khi h thng c pht trin nhanh thng thiu cng ngh tin tin v th nghim hnh thc ho, ti liu khng c xy dng thch hp v kp thi. Vic to ra cc ng dng ring ca mnh v cc tp d liu s lm tng kh khn kim sot cc d liu. S pht trin h thng do ngi dng thc hin cn c mt trung tm thng tin tr gip. Dch v m trung tm cn thc hin bao gm: - nh gi cc phn cng v phn mm mi. - T vn nhng cng c v cng ngh thch hp. - o to s dng ngn ng, cng c i hi trnh cao. - To sinh v ci tin cc bn mu. - Gip g ri chng trnh, truy nhp d liu. - H tr lm cc ng dng, cc bo co, cc truy vn i hi ngn ng chng trnh bc cao. - Gip lin h vi cc nhm cng nghip v trao i kinh nghim ngh nghip v tr gip ng dng mi khi cn. 1.5.6. Phng php thu bao Mt t chc c th thu mt cng ty chuyn nghip xy dng v vn hnh h thng cung cp dch v cho h. Hnh thc ny ngy cng tr nn ph bin v thch hp vi nhiu t chc c nhng iu kin c th. Nhng t chc cung cp dch v bn ngoi loi ny thng c nhng li th do quy m ln (nng lc ca h c chia s cho nhiu khch hng khc nhau, h c iu kin u t i mi thit b v nng cao cht lng dch v thng xuyn) Vic thu ngoi cho php r chc nhn c dch v nhanh chng, ch phi tr phn chi ph cho dch v m h s dng, khng cn phi b ra chi ph u t. Nhc im ca phng php ny l khi t chc khng cn trch nhim i vi s pht trin v hot ng caHTTT, n c th mt kh nng kim sot c cc chc nng ca HTTT v b khng ch mi khi c vn trong quan h vi h. S ph thuc ny s dn n chi ph cao hay mt nh hng pht trin v k thut. Nhng b mt thng mi v thng tin li th c th b lt ra ngoi. Bn thn t chc khng c iu kin xy dng v pht trin tim lc ca mnh.
16
1.6. Xy dng thnh cng HTTT

a. Khi nim v HTTT c xy dng thnh cng Mt HTTT tin nh th no c xem l thnh cng? l cu hi kh tr li, v ngay c i vi mt HTTT c th, mi ngi khng d dng ng vi nhau v nh gi v hiu qu ca n. Tuy nhin, ngi ta cng a ra mt s tiu chun lm c s cho vic nh gi mt HTTT. Mt h thng thng tin c xem l c hiu qu nu gp phn nng cao cht lng hot ng qun l tng th (1) ca mt t chc c th hin trn cc mt: - t c cc mc tiu thit k ra. - Chi ph vn hnh l chp nhn c. - Tin cy, p ng c cc chu mc ca mt HTTT hin hnh. - Sn phm c gi tr xc ng. - D hc, d nh v d s dng. - Mm do, d bo tr: c th kim tra, m rng ng dng v pht trin tip c. b. Nhng vn t ra ca vic xy dng HTTT Rt tic l c ti 75% cc h thng thng tin ln v phc tp hot ng yu km, khng t c mc tiu ra ban u. Nhng yu km ca h thng thng lin quan n cc mt sau: - K nng ca ngi pht trin v nng lc ca t chc. - Phng php, php ln v cng c s dng. - Qun l d n. i su hn nhng vn nu trn l nguyn nhn ct yu nm khu phn tch v thit k. c. T ng ha cc hot ng pht trin h thng Trc y, pht trin HTTT xem nh hot ng mang tnh ngh tht. Mi nh pht trin p dng cc k tht theo cch ring. S thiu thng nht trong k thut v cng ngh lm kh khn cho vc tch hp h thng, tch hp d lu, v cu trc nhng h thng mi cng nh kh khn cho vc bo tr v sau. gii quyt nhng vn trn y, cc phng php v phng php lun cng cc cng c t ng ha i theo c xy dng. K ngh phn mm tr gip bng my tnh CASE (Computer-Aided Softuvare Engineering) cp n cc cng c phn mm c cc nh phn tch h thng s dng nhm tr gip v t ng ha cc hot ng ca qu trnh pht trin h thng. nh vy nng cao nng sut v ci tin cht lng tng th ca HTTT c xy dng. d. Qun l d n pht trin HTTT Qun l d n l mt mt quan trng ca vc pht trin HTTT. Mc tiu qun l d n l m bo cho cc d n pht trin HTTT p ng c s mong i ca khch hng v c thn hn trong phm vi nhng gii hn cho php (nh ngn sch, thi gian). Cc d n thnh cng yu cu phi qun l tt cc ngun lc, cc hot ng v cc nhm v t ra. Qun l mt d n l s tin hnh c k hoch mt lot cc hot ng c lin quan vi nhau t mt mc tiu, c im bt u v c im kt thc. N bao bm bn pha: khi to d n, lp k hoch d n, thc hn d n, kt thc d n. Trong mi pha ny li bao gm mt lot cng vc cng cc k nng yu cu tng ng. Ni dung ny c nghin cu trong cc ti liu ring.
1.7. S tng qut qu trnh phn tch thit k HTTT

S tng qut qu trnh phn tch thit k c m t trong s hnh 1.10. Trong ch ra cc giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh ny. Trong mi giai on ch r cc cng c (m hnh) c s dng, cc sn phm c trng ca n cng nh mi quan h logic v s ph thuc ln nhau gia chng. Qu trnh gm bn giai on: - Kho st hin trng ca h thng. - Xc nh m hnh nghip v. - Phn tch h thng v c t yu cu. - Thit k h thng. a. Kho st hn trng h thng Trong phn ny s trnh by cc bc thc hin qu trnh kho st v cc cng c c s dng thu thp thng tin, d lu. b. Xc nh m hnh nghip v ca h thng
17
Trong phn ny tin hnh m t cc thng tin d lu ca t chc dng trc quan v c tnh h thng hn. Nh vy, khch hng c th hiu c v qua c th b sung v lm chnh xc ha hot ng nghip v ca t chc hn thi. Mt lot cc cng c nh c s dng y nh: biu ng cnh, biu phn r chc nng, ma trn cc yu t quyt nh thnh cng, ma trn thc th chc nng, bng danh sch cc h s d liu, m t chi tit cc chc nng nghip v. Cc cng c ny gip lm r hn thc trng ca t chc, xc nh phm vi min nghi cu pht trin h thng. T i n quyt nh xy dng mt d n v pht trin HTTT, a ra c cc yu cu cho h thng cn xy dng.
18
H s ti liu kho st, tng hp
Kho st
Biu ng cnh
Biu phn r chc nng
Danh sch cc thc th d liu
Xc nh yu cu
Cc ma trn phn tch
M t chi tit chc nng
Biu ng cnh min nghin cu
Biu phn r chc nng rt gn chi tit
Danh sch thc th d liu rt gn
T in d liu
Phn tch yu cu
M t chi tit tin trnh
Biu lung d liu vt l
M hnh thc th mi quan h (E-R)
Thit k logic
c t logic mi tin trnh
Biu lung d liu logic cc mc
Thit k biu mu bo co
M henh d liu quan h
Thit k vt l
c t mdun chng trnh
Xc nh lung h thng. c t cu trc h thng
c t tng tc giao din
c t CSDL vt l
Thit k an ton v bo mt h thng
c. Phn tch lm r yu cu v c t yu cu Phn ny lm r yu cu bng cch s dng cc m hnh v cng c hnh thc ha n, nh cc m hnh lung d liu m t cc tin trnh x l, m hnh d lu thc th - v cc mi quan h ca n, c
19
t cc giao din v bo cao. n y ta c c m hnh khi nim ca h thng. Vi m hng ny, mt ln na khch hng c th b sung lm y hn cc yu cu v HTTT cn xy dng. d. Thit k h thng logic v h thng vt l Trong bc ny cn tm cc gii php cng ngh cho cc yu cu c xc nh bc phn tch. Cc cng c y mang tnh hnh thc ha cao cho php c t cc bn thit k c th nh x thnh cc cu trc chng trnh, cc chng trnh, cc cu trc d liu v cc giao din tng tc. Cc cng c y bao gm m hnh d liu quan h, m hnh lung h thng, cc phng php c t ni dung x l ca mi tin trnh, cc hng dn thit k c th
Cu hi cui chng
1. Khi no mt t chc cn pht trin HTTT? V sao? 2. pht trin HTTT t kt qu, t chc cn c tin hnh nhng hot ng g? Mi quan h gia chng v vc pht trin HTTT? 3. C nhng cch tip cn no pht trin HTTT? c trng (u v nhc im) ca mi cch tip cn ? 4. Nhng ni dung chnh ca pht trin HTTT l g? 5. Vng i pht trin mt h thng l g? Phng php lun vng i pht trin h thng gm nhng pha no? 6. Trnh by ni dung cc pha ca vng i pht trin h thng? 7. Tnh kh thi ca mt d n cn gm nhng mt chnh no? 8. pht trin h thng cn c ti liu g sau khi c d n kh thi? 9. Trnh by cc phng php khc nhau pht trin HTTT? u v nhc im ca mi phng php? 10. C my mc lm mu? c trng ca mi mc l g? Cc li ch ca phng php lm mu? 11. Nu vai tr hot ng ca qun l d n trong qu trnh pht trin HTTT? Cc ni dung ca qun l d n? 12. Trnh by cc bc tng qut ca qua trnh phn tch v thit k HTTT? Cc m hnh, cc sn phm v mi quan h ca chng<
Ph lc
Khung ca mt k hoch d n c s 1.0. Gii thiu A. Tng quan v d n: Mc tiu v phm vi ca d n, tnh kh thi, yu cu ngun lc v lch trnh thi gian. Thm vo cn trnh by tm tt cc vn t ra, mi trng trong h thng hot ng, cc rng buc v hn ch t ln d n. B. Cc xut: a ra nhng vn quan trng pht hin khi lp d n v cc xut cc hot ng cn thc hin. 2.0. M t h thng A. Cc phng n c th: Trnh by tng hp v mt s cu hnh h thng c th c. B. M t h thng la chn: M t phng n h thng c la chn. Trnh by cc thng tin vo, cc nhim v thc hin v cc thng tin kt qu u ra. 3.0.nh gi kh thi A. Phn tch kinh t: Cho mt nh gi v mt kinh t ca d n bng cch s dng phn tch chi ph v li ch thu c. B. Phn tch k thut: Trnh by cc yu t ri ro k thut c lin quan, nh gi t l ri ro c th xy ra so vi tng th cng vic ca d n. C. Phn tch hot ng: M t h thng gii quyt cc vn nghip v t ra nh th no, u im tn dng cc c hi c th, nh gi s thay i ca h thng hin ti theo thi gian nh th no nh c h thng mi. D. Phn tch v hp ng v php lut: M t nhng ri ro c th c v mt php lut hay hp ng lm vic ca d n.
20
E. Phn tch chnh sch: M t v cch nhn nhn ca ch s hu trong t chc i vi h thng nh th no v tc ng ca cc chnh sch c th c. 4.0. Nhng vn qun l A. T chc i lm vic va qun l: M t v thnh phn cc i, vai tr ca cc thnh vin trong i v cc mi quan h khi lm vc, lch trnh v cch thc bo co. B. K hoch truyn thng: M t v th tc v phng tin truyn thng m nhng ngi qun l, cc thnh vin trong i v khch hng cn tun th. C. Cc chun mc v th tc: Quy nh cc chun mc v ti liu, sn phm v cch thc m khch hng s nh gi v chp nhn. D. Cc ch khc c lin quan: M t nhng vn khc pht hin ra trong qu trnh xy dng d n cn c ch .
----oOo----
21
Chng 2 : KHO ST HIN TRNG XC NH YU CU H THNG

Xc nh yu cu l bc u tin ca qu trnh pht trin mt HTTT. Cho nn, kt qu v cht lng ca vic xc nh yu cu thng tin ca t chc c mt ngha quyt nh n cht lng HTTT c xy dng trong cc bc sau ny.
2.1. Kho st thu thp thng tin ca h thng

2.1.1. Qu trnh kho st Vc thu thp cc thng tin ca h thng hn ti c bt u bng vc tin hnh kho st h thng. V nguyn tc, vic kho st h thng c chia lm hai giai on: - Giai on kho st s b: nhm hnh thnh d n pht trin h thng thng tin. - Giai on kho st chi tit: nhm thu thp cc thng tin chi tit ca h thng phc v phn tch yu cu thng tin lm c s cho bc thit k sau ny. a. Cch tip cn mt t chc Mi t chc l mt h thng vi nhng c trng v s phc tp ring ca n. Xem mt t chc l h thng x hi - k thut, n thng c c trng bng cc mt sau y: - Mt lnh vc hot ng nghip v. - Mt m hnh qun l. - Mt c cu t chc. Bn cnh , t chc cn c nhng mi quan h gia cc b phn bn trong cng nh nhng mi quan h vi mi trng bn ngoi, c mt truyn thng vn ha ring ca mnh. V vy, vc tip cn t chc cn tin hnh mt cch khoa hc. C hai cch tip cn thng c s dng: Tip cn t trn xung (top down) v tip cn t di ln (bottom up). Khi vn dng cch tip cn t trn xung, vc kho st cn c tin hnh theo cc nh hng sau : - V t chc: bt u t b phn cao nht (ban gim c) n cc b phn thp nht (cc t cng tc, t sn xut) - V qun l: bt u t nh qun l cao nht (gim c) n ngi thc hn c th (nhn vin) - V nghp v: bt u t nhim v chung nht (nhm v chin lc) n cng vc c th ti mi ch lm vc. Cch tip cn ny l ph hp vi qu trnh nhn thc v kh nng tip nhn ca con ngi v ph hp vi qu trnh kho st. b. Cc bc kho st v thu thp thng tin Qu trnh kho st h thng cn tri qua cc bc: - Tin hnh thu thp thng tin bng cc phng php khc nhau. - Cng c, b sung v hon thn kt qu kho st. - Tng hp kt qu kho st. - Hp thc ha kt qu kho st. c. Cc yu cu t ra Vc thu thp thng tin d lu c thc hn bng cch phng vn, iu tra v quan st ngi s dng, xem xt cc bo co, cc quy trnh, th tc trong hot ng ca t chc v tng hp cc thng tin thu thp c theo mt cch tt nht v y nht. Vc xc nh yu cu i hi ngi phn tch phi c tnh xng xo (cn hi mi iu), tnh ch ng (cn tm gii php cho mi vn hay c hi kinh doanh), s nghi ng (xem mi hot ng u c nhng hn ch, gii php c th l khng kh thi..), ch n mi chi tit (mi s kn, s vt lin quan cn c ghi nhn), bit t ngc vn . Phn tch l mt qu trnh sng to, bn thn nh phn tch phi bit nhn vo t chc theo cch nhn mi. Cc kt qu thu thu thp cn c hnh thnh theo cc mu v chun mc nht nh. Cc n v pht trin phn mm thng c cc mu v cc chun ring cho mnh thu thp v biu din thng tin. 2.1.2. Cc thng tin d lu cn thu thp. xc nh yu cu ca h thng ta cn c cc thng tin v d lu khc nhau v hn trng ca h thng: N bao gm cc m t thu c t cc cuc phng vn, cc ghi ch t cc quan st, cc phn tch v tng
22
hp ti lu, cc kt qu nhn c t cc iu tra, cc mu biu bo co, cc m t cng vc, cc ti lu khc cng nh cc ti lu sinh ra t vc lm bn mu v cc phn tch. Ni dung cc loi thng tin cn thu thp bao gm: - Cc loi d lu (ti lu) v c trng ca n. - Cc cng vc v trnh t thc hn cc chc nng nghip v cng nh cc thng tin d lu lin quan. - Cc quy tc chi phi cc hot ng thu thp, qun l, x l v phn phi cc d lu cng nh cc yu cu k tht khc. - Cc chnh sch v cc hng dn m t bn cht ca kinh doanh, th trng v mi trng m trong n hot ng. - Cc ngun lc (cn b, trang thit b, cc phn mm nu c). - Cc iu kn mi trng (cc h thng bn trong v bn ngoi lin quan) - S mong i v h thng thay th ca ngi dng.
2.2. Cc phng php truyn thng xc nh yu cu

Cch tt nht thu thp thng tin ca h thng hn ti l hy giao tip vi nhng ngi trong t chc m chnh h trc tip hay gin tip tc ng n s hot ng v thay i h thng. Cc phng php thng c s dng thu thp thng tin l: - Phng vn - Quan st ti ch - iu tra bng bng hi - Nghin cu cc ti lu, th tc 2.2.1. Phng vn Phng vn l hi trc tip ngi c lin quan thu thp thng tin. l cch n gin v quan trng nht thu thp thng tin v mt t chc. C nhiu cch tin hnh phng vn hu qu v khng mt cch no c xem l tt hn cch khc. Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu cho thy, kt qu phng vn ph thuc vo cc yu t sau y: - S chun b - Cht lng cu hi v phng php ghi chp - Kinh nghm v kh nng giao tip ca ngi phng vn a. Chun b phng vn phng vn mt ngi, mt nhm ngi cn phi lm quen ln u, sau hn gp phng vn h. Ni dung hn gp thng bao gm thi im, a im, ni dung d kin v thi gian thc hn. Trc ht cn lt k v la chn danh sch ngi cn phng vn. Vi i tng d kin, cn thu thp ti lu c lin quan v thng tin v i tng c hi c c s chun b cu hi v cch thc lm vc thch hp vi i tng. K hoch phng vn Ngi c hi: (h v tn) Ngi phng vn: (h v tn) a ch: (c quan, phng, in thoi) Thi gian hn Thi im bt u: Thi im kt thc: i tng: Cc yu cu i hi: - i tng c hi l ai? Vai tr, v tr, trnh , - Cn thu thp d liu g ? Kinh nghim ca ngi c hi - Cn tha thun iu g ? Chng trnh c lng thi gian - Gii thiu 1 pht - Tng quan v d n 2 pht - Tng quan v phng vn 1 pht Ch s cp Xin php c ghi m Ch 1: cu hi v tr li 7 pht
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng Ch 2 cu hi v tr li Tng hp cc ni dung chnh kin ca ngi c hi Kt thc (tha thun) 10 pht 2 pht 5 pht 1 pht (d kin tng cng: 29 pht) Bng 2.1. Mu k hoch phng vn
23
Cng vi vc chun b cu hi l chun b cc phng tin ghi chp, nh my ghi m, cc mu ghi chp (mu phng vn, mu ghi thng tin) v c bt phi c k hoch tin hnh phng vn (xem bng 2.1). Trong vch r trnh t thc hn cc cng vc, d kin thi gian v kt qu thc hn mi cng vc . Ngoi ra, hai loi cng c thng dng nht ghi chp khi phng vn l phiu phng vn v lu cng vc. Mi mt cng c c mt chc nng ca n: mt dnh ghi li, mt ghi chp bng biu , minh ha. b. La chn cu hi Khi phng vn thng s dng hai loi cu hi: cu hi m v cu hi ng. Trong cc cu hi m c s dng nhiu hn. Cc cu hi m l cu hi c nhiu kh nng tr li, v cu tr li ty thuc vo iu kn v s hiu bit ca ngi c th c hi. C th kt hp s dng cu hi ng trong cc trng hp cn thit. Cu hi ng cung cp v phm vi cu tr li d kin. V d: - Anh c sao chp mi d lu anh cn khng? (c hoc khng) Cu hi c th c nhiu hn hai la chn. V d: - Anh nh gi th no v mc t c ca dch v h thng? tt? trung bnh? Hay ti? Nhng cu hi ng nhm hn ch phm vi mun hi, tp trung vo nhng vn quan trng c hng n s chn. c. Tin hnh phng vn Phng vn nn tin hnh theo nhm, t nht c hai ngi. Khi phng vn mt ngi hi, mt ngi ghi. C th phn cng ngi c trch ghi chp bng biu , k hu. u im ca phng php ny l s dng thi gian hu qu hn mt lot cc phng vn c nhn. Khi nghe nhiu kin ca cc nhn vt quan trng, mi ngi c th ng , khng ng vi ngi khc, kch thch s suy ngh ca mi ngi v tch cc tham gia tho lun. Nhc im ca n l phi b tr, sp xp th t trnh by, b tr thi gian thch hp, c th c ngi e ngi khi pht biu kin. Phng vn l phng php ch yu cho qu trnh pht trin ng dng lin kt (JAD).
D n Loi: Lu
Tn d n: Qun l kho Nghip v: Lp n hng
Trang 10 Ngy 12/01/2008
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng Th kho Ngi qun l

D1 Phiu vt t Lp v chuyn n hng T1 D2 S thc n Nh cung cp
24 Bn ngoi
D4 S t hng
D3 n hng
Tip nhn, Nhn hng T3
Tip nhn, Kim phiu T2
D5 Phiu giao
Bng 2.2 Lu cng vic (ghi khi phng vn) Phiu phng vn D n: Qun l kinh doanh Tiu d n: Qun l bn hng Ngi c hi: Nguyn Vn A Ngy xx/xx/xxxx Ngi hi: Phm Th Du Cu hi Ghi ch Cu 1: Anh c s dng doanh s bn hng m h Tr li: C, ti yu cu lm bo co v hng bn thng tng hp khng? Nu c, c thng trong tun. xuyn khng? Quan st: Hnh nh ngi ny khng bit dng my (Nu khng th sang cu 2) tnh nn khng bit my c th tr li cu hi bt k lc no Cu 2: Tr li: .. Quan st: H thng c th a ra doanh s bn bng tin, nhng ngi dng khng bit iu nh gi chung: - Ngi c hi hnh nh bn, c th cn thm vi ngy h chun b ri tin hnh tip - Cha kt lun c vn , cn ch cha cp ht. H cn thu thp s liu bn hng nm 19xx Bng 2.2 Mt on ghi chp phng vn d. Nhng hn ch v lu khi phng vn Phng vn l cng c tt thu thng tin chi tit, phong ph, cho php gii thch hay hi b sung ngay khi c thit. Tuy nhin phng php ny cn nhiu thi gian, cng thng v rt b ng do ph thuc vo iu kn ca ngi c hi, yu cu ngi phng vn phi c o to v c c nhng kinh nghm nht nh. Cu hi cn tp trung vo lnh vc nghin cu, ngn gn, trc tip, dng m vi nhiu kh nng tr li, trnh hi chun ni b, c nhn. Cu hi khng nn p t, hng dn hay khng nh vn . Ch lng nghe v quan st ngi c hi c th thch ng vi tnh th khi cn thit: thay i cu hi, cch hi, chuyn sang ch khc hoc im lng. Nn kt thc phng vn sm nu c th. Sm hnh thnh biu chc nng. Cui bui phng vn cn nhc li ni dung chnh khng nh kt qu, tha thn ln lm vc tip theo (nu cn)
25
2.2.2. iu tra bng bng hi Phng php iu tra bng bng hi c s dng b sung cho cc phng php nu trn. Mc tiu ca n nhm thm d d ln, thu thp cc kin, quan im hay c trng c tnh i chng rng ri (x hi hc), c tnh xu hng lin quan n hot ng chung ca t chc v n vc pht trin h thng thng tin. Ni dung iu tra thng hn ch trong mt s vn nht nh. Nhng ni dung cn thm d c th l cc vn sau: - Nhng kh khn m t chc ang gp phi - Cc nguyn nhn c th c ca cc kh khn - Nhng yu t c tnh quyt nh n s hot ng thnh cng - Gii php xy dng HTTT c phi l gii php tt nht - Kh khn chnh khi trin khai mt h thng thng tin - S hiu bit v quan nm ca ngi dng v HTTT a. Thit lp bng hi Bng hi gm ba phn: Phn tiu : Gm tn tiu ghi r mc ch ca bng hi v cc thng tin chung v i tng c hi. Phn cu hi: Gm cc cu hi khc nhau c sp xp v b tr theo mt trnh t nht nh theo yu cu v mc tiu d kin. Trong cc cu hi nn c cc thng tin phn loi i tng c hi theo nhm (theo ngh nghip, theo chc danh: nh quan l, ngi s dng, la tui) Phn gii thch: Mt s gii thch v nhng vn cm lm r trong cu hi hoc ch thch khc. V d: xin gi bng iu tra v a ch.. Cc cu hi thm d thng dng cho sn cc kh nng la chn, ngi c hi ch cn tr li bng cch nh du vo nhng mc m h chn. Bng hi sau khi son tho cn iu tra th hay ly kin mt phm vi hp (c th thng qua hi tho). Sau khi hon chnh, b sung ri mi tin hnh iu tra rhc s. b. Tin hnh iu tra Sau khi bng hi c chun b (trn giy hay mu biu gi i trn mng) s phn pht cho i tng nh hi h in vo bng hi hoc c ngi iu tra trc tip. Khi c d lu iu tra cn tng hp v tnh ra cc kt qu mong mun. Thng thng, cc kt qu nhn c mang tnh thng k, nh tnh, xu hng m khng phi nhng con s chnh xc. c. u im v hn ch ca phng php Phng php ny thng c dng b sung cho cc phng php trn. N c u im l nhanh v r hn phng vn, d tng kt, vc o to ngi iu tra t tn km c v thi gian v chi ph. Kt qu c chnh xc thp v c nh gi bng con s trung bnh thng k. 2.2.3. Quan st Con ngi khng phi lun nh ht v k mi iu h bit, h ngh, c bt nhng s kn t xy ra hay nhng s kn xy ra lu trong qu kh. Hn na, thng c mt s khc bt gia nhn thc v thc t, m t li mang tnh ch quan, c th b b qua nhiu chi tit, v vy quan st b sung v chnh xc ha cc thng tin.. Quan st c th c hai cch: quan st trc tip v quan st qua phng tn. V tm l, vc quan st trc tip d lm nh hung n hot ng bnh thng ca mt ngi. Quan st t xa, qua phng tin s ch ng hn, c bt c th s dng cc phng tn ghi li xem nhiu ln khi cn thit. Thng tin quan st c l thng tin c tnh b phn, b ngoi, khng bao gm nhng cng vic, nhng hot ng v s kn quan trng, b hn ch v thi gian, v phm vi nh hp. Hn na, vc quan st thng tn thi gian, khng th ch ng. 2.2.4. Nghin cu, phn tch cc th tc v ti lu Nghin cu cc ti lu c sn ca t chc l hot ng khng th thiu c khi kho st h thng. N gip tng cng cc kt qu nhn c nh xem xt cc ti lu h thng v t chc pht hn ra nhng chi tit v chc nng v t chc, m t t chc, k hoch kinh doanh, biu chc nng, chnh sch kinh doanh hng nm, m t cng vc, nhng ti lu bn trong, bn ngoi, cc bo co ca h thng, cc nghin cu h thng.
26
Vc nghin cu ti lu bao gm cc cng vc chnh sau y: - Xc nh ti lu chnh, bo co chnh cn thu thp - Sao chp ti lu, bo co c thu thp v tng hp li - Ghi li cc d lu chnh ca mi ti lu, bo co: Tn mc, nh dng, khi lng, tn sut s dng, cu trc m, ni pht sinh, ni s dng.
2.3. Phng php hn i xc nh yu cu

Ngy nay cc phng php truyn thng vn c cc nh phn tch s dng xc lp yu cu ca h thng. Tuy nhin, nhiu k tht mi c b sung thu thp cc thng tin v h thng hn thi, v lnh vc m h thng mi s c xy dng v tt c nhng g c lin quan. Bng di y gii thu mt s phng php hn i tr gip cho vc thu thp yu cu ca h thng. Phng php Cch thc s dng Thit k ng dng lin kt S dng trong phin lm vic gia ngi s dng, nh ti (Joint Application Design) tr, nh thit k v nhng ngi lin quan tho lun v xem xt cc yu cu ca h thng H thng tr gip nhm Tr gip vic chia s cc tng v tho lun v yu cu ca h thng Cc cng c CASE Phn tch h thng hin ti, pht hin yu cu h thng nhm p ng nhng thay i ca iu kin mi trng Phng php lm bn mu Pht trin bn mu ca h thng lm hiu r yu cu ca h thng mt cch rt c th thng qua vic trnh din cc m hnh lm vic vi cc c trng ca h thng thc cho ngi dng ly kin v sa i Bng 2.2. Cc phng php hn i thu thp yu cu 2.3.1. Phng php thit k ng dng lin kt Phng php JAD c s dng bt u t nhng nm 1970 ti cng ty IBM. Sau nhiu bin th khc nhau ca JAD c xy dng thnh cc ti lu v ph bin nhiu ni. tng chnh ca phng php ny l tt c nhng ngi s dng ch cht, cc nh qun l, cc nh phn tch h thng cng tham gia vo vc phn tch h thng hn thi. Mc tiu u tin ca s dng JAD l thu thp yu cu thng tin ca h thng mt cch lin tc bt u t nhng ngi ch cht trong h thng. Kt qu ca qu trnh lm vc khng ngng c tng cng v cng c, c cu trc cht ch v hu qu cao. Nh phng vn, cc nh phn tch nhn ra c u l s tha thun, u l s bt ng, v hiu c ti sao c bt ng gii quyt. Phin lm vc JAD thng c t chc mt ni tch bt, c th ko di t mt gi n c tun v gm mt s phin lm vc. V th, JAD chi ph tn km v cn nhiu thi gian ca nhng ngi tham gia. Ngi tham gia vo phin lm vc ca JAD l: - Ngi lnh o phin JAD : Nhng ngi t chc v iu hnh JAD, iu hnh chng trnh, gii quyt xung t v tng hp tng. - Nhng ngi s dng : Nhng ngi s dng ch cht ca h thng, hiu r ci g m h thng cn hng ngy. - Nhng nh qun l : H cung cp nh hng ca t chc mi, nu ra nhng tc ng ca h thng ln t chc. - Nh ti tr : Nhng ngi ti tr cho cc phin lm vc. - Nhng nh phn tch h thng v cc k thut vin v i ng pht trin h thng JAD thng tin hnh trong phng c bit c cc cng c nghe, nhn v biu din thng tin c s dng (my chiu, biu , k hiu..). Khi bt u chng trnh lm vic: Ngi lnh o phin JAD t vn , nhng ngi s dng trnh by thc trng h thng hin thi, nhng ngi khc hi v tho lun, nhng nh k thut th hin trn cc phng tin nghe nhn v ghi li trn my cho cc nh lnh o JAD c iu kin hng dn cuc hp v a ra nhng kt lun khi cn thit. Kt qu sau khi kt thc JAD l
27
mt tp ti liu chi tit va bo co v nhng hot ng ca h thng hin thi v nhng vn c lin quan n nhng nghin cu h thng thay th. Phng php ny rt hiu qu, cho kt qu nhanh, nhiu vn c tho lun i n thng nht, nhiu thng tin c b sung v lm chnh xc nhng cn c nhng ngi c kinh nghim t chc. 2.3.2. Phng php lm mu xc nh yu cu Phng php lm mu l mt qu trnh lp m nh phn tch cng tham gia vo mt qu trnh pht trin v xy dng li bn mu ca HTTT mi ln c cc thng tin phn hi t ngi s dng. Phng php lm mu cho php mau chng chuyn nhng yu cu c bn thnh mt HTTT lm vic ngi dng xem v thc hin th nghim, nh gi, ng gp b sung. Phng php lm mu c thc hin vi s gip ca cng c CASE.
2.4. Cc khi nim s dng trong kho st

Khi kho st chng ta cn n mt s khi nim dng m t cc yu cu thng tin thu c. l khi nim v chc nng (hay cng vic), cc th tc v quy tc nghip v v cui cng l cc h s ti liu (hay thc th d liu) 2.4.1. Chc nng cng vic Mt chc nng c hiu l tp hp cc hnh ng c thc hin mt phm vi no trong mt h thng c tc ng trc tip ln d liu v thng tin ca h thng . Nhng tc ng ln d liu v thng tin thng c nhc n nh : Cp nht (to, xem, sa, xo), lu tr, truyn, x l v biu din thng tin. Kt thc mt chc nng thng cho mt sn phm cng l thng tin. Khi nim chc nng c th chia lm cc mc t rt gp n cc mc chi tit hn sau: mt lnh vc hot ng, mt hot ng, mt nhim v hay mt hnh ng (nhng khi nim ny s c trnh by k hn trong m hnh chc nng nghip v) 2.4.2. Cc th tc v quy tc nghip v Mt th tc hay mt quy tc nghip v l nhng quy nh hay nhng hng dn c chp nhn chi phi cc hot ng ca t chc nhm m bo cho hot ng ca t chc t c cc mc tiu ra trong nhng iu kin c th. Cc th tc v quy tc nghip v l nhng rng buc phi chc nng, c th thuc bn trong t chc hay bn ngoi t chc v khng th thay i c. Thng thng, ngi ta phn chia cc th tc v quy tc nghip v lm ba loi: a. Quy tc, th tc qun l. l nhng quy nh, trnh t lm vic cn tun th v thc hin m bo yu cu v mc tiu ca qun l. Xt hai v d sau: V d th nht: Mt quy nh ca b ti chnh (bn ngoi t chc) v qun l ti sn: Ti sn c gi tr trn 500.000 ng v c thi gian s dng trn mt nm phi ghi vo ti sn c nh. V d th hai: Mt quy nh ca doanh nghip l: Mi hp ng kinh t trn mt triu ng phi do ph gim c ti chnh hay gim c k. y l quy tc qun l bn trong x nghip nhm m bo vic k kt hp ng c kim sot cht ch. b. Cc quy tc v th tc v t chc l nhng quy nh, trnh t lm vic cn tun th t mc tiu trong iu kin ca t chc. V d, do b phn bn hng t nhn vin, phi lm vic kim nhim, thm vo yu cu mua hng ca khch khng thng xuyn nn x nghip quy nh: Ch giao hng vo cc ngy th 3, 5, 7. c. Cc quy tc v th tc v k thut l nhng quy nh, trnh t lm vic cn tun th nhm m bo yu cu qun l k thut v cht lng cng vic. Chng hn, m bo an ton cho cc my in kim, ngi ta quy nh Khng in lin tc qu 30 pht. Nh vy, chnh iu kin k thut, cc my in kim c u in di chuyn c hc khi in, nu in lin tc s b nng, c th gy ra chy my. V nguyn tc, cn ghi chp y mi quy tc v th tc lin quan n mi hot ng ca t chc. Cc th tc v quy tc ny l cc rng buc t ln cc dch v ca h thng xy dng. Tuy nhin, cn loi b cc th tc, quy tc lc hu hay ch lin quan n c th ca t chc trong iu kin hin thi. 2.4.3. Cc h s ti liu cc thc th d liu Cc ti liu ng vai tr nhng thng tin u vo nh cc chng t, cc ha n bn hng, cc phiu thanh ton.. hay cc u ra nh bo co bn hng, bo co tn kho, cc d bo th trng, k hoch sn
28
xut,.v.v. ca cc hot ng nghip v c gi chung l cc h s, ti liu. Bn thn n c th hin ra nh mt thc th vt cht c lp. V vy, trong hot ng phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin, chng cn c gi l cc thc th (d liu)
2.5. Cc bc thc hin sau kho st

Tr khi s dng nhng b cng c tin tin thu thp yu cu thng tin, i vi a s cc trng hp cn li, cc d liu thu c thng vn l nhng d liu th, l cc chi tit tn mn cn c x l s b v tng hp. 2.5.1. X l s b kt qu kho st Sau khi phng vn, iu tra, nghin cu ti liu ta cn xem li v hon thin ti liu thu c, bao gm vic phn loi, sp xp, trch rt d liu, tng hpd liu, lm cho n tr nn y , chnh xc, cn i, gn gng d kim tra v d theo di. Pht hin nhng ch thiu b sung, nhng ch sai khng logic sa i. Hon chnh biu chc nng phn cp thu c. Qu trnh ny thng c lp li nhiu ln v tin hnh song song vi cc hot ng xc nh yu cu. D n Tiu d n: Lp n hng Trang 3 Loi: phn tch hin trng M t d liu S tt: 10 Ngy: 15/02/2005 Tn d liu: Nh cung cp nh ngha: Dng ch nhng ngi cung cp hng thng xuyn, n cho php xc nh mi nh cung cp. Cu trc v khun dng Kiu k t, gm t 30 n 40 k t, mt s ch u hay ch vit tt vit hoa Loi hnh S cp (d liu gc) S lng 50 nh cung cp (mc ti a) V d: Cng ty xut nhp khu SUNITOMEX, vit tt SUNITOMEX Tn nh cung cp thng c tn u v tn vit tt. i khi cn c tn bng ting Anh, i theo tn cn c nhng c trng nh: a ch, in thoi, fax, ti khon 2.5. Bng m t chi tit ti liu Trong s cc hot ng thng bao gm c vic lp cc bn m t chi tit v cng vic v d liu (bng 2.5 v 2.6). Cc d liu a vo cc bng ny thng c rt ra t cc bo co, chng t, ti liu v nhng kt qu t phng vn hay nghin cu ti liu. Cc bng ny l mt hnh thc lm ti liu ly kin ca ngi s dng. D n Loi: Phn tch hin trng Tiu d n: Lp n hng M t cng vic Trang 5 S tt: 15 Ngy 15/12/2005
Cng vic: lp n hng iu kin bt u (kch hot): - Tn kho di mc qui nh - ngh hp dn ca nh cung cp - C ngh cung ng ca khch hng - n ngy lp n hng theo qui nh qun l Thng tin u vo: th kho, giy ngh, danh sch nh cung cp, n cho hng. Kt qu u ra: mt c in thoi t hng hay mt n t hng c lp v gi i (c bn mu km theo) Ni s dng; Nh cung cp, b phn ti v, lu. Tn sut: Tu thuc vo ngy trong tun: Th 2,7 Khng xy ra
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng Th 3,5 10-15 ln Th 4,6 0-5 ln Thi lng: 10 pht/n hng in thoi, 60 pht/n vit Quy tc: Nhng n hng trn hng triu phi c trng b phn thng qua (qun l) S lng t di mc quy nh cho trc (K thut) Qui nh mt s ngi c th lp n hng (t chc) Li bnh: - i khi phi t hng t sut, chng hn c d bo v s khan him mt s mt hng trong thi gian ti - Mc tn kho ti thiu ch tnh cho mt s mt hng v cch c lng ca n cn mang tnh ch quan. Bng 2.6. Bng m t chi tit cng vic
29
2.5.2. Tng hp kt qu kho st Mt t chc ln, phc tp thng khng th quan st c tt c cc d liu cng mt lc. Khi tin hnh xc nh yu cu, ngi ta phi tin hnh tng nhm, theo tng lnh vc quan st v thu thp thng tin. Lc ny cn lp ghp li c c mt bc tranh tng th. Vic tng hp c tin hnh theo hai loi: - Tng hp theo cc x l: thy c tng th cc x l din ra trong t chc. - Tng hp theo cc d liu: kim tra s y v tnh ph hp, cht ch ca d liu v mi quan h gia chng. a. Tng hp cc x l Mc tiu ca tng hp x l l lm r cc thiu st v s ri rc ca cc yu t lin quan n cng vic khi phng vn. Sau trnh by tng minh ngi s dng xem xt, nh gi v hp thc ha, m bo s chnh xc ca x l. (hnh 2.7) Vic tng hp c th t chc theo cc lnh vc hot ng c s gn kt cht ch vi nhau. Thng thng, s gn kt v ph hp ny da trn mc tiu m cc hot ng x l hng ti hay cc sn phm m chng to ra. STT M t cng vic V tr lm Tn sut H s H s ra vic vo T1 Lp n hng: xut pht t yu Qun l kho 4-5 D1 D3 cu cung ng, thc n sn hng n/ngy xut, bo gi, n hng lp v 5-10 D2 D4 chuyn i bng in thoi dng/n (80%), vit (20%), sp cc n hng vo s t i chiu, theo di. T2 .. . . . . Bng 2.7. Bng tng hp cng vic b. Tng hp cc d liu Mc tiu ca tng hp d liu l lit k ra tt c cc d liu c lin quan n min kho st ca t chc v sng lc thu c nhng d liu y , chnh xc v gn cho tn gi thch hp m mi ngi tham gia d n ng . Hai ti liu khng th thiu c l bng tng hp cc h s (bng 2.8) v bng t in d liu (bng 2.9).
STT
Tn vai tr
Cng vic lin quan
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 Di Phiu vt t: Ghi hng ha xut hay nhp S thc n: nh mc hng ha lm mt sn phm n t hng: ghi lng hng t gi nh cung cp S t hng: Tp hp cc n hng t Phiu giao hng: ghi s lng hng ca nh cung cp pht ra .. Bng 2.8. Bng tng hp h s, ti liu STT 1 2 3 4 Tn gi kiu c Khung dng Lnh vc T1 T1 T1 T1, T2 T1, T3 .. Quy tc rng buc ch hoc s ch hoc s ..
30
S ha n K t 8 k ton Tn hng ha K t 20 k ton Ngy ha n Ngy 8 dd-mm-yy k ton . .. .. .. Bng 2.9. Bng tng hp t in d liu
2.5.3. Hp thc ha kt qu kho st Hp thc ha l vic hiu v th hin cc thng tin kho st cc dng khc nhau c nhng ngi s dng v i din t chc chp nhn l ng n v y . Mc tiu ca hp thc ha kt qu kho st l nhm m bo s chnh xc ha ca thng tin v d liu phn nh yu cu thng tin ca t chc v tnh php l ca n s dng sau ny. Vic hp thc ha bao gm vic hon chnh v trnh din nhng ni dung phng vn ngi c phng vn xem xt v cho kin. Cc bn tng hp cc ti liu c trnh cc nh qun l v lnh o nh gi v xut b sung. Sau cc ti liu c hon chnh v trnh by theo nhng khun mu xc nh cc nhm v b phn qun l pht trin h thng xem xt, thng qua v quyt nh.
Cu hi cui chng
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cc c trng ca mt t chc l g? C my cch tip cn t chc? Ni dung ca n l g? Cc bc thc hin kho st l nhng bc no? Nhng thng tin g cn thu thp trong giai on kho st? Nhng phng php truyn thng no c s dng thu thp yu cu? Trnh by ni dung tin hnh v u nhc im ca n? 6. Trong cc phng php truyn thng, phng php no l chnh? Phng php no c s dng b sung? 7. Nhng u im ni bt ca cc phng php hin i thu thp yu cu thng tin l g? Nhng phng php no l thng dng? 8. Trnh by ni dung cc phng php xc nh yu cu thng tin? iu kin s dng nhng phng php ny? 9. Cc cng c CASE h tr vic xc nh nhu cu nh th no? Nhng cng c CASE no l thch hp? 10. M t phng php lm mu xc nh nhu cu thng tin? 11. Nhng khi nim g c s dng trong qu trnh kho st thu thp thng tin? Gii thch ni dung cc khi nim ? 12. Sau kho st cn lm nhng cng vic g? Cn c nhng ti liu tng hp no?
Bi tp
1. Lp mt k hoch phng vn mt ngi lm cng vic vn phng mt vn phng mt c quan m anh bit?
31
2. Chun b mt bng hi vi t nht 5 cu hi (bao gm c cu hi ng v cu hi m) i vi mt cn b vn phng va ni trn v d kin thi gian thc hin mi cu hi? 3. Hy thc hnh vic hn gp mt ngi phng vn thng qua in thoi? 4. Lm mt bng hi iu tra kin ca nhng ngi trong t chc: kin lin quan n vic hiu bit v HTTT, thi ng tnh hay phn i, v mong mun g i vi HTTT, v kh nng thnh cng, v nhng kh khn gp phi? 5. Anh hy xc nh mc tiu hay nhng kh khn ang gp phi ca c quan anh (hay mt t chc m anh hiu bit v n)? Th nu ra nhng yu t quyt nh thnh cng cho vic t mc tiu hay gii quyt vn ? Lit k cc n v chc nng ca t chc v lp ma trn yu t quyt nh thnh cng chc nng tm ra nhng n v chc nng ca t chc cn c xem xt pht trin HTTT ?
----oOo----
32
Chng 3 : M HNH NGHIP V CA H THNG 3.1. Khi nim v m hnh nghip v

M hnh nghip v l mt m t cc chc nng nghip v ca mt t chc (hay mt min oc nghin cu ca t chc) v nhng mi quan h bn trong gia cc chc nng cng nh cc mi quan h ca chng vi mi trng bn ngoi. M hnh nghip v c th hin bng mt s dng khc nhau. Mi mt dng m t mt kha cnh ca hot ng nghip v. Tt c cc dng cho ta mt bc tranh ton cnh v hot ng nghip v.
3.2. Biu phn r chc nng

Mt trong nhng cch th hin ca m hnh nghip v l biu phn r chc nng. N cho ta thy c cc chc nng nghip v ca t chc c phn chia thnh cc chc nng nh hn theo mt th bc xc nh. 3.2.1. Cc khi nim v k php s dng Chc nng nghip v c hiu l tp hp cc cng vic m t chc cn thc hin trong hot ng ca n. Khi nim chc nng l khi nim logic, tc l ch ni n tn cng vic cn lm v mi quan h phn mc (mc gp v chi tit) gia chng m khng ch ra cng vic c lm nh th no, bng cch no, u, khi no v ai lm (l khi nim vt l) Chc nng (hay cng vic) c xem xt cc mc t tng hp n chi tit sp theo th t sau: - Mt lnh vc hot ng (area of activities) - Mt hot ng (activity) - Mt nhim v (task) - Mt hnh ng (action): thng do mt ngi lm S phn chia trn y l tng i, ty thuc vo phm vi nghip v v tng trng hp c th m phn chia chc nng thnh cc mc gp v chi tit khc nhau. V d: Hot ng du lch l mt lnh vc cc hot ng v dch v tham quan, l hnh, n ngh. Kinh doanh khch sn l mt hot ng ca lnh vc du lch chuyn v cc dch v n ung v nh ngh. Tip nhn khch trong khch sn l mt nhim v ca kinh doanh khch sn. Cui cng thanh ton vi khch l mt hnh ng bao gm vic lp ha n thanh ton v thu tin ca khch khi khch ri khi khch sn. Hai k php s dng trong m hnh l :
- Hnh ch nht c tn chc nng bn trong m t mt chc nng (hnh 3.1a) - ng thng gp khc hnh cy dng ni mt chc nng mc trn v cc chc nng mc di c trc tip phn chia (phn r) t chc nng (hnh 3.1b) Hnh 3.2 l mt v d v biu chc nng nghip v ca mt t chc kinh doanh bn bun
33
Hnh 3.2. Biu chc nng nghip v dng chun 3.2.2. ngha ca m hnh - M hnh phn r chc nng c xy dng dn cng qu trnh kho st t chc t trn xung gip cho vic nm hiu t chc v nh hng cho hot ng kho st tip theo. - N cho php xc nh phm vi cc chc nng cn nghin cu hay min cn nghin cu ca t chc. - N cho thy v tr ca mi cng vic trong ton h thng, trnh s trng lp, gip pht hin cc chc nng cn thiu. - N l mt c s cu trc h thng chng trng sau ny. 3.2.3. Xy dng m hnh a. Nguyn tc phn r cc chc nng Trong qu trnh tip cn mt t chc theo phng php t trn xung, ta nhn c thng tin v cc chc nng t mc gp (do lnh o cung cp) n mc chi tit (do cc b phn chc nng cung cp). Cch phn chia ny ph hp vi s phn cng cc chc nng cng vic cho cc b phn chc nng cng nh cho cc nhn vin ca mt t chc. Cch phn chia ny thng theo nguyn tc sau: - Mi chc nng c phn r phi l mt b phn thc s tham gia thc hin chc nng phn r ra n (tnh thc cht) - Vic thc hin tt c cc chc nng mc di trc tip phi m bo thc hin c chc nng mc trn phn r ra chng (tnh y ) Quy tc ny c s dng phn r mt s chc nng nhn c cn ang mc gp. Qu trnh phn r dn thng c tip tc cho n khi ta nhn c mt biu vi cc chc nng mc cui m ta hon ton nm c ni dung thc hin n. b. B tr, sp xp m hnh - Khng nn phn r biu qu su mc - mi mc, cc chc nng cng mc sp xp trn cng mt hng, cng mt dng. Chng hn, mc cui cng ca biu phn r chc nng, cc chc nng thuc cng mt mc v c cng mt chc nng cha c th sp xp theo hng dc (hnh 3.3) - Biu cn b tr cn i, r rng d kim tra, theo di. c. t tn chc nng Mi chc nng c mt tn duy nht, cc chc nng khc nhau tn phi khc nhau. Tn chc nng phi l mt mnh ng t gm mt ng t v b ng. V d: chc nng lp n hng, bo tr kho. ng t th hin hot ng, b ng thng lin quan n cc thc th d liu trong min nghin cu. Tn chc nng cn phn nh c ni dung cng vic thc t m t chc thc hin v ngi s dng quen dng n. V d sau y l m hnh m t mt lnh vc hot ng trong mt t chc: - Nhim v t ra: Nhn n hng ca khch v t chc gi hng cho khch - B phn trch nhim: B phn bn hng v qun l kho (mt lnh vc nghip v c kho cu ca t chc). Biu chc nng nghip v ca t chc l mt m hnh dng chu c m t trn biu hnh 3.3.
34
Hnh 3.3. Biu phn r chc nng nghip v ca b phn kinh doanh bn hng. d. M t chi tit chc nng l i vi mi chc nng l (mc thp nht) trong biu cn m t trnh t v cch thc tin hnh n bng li v c th s dng biu hay mt hnh thc no khc. M t thng bao gm cc ni dung sau: - Tn chc nng - Cc s kin kch hot (khi no? Ci g dn n? iu kin g?) - Quy trnh thc hin - Yu cu giao din cn th hin (nu c) - D liu vo (cc h s s dng ban u) - Cng thc (thut ton) tnh ton s dng (nu c) - D liu ra (cc bo co hay kim tra cn a ra) - Quy tc nghip v cn tun th V d: M t chc nng l kim tra khch hng trong biu hnh 3.3. ngi ta m s khch hng xem c khch hng no nh trong n hng khng (tn gi, a ch). Nu khng c, l khch hng mi. Ngc li l khch c th cn tm tn khch hng trong s n, v xem khch c n khng v n bao nhiu, c qu s n cho php khng v thi gian n c qu thi hn hp ng khng
3.3. Hai dng biu din ca biu phn r chc nng

M hnh phn r chc nng nghip v c th biu din hai dng: dng chun v dng cng ty. 3.3.1. Biu dng chun Dng chun c s dng m t cc chc nng cho mt min kho st (hay mt h thng nh). Biu dng chun l biu hnh cy. mc cao nht ch gm mt chc nng, gi l chc nng gc hay chc nng nh (hnh 3.3). Nhng chc nng mc di cng (thp nht) gi l chc nng l. 3.3.2. Biu dng cng ty Dng ny s dng m t tng th ton b chc nng ca mt t chc c quy m ln. dng cng ty, m hnh thng gm t nht hai biu tr ln. Mt biu gp m t ton b cng ty vi cc chc nng thuc mc gp (t hai n ba mc). Cc biu cn li l cc biu chi tit dng chun chi tit mi chc nng l ca biu gp. N tng ng vi cc chc nng m mi b phn ca t chc thc hin, tc l mt min c kho cu. Khi bt u kho st, ta c mt chc nng nhim v bao trm ton t chc (c th l mc tiu chin lc) v chc nng gp do cc b phn ca t chc thc hin. Khi m t nhng chc nng ny ta c mt biu mc gp. Hnh 3.4 l biu dng cng ty mc gp c dng bng. Khi t chc c nhiu b phn ngi ta s dng cch biu din dng ny. Trong cch biu din ny, mi chc nng c m t trn mt dng, v hai chc nng hai mc khc nhau c sp nhng ct khc nhau phn bit v tr l bn tri ca n c sp tht vo (hnh 3.4). Vi cch biu din ny, ta c th biu din c s cc chc nng mi cp khng hn ch. 1. B phn k hoch 1.1. Lp k hoch chin lc 1.2. Lp k hoch hng nm 1.3. Lp k hoch tc nghip (qu, thng). 1.4. Xt cp pht vt t, ph tng 2. B phn ti chnh
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng 2.1. Lp k hoch ngn sch 2.2. Qun l thu chi 2.3. Qun l thanh quyt ton 2.4. Hch ton gi thnh 2.5. Tng hp bo co B phn lao ng tin lng 3.1. Qun l nhn s 3.2. o to, km cp 3.3. B tr cn b, nng bc, xp lng B phn qun l c in 4.1. Lp k hoch trang b sa cha 4.2. Theo di tnh trng c in 4.3. Cung cp gii php k thut 4.4. T chc sa cha thay th B phn qun l cng ngh 5.1. nh dng sn phm v ch tiu cht lng 5.2. Xy dng v qun l qu trnh cng ngh 5.3. Nghin cu th nghim cng ngh B phn qun l cht lng 6.1. Kim tra thc hin quy trnh 6.2. Kim tra cht lng sn phm 6.3. An ton lao ng v v sinh cng nghip B phn tip th 7.1. Thu thp thng tin th trng 7.2. Phn tch v xut chnh sch tiu th 7.3. Xy dng chin lc sn phm 7.4. T chc qung co B phn tiu th 8.1. T chc k kt hp ng 8.2. T chc cung ng sn phm 8.3. Qun l kho thnh phm B phn nguyn liu 9.1. T chc vng nguyn liu 9.2. K kt hp ng mua nguyn liu 9.3. Qun l kho nguyn liu Hnh 3.4. Bng m t hnh dng cng ty
35
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Trn thc t, ngi ta s khng chi tit ha ngay tt c cc chc nng mc thp nht ca biu . Th nht, l vc lm rt tn km. Th hai: Tht s khng cn thit phi xy dng HTTT cho mi b phn chc nng ca t chc. chn nhng b phn tip tc kho st v chi tit ha m hnh, ngi ta thng phi nghin cu phm vi min nghip v ca t chc lin quan n h thng cn xy dng. Di y s trng by mt s cch lm vic . 3.3.3. Mt cch xc nh m hnh phn r i vi mt lnh vc hay mt phm vi nghin cu khng ln, i khi ngi ta c th bit ngay c mi cng vic chi tit. Trong trng hp ny, vic xy dng m hnh c th theo hng ngc li t di ln. Bng cch nhm dn cc chc nng nghip v chi tit t di ln trn theo tng nhm mt cch thch hp v gn cho n nhng ci tn tng ng, ta c c biu chc nng nghip v phn cp ca phm vi nghin cu. Bng 3.1 cho v d v cch lm ny. T bng 3.1 ta d dng v biu biu din chc nng nghip v ca hot ng trng gi xe trong bi (hnh 3.5)
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng Cc chc nng chi tit (l) Nhm ln 1 Nhm ln 2 1. Nhn dng loi xe vo gi 2. Kim tra ch trng trong bi Nhn xe vo bi 3. Ghi v cho khch 4. Vo s gi xe, cho xe vo 5. Kim tra v ly xe 6. i chiu vi xe Tr xe Trng gi xe Cho khch bi 7. Thanh ton tin, cho xe ra 8. Ghi s xc ra 9. Kim tra s c trong s gi 10. Kim tra s c khch yu cu Gii quyt s c 11. Lp bin bn s c 12. Gii quyt hay bi thng Bng 3.1. Cch nhm cc chc nng theo phung php di ln.
36
Hnh 3.5. Biu phn r chc nng hot ng trng gi xe
3.4. Xc nh phm vi h thng

Khi pht trin mt h thng thng tin, ngi ta thng s dng nhiu ma trn khc nhau phc v qu trnh phn tch v la chn cc yu t cn thit cho vic xy dng m hnh cc bc tip theo ca vng i pht trin h thng. Di y ch trnh by hai ma trn thng c s dng nht l: ma trn yu t quyt nh thnh cng - chc nng v ma trn thc th - chc nng. 3.4.1. Ma trn yu t quyt nh thnh cng v chc nng Trong khi lp k hoch chin lc pht trin HTTT, sau khi xc nh c mc tiu hay cc vn m t chc phi gp phi, ngi ta thng phi xc nh cc yu t quyt nh thnh cng. l nhng yu t c lin h vi cc hot ng nghip v bn trong v bn ngoi m c th o c v c nh hng to ln n vic t chc c th t c mc tiu ca n hay khng. Mc t c ca cc yu t quyt nh thnh cng ph thuc vo vic thc hin cc nhim v chc nng ca t chc c lin quan n n. V vy, HTTT cn xy dng h tr cc nhim v chc nng ny. Ma trn yu t quyt nh thnh cng-chc nng c xy dng nhm mc ch xc nh cho c cc nhim v chc nng c tm quan trng ny. Trong mt t chc, cc yu t quyt nh s thnh cng c th gm t ba n su yu t. Chng hn, trong mt cng ty my tnh nh, cc yu t quyt nh s thnh cng c th l: s i mi sn phm, sn phm cht lng cao v kim sot cht ch c gi thnh. Cn i vi mt bnh vin, cc yu t l: s chm sc bnh nhn chu o, kim sot c chi ph v thu c nhng ngi lm vic c tay ngh cao (cc y, bc s). Ma trn yu t quyt nh thnh cng-chc nng c cc dng l cc chc nng gp (hay b phn chc nng), cc ct l yu t quyt nh s thnh cng, mi tng giao gia mt chc nng v mt yu t thnh cng ngi ta trng hay nh du bng ch E (essential) hay ch D (desirable) ty thuc vo vic chc nng ny c tc ng quyt nh hay ch mc no i vi yu t quyt nh thnh cng ct. Sau khi xt tt c cc v nh du c cc tng ng ca ma trn, ngi ta chn ra cc dng chc nng cha c ch E a vo cc lnh vc ca t chc cn c xem xt pht trin HTTT. bng 3.2 m t mt ma trn yu t quyt nh thnh cng-chc nng i vi mt nh my sn xut thuc l. T
37
ma tr trn cho thy, cc b phn k hoch, ti chnh, tip th, tiu th v nguyn liu cn c la chn a vo phm vi lnh vc nghip v cn xem xt xy dng HTTT. Cc yu t quyt nh thnh cng Cc b phn chc nng Nguyn liu M rng Kim sot s lng, th trng chi ph, m bo v tiu th khng cht lng 10% tng gi 1. B phn k hoch E D 2. B phn ti chnh D E 3. B phn lao ng tin lng D D 4. B phn qun l c in 5. B phn qun l cng ngh D 6. B phn qun l cht lng D 7. B phn tip th E 8. B phn tiu th E 9. B phn nguyn liu E 10. B phn hnh chnh 11. B phn bo v an ninh Bng 3.2. Ma trn yu t quyt nh thnh cng v chc nng 3.4.2. Ma trn thc th-chc nng Khi kho st, ta thu c cc thc th d liu ca r chc (xem bng 3.3). tip tc, ta cn phi xem xt nhng d liu no l thc s cn thit cho cc chc nng ca phm vi ang nghin cu v cc chc nng no l c tc ng ln d liu. Vi mc ch trn, ta xy dng ma trn thc th-chc nng. Ma trn thc th-chc nng gm cc dng v cc ct: Cc thc th 1. K hoch chin lc 2. K hoch hng nm 3. K hoch iu hnh 4. Phiu xut vt t 5. Phiu nguyn vt liu 6. . 7. Nguyn liu 8. Hp ng mua nguyn liu . Cc chc nng nghip v 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1.1 Lp k hoch chin lc C 1.2 Lp k hoch hng nm C 1.3 Lp k hoch tc nghip C 1.4 Xp cp pht vt t ph tng C C 8.1 T chc k kt hp ng tiu th 8.2 T chc cung ng sn phm 8.2 Qun l kho thnh phm 9.1 T chc vng nguyn liu R 9.2 K kt hp ng mua nguyn liu R C Bng 3.3. Mt ma trn thc th v chc nng Mi ct ng vi mt thc th. Cc thc th l cc h s v cc ti liu thu thp c trong qu trnh kho st. Mi dng ng vi mt chc nng. Cc chc nng ny thng l chc nng mc tng i chi
38
tit, Nhng khng phi mc l. V nu s dng mc l th s chc nng l qu nhiu. Mt khc, nu s dng cc chc nng qu gp th kh nhn thy c tc ng ca chc nng n cc thc th, tc l kh xc nh c cc tng ng trong bng cn nh du. mi giao gia mt chc nng v mt thc th ta nh du bng ch sau R, U hay C. Cc ch c s dng nh sau: - Ch R, nu chc nng dng c (Read) d liu th ct - Ch C, nu chc nng dng to (Create) mi d liu trong thc th ct. - Ch U, nu chc nng dng thc hin vic cp nht (sa, xa, thm) d liu trong thc th ct. Ma trn c m t nh trong v d bng 3.3. N cho php pht hin nhng thc th hay chc nng c lp: - Nu mt dng ng vi mt chc nng khng cha mt no c nh du, th chc nng hoc khng phi l mt tin trnh thng tin (khng c tc ng ln d liu), hoc nh du st, hoc kho st b st thc th d liu. - Nu mt ct no khng cha mt c nh du th hoc l kho st thiu chc nng, hoc nh du st, hoc thc th l khng cn thu thp v c th b i. Nhng pht hin trn y cho php ta xem xt, b sung nhng khim khuyt trong kho st, loi b nhng chc nng hay thc th tha (ng vi dng hay ct c lp) ca min kho st. Trong mt s trng hp c th phi phn r chc nng nh hn tm ra mi quan h ca chc nng v thc th. Ma trn nhn c cui cng cho ta bit mi quan h gia cc chc nng c xt v cc h s d liu cn c gi li: mi chc nng c tc ng ln nhng h s no, theo cch thc no (c, cp nht hay to ra n). Ma trn thc th-chc nng sau khi b i cc dng v cc ct khng c nh du s s dng nh mt dng m t trong m hnh nghip v. N l mt u vo xc nh cc lung d liu trong biu lung d liu.
3.5. V d
A. M t bi ton Mt bi trng gi xe c 2 cng: Mt cng xe vo, mt cng xe ra. Ngi ta chia bi thnh 4 khu dnh cho 4 loi xe khc nhau : Xe my, xe but, xe ti v cng-ten-n. Khi khch n gi xe, ngi coi xe nhn dng xe theo bng phn loi, sau kim tra ch trng trong bi. Nu ch dnh cho loi xe ht th thng bo cho khch. Ngc li th ghi v a cho khch v hng dn xe vo bi, ng thi ghi nhng thng tin trn v vo s xe vo. Khi khch ly xe, ngi coi xe kim tra v xem v l tht hay gi, i chiu v vi xe. Nu v gi hay khng ng xe th khng cho nhn xe. Ngc li th vit phiu thanh ton v thu tin ca khch, ng thi ghi cc thng tin cn thit vo s xe ra. Khi khch n bo co c s c th kim tra xe trong s xe vo v s xe ra xc minh xe c gi hay khng v ly ra cha. Nu khng ng nh vy th khng gii quyt. Trong trng hp ngc li tin hnh kim tra xe hin trng. Nu ng nh s vic xy ra th tin hnh lp bin bn gii quyt v trong trng hp cn thit th vit phiu chi bi thng cho khch. Cc bng d liu kho st thu c bao gm: a. Bng gi (v phn loi) Loi xe n gi/ngy m Khu S ch Xe my 3.00 A 200 Xe but 15.000 B 100 Xe ti 20.000d C 100 Cng ten n 30.000 D 10 b. Phiu thanh ton S: S xe: Ngy gi vo: Thi gian gi: xxx .. .
Loi xe: Ngy gi ra: Thnh tin:
. .
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng c. S ghi xe vo Ngy d. S ghi xe ra Ngy
39 S xe Loi xe Gi vo Ghi ch
S v
S v
S xe
Loi xe
Gi ra
Thi gian gi
Thnh tin
e. Cc thng tin trn v c ghi li vo s xe vo
Hy xy dng m hnh nghip v ca h thng th hin qua cc th hin c th xy dng c? B. Bi gii Trc ht ta lp mt bng phn tch trn c s nhng m t ca bi ton nhn c. Bng ny s gip tm ra cc nhn t xy dng ln cc th hin ca m hnh nghip v: ng t + b ng Danh t Nhn xt Nhn dng xe Bi xe = Kim tra ch trng cng = Thng bo cho khch Khu = Ghi v cho khch loi xe = Ghi thng tin v vo s Khch (tc nhn) kim tra v xe ngi coi xe (tc nhn) i chiu v vi xe bng phn loi xe h s DL vit, thu phiu thanh ton, tin ch trng = Ghi s xe ra V H s DL kim tra xe trong s s xe vo h s DL kim tra xe hin trng s xe ra h s DL lp bin bn Bin bn h s DL vit phiu chi phiu chi h s DL Bng 3.4. Bng phn tch T ct cui cng ca bng phn tch, ta rt ra c hai i tng c th l tc nhn: l khch hng v ngi coi xe. Khi phn tch da vo bng m t v nh ngha, ta ch cn mt tc nhn duy nht l KHCH v xc nh c cc lung thng tin tng tc gia KHCH v h thng. T v c biu ng cnh hnh 3.7. T ct 1 ca bng phn tch, ta rt ra c cc chc nng chi tit xy dng c biu phn r cho trong hnh 3.5. T cc m t v cc d liu cho, ta lp v xy dng c danh sch cc h s (bng 3.5) v ma trn thc th chc nng (hnh 3.8) a. Bng gi (v phn loi xe) b. V xe c. s xe vo d. s xe ra
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng e. Phiu thanh ton f. Bin bn s c Bng 3.5. Danh sch cc h s d liu s dng
40
Hnh 3.7. Biu ng cnh ca h thng Cc thc th 1. Bng gi (phn loi xe) 2. V xe 3. S xe vo 4. S xe ra 5. Phiu thanh ton 6. Bin bn s c 7. Phiu chi bi thng Cc chc nng nghip v 1 2 3 a. Nhn xe R C C b. Tr xe R c. Gii quyt s c R Hnh 3.8. Ma trn thc th-chc nng
4 C R
5 C
6 C
7 C
Cc m t nghip v trn cho ta hiu bit v hnh dung mt cch y , chnh xc hn v hot ng nghip v ca bi trng gi xe v cho nhng c s phn tch ban u gip ta xc nh c yu cu ca h thng trong cc phn tip theo.
Cu hi cui chng
1. M hnh nghip v ca t chc l g? Nhng cng c no c s dng m t m hnh nghip v. Cc dng th hin m t m hnh nghip v l nhng dng no? 2. Nhng khi nim v k php no c s dng trong biu phn r chc nng? nh ngha v gii thch tng khi nim? 3. Nu cc nguyn tc phn r mt chc nng? Ni dung m t mt chc nng l? Cch b tr, sp xp chc nng trong biu ? 4. Vai tr v ngha ca biu phn r chc nng? 5. C my dng ca biu phn r chc nng dng m t m hnh nghip v? Mi dng c s dng trong trng hp no? 6. Hai cch hnh thnh biu phn r chc nng da trn cch tip cn no? Khi no s dng mi cch ? 7. C nhng loi ma trn phn tch no? 8. Trnh by ni dung ca mi loi ma trn? ngha v vai tr ca n? Mi ma trn c s dng giai on no ca qu trnh phn tch?
Bi tp
41
1. Quan st th th mt th vin xem lm nhng g phc v bn c? Hy lp biu phn r chc nng m t cc hot ng ca h? 2. Khi mn sch anh v ngi th th s dng nhng h s g? Lp ma trn thc th-chc nng phn tch? 3. Mt c s bn bun c mt kho hng. B phn mua hng lp n mua hng da trn bo gi t hng vi nh cung cp, sau theo di hng v. Nu nhn c ha n giao hng th vit phiu nhp kho nhp hng vo kho v vit sec chuyn khon qua ngn hng thanh ton vi nh cung cp. B phn bn hng nhn n t hng ca khch, vit phiu xut kho xut hng cho khch v vit phiu thu thu tin ca khch hng. B phn bn hng phi thng xuyn theo di n ca khch. Nu khch n qu hn th gi giy nhc thanh ton n. Hy lp m hnh nghip v cho bi ton?
----oOo---
42
Chng 4 : M HNH HA QU TRNH X L 4.1. M hnh ha tin trnh nghip v

M hnh ha tin trnh nghip v (modeling business process) l s biu din th cc chc nng ca qu trnh thu thp, thao tc, lu tr v phn phi d liu gia cc b phn trong h thng nghip v cng nh gia h thng v mi trng ca n. Trong phng php phn tch HTTT hng cu trc, cc ti liu u tin ca qu trnh m hnh ha qu trnh nghip v l tp hp cc biu lung d liu biu din mi lin h thng tin bn trong mt h thng cng nh gia h thng vi mi trng ca n theo mt s gc nhn nhn khc nhau. Cc biu l: Biu ng cnh: cho phm vi h thng v mi trng ca n. Biu lung d liu vt l ca h thng hin thi m t h thng hin thi, ch ra cc ci vo, ci ra ca n v cc cng c, phng tin ang c s dng thc hin cc chc nng. Biu lung d liu logic ca h thng hin thi ch ra cc chc nng x l d liu v cc d liu c thc hin trong h thng hin thi v b qua nhng yu t vt cht (con ngi v cc phng tin vt cht) thc hin chng. Biu lung d liu logic cho h thng mi biu din cc chc nng x l d liu v cc d liu trong h thng mi m cha tnh n phng tin vt cht thc hin chng. Biu lung d liu vt l ca h thng cn xy dng l sn phm thit k cn xy dng cho h thng mi. Trong trng hp s dng cc cng c CASE xy dng cc biu trn y, tt c cc i tng v cu trc ca cc biu c a vo t in d n (project dictionary) hay kho d liu ca CASE (CASE repository).
4.2. Biu lung d liu

Cc biu m t m hnh nghip v qu trnh x l trn y da trn c s ca m hnh c tn l biu lung d liu. 4.2.1. nh ngha v k php C hai loi k php chun c dng biu din biu lung d liu, v c hai loi u s dng bn k php biu din cng mt s s vt, l: lung d liu, kho d liu, tin trnh v tc nhn. Nhng k php c dng trong ti liu ny l ca Gane v Sarson (1979) (loi khc l ca Demarco v Yourdon-1979) Lung d liu (data flow) l cc d liu di chuyn t mt v tr ny n mt v tr khc trong h thng trn mt vt mang no . Mt lung d liu c th biu din trn mt vt mng nh n hng ca khch hay t sec tr lng. N cng c th l mt kt qu truy vn nhn c t mt c s d liu c truyn trn mng, hay nhng d liu c cp nht vo my tnh, c hin ra mn hnh hay in ra my in. Nh vy, lung d liu c th bao gm nhiu mng d liu ring bit c sinh ra cng mt thi gian v di chuyn n cng mt ch. Trong biu lung d liu vt l, lung d liu l cc d liu c lu trn mng vt l, v v th tn lung d liu c chn l tn ca chnh vt mang nh: n hng, giy bo gi, hp ng cung ng, ha n bn hng Lung d liu c k hiu bng mi tn c chiu ch hng d liu di chuyn v tn ca d liu c ghi trn n (hnh 4.1). Tn d liu phi l mt mnh danh t v phi th hin c s tnh hp ca cc phn t d liu ring bit cha trong . Kho d liu (data store) l cc d liu c lu gi ti mt v tr. Mt kho d liu c th biu din cc d liu c lu tr nhiu v tr khng gian khc nhau (cc th mc khc nhau, cc my tnh khc nhau, mt cp h s cng loi,). Mt kho d liu c th cha d liu v khch hng, sinh vin, n hng, ha n bn hng.. Hnh ch nht khuyt mt cnh (bn phi hay bn tri) c dng biu din mt kho d liu. St cnh tri (phi) ca hnh ch nht c mt dng ghi s hiu kho d liu, bn trong hnh ch nht ghi
43
tn kho d liu (hnh 4.1). Tn kho d liu phi l mt mnh danh t, v d: n hng, ha n bn hng
Hnh 4.1. Cc k php ca biu lung d liu Tin trnh (process) l mt hay mt s cng vic hoc hnh ng c tc ng ln cc d liu lm cho chng di chuyn, thay i, c lu tr hay phn phi. Qu trnh x l d liu trong mt h thng thng gm nhiu tin trnh khc nhau v mi tin trnh thc hin mt phn chc nng nghip v no . Tin trnh c th c xem xt l vt l nu c ch ra con ngi hay phng tin thc thi chc nng . Trong trng hp ngc li ta c mt tin trng logic. Hnh ch nht gc trn c dng k hiu mt tin trnh. Mt ng gch ngang pha trn chia hnh ch nht lm hai phn: phn trn ghi s hiu ca tin trnh, phn di ghi tn tin trnh (hnh 4.1). Tn tin trnh phi l mt mnh ng t gm ng t v b ng, v d: tnh lng, lp n hng. . . Trong biu lung d liu vt l, tn tin trnh c th l tn chc nng ca b phn thc hin tin trnh . Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn thm vo phn th ba pha di tn ghi tn ngi, b phn hay phng tin thc hin tin trnh . Tc nhn (actor) ca mt phm vi h thng c nghin cu c th l mt ngi, nhm ngi, mt b phn, mt t chc hay mt h thng khc nm ngoi phm vi ny v c tng tc vi n v mt thng tin (nhn hay gi d liu). C th nhn bit tc nhn l ni xut pht (ngun), hay ni n (ch) ca d liu t phm vi h thng c xem xt. Hnh ch nht c s dng k hiu mt tc nhn, bn trong n ghi tn tc nhn (hnh 4.1). tn tc nhn phi l mt danh t nh khch hng, nh cung cp, 4.2.2. Mt s quy tc v biu lung d liu V biu lung d liu cn tun theo cc quy tc sau: - Cc ci vo ca mt tin trnh cn khc vi ci ra ca n. Nguyn tc ny nhn mnh rng, cc d liu qua mt tin trnh phi c thay i. Ngc li, tin trnh l khng cn thit v khng tc ng g n cc lung thng tin i qua n. - Cc i tng trong mt biu lung d liu phi c tn duy nht: Mi tin trnh phi c tn duy nht. Tuy nhin mt s tc nhn ngoi v kho d liu c th c v lp li. - Cc lung d liu i vo mt tin trnh phi to thnh cc lung d liu i ra. Tin trnh: - Khng mt tin trnh no ch c ci ra m khng c ci vo.. i tng ch c ci ra th ch c th l tc nhn (ngun) - Khng mt tin trnh no ch c ci vo. Mt i tng ch c ci vo ch c th l tc nhn (ch) Kho d liu - Khng c lung d liu t mt kho n mt kho d liu khc. - D liu khng th di chuyn trc tip t mt tc nhn n mt kho d liu v ngc li. Tc nhn - D liu khng th di chuyn trc tip t mt tc nhn n mt tc nhn. Lung d liu
44
- Mt lung d liu khng th quay li ni m n va i khi. - Mt lung d liu i vo mt kho c ngha l kho d liu c cp nht, mt lung d liu i ra khi mt kho c ngha l kho d liu c c. 4.2.3. Phn r biu lung d liu a. nh ngha Qu trnh phn nh mi tin trnh ca mt biu lung d liu thnh mt biu lung d liu mi (nu c th) gi l phn r biu lung d liu cho. Xt v d cho hnh 4.2. Tin trnh u tin 1.0 l nhn v x l n hng t ba n. N chuyn yu cu ca khch thnh bn u ra khc nhau. Nh vy, tin trnh 1.0 l i tng phn r. Gi s c nm chc nng sau y m tin trnh 1.0 phi thc hin l: (1)nhn yu cu ca khch hng, (2) chuyn yu cu thnh thc n cc mn n nh bp ch bin, (3) Chuyn yu cu thnh ha n thanh ton vi khch hng, (4) chuyn yu cu thnh danh sch mn n bn vo s, (5) chuyn yu cu thnh danh mc thc phm cn s dng gi cho kho. Nh vy, ta c th biu din s phn r tin trnh 1.0 nh mt biu lung d liu mi vi nm tin trnh tng ng vi cc chc nng nu trn (hnh 4.3).
Ha n thu Khch hng n hng 2 Cp nht mn n bn Mn n bn Thc phm cn 3 Cp nht Thc phm s dng 1 Nhn v x l n hng Thc n Nh bp
D1
Mn n bn
D1
Th kho thc phm
Hnh 4.2. Mt phn ca biu lung d liu h thng t ba n Ch rng, nm tin trnh mi c nh s nh nhng tin trnh con ca tin trnh 1.0 l: tin trnh 1.1, tin trnh 1.2, Mi tin trnh ny v cc lung d liu u c tn ca n. Biu lung d liu hnh 4.3 gi l biu lung d liu mc di ca biu cha tin trnh 1.0. Nu biu lung d liu cha tin trnh 1.0 l mc 0 th biu lung d liu hnh 4.3 gi l mc 1.

1.1 n hng Nhn n hng n hng lin 1 1.3 Chuyn thnh mn n Thc n
45
n hng lin 4 1.2 Lp ha n thanh ton
n hng lin 3 1.4 Lp bng mn n bn
n hng Lin 2 1.5 Lp bng k thc phm s dng Bng k Thc phm
Ha n
Bng k hng bn
Hnh 4.3. Biu nhn c khi phn r tin trnh 1.0 b. m bo s cn bng gia hai mc k nhau Khi phn r mt tin trnh ca mt biu lung thnh mt biu mc sau th mi lung d liu vo v ra, cc tc nhn ngoi v kho d liu lin quan vi n phi c bo ton (gi nguyn) trong biu mc sau. Chng hn, mi ci vo v ci ra ca tin trnh 1.0 trong biu hnh 4.2 u c mt trong biu lung d liu hnh 4.3 mc tip theo. Mt lung d liu trn mt biu mc n bao gm mt s lung con c th tch ra thnh cc lung d liu thnh phn trong biu mc n+1 sao cho mi tin trnh nhn lung d liu thnh phn c phn r l mt ci vo ca n (hnh 4.4a, 4.4b). Cc biu trn hnh 4.4 (a, b) l cn bng v cc lung d liu u c mt trong biu c hai mc. Hai nguyn tc sau c p dng m bo s cn bng v biu c v n gin hn.
Hnh 4.4. V d phn r lung d liu phc hp Mt lung d liu phc hp c th chia nh thnh cc lung d liu thnh phn mc sau sao cho vn gi nguyn s lng cc lung d liu c trong lung phc hp - Cho php lp li mt kho d liu hay mt tc nhn mt vi v tr. Ti mc thp nht ca biu lung d liu c th thm cc lung d liu mi biu din nhng d liu iu khin c b sung: l cc thng bo li hay mt iu khng nh no . Lung d liu b sung c biu din bng mi tn t nt (hnh 4.5) -
46
Hnh 4.5. Biu c lung d liu b sung c. Biu lung d liu s cp Qu trnh phn r lung d liu s dng li khi t n biu mc thp nht - gi l biu lung d liu s cp. Nhng quy tc sau y l nhng gi dng qu trnh phn r: - Khi mt tin trnh l mt quyt nh hay mt tnh ton n gin, mt thao tc d liu nh c, cp nht, to, ghi, xo. - Khi ngi dng h thng nhn ra c mi cng vic hoc nh phn tch lp c ti liu chi tit thc hin cc nhim v pht trin h thng mt cch tun t. - Khi mi lung d liu khng cn chia nh hn ch ra rng cc d liu khc nhau u c qun l. - Khi ch ra c mi nhim v nghip v, hoc mt giao dch, thng tin hin th v bo co l nhng lung d liu n, hay nhng tin trnh tch bit ng vi mi la chn trn thc n mc thp nht ca h thng. Biu lung d liu s cp gip ta d dng kim tra c tnh nht qun vi cc ti liu to ra t cc cch xc nh yu cu khc v cng gip ta d dng chuyn n sang thit k bc tip theo. Ch : Khi phn r biu lung d liu, nu xy dng c biu phn r chc nng (trong m hnh nghip v) th c th ly mi chc nng tng ng ca n lm mt tin trnh biu lung d liu c mc tng ng.
4.4. Pht trin cc biu lung d liu ca mt ng dng

Xy dng m hnh m t cc qu trnh nghip v x l thng tin bao gm vic xy dng mt lot cc biu lung d liu khc nhau. Mi biu lung d liu cho ta mt cch nhn nhn qu trnh nghip v theo mt gc nht nh: theo cch nhn vt l hay logic, hoc theo cch nhn mc gp hay chi tit. 4.4.1. Cc loi biu lung d liu khc nhau Thng c nm loi biu lung d liu khc nhau c s dng trong qu trnh pht trin h thng. l cc biu sau: - Biu ng cnh - Biu lung d liu vt l ca h thng hin thi - Biu lung d liu logic ca h thng hin thi - Biu lung d liu logic cho h thng mi - Biu lung d liu vt l cho h thng mi Trong biu lung d liu ca h thng hin thi, phn th ba trong mi tin trnh c th ghi tn ngi hay tn ca phng tin thc hin tin trnh , tc l tn ca cng ngh c s dng x l d liu. V d, trong tin trnh nhn n hng, c th thm vo mt dng ch ngi thc hin l nhn vin bn hng. Vic xy dng m hnh vt l (lung d liu vt l) ca h thng hin ti gip ta nm, hiu c h thng nghip v ca t chc. Nh vy m c t yu cu ca n chnh xc hn. m hnh ha logic ca h thng hin thi, ta ch cn b i cc i tng vt l ca biu lung d liu vt l hin thi v ch gi li nhng g l phn ct yu (logic) ca h thng, l cc d liu, cc x l
47
v cc mi quan h bn cht gi chng. V cc mi quan h logic y (th hin qua cc lung d liu) khng ph thuc vo bt k yu t vt l no, do ta c th xem xt sp t li n mt cch hp l, ch cn m bo cc logic nghip v. M hnh logic ca h thng mi nhn c bng cch b sung thm vo biu lung d liu logic ca h thng hin ti nhng yu t cn thit p ng mi yu cu x l thng tin c xc nh cho h thng mi. Biu lung d liu ca h thng mi c th ging biu lung d liu logic ca h thng hin thi nu khng c yu cu mi c t ra. Thng thng n c b sung cc chc nng mi, cc d liu mi cng cc mi quan h pht sinh v b i nhng g tr nn khng cn thit. Cui cng, biu lung d liu cho h thng mi (cn gi l biu lung h thng) s biu din h thng vt l cn trin khai cho h thng mi. N phn nh quyt nh ca cc nh phn tch v thit k v phng tin vt l c la chn p dng cho h thng mi. 4.4.2. Biu ng cnh ca h thng Biu ng cnh biu din h thng mc cao nht. Trong biu ny ch gm ba loi thnh phn: - Mt tin trnh duy nht m t ton h thng, trong c tn h thng v c ch s l 0. - Cc tc nhn ( mi trng ca h thng). - Cc lung d liu gia cc tc nhn v h thng m t s tng tc gia h thng v mi trng. Biu ng cnh cho ta mt ci nhn khi qut v h thng trong mi trng ca n. Trn thc t, mi trng ca mt h thng bt k rt a dng v phong ph. Tuy nhin, y ta ch quan tm n cc yu t ca mi trng c nh hung ng k ln h thng: l nhng tc nhn c tng tc vi h thng v mt thng tin, tc l c gi v nhn thng tin, d liu t h thng. C tc nhn ca h thng cn phi xc nh y . S thiu cc tc nhn s l nguyn nhn lm cho h thng c xy dng khng c kh nng hot ng tt trn thc t (trong mi trng thc). Biu ng cnh hnh 4.6 c mt tin trnh duy nht l H thng t ba n, bn lung d liu v ba tc nhn.
Ha n thu tin Khch hng n hng Bng bo co Thng s 0 H thng t ba n Thc n Nh bp
Nh qun l
Hnh 4.6. Biu ng cnh h thng t ba n. 4.4.3. Biu lung d liu mc 0 Vic pht trin cc m hnh biu din qu trnh nghip v ca t chc c bt u t biu ng cnh. Vn phng php v nguyn tc phn r biu lung d liu trn, ta tin hnh phn r (lm mn) biu ng cnh nhn c biu lung d liu mc 0 (hnh 4.7). a. V d Trong hnh 4.7, tin trnh 0 biu ng cnh hnh 4.6 c phn r thnh bn tin trnh con. N cho ta mt hnh nh chi tit hn v h thng m chng ang nghin cu. Cc tin trnh ny biu din bn chc nng chnh ca h thng mc 0 - u tin. Trc ht, n t hng c khch gi n. tin trnh 1.0, n hng c x l. Kt qu l bn lung d liu c to ra:
48
Hnh 4.7. Biu lung d liu mc 0 ca h thng t ba n. - Mt bng thc n mn n cn ch bin c to ra gi cho nh bp ch bin. - n hng ca khch c chuyn thnh danh sch cc mn n bn ra ghi s. - n hng ca khch c chuyn thnh danh mc thc phm s dng gi n kho xut thc phm cho bp lm mn n. - Ha n thanh ton cho vic t ba n c lp ra v gi cho khch thanh ton. Ch rng, cc tc nhn trong biu ng cnh cng tc nhn trong biu chi tit ny, l: khch hng, nh bp, qun l khch sn. Biu mc ny c cc tin trnh c nh s bng mt s t nhin v c s 0 ng sau n. Lung d liu thc phm c tin trnh 1.0 sinh ra v tin trnh 2.0 c th sn sng nhn n. Nh vy, gia tin trnh 1.0 v 2.0 c mt s kt dnh (cohesion) vi nhau: tin trnh 2.0 ch c th thc hin v cn thc hin m bo quy trnh phc v khch khi m tin trnh 1.0 nhn c n hng, x l n v gi d liu cho n. Ngc li, ci ra t tin trnh 2.0 c t vo kho d liu D2. Tin trnh 4.0 c th ly n lp bo co. Trong trng hp ny, gia tin trnh 2.0 v 4.0 khng kt dnh cht ch vi nhau. Cc tin trnh ny vn lm vic c lp v tin trnh 4.0 khng th nhn c ci vo bt k lc no v d liu n cn c th cha c, ngha l chng c ghp ni lng lo vi nhau. Kho d liu cc mn n bn c th tr thnh tc nhn ngoi ca mt tin trn khc khi n c th nhn d liu t kho ny. b. Quy trnh xy dng y ta gi thit rng xy dng c biu phn r chc nng ca m hnh nghip v. iu ny khng nh hng g ng k n quy trnh chung. V rng, khi khng c biu phn r chc nng, vic tm cc tin trnh thnh phn phn r l yu cu tt yu m cc nh phn tch phi bit. b1. Cc d liu u vo D liu u vo pht trin mt biu lung d liu mc 0 trong trng hp y nht gm cc loi sau: - Biu ng cnh ca h thng - Biu phn r chc nng (xem chng 3)
49
- Danh sch cc h s d liu s dng (cc thc th d liu) - Ma trn thc - th chc nng. - Cc m t khc ca tin trnh nghip v (v d: m t chi tit cc chc nng) b2. Cc bc tin hnh Pht trin biu lung d liu mc 0 ca h thng gm ba thao tc: - Thay th tin trnh duy nht ca biu ng cnh bng cc tin trnh con (tng ng vi cc chc nng mc mt trong biu phn r chc nng). - Gi nguyn ton b cc tc nhn ngoi v cc lung d liu trong biu ng cnh v chuyn sang biu lung d liu mc 0. Tuy nhin cn t li cc u mt ca cc lung d liu pha h thng gn mt cch thch hp vi cc tin trnh con mi thm vo. - Thm vo: + Cc kho d liu tng ng vi cc h s d liu chn trong danh sch. + Cc lung d liu t cc tin trnh n cc kho (da vo cc nh du trong ma trn thc th - chc nng) v gia cc tin trnh (da trn cc m t khc). 4.4.4.Biu lung d liu mc i (vi i>=1) Vic pht trin cc biu lung d liu chi tit l qu trnh tip tc lm mn cc biu lung d liu nhn c trc . Mt biu lung d liu mc i nhn c t vic phn r (lm mn) mt tin trnh thuc biu lung d liu mc i-1. Qu trnh lm mn biu lung d liu mc i-1 c th m t nh sau: i vi mi tin trnh trong biu lung d liu mc i-1 m c th phn chia thnh cc tin trnh nh hn (tc l khng tng ng vi mt chc nng l trong biu phn r chc nng) ta s phn r thnh mt biu lung d liu mc i theo cc sau: - Thay th tin trnh c xt ca biu lung d liu m i-1 bng tin trnh con tng ng vi cc chc nng ca mc tng ng trong biu phn r chc nng. - Gi nguyn ton b cc tc nhn ngoi, cc kho d liu v cc lung d liu lin quan n tin trnh c xt trong biu lung d liu mc i-1 v chuyn chng sang biu lung d liu mc i. Tuy nhin cn t li cc u mt ca cc lung d liu vo cc tin trnh con mi thm vo mt cch thch hp. Ch rng: Nu c mt tin trnh khc lin quan n tin trnh c xt th phi thay n bng mt tc nhn ngoi trong biu mi mc i. - Thm vo cc lung d liu gia cc tin trnh con (da trn cc m t khc) Vic nh s hiu cc tin trnh trong mt biu mi nhn c cn tun theo nhng nguyn tc sau: S hiu ca mt tin trnh gm hai phn: phn u v phn th t. Phn u l s hiu ca tin trnh c s dng phn r, phn s th t l th t ca tin trnh con. Ch rng, mi biu c pht trin ch nn th hin trn mt trang giy. V nguyn tc, mt biu lung d liu khng nn c by tin trnh. 4.4.5. V d v cc loi biu lung d liu minh ha v s khc nhau ca cc loi biu lung d liu ta xt v d h thng qun l nhp kho. Biu lung d liu m hnh ho h thng vt l hin thi c m t hnh 4.9. Trong biu mc 0 ca h thng ny (hnh 4.9b) c 6 tin trnh khc nhau.
Hnh 4.9a. Biu ng cnh
50
Hnh 4.9b. Biu lung d liu vt l ca h thng qun l kho N cho bit rng, khi nhn phiu giao hng, ngi qun l ghi cc thng tin vo s nht k v xp phiu giao hng vo trong cp xp. Khi s dng phiu giao hng, ngi qun l ghi tng thc phm c phn phi vo th kho. to ra biu lung d liu logic cho h thng hin thi ta cn xc nh nhng phn t c bn ca h thng qun l nhp kho m ngi qun l thit lp, cn b i nhng phn t vt l ca h thng nh nh qun l v nhng cp xp m n s dng. C t nht bn tin trnh chnh nht thit phi thc hin trong h thng qun l nhp kho: (1) tnh s lng thc phm nhp kho (b sung), (2) tnh s lng thc phm xut kho (s dng), (3) lp n hng, (4) to ha n thanh ton.

Phiu giao Nh cung cp 1 Cp nht thc phm b sung 2 Cp nht thc phm s dng
51
n hng Phiu giao Ha n To n hng 4 To ho n thanh ton
Tng b sung Tng s dng B phn tn kho
Lng tn kho D1 Lng tn ti thiu
Th kho
Hnh 4.10. Biu lung d liu logic mc 0 cho h thng qun l nhp kho hin thi nhng d liu c bn c h thng s dng bao gm thc phm s dng v tn kho m tt c chng u c xc nh. Ci ra ch yu ca h thng l cc n hng v ha n thanh ton. Khi ch tp vo nhng phn t c bn ny ca h thng ta c c biu lung d liu logic cho h thng hin thi hnh 4.10. Gi s nh qun l mun thm 3 chc nng: - Cc d liu n h thng c cp nht t ng v cp nht ngay t khi n va n, cng sm cng tt. - H thng t ng xc nh khi no mt n hng cn c lp. Vic lp n hng t ng m bo mi thc phm trong kho lc no cng sn sng. - mt thi im bt k ta c th bit mc tn kho ca mi loi thc phm l bao nhiu. Ta cng c th c lng c s thc phm s s dng v cn b sung thm bao nhiu trc mi thi im c nh, v nh qun l cng c th cn c lng nhanh mt hng no cn d tr nhiu hn c s quan tm ng mc.
Hnh 4.11. Biu lung d liu logic mc ca h thng qun l nhp kho mi
52
Biu lung d liu logic ca h thng mi hnh 4.11 gn ging vi biu lung d liu hnh 4.9. N ch c thm mt tin trnh 5.0 cho php nhn c cu tr li v cc s c lng tn kho ca mt mt hng no . Hai yu cu khc cn li c th c thc hin trong h thng hin ti. 4.4.6. Pht trin cc biu l mt qu trnh lp Biu lung d liu v ln u tin t khi phn nh tt c h thng m ta cn m hnh ha. c th m t h thng tt hn ta thng phi sa i biu mt vi ln. S pht trin biu lung d liu c lp li nhiu ln ghi nhn mt s kin l: vic xc nh yu cu v cu trc l mt qu trnh tng tc v l mt qu trnh lp thuc pha phn tch ca vng i h thng.
4.5. S dng biu lung d liu phn tch

Biu lung d liu l mt cng c a nng m hnh ha tin trnh nghip v cho c h thng hin ti cng nh h thng mi c dng logic v dng vt l. N c s dng phn tch chnh khi pht trin cc m hnh tin trnh nghip v. Qua y, nh phn tch pht hin ra s khc bit gia hai hay nhiu biu lung d liu biu din 2 hay nhiu trng thi khc nhau ca mt h thng thng tin (h thng hin thi v h thng mong mun) hay s khc bt ngay trong khi xy dng. Khi biu lung d liu y , bng cch kim tra cc chi tit ca n ta c th pht hin ra lung d liu d tha: nhng d liu c thu thp m khng s dng, cc d liu cp nht nhiu ni. hay s khng hiu qu ca m hnh lin quan n s vi phm cc quy tc v biu lung d liu. Chng hn, s vi phm quy tc: mt lung d liu khng th quay li ni m n va i khi. Vic so snh cc biu lung d liu logic khc nhau cho php xc nh mt s cc phn t cn c tho lun trong khi nh gi v yu cu ca h thng. Biu lung d liu logic ca h tng mi c th c s dng lm c s la chn cc chin lc thit k vt l cho h thng mi.
4.6. V d
A. M t bi ton Chng ta xt bi ton qun l trng gi xe c m t trong v d mc 3.5. chng III. B. Bi gii y ch tp trung vo xy dng cc m hnh tin trnh logic ca h thng. V vy, nhng g lin quan n m hnh nghip v ca bi ton s s dng cc kt qu thu c chng 3 a. Pht trin biu lung d liu ng cnh T cc phn tch d liu c bng phn tch (bng 3.4) ta xy dng c biu ng cnh di y (xem mc 3.5 chng 3)
Hnh 4.12. Biu ng cnh ca h thng. b. Pht trin biu lung d liu mc 0 Thay tin trnh duy nht ca biu ng cnh (hnh 4.12) bng 3 tin trnh mi tng ng chc nng trong biu phn r (hnh 3.5). Thm vo 6 kho d liu (ng vi 6 h s bng 3.6) v da vo ma trn thc th v chc nng (hnh 3.9) v cc lung d liu cn li.
53
Hnh 4.13. Biu lung d liu mc 0 c. Pht trin cc biu lung d liu cc mc 1,2 T biu mc 0 (hnh 4.13) v da vo biu phn r chc nng ta xy dng c cc biu lung d liu mc 1 cho cc tin trnh tng ng cho cc hnh 4.14, 4.15, 4.16.
Hnh 4.14. Biu lung d liu mc 1: Nhn xe (nt m l phn c thay th hay thm vo)
54
Hnh 4.15. Biu lung d liu mc 1: Tr xe (nt m l phn c thay th hay thm vo)
Hnh 4.16. Biu lung d liu mc 1: Gii quyt s c (nt m l phn c thay th hay thm vo) Trong trng hp ny biu lung d liu mc 1 l mc thp nht. Trong trng hp khc c th cn tip tc pht trin cc lung d liu cc mc thp hn bng cch tng t.
Cu hi cui chng
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Biu lung d liu l g? Phn tch h thng cn s dng biu lung d liu lm g? Trnh by cc khi nim, k php s dng trong biu lung d liu? C my loi biu lung d liu? Mi loi biu dng khi no? Gii thch ngha ca n? Nu r s khc nhau gia biu lung d liu logic v biu lung d liu vt l? V sao cn pht trin c biu lung d liu vt l v biu lung d liu logic cho mt h thng? V biu logic trc khi v biu lung d liu vt l cho mt h thng mi c li g? Gii thch cc nguyn tc v biu lung d liu? Phn r ngha l g? m bo cn bng khi phn r l g? Gii thch nguyn tc phn r biu lung d liu t trn xung? M t cu trc ca biu lung d liu ng cnh? Gii thch ngha ca biu ng cnh?
55
10. Nu cch t tn cc mc khc nhau ca biu lung d liu? 11. Nhng thng tin no l d liu u vo lp biu mc 0? Trnh by cc bc xy dng biu lung d liu mc 0? Biu lung d liu mc 0 khc biu ng cnh ch no? 12. Trnh by cc bc xy dng biu lung d liu mc i (i>=1)? D liu u vo cho vic xy dng ny l nhng g? 13. Biu lung d liu c th s dng lm cng c phn tch nh th no?
Bi tp
1. Biu hnh 4.17 cho bn phc tho v biu ng cnh v biu lung d liu mc 0 i vi h thng ghi tn vo hc mt kho hc mt trng tng hp. Hy xc nh v gii thch nhng vi phm c th cc quy tc v hng dn v v biu lung d liu 4.18? 2. Hy ch ra 3 sai st trong biu trong hnh 4.19?
Hnh 4.17 Biu ng cnh h thng ng k hc.
Hnh 4.18. Biu h thng ng k hc mc 0

DF2 1 E1 DF5 P2
56
DF1
DS1 DF4 DF6
DF3 2
E2
P1
DF2
Hnh 4.19. Biu lung d liu c sai st
----oOo----
57
Chng 5 : M HNH HA LOGIC TIN TRNH

Biu lung d liu tt xc nh cc tin trnh, nhng n khng ch ra y logic bn trong ca mi tin trnh. Ngay i vi cc tin trnh biu lung d liu s cp cng cha ch ra tt c ni dung x l ca n. Trong phn ny s trnh by cc k thut m hnh ha cc tin trnh ra quyt nh v logic thi gian.
5.1. M hnh ha logic vi ting Anh cu trc

Ting Anh c cu trc c ci bin t ting Anh thng dng c t ni dung ca cc tin trnh trong mt biu lung d liu. Cc ng t hnh ng dng t tn cc tin trnh cng c dng trong ting Anh c cu trc. N bao gm cc ng t nh: read, write, print, sort, move, merge, add, multiply, v divide. Ting Anh c cu trc cng dng cm danh t m t cu trc d liu nh customer-name and customer address. Ting Anh cu trc khng s dng tnh t v trng t. N din t cc tin trnh dng ngn gn d c, d hiu. N khng phi l phin bn chun, mi nh phn tch c th c mt cch dng ring ca mnh. Ting Anh c cu trc c dng biu din c ba cu trc in hnh trong lp trnh c cu trc: tun t, tuyn chn v lp. Tin trnh tun t khng i hi mt cu trc g c bit. Cu trc tuyn chn c th c biu din bng mt cu trc c dng: BEGIN IF IF (s lng tn kho nh hn s d tr ti thiu) THEN GENERATE (n t hng mi) ELSE DO (khng lm g c) END IF. Mt cu trc c iu kin khc l tuyn chn nhiu nhnh, tc l c rt nhiu hnh ng m chng trnh c th lm, nhng ch mt hnh ng c chn nh sau: READ (s lng tn kho mt mt hng) SELECT CASE CASE 1 (s lng tn kho ln hn s d tr ti thiu) DO (khng lm g c) CASE 2 (s lng tn kho bng s d tr ti thiu) DO (khng lm g c) CASE 3 (s lng tn kho nh hn s d tr ti thiu) GENERATE (n t hng mi) CASE 4 (kho rng) INITIATE (tnh trng khn cp, lp n hng) Tin trnh c th c dng cc vng DO UNTIL hoc cc vng DO WHILE. Vng DO UNTIL c th biu din nh sau: DO READ (cc bn ghi lu kho) BEGIN IF IF (s lng tn kho nh hn s d tr ti thiu) THEN GENERATE (n t hng mi) ELSE DO (khng lm g c) END IF UNTIL (kt thc tp tin) Vng lp DO WHILE c th biu din nh sau: READ (cc bn ghi lu kho) WHILE NOT (kt thc tp tin) DO BEGIN IF
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng IF (s lng tn kho nh hn s d tr ti thiu) THEN GENERATE (n t hng mi) ELSE DO (khng lm g c) END IF END DO
58
V d sau y l c t ting Anh c cu trc ca mt biu tin trnh c xc nh h thng qun l kho hnh 5.1
Phiu giao Nh cung cp 1 Cp nht hng nhp mi n hng Phiu giao Ha n thanh ton To n hng 4 To ho n thanh ton Lng tn kho D1 Mc d tr ti thiu B phn tn kho 3 Tng b sung 2 Cp nht hng s dng
Th kho
Hnh 5.1. Biu lung d liu logic hin thi v qun l kho C 4 tin trnh c m t trong hnh 5.1: cp nht cc mt hng nhp mi, cp nht cc mt hng s dng, to n hng, to ha n thanh ton. Biu din ting Anh c cu trc ca mi tin trnh c m t bng 5.1. Trong ting Anh cu trc, cc thut ng, k hiu, cc php so snh logic nh ln hn hay nh hn u c vit ra m khng s dng cc k hiu s hc. Tin trnh 1: cp nht hng nhp mi DO C (phiu giao hng tip theo) TM (th-kho tng ng) CP NHT (th kho) UNTIL ht phiu giao hng Tin trnh 2: Cp nht hng xut s dng DO C (phiu xut kho tip theo) TM (th kho tng ng) CP NHT (th kho) UNTIL ht phiu xut kho Tin trnh 3: lp n hng DO C (th kho tip theo) IF(s lng tn kho) IS LESS THAN (s d tr ti thiu)
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng THEN (lp n hng) ENDIF UNTIL ht th kho Tin trnh 4: To ho n thanh ton READ (ngy hin thi) SORT (bn ghi phiu giao) BY date DO READ (bn ghi phiu giao tip theo) IF (date IS 30 OR GREATER THAN (ngy hin ti) THEN (lp giy thanh ton) UNTIL END OF FILE Bng 5.1. Biu din ting Anh cu trc cho biu hnh 5.1
59
Ch rng, nh dng ca mt tin trnh bng ting Anh c cu trc bt chc nh dng s dng trong cc ngn ng lp trnh, c bit l chi tit tht vo u dng ca n. Khi s dng ting Anh c cu trc th khng phi lo lng g v vic to cc bin, m v ng cc tp tin, hoc tm cc bn ghi lin quan trong cc tp tin khc nhau.
5.2. M hnh ha logic vi bng quyt nh

Mt bng quyt nh l mt biu ca mt tin trnh logic, m logic c lm phc tp mt cch hp l. Tt c cc la chn c th v cc iu kin la chn ph thuc vo n c biu din trong dng bng. Bng 5.2 l m hnh logic ca mt h thng tr lng tng qut. Bng gm 3 phn: gc cc iu kin, gc cc hnh ng v cc lut. Gc iu ki c 2 yu t: loi nhn vin v gi lm vic. Loi nhn vin c 2 gi tr: S ch nhn vin n lng v H ch nhn vin lm vic theo gi. S gi lm vic c 3 gi tr: nh hn 40, bng 40, v ln hn 40. Gc hnh ng cha tt c cc kh nng c th l kt qu ca vic t hp cc gi tr ca gc cc iu kin. C 4 kh nng c th ca hnh ng c ghi trong bng: tr theo lng c bn, tnh lng theo gi, tnh gi lm thm v ghi bo co vng mt. Khng phi tt c mi cch kt hp t cc iu kin cho u l hp l v c mt hnh ng tng ng. S kt hp c th cho ra nhng hnh ng c th. Mt phn ca bng lin kt cc iu kin vi c hnh ng l phn cha cc quy tc. c cc quy tc ta bt u c cc gi tr ca cc iu kin trong ct u tin: y l loi n lng thng S hay l loi n lng gi v lm vic theo gi vi s gi lm vic nh hn 40. Khi gc hnh ng tng ng vi 2 iu kin trn l dng tr lng c bn. tng ng vi ct 1 v dng ny c nh du x. Trong ct tip theo, cc gi tr tng ng vi 2 iu kin l H v < 40 , ngha l nhn vin lm theo gi v s gi lm vic t hn 40. Trong trng hp ny, s c 2 dng tng ng vi iu kin trn gc hnh ng l tr lng theo gi v ghi bo co vng mt cho s gi thiu. Trong bng quyt nh 2 tng ng c nh du x. Tng t, quy tc 3 dnh cho trng hp nhn vin n lng v lm vic qu 40 gi. Dng tng ng gc hnh ng l tr lng c bn nh trng hp quy tc 1. Quy tc 4 tnh lng theo gi. Quy tc 5 tr lng c bn cho nhn vin n lng lm vic trn 40 gi. Quy tc 5 hot ng ging nh quy tc 1, 3. Bng cch quan st nhn vin n lng ta thy: S gi lm vic khng tc ng ti kt qu ca quy tc 1,3 v 5. Trong nhng quy tc ny, s gi lm vic l mt iu kin trung lp, ngha l khng nh hng n hnh ng c a ra. Quy tc 6 tnh lng theo gi v ghi gi lm thm cho nhn vin lm vic theo gi m lm trn 40 gi. Do c iu kin trung lp cho cc quy tc 1,3 v 5, ta c th gim s lng cc quy tc bng cch hp nht cc quy tc 1,3 v 5 vo mt quy tc, nh hnh 5.3. iu kin trung lp c biu din bng mt du gch ngang. Nhu vy, t mt bng quyt nh c 6 quy tc, gi y ta c mt bng n gin hn cha thng tin tng t ch c 4 quy tc. Khi xy dng cc bng quyt nh ny, ta tun th mt s c nguyn tc c bn nh sau: IU KIN Quy tc 1 2 3 4 5 6
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng Loi nhn vin S H S H S Gi lm vic <40 <40 =40 =40 >40 HNH NG Tr lng c bn X X X Tnh lng theo gi X X Tnh gi lm thm Ghi bo co vng X Bng 5.2. Bng quyt nh y cho h thng tr lng H >40 X X
60
a) t tn cho cc iu kin v xc nh cc gi tr m mi iu kin c th c. Xc nh tt c cc iu kin lin quan n vn ca ta v sau xc nh tt c cc gi tr m mi iu kin c th c. i vi mt s iu kin, cc gi tr n gin ch l c hoc khng. i vi cc trng hp khc, nh bng 5.2 v 5.3, cc iu kin c th c thm gi tr khc. b) t tn tt c cc hnh ng c th xut hin: mc ch y l xc nh cc c trng ca hnh ng vi mt tp hp c th cc iu kin cho. c) Lit k danh sch tt c cc quy tc c th. Khi to mt bng quyt nh ln u tin, ta phi to mt tp hp y ton b cc quy tc. Mi s t hp c th ca cc iu kin phi c biu din nn c th dn n cc kt qu d tha hoc v ngha. xc nh s lng cc quy tc, ta nhn s gi tr ca mi quy tc vi s gi tr c quy tc khc. Trong bng 5.2 ta c 2 iu kin, mt iu kin c hai gi tr v mt iu kin c ba gi tr, v vy chng ta cn 2x3=6 quy tc. Nu chng ta thm iu kin th 3 vi ba gi tr th cn n 2x3x3=18 quy tc. QUY TC IU KIN 1 2 3 4 Loi nhn vin S H S H Gi lm vic <40 =40 >40 HNH NG Tr lng c bn X Tnh lng theo gi X X X Tnh gi lm thm X Ghi bo co vng X Bng 5.3. Bng quyt nh rt gn ca h thng tr lng. d) Khi to bng trn ta thay i cc gi tr ca iu lin u tin nh lm bng 5.2 i vi mi loi nhn vin. Vi iu kin th hai, ta thay i cc gi tr nhng lp li gi tr u tin vi tt c cc gi tr ca iu kin th nht, sau lp li gi tr th hai vi tt c cc gi tr ca iu kin th nht v tip tc. Ta lm theo th tc ny i vi tt c cc iu kin tip sau. Nh vy ta lp li gi tr <40 vi c hai gi tr ca loi nhn vin S v H. Sau ta lp 40 v tip l>40 e) nh ngha cc hnh ng cho mi quy tc: By gi tt c cc quy tc c th c xc nh, ta phi chn mt hnh ng cho mi quy tc. Nu c mt hnh ng khng c ngha, ta c th to mt dng khng kh thi trong gc hnh ng ca bng theo di cc hnh ng khng kh thi. Nu khng th ch ra c h thng phi lm g th hy t du hi ch trng ca gc hnh ng ca quy tc c th . f) n gin ha bng quyt nh: To bng quyt nh cng n gin cng tt bng cch loi b tt c cc quy tc c cc hnh ng khng kh thi. Hy hi kin ngi dng v cc quy tc m hnh ng ca h thng l khng r rng v quyt nh chn mt hnh ng hy xa b mt quy tc. Tm cc mu trong cc quy tc, c bit l cc iu kin trung lp. Chng ta c th gim s lng cc quy tc trong bng lng.
5.3. M hnh ha logic vi cy quyt nh
61
Cy quyt nh l mt k thut th m t hay la chn tnh hung nh mt lot cc nt hay r nhnh cc s kin lin quan. C bng quyt nh v cy quyt nh u l cng c giao tip c thit k cho vic giao tip gia nh phn tch v ngi s dng. Cy quyt nh c hao thnh phn chnh l im quyt nh (decision point) c biu din bng cc nt v cc hnh ng - c biu din bng cc hnh elip. Hnh 5.4 l mt cy quyt nh chung nht. c mt cy quyt nh, ta bt u nt gc bn tri nht. Mi nt c nh s v mi s tng ng vi mt la chn. Cc la chn c ghi trong mt gii thch ca biu . Mi ng i khi mt nt tng ng vi mt ty chn ca la chn . T mt nt c t nht hai ng dn n bc sau m c th l mt im quyt nh khc hay mt hnh ng. Cui cng tt c cc hnh ng c th s c lit k ra bn phi biu v cc elip l. Mi quy tc c biu din bng mt hnh trnh gm mt dy cc on ng t nt gc n nt sau v tip tc cho n khi nh c mt hnh ng hnh elip.
Hnh 5.4. Biu cy quyt nh tng qut

Lng c bn? ng
ng
Tr lng c bn
Hnh 5.5. Cy quyt nh m t tnh hung bng 5.2, 5.3 Quay tr li bng quyt nh i vi logic ca h thng tr lng (bng 5.4 v 5.5). C t nht 2 cch biu din cng mt thng tin nh mt cy quyt nh. Cch th nht ch ra hnh 5.5. y tt c cc la chn l hu hn vi hai gi tr: ng hay sai. Tuy nhin, khi nhn vo cc iu kin lm thnh mt cy trong bng quyt nh, ta nh li rng, gi lm vic c ba gi tr ch khng phi l hai. Ta c th gi thit rng, p t mt iu kin vi ba gi tr vo trong mt tp cc iu kin ch c hai kh nng ng v sai nh nhng gi tr gi nh. dnh cho logic ban u ca tnh hung ra quyt nh ta c th v cc quyt nh nh hnh 5.6, y ch c hai iu kin, iu kin th nht c 2 gi tr, v iu kin th hai c 3 gi tr ng nh trong bng quyt nh.
Sa i
Gi lm vic < 40?
Sa i
ng
Tr lng gi, bo co vng mt ng

Sa i
Gi lm vic = 40?
Tr lng gi
Tr lng gi Tr gi lm thm
62
Hnh 5.6. Cy quyt nh m t tnh hung bng 5.4, 5.5 khi co nhiu la chn ti mt thi im. Cng nh i vi biu lung d liu, bng quyt nh v cy quyt nh cho kt qu tt khi thc hin theo mt tin trnh lp. Ta cn chia s cng vic vi i khc v nhng ngi s dng nhn c cc phn hi v c ch vn hnh v ni dung ng n ca cng vic tip tc hon thin cy quyt nh. Sau y l bng so snh (bng 5.5) u v nhc im ca cc cng c nu trn. Tiu chun Ting Anh cu trc th 2 Tt nht Bng quyt nh th 3 th 3 Cy quyt nh tt nht tt nht tt nht
Xc nh iu kin v hnh ng Hnh thnh iu kin v hnh ng theo trnh t Kim tra s nht qun v y th 3 tt nht Bng 5.5. So snh fa cc phng php
5.5. M hnh ha logic thi gian

i vi cc ng dng m thi gian l quan trng nh cc ng dng thi gian thc, trc tuyn, cc nh phn tch thng s dng biu chuyn trng thi hay bng chuyn trng thi b sung cho cc k thut khc. Cc biu ny l mt phn quan trng ca phn tch v thit k h thng hng i tng. 5.5.1. Biu chuyn trng thi Mt trng thi nh mt kiu hay iu kin tn ti cho mt tin trnh hoc mt thnh phn khc ca h thng c xc nh bng cc thng s hin hnh. Trong hng i tng, mt trng thi bao gm tt c cc thuc tnh ca i tng c th l tnh hay l nhng gi tr ng ca cc thuc tnh khi t mt trng thi chuyn sang mt trng thi khc do s kch hot ca cc s kin gy ra. Mt s k php c s dng m t biu chuyn trng thi. Mi trng thi c biu din bng mt hnh ch nht, mi s chuyn trng thi c biu din bng mt mi tn (hnh 5.5). Mi s kin kch hot dn n s chuyn t mt trng thi sang mt trng thi khc c k hiu nh mt nhn bn cnh mi tn. Mt hnh ng xy ra khi mt trng thi mi c a vo th hin bng mt danh sch vit bn cnh ca hnh ch nht trng thi tng ng. Hnh ng c th c m t nh mt gi lnh hay ting Anh c cu trc ty nh phn tch la chn. Mi trng thi c sp th t theo thi gian: trng thi th hai tip sau trng thi th nht, trng thi th ba tip sau trng thi th hai ph hp vi biu . C th c nhiu con ng trong mt biu chuyn trng thi. Nhng s chuyn n mt trng thi mi l do s kch hot ca mt v ch mt s kin.
i Sa
>4 0

C1: bt nt on - bt n - m bp - cho nc vo h thng cho n khi 2. Pha c ph
63
1. Ngh
- tt n - tt bp C1: bt nt off
Hnh 5.5. Biu chuyn trng thi i vi my bn c ph t ng Ti mt thi im bt k, h thng pha c ph ch mt trong hai trng thi. Trng thi m h thng ang c gi l trng thi hin thi. Ngi pha c ph c th quay tr li hay i tip n trng thi sau. Trong mt vi h thng, c th c mt s trng thi m t n khng th thot ra khi h thng. Nhng trng thi nh vy gi l trng thi cui cng. Ta c th ngh v cc s kin nh nhng tn hiu kim tra c th mang d liu. Nhng d liu ny c cung cp hnh ng chuyn n mt trng thi khc. Trong trng hp ny, cc tham s c gi i gia cc phn ca mt chng trnh my tnh. C hai cu trc biu chuyn trng thi. v c biu trng thi cn theo cc nguyn tc sau: a) Xc nh mi trng thi c th hay trng thi bt u b) V hnh ch nht biu din mi trng thi c) Ni cc trng thi bng mi tn ch s trng thi nu c d) Mi trng thi c th chuyn n mt hay mt s trng thi e) Gn tn ca mi tn chuyn trng thi vi tn s kin f) Lit k cc hnh ng thch hp di mi hnh ch nht ch trng thi g) Xem xt phn ng ca h thng i vi nhng s kin khng d kin h) Nghin cu xc nh xem c th phn r biu i) Tho lun vi cc thnh vin trong i pht trin pht trin biu m bo s chnh xc v vng chc ca biu khi s dng cc cu hi: - Phi chng mi trng thi c xc nh? - Ta c th i n mi trng thi ca tin trnh? - Ta c th i ra t mi trng thi? - H thng c p ng c mi s kin c th? 5.5.2 Bng chuyn trng thi C th biu din cc thng tin trong mt biu chuyn trng thi bng mt bng chuyn trng thi. Trong bng chuyn trng thi, mi dng biu din mt trng thi c th, mi ct biu din mt s kin. Cc c lp y xc nh ci g xy ra kho mt trng thi cho nhn c mt s kin c th. Cc c lp y bng mt trong ba kh nng sau: 1. Mt s trng thi mi 2. S kin b b qua - Khng th xy ra. Ta cn phi thm ch thch di bng gii thch y hn vi khng th xy ra. Mt s kin c th gy ra s chuyn trng thi n chnh trng thi hin thi. Mt s nh phn tch cho rng c th s dng c hai k thut trn cho nhiu trng hp. Bng chuyn ha trng thi dng kim tra tnh khng y v tnh khng vng chc tt hn so vi biu chuyn trng thi.
Cu hi cui chng
1. Mc ch ca m hnh logic ha l g? Nhng k thut no c s dng m hnh ha cc logic quyt nh? K thut no s dng m hnh logic ha thi gian?
64
2. Ting Anh c cu trc ngha l g? S dng ting Anh c cu trc biu din cc cu trc tiu biu ca cc qu trnh thng tin nh th no? 3. Cc bc to mt bng quyt nh? Lm th no rt gn bng quyt nh? 4. Hy gii thch cu trc ca mt cy quyt nh? 5. Mc tiu ca mt biu chuyn trng thi l g? Chng c li nh th no trong vic phn tch v thit k hng cu trc? 6. Khi no s dng ting Anh cu trc? Bng quyt nh? Hoc cy quyt nh? 7. Gii thch s khc nhau gia biu chuyn trng thi v bng chuyn trng thi?
Bi tp
1. Biu din logic quyt nh ca bng quyt nh (hnh 5.3) trong dng ting Anh c cu trc? 2. Trong biu lung d liu h thng t ba n, dng ting Anh c cu trc biu din logic ca mi tin trnh mi mc ca biu ? 3. Biu din logic quyt nh ca mt hay mt s tin trnh dng bng quyt nh? 4. Lp cy quyt nh cho logic quyt nh trong bng quyt nh hnh 5.1, 5.3? 5. Nhng cu hi g t ra khi xc nh yu cu thu thp c cc thng tin cn cho m hnh ha logic?
----oOo----
65
Chng 6 : GII THIU V M HNH HA D LIU
(INTRODUCTION TO DATA MODELLING)

Chng nay trnh bay cac ky thuat c ban e xay dng mo hnh d lieu s dung mo hnh thc the ket hp Thc the - thuoc tnh phieu thc the thuoc tnh - t ien d lieu - Nhan dien c thc the, thuoc tnh va moi quan t ac ta van e. - Liet ke c cac qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep. - Xay dng mo hnh ER bang cac thc the, thuoc tnh nhan dien, thuoc tnh mo ta va moi ket hp. - Xac nh c ban so cua moi ket hp. - Giai quyet c moi ket hp nhieu nhieu bang cach a vao tap ket hp thch hp. - Dung mo hnh the hien e giai quyet van e tap ket hp. - Nhan biet cac ky hieu khac nhau ve ky hieu mo hnh ER. - Nhan biet cac thanh phan d lieu phai lu tr trong t ien d lieu va xay dng phieu thc the thuoc tnh. I GII THIEU MO HNH HOA D LIEU
Giai oan phan tch he thong (system analysis) gom ba hoat ong chnh: xac nh yeu cau he thong (determining system requirements), cau truc yeu cau he thong (structuring system requirements) va chon la giai phap thay the tot nhat. Bc au tien cua mo hnh hoa d lieu (phan 2.b cua hnh tren) la phan tch d lieu. Phan tch d lieu co muc ch: nhan dien cac qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep va thu thap d lieu yeu cau cho mo hnh d lieu Chng nay bat au bang cac v du hay van e cu the. Cong cu mo hnh hoa la Mo hnh thc the ket hp (mo hnh ER) la s bieu dien bang hnh anh cua mo hnh d lieu.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng II XAY DNG MO HNH ER 1 V du - Moi ket hp mot-nhieu
66
Nhng ngi phu trach ao tao cua Trng cao ang cong ong nui Ayers mong muon tao lap mot csdl ve cac mon ao tao cua trng (chng ch leo nui, cong nghe bay) va hoc vien ghi danh vao nhng mon hoc nay. Trng cung co qui nh la cung mot luc, hoc vien ch co the ghi danh vao mot mon hoc. Ho ch quan tam ve d lieu cua t ghi danh hien tai. Mot khi hoc vien ket thuc mon hoc th nha trng se khong con quan tam en ho va nhng hoc vien nay phai c xoa khoi csdl. Thong tin can lu tr ve mot hoc vien bao gom: ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so ien thoai, ngay nhap hoc cua hoc vien. Thong tin ve mon hoc gom ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc, thi lng. c t vn Phan ac ta van e cha ng cac qui tac quan ly va d lieu yeu cau cua van e. Chung ta phai nhan dien c chung va mo hnh chung trong mo hnh ER. Thnh phn d liu D lieu yeu cau cua van e la: - Chi tiet ve hoc vien co ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so ien thoai va ngay nhap hoc. - Chi tiet ve mon hoc co ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc va thi lng. Qui tc qun l Qui tac quan ly cua van e la: 1. Moi hoc vien ch co the ghi danh vao mot mon hoc. 2. Nhieu hoc vien co the ghi danh vao mot mon hoc. 3. Nha trng ch quan tam en nhng hoc vien cua mon hoc hien tai. Nhng kha cnh khc Ngi phu trach ao tao la ngi dung cuoi ma chung ta xay dng mo hnh d lieu va la csdl cho ho, la ngi ma ta co the thu thap thong tin can thiet cho van e. - Hoc vien hoc xong mon hoc va khong ghi danh hoc tiep mon hoc khac phai c xoa khoi csdl. ay la yeu cau chc nang cua he thong ma ta phai thc hien. Yeu cau chc nang khong anh hng en mo hnh d lieu. - Nha trng ch quan tam en mon hoc hien tai. ieu nay cho thay kha canh tam thi cua d lieu va chung c a vao nham muc ch lam n gian bai toan. Mo hnh ER (Entity Relationship Model; Entity Relationship Diagram) -
Mo hnh ER oi khi con c goi la mo hnh y niem d lieu (Conceptual Data Model) hay n gian la mo hnh d lieu (data model) Cac tnh chat trong mo hnh ER
67
Tap thc the (entity type, regular entity type,entity class, generic entity): Hnh ch nhat c goi la tap thc the. Ten cua tap thc the c ghi ben trong hnh ch nhat va dung danh t e at ten cho tap thc the. Thc the (instance, entity instance):Mot tap thc the co nhieu phan t co cung loai. Moi mot phan t nh vay c goi la mot thc the. Moi ket hp (relationship): ng noi gia hai tap thc the c goi la moi ket hp. Moi ket hp trong van e tren la moi ket hp mot-nhieu (1:M). Noi dung cua moi ket hp c dien ta theo hai chieu: ghi danh vao, c ghi danh bi Thuoc tnh (attribute): Cac d lieu ghi ben canh tap thc the c goi la thuoc tnh. Chung cung cap thong tin chi tiet ve tap thc the. Co hai loai thuoc tnh: Thuoc tnh nhan dien (identifier) la thuoc tnh e phan biet thc the (instance) nay vi thc the kia trong tap thc the. Thuoc tnh mo ta (descriptive attribute) la thuoc tnh cung cap thong tin chi tiet hn ve thc the trong tap thc the. Biu din qui tc doanh nghip trn m hnh Mo hnh ER tren a dien ta c hai qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep la: Moi HOC VIEN ghi danh vao mot MON HOC Moi MON HOC c ghi danh bi mot hay nhieu HOC VIEN i Bn s kt ni ca mi kt hp (cardinality) Moi ket hp cua van e tren la moi ket hp hai ngoi (binary relationship) co bn s (cardinality, degree of relationship) kt noi mot nhieu. Bn s ket noi mot-nhieu rat pho bien trong mo hnh ER. Hai loai bn s ket noi con lai t pho bien hn nhng khong kem phan quan trong la moi ket hp mot-mot va moi ket hp nhieu-nhieu. Xy dng bng ph thuc hm Bc 1: Xc nh tp ph thuc hm F ca vn : F = {maHocVientenHocVien, diaChi, ngaySinh, soDienThoai, ngayNhapHoc; maMonHoctenMonHoc, thoiLuong; maHocVienmaMonHoc} Bc 2: T F ta tm tp ph ti thiu Ftt ca F (xem li l thuyt c s d liu): Ta nhn thy 1. F l tp ph thuc hm c v tri khng d tha 2. F l tp ph thuc hm c v phi mt thuc tnh (tch ra) 3. F l tp ph thuc hm khng d tha Vy Ftt = F; Bc 3: p dng thut ton phn r lc Q t ph ti thiu (xem l thuyt c s d liu) ta c: HOCVIEN(maHocVien, tenHocVien, diaChi, ngaySinh, soDienThoai, ngayNhapHoc, maMonHoc) MONHOC(maMonHoc, tenMonHoc, thoiLuong) 2 V d mi kt hp mt-mt Phong canh sat mong muon quan ly ly lch ca nhan nhng ngi lai xe va bang lai cua ho. Mot ngi ch lay c mot bang lai va mot bang lai ch thuoc ve mot ngi. Thong tin ve lai xe ma phong canh sat quan tam la: + ma ngi lai xe + ten + a ch + ngay sinh
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng Thong tin ve bang lai can lu tr la: + ma bang lai + loai bang lai + ngay het han
68
moi NGI LAI XE ch lay c mot BANG LAI moi BANG LAI ch thuoc ve mot NGI LAI XE Xy dng bng ph thuc hm Bc 1: Xc nh tp ph thuc hm F ca vn : F = {maNguoiLaiXeten, diaChi, ngaySinh;//do mt ngi li xe c 1 tn, 1 a ch, 1 ngay sinh maBangLailoaiBangLai, ngayHetHan; maNguoiLaiXe maBangLai;//Mt ngi ch ly c mt bng li maBangLai maNguoiLaiXe // Mt bng li ch thuc v mt ngi} Bc 2: Tm ph ti thiu ca F: Ta nhn thy 4. F l tp ph thuc hm c v tri khng d tha 5. F l tp ph thuc hm c v phi mt thuc tnh (tch ra) 6. F l tp ph thuc hm khng d tha Vy Ftt = F; Bc 3: p dng thut ton phn r lc Q t ph ti thiu (xem l thuyt c s d liu) ta c: NGUOILAIXE(maNguoiLaiXe, ten, diaChi, ngaySinh, maMonHoc) BANGLAI(maBangLai, loaiBangLai, ngayHetHan, maNguoiLaiXe) 3 V du moi ket hp nhieu-nhieu Ngi phu trach ao tao Trng cao ang cong ong nui xanh mong muon thiet lap mot csdl ve cac mon hoc ma ho cung cap (nh chng ch leo nui, c nhan cong nghe bay) va cac hoc vien ghi danh vao cac mon hoc nay. Nha trng qui nh la mot hoc vien c ghi danh hoc toi a ba mon hoc trong cung mot luc. Ho ch quan tam en d lieu cua mon hoc hien tai. Mot khi hoc vien ket thuc mon hoc, ho se khong con thuoc dien quan ly cua nha trng va phai c xoa khoi csdl tr khi hoc vien nay ghi danh hoc tiep mon mi. Thong tin ve mot hoc vien gom: ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so ien thoai, ngay nhap hoc cua hoc vien. Thong tin ve mon hoc gom: ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc, thi lng Mo hnh thc the the hien e lam ro hn cac qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep, ngi ta dung mot mo hnh e bieu dien mot vai d lieu v du goi la mo hnh thc the the hien:
69
Jenny la mot thc the (entity instance) cua tap thc the hoc vien. Mo hnh ER
ma hoc vien ten hoc vien a ch ngay sinh so ien thoai ghi danh vao c ghi danh bi ma mon hoc ten mon hoc thi lng
HOC VIEN
MON HOC
Hnh 2.5 - Mo hnh ER cua van e Trng cao ang cong ong nui xanh
+ Moi HOC VIEN ghi danh vao mot hay nhieu MON HOC + Moi MON HOC c ghi danh bi mot hay nhieu HOC VIEN Mo hnh ER tren co moi ket hp nhieu nhieu. Loi b bn s kt ni nhiu nhiu (nu c th) Mo hnh tren gap phai khuyet iem sau: - Ngay nhap hoc la thuoc tnh gan lien vi tap thc the HOC VIEN se khong hp ly v khong dien ta c trng hp hoc vien hoc cung luc nhieu mon hoc. - Con neu ngay nhap hoc la thuoc tnh cua MON HOC th khong dien ta c tnh trang cung mon hoc nhng hoc vien co cac ngay nhap hoc khac nhau.
e giai quyet van e nay ta phai a vao: - mot tap thc the lam trung gian gia HOC VIEN va MON HOC goi la tap ket hp PHIEU GHI DANH (associative Entity, intersection entity). PHIEU GHI DANH la tap thc the yeu (weak Entity) - Thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap ket hp la s ket hp gia thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap thc the HOC VIEN va MON HOC
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng - thuoc tnh mo ta cua tap ket hp la ngay nhap hoc - bn s ket noi cua tap ket hp vi tap thc the la mot-nhieu Noi dung cua moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the la: - moi HOC VIEN co mot hay nhieu PHIEU GHI DANH - moi PHIEU GHI DANH thuoc ve mot HOC VIEN - moi PHIEU GHI DANH ghi nhan ao tao ve mot MON HOC - moi MON HOC c ghi nhan ao tao bi mot hay nhieu PHIEU GHI DANH Cac qui tac phai tuan thu khi them tap ket hp lam trung gian e loai bo ban so ket noi nhieu nhieu: + Phai nhan dien c thuoc tnh mo ta cua tap ket hp. + Neu co thuoc tnh mo ta th tao tap ket hp lam trung gian gia hai tap thc the. + Neu khong co thuoc tnh mo ta th van gi nguyen mo hnh nh hnh 2.5 Xy dng bng ph thuc hm Bc 1: Xc nh tp ph thuc hm F ca vn : F = {maHocVientenHocVien, diaChi, ngaySinh, soDienThoai, ngayNhapHoc; maMonHoctenMonHoc, thoiLuong; maHocVien, maMonHocngayNhapHoc} Bc 2: T F ta tm tp ph ti thiu Ftt ca F (xem li l thuyt c s d liu): Ta nhn thy 1. F l tp ph thuc hm c v tri khng d tha 2. F l tp ph thuc hm c v phi mt thuc tnh (tch ra) 3. F l tp ph thuc hm khng d tha Vy Ftt = F; Bc 3: p dng thut ton phn r lc Q t ph ti thiu (xem l thuyt c s d liu) ta c: HOCVIEN(maHocVien, tenHocVien, diaChi, ngaySinh, soDienThoai, ngayNhapHoc) MONHOC(maMonHoc, tenMonHoc, thoiLuong) HOCVIENMONHOC(maHocVien, maMonHoc, ngayNhapHoc) III MO HNH ER THEO KY HIEU CUA CHEN
70
71
IV PHIEU THC THE THUOC TNH + Cach dien ta thuoc tnh ben canh mo hnh ER khong phu hp cho mo hnh co qui mo ln. Trong trng hp nay kem theo mo hnh ER co phieu thc the thuoc tnh. + V du:
HOC VIEN
gi c gi bi
PHIEU GHI DANH
bao ham c bao ham bi
MON HOC
Phieu thc the thuoc tnh D an: He ghi danh hoc vien Tap thc the Ten khac HOC VIEN
Thuoc tnh Ma hoc vien Ten hoc vien a ch Ngay sinh So ien thoai MON HOC Ma mon hoc Ten mon hoc Thi lng PHIEU GHI DANH Ma hoc vien Ma mon hoc Ngay nhap hoc Bang 2.1: Phieu thc the thuoc tnh cua Trng cao ang cong ong nui xanh V CACH TIEP CAN MO HNH HOA D LIEU
Ngay: 22.02.96 Ten khac
Gia s ta a hoan thanh giai oan phan tch d lieu, trong trng hp chung ta la hoan thanh phan ac ta van e vay phan viec con lai la tap trung cau truc hoa d lieu.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng 1 Cac bc cau truc hoa d lieu
72
Bc 1: Nhn din cc tp thc th Tap thc the la g? tap thc the phai la mot oi tng (s vat, s viec) thc hay tru tng co lien quan en van e, lien quan en d lieu can lu tr. Ten tap thc the c dien ta bang mot danh t nh: + XE CO trong He quan ly bang lai. + KHE C trong He Bao hiem nhan tho. + SINH VIEN trong He thong thong tin sinh vien. + GIAI OAN CAT CANH trong He thong tin cac chuyen bay. + CHUYEN BAY trong He thong tin cac chuyen bay. Tap thc the phai co tren mot thc the ngc lai, ta khong mo hnh no thanh tap thc the. Moi tap thc the phai co t nhat mot thuoc tnh mo ta. tap thc the phai ket hp vi t nhat mot tap thc the khac. Tap thc the khong the ng rieng le. tap thc the phai co thuoc tnh nhan dien e phan biet thc the nay vi thc the kia trong tap thc the. Bc 2: Nhn din mi kt hp gia cc tp thc th Ten tap thc the ket hp vi ten moi ket hp tao thanh cau dien ta qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep. Ten moi ket hp phai c dien ta theo hai chieu. Ban so (cardinality) cua moi ket hp phai la mot trong cac gia tr sau mot-mot (1:1), mot-nhieu (1:M), nhieunhieu (M:M). Neu moi ket hp gia hai tap thc the la nhieu nhieu va ton tai mot thuoc tnh khong thuoc ve mot trong hai tap thc the nay th ta phai bo sung them tap thc the ket hp nh Hnh 2.6.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng Bc 3: Gn thuc tnh m t vo tp thc th Khai niem: thuoc tnh la tnh chat c ban gan lien vi thc the. V du nh: + XE CO co cac thuoc tnh cau tao kieu dang nam san xuat mau so may + BAO HIEM co cac thuoc tnh loai bao hiem ngay bao hiem ngay het han ph bao hiem hang nam 1 Tom tat
D LIEU YEU CAU 1. Nhan dien cac tap thc the va thuoc tnh nhan dien . Nhan dien cac tap thc the . Ghi nhan ten khac trong t ien d lieu hay phieu thc the thuoc tnh Moi tap thc the can kiem tra cac tnh chat sau: - co nhieu thc the khong - co thuoc tnh nhan dien khong - co thuoc tnh mo ta khong - co moi quan he vi tap the khac khong 2. Nhan dien moi quan he gia cac tap thc the . Thiet lap moi quan he gia cac tap thc the (ve ng noi va dien ta noi dung moi quan he theo hai chieu ) . Xac nh ban so moi quan he . Xac nh tap ket hp trong moi quan he nhieu -nhieu neu c 3. Gan thuoc tnh mo ta vao tap thc the . Gan mot lan duy nhat moi thuoc tnh vao tap thc the thch hp
73
MO HNH D LIEU
Hnh 2.16 - Cac bc va cong viec thc hien trong mo hnh hoa d lieu
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng 2 Thc hanh cac bc mo hnh hoa d lieu V d Nh bun s kim kh pha bc
74
Mot nha buon s kim kh pha bac NHW hoat ong trong lanh vc kho hang co chc nang phan phoi hang. Cong ty mua hang t cac nha cung cap khac nhau. Lu tr ve hang co cac thong tin nh ma hang, mo ta. Cong ty co nhu cau lu tr ma nha cung cap, ten, a ch, so ien thoai, va so fax. Doanh nghiep phai canh tranh, nen mot mat hang c lay t nhieu nha cung cap khac nhau va moi lan giao, nha cung cap co the giao vi so lng toi a theo qui nh cua tng mat hang cua tng nha cung cap. Hang c ong bao b. Moi bao b co ma bao b va kch thc. oi khi bao b lai qua nho e cha tat ca hang v the hang c cha tren nhieu bao b. Tuy nhien, khong the co hai mat hang cung cha trong mot bao b. Hay xay dng mo hnh ER cho bai toan tren. S dung cac bc va cac hoat ong nh hnh 2.16 Cc bc thc hin Bc 1: Nhan dien thc the chnh. Tm danh t dien ta oi tng hay khai niem cua bai toan nh: + Nha buon s kim kh pha bac, cong ty, doanh nghiep + Kho hang + Hang, mat hang + nha cung cap + bao b
Bc 2: Nhan dien moi ket hp gia cac thc the + Hang c mua t nhieu nha cung cap + Hang c cha tren nhieu bao b Ban so cua thc the + Moi mat hang c mua t mot hay nhieu nha cung cap + moi nha cung cap cung cap mot hay nhieu mat hang + moi mat hang c cha trong mot hay nhieu bao b + moi bao b cha mot mat hang
75
Moi ket hp gia hai tap thc the MAT HANG va NHA CUNG CAP la moi ket hp nhieunhieu Bc 3: Gan cac thuoc tnh vao tap thc the. MAT HANG + ma hang + mo ta NHA CUNG NG + ma nha cung cap + ten + a ch + so ien thoai + so fax BAO B + ma bao b + kch c ????? + so lng toi a Trong bc ba, ban so ket noi nhieu-nhieu phai c giai thanh hai ban so ket noi mot-nhieu v ton tai thuoc tnh so lng toi a khong la thuoc tnh cua ca MAT HANG lan NHA CUNG CAP.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng VI T IEN D LIEU (DATA DICTIONARY)
76
Nham lam ro hn cac khai niem cua van e, ngi ta phai xay dng t ien d lieu e giai thch them y ngha cua cac tap thc the va thuoc tnh. V du tap thc the hang
Se co t ien d lieu nh sau: MAT HANG Thc the hang, san pham, hang hoa Ten khac Hang la nhng th c mua vi so lng khac nhau t cac nha cung ng, Mo ta c lu tr trong kho va ban cho khach hang Thuoc tnh Ma hang: La mot so dung e phan biet mat hang nay vi mat hang kia. Gia tr co dang 0001->9999 Mo ta mat hang gom qui cach va hnh dang. Loai d lieu Mo ta: chuoi gom 100 ky t. Co the co gia tr rong n gia hien tai cua mat hang. Co loai d lieu so vi 2 so n gia: thap phan, co gia tr t 10 en 50. Gia tr mac nhien la 0 thue suat: T suat thue ban cua mat hang c ghi di dang phan tram. Co loai d lieu so, co gia tr t 0 en 99. Gia tr mac nhien 0 Thuoc tnh can e cap cac noi dung sau: - Giai thch ng ngha. - Xac nh kieu d lieu. - Xac nh mien gia tr - Xac nh gia tr mac nhien - Cho phep e rong khong - Xac nh cac rang buoc khac VII BAI TAP 1 Bai 2.1 Trng Cao ang cong ong nui xanh xem xet lai van e hoc vien/mon hoc va quyet nh a chi tiet ve chu e vao c s d lieu cua ho. Thong tin ve chu e co ma chu e, ten chu e, thi lng (mn hc khng cn thuc tnh thi lng). Hay sa oi mo hnh ER sao cho no the hien c cac qui tac quan ly sau: (a) Mot hoc vien co the ghi danh hoc nhieu chu e va mot chu e c hoc bi nhieu hoc vien. (b) Mot mon hoc bao gom mot so chu e va mot chu e ch thuoc ve mot mon hoc. (c) Mot so chu e co tnh bat buoc con mot so co tnh nhiem y. (d) iem cua hoc vien cua moi chu e cung c ghi nhan. 2 Bai 2.2 HT mua hang (nhan dien bi ma hang) t cac nha cung cap (nhan dien bi ma nha cung cap) khac nhau. Viec giao hang c thc hien theo thong le thong thng va so lng cua tng mat hang trong moi lan giao cua tng nha cung cap c ghi nhan. Mot nha cung cap co the cung cap cung mat hang nhng khong cung ngay. n gia cung cap cua mot mat hang co the khac nhau trong tng chuyen
77
hang. HT mong muon ghi nhan mo ta mat hang va n gia cung nh so lng a c cung cap. Ten, a ch, so ien thoai va so fax cua nha cung cap cung c lu vao c s d lieu. Hay xay dng mo hnh ER va phieu thc the thuoc tnh cua van e. 3 Bai 2.3 Hay sa oi bai tap 2.1 cho phep s thay oi ve qui tac quan ly cua trng cao ang cong ong nui xanh sao cho: (a) Mot chu e co the nam trong nhieu mon hoc. (b) Mot hoc vien co the ghi danh vao mot chu e nhieu lan (chang han Maria rut khoi c kh may dau hoc ky 1 nam 1995 va co ke hoach ghi danh lai trong hoc ky 2. John a rt trong ky thi thc hanh nghe nau an thng hang nhng c phep ghi danh lai vao hoc ky tiep v anh a at ket qua tot trong cac chu e khac. 4 Bai 2.4 NOS la mot nha cung cap o dung van phong va trang thiet b van phong cho cac to chc doanh nghiep trong ca nc. Ho s dung ng bu ien e nhan va gi n hang, ca-ta-lo theo thong le thong thng. Co nhieu loai ca-ta-lo, chang han loai ca-ta-lo tuan, loai ca-ta-lo thang, loai ca-ta-lo qui. Ho cung co cac loai ca-ta-lo chuyen muc ve mot so mat hang, chang han: Loai ca-ta-lo OE chuyen ve trang thiet b van phong. Loai ca-ta-lo PS chuyen ve san pham giay va o dung van phong. Loai ca-ta-lo CE chuyen ve trang thiet b may tnh va cac phu kien. NOS mong muon lu tr chi tiet ve san pham ma ho cung cap cu the ma hang, mo ta, mau sac va n v tnh. Chung loai cac mat hang trong moi loai ca-ta-lo th khac nhau t vai tram cho loai ca-ta-lo tuan en vai ngan cho loai ca-ta-lo qu. Mot san pham co the xuat hien tren nhieu loai ca-ta-lo. NOS phat hanh cac loai ca-ta-lo theo tng t xuat ban. Mot san pham ch xuat hien mot lan tren mot ca-ta-lo nhng co the co cac gia khac nhau tren cac t xuat ban khac nhau. Moi ca-ta-lo co mot ngay bat au khuyen mai va ngay ket thuc khuyen mai. Thi gian khuyen mai cua cac ca-ta-lo khac nhau co the trung len nhau chang han: trung mot phan: ca-ta-lo tuan co thi gian khuyen mai trung mot phan vi ca-ta-lo qu. trung toan bo: ca-ta-lo CE co the co cung thi gian khuyen mai vi ca-ta-lo tuan. Hay xay dng mo hnh ER cua van e va chu y en s kien gia mot mat hang th khac nhau trong cac ca-ta-lo khac nhau, trong cac khoang thi gian khac nhau. 5 Bai 2.5 Sa oi bai tap 2.4 sao cho NOS co the ghi nhan hang a cung cap cho khach hang. Thong tin ve khach hang co ma khach hang, ho ten, a ch. Khi mot khach hang at mua hang t NOS th ma ca-talo (nh OE, PS) va t xuat ban c ghi kem theo ma hang trong n hang. ieu nay cho phep NOS cung cap cho khach hang, san pham co gia ung vi ca-ta-lo cua khach hang. Mot n hang co nhieu mat hang va moi mat hang eu co so lng at mua. Thong tin ve n hang co so n hang (duy nhat), ngay n hang va chi tiet khach hang. 6 Trac nghiem 6.1) Which of the following is not correct? Answer ? A) Entity Relationship Diagrams use four items; Rectangles, circles, lines, degree of relation (such as one to many). B) Entity Relationship Diagrams show entities, how the entities interact and the attributes.
78
C) In trasforming Entity Relationship Diagrams to a Database, entities become tables. D) Entity Relationship Diagrams are a graphical approach to modeling that helps the user design systems 6.2) A type of documentation that contains the definition and the characteristics of the data elements within a data base is known as a: A) record layout B) data dictionary C) data model D) data flow diagram E) entity-relationship model. 6.3) An entity type whose existence depends on another entity type is called a (n) _____entity A) Co dependent B) Variant C) Strong D) Weak 6.4) An entity that associates the instances of one or more entity types and contains attributes specific to the relationships is called a(n) A) Associative entity B) Intersectional entity C) All of the above D) Connecting entity 6.5) A persons name, birthday, and social security number are all examples of A) Descriptors B) None of the above C) Relationships D) Entities E) Attributes 6.6) A data model is A) Shown as an entity-relationship diagram B) A logical representation of the structure of the database. C) Transformed into tables and ralationships D) All of the above 6.7) One of the important properties of an attribute is whether or not it is required A) False B) True
----oOo----
79
Chng 7 : M HNH QUAN H

(THE RELATIONAL MODEL)
MO HNH QUAN HE LA G 1 Quan he (relation)
Mo hnh quan he xoay quan cac khai niem quan he, bo (tuple) va thuoc tnh (attribute). Nhng khai niem nay tng ng vi cac khai niem tap thc the, thc the va thuoc tnh.
Hnh 3.1 trnh bay mo hnh ER va mo hnh quan he tng ng cua van e Trng Cao ang Cong ong Nui Ayers. Mo hnh quan he ch la mot dang trnh bay khac cua mo hnh ER. Cuoi chng nay, chung ta se biet lam the nao e chuyen oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he. 2 Thc the, quan he, va bang (table) Tien trnh giai bai toan csdl c phat trien t mo hnh d lieu sang mo hnh quan he roi cuoi cung sang bang trong csdl.
V du: RFC la nha buon s thiet b ien va ien t. Ho ban nhieu mat hang cho nganh cong nghiep ien t. Cong viec au tien ma Cong ty mong muon thc hien la lu tr d lieu hang hoa trong mot csdl. Ho ac biet quan tam lu tr ve ma hang, mo ta, loai hang, t suat thue ban ra, n gia s, n gia le, n gia chuc.
80
MO HNH THC THE MO HNH QUAN HE BANG TRONG HQTCSDL tap thc the quan he Bang thc the bo dong hay mau tin thuoc tnh thuoc tnh cot hay vung gia tr thuoc tnh gia tr thuoc tnh gia tr vung Bang 3.1 Moi tng quan gia cac khai niem qua cac mo hnh 3 Bo (tuple) la mot bo cac gia tr cua cac thuoc tnh trong mot dong cua quan he. th t xuat hien cac thuoc tnh trong mot bo th khong anh hng en ket qua tnh toan. mot bo co tnh duy nhat trong quan he. Ngha la trong mot quan he khong the co hai bo giong nhau (gia tr cac thuoc tnh eu giong nhau). Mot thuoc tnh hay nhom cac thuoc tnh dung e phan biet bo nay vi bo kia trong quan he c goi la khoa chnh. khoa chnh trong mot quan he lai xuat hien trong mot quan he khac c goi la khoa ngoai. 4 Thuoc tnh (attribute) Phan giao gia dong va cot la gia tr thuoc tnh. Gia tr cua thuoc tnh phai la gia tr n khong a tr hay cau truc. Mot quan he co gia tr thuoc tnh nh vay th quan he nay at dang chuan mot. V du sau cho thay mot quan he ma gia tr thuoc tnh n gia la a tr.
81
1003 1007 1012
tu ien tu ien tu ien
1000 ufd 2200 ufd 3300 ufd
22 22 22
Bang 3.4a - Quan he khong at dang chuan 1
0.68 1.24 1.08 0.83 1.52 1.32 1.27 1.69 1.47
5 Ky hieu Ten quan he c ghi bang ch hoa trc ngoac tron va tat ca thuoc tnh c liet ke trong ngoac tron. Khoa chnh gach chan. Khoa ngoai viet nghieng II KHOA 1 Khoa (key, candidate key) La tap hp nho nhat cac thuoc tnh ma gia tr cua no dung e phan biet bo nay vi bo kia trong mot quan he. 2 Khoa hp (composite key) La khoa co tren mot thuoc tnh. 3 Khoa chnh (primary key) La khoa c chon e cai at trong mot HQTCSDL. Khi chon khoa chnh ta phai chu y cac tnh chat sau: ap dung, duy nhat, nho nhat, on nh. Khoa co tnh ap dung khi no khong bo sot bat ky trng hp nao cua van e. Khoa phai co tnh duy nhat dung e phan biet bo nay vi bo kia trong quan he. Khoa co tnh nho nhat khi ta bo bat ky thuoc tnh nao cua no th no khong con tnh duy nhat na. Khoa co tnh on nh khi gia tr cua khoa khong thay oi. V du ve khoa chnh khong on nh WSE ban le o ien, la ca hang c cung cap hang bi NSD. Thoa thuan gia WSE va NSD la WSE phai mua toi thieu 90% hang cua NSD. WSE co the mua toi a 10% hang cua nhng nha cung ng oc lap khac. WSE ang thiet lap mot he may tnh cho ieu hanh va x ly n hang. He s dung cung ma san pham vi NSD va tao ma rieng cho nguon hang mua t ni khac. V du tren dan ti hai van e nh sau: Khi NSD thay oi ma hang th ma hang cua WSE se b thay oi theo gay ra tnh mat on nh. Khi mot mat hang va c cung ng t nha cung ng oc lap va t NSD th se gay ra tnh trang mot mat hang co ti hai ma hang khac nhau. e tranh tnh trang nay buoc long phai thay oi ma hang.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng 4 Khoa ngoai (foreign key)
82
Trong mo hnh quan he, e dien ta moi ket hp, ngi ta chep khoa chnh t quan he nay sang quan he kia. Trong quan he nhan, khoa c chep sang goi la khoa ngoai.
5 Khoa d tuyen va khoa khac V du ve khoa d tuyen. ANFD (Lien hiep cac nha phan phoi thc pham quoc te) la mot tap oan phuc vu khach hang thong qua mang li cac van phong buon ban cap quoc gia va no co tren 150 van phong nh vay. ANFD quan ly chi tiet xe cua cac van phong ai dien bang quan he sau: XE(so ang bo, qui cach, hnh dang, mau sac, so sn, so may, ma xe, quoc gia) Bc au, co mot so nhom thuoc tnh co kha nang phan biet xe nay vi xe kia. Cac nhom thuoc tnh nay c goi la khoa d tuyen: (so ang bo, quoc gia), (so sn), (so may), (ma xe) Khoa d tuyen ieu kien Dien giai chon la So ang bo, quoc gia Ap dung Gay ra van e khi can lu tr thong tin ve xe cha ang bo On nh Gay ra van e v so ang bo co kha nang thay oi. Khi so ang bo thay oi (khi ban xe) ta phai sa lai gia tr so ang bo cua xe o lam cho khoa chnh khong on nh Duy nhat Ch rieng so ang bo khong co tnh duy nhat t quoc gia nay sang quoc gia khac Nho nhat Khong nho nhat trong pham vi mot quoc gia So sn Ap dung Khong co van e v moi xe co so sn khac nhau On nh Khong co van e v so sn khong thay oi Duy nhat Duy nhat cho moi xe Nho nhat Ch gom mot thuoc tnh th ng nhien nho nhat So may Ap dung Khong van e On nh Co van e v may co kha nang c thay mi Duy nhat Khong co van e Nho nhat Ch gom mot thuoc tnh th ng nhien nho nhat Ma xe Ap dung Khong co van e v do cong ty tao ra
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng On nh Duy nhat Nho nhat
83 Khong co van e v do cong ty tao ra Khong co van e v cong ty t chu trach nhiem bao am chung phai khac nhau Chung ch gom mot thuoc tnh nen ng nhien nho nhat
Qua bang phan tch tren th khoa chnh co kha nang la mot trong hai thuoc tnh sau: So sn va ma xe Do so sn thng dai va khong ong nhat nen khong tien trong cong tac quan ly cua cong ty. Cong ty t tao ra ma xe la giai phap chon la co tnh thc tien cao.
6 Khoa nhan tao (khoa ai dien) artificial key (surrogate key) oi khi viec xac nh khoa chnh khong phai luc nao cung thc hien c do bon tnh chat rang buoc: ap dung, on nh, duy nhat, nho nhat. Trong cac trng hp nh vay, buoc ta phai a vao mot thuoc tnh vi muc ch lam khoa chnh c goi la khoa nhan tao (artificial key), oi khi con goi la khoa ai dien (surrogate key). Cac khoa nhan tao nh: ma nhan vien, ma khach hang, so hoa n, ma tai san co nh. Khoa nhan tao luon luon thoa 4 tnh chat ap dung, on nh, duy nhat, nho nhat. Khi s dung khoa nhan tao ta can chu y cac ieu sau: Khong gan ng ngha cua van e vao khoa nh ma khach hang t 1 en 1000 la khach hang cua cac chi nhanh pha bac, ma khach hang ln hn 1000 la khach hang cua cac chi nhanh pha nam. Khong dung lai gia tr khoa a xoa cho mot bo gia tr mi v anh hng en d lieu cu. Kiem tra trng hp nhap hai bo gia tr cua mot oi tng. 7 Khoa phu (Secondary keys) Khoa phu la mot thuoc tnh hay mot nhom cac thuoc tnh thng hay c s dung trong khai thac d lieu. V du van e Trng cao ang cong ong nui Ayers co thuoc tnh ten hoc vien va thuoc tnh ten mon hoc hay c dung trong tm kiem nen chung c sap xep e ay nhanh toc o x ly. Nhng vung nay c goi la khoa phu. III NHNG TNH CHAT KHAC CUA MO HNH QUAN HE Nhng tnh chat khac cua mo hnh quan he la: ai so quan he, phep tnh quan he va Rang buoc toan ven 1 ai so quan he, phep tnh quan he ai so quan he va phep tnh quan he tao ra mot so chc nang nh: Trch mot so dong trong quan he. Trch mot so cot trong quan he. Ket noi quan he thong qua khoa ngoai
84
Cac chc nang nay c the hien trong HQTCSDL quan he qua ngon ng SQL. SQL la ngon ng phi thu tuc chung khai thac d lieu bang cach mo ta truy xuat cai g hn la truy xuat nh the nao. 2 Rang buoc toan ven Mo hnh quan he nh ngha ba mc rang buoc: Rang buoc toan ven thc the (Entity integrity constraint) Rang buoc toan ven tham chieu (Referential integrity constraint) Rang buoc toan ven loai d lieu (Data type integrity constraint) Rang buoc mien gia tr (Domain integrity constraint) Rang buoc thc the (entity Integrity) Thc chat cua rang buoc thc the la cac rang buoc tren khoa chnh thoa man cac tnh chat: duy nhat, khong rong, nho nhat. Rang buoc phu thuoc ton tai (referential Integrity) Rang buoc ton tai oi hoi gia tr khoa ngoai trong mot quan he phai ton tai trong quan he co khoa chnh tng ng. HOC VIEN MON HOC Ma hoc Ten hoc Ma mon Ma mon Ten mon hoc Thi vien vien hoc hoc lng 91215 Jenny BBW BKE C nhan cong nghe bay 36 92325 Mun Chan ADRC ADRC Chng ch leo nui 12 93642 Alexander DFA BBW C nhan nuoi chim 24 DFA Van bang cam hoa 18 . 96789 Sarah DJK ? Hnh 3.7 Rang buoc s ton tai b vi pham bi hoc vien 96789 Rang buoc loai d lieu (data type integrity) Rang buoc loai d lieu oi hoi gia tr thuoc tnh phai la loai d lieu cua thuoc tnh. V du Trng cong ong nui Ayers quyet nh thu hoc ph cac mon hoc va hoc ph cua moi mon hoc th khac nhau. Ta lu tr thong tin nay bang cach them thuoc tnh hoc ph vao quan he mon hoc. Ta c: MON HOC(ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc, thi lng, hoc ph) Loai d lieu cua thuoc tnh hoc ph la loai tien te nh cac gia tr sau: $280.00,$65.95,$890.99 3 Ket noi quan he Toan t ket noi quan he c cai at trong cong cu SQL cua HQTCSDL. V du: e khai thac chi tiet ve hoc vien ang hoc mon hoc g th quan he HOC VIEN va MON HOC phai c ket noi thong qua ma mon hoc 4 Mien gia tr (data domain integrity) Mien gia tr la cac gia tr co the co trong loai d lieu. V du Trng cong ong nui Ayers quyet nh mc hoc ph cua tng mon hoc khong ln hn $300.00. Nh vay mien gia tr la t 0 en $300.00. Mien gia tr nam trong qui tac quan ly cua doanh nghiep, thng hay thay oi con loai gia tr th t thay oi. 5 Rang buoc do ngi dung (user constraint) Hoc sinh khuyet tat c giam 10% hoc ph n mua hang co gia tr ln hn $10.000 c giam 5%.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng IV QUI TAC BIEN OI MO HNH ER THANH MO HNH QUAN HE
85
THIET KE HE THONG
(SYSTEMS DESIGN)
1. Thiet ke giao dien con ngi (designing the human interface) 2. Thiet ke c s d lieu (designing database) a) Thiet ke csdl logic (designing logical database) - Bien oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he - Kiem tra yeu cau chc nang - Chuan hoa c s d lieu b) Thiet ke csdl vat ly (designing physical database) - Chuyen cac quan he at chuan thanh cac ac ta tap tin may tnh THC HIEN VA VAN HANH HE THONG
(SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION)
Hnh: Kiem tra yeu cau chc nang trong qui trnh PTTKHT
1 Qui tac bien oi mo hnh ER Khi bien oi mo hnh ER thanh cac mo hnh quan he ta ap dung cac qui tac sau: Moi tap thc the trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh mot quan he. Moi thuoc tnh trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh thuoc tnh trong quan he tng ng. Thuoc tnh nhan dien trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh khoa chnh trong quan he tng ng. Trng hp khoa chnh khong thoa 4 tnh chat chon la, th phai chon khoa chnh khac hay a vao khoa nhan tao. The hien moi ket hp thong qua khoa ngoai. 2 Qui tac the hien moi ket hp thong qua khoa ngoai Mi kt hp mt-mt Chuyen khoa chnh t quan he 1 sang quan he 2 hay ngc lai. V du van e ngi lai xe va bang lai se co mo hnh quan he la mot trong hai mo hnh quan he sau
86
Moi ket hp mot-nhieu Chuyen khoa chnh t ben mot sang ben nhieu.
Moi ket hp nhieu nhieu c giai bang tap ket hp
Mo hnh quan he HOC VIEN (ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so ien thoai) MON HOC (ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc, thi lng) PHIEU GHI DANH (ma hoc vien, ma mon hoc, ngay nhap hoc) Hnh 3.10 - Mo hnh ER va mo hnh quan he cua van e Trng Cao ang Cong ong Nui Xanh Trong quan he PHIEU GHI DANH co cac khoa chnh khoa ngoai nh sau: + ma hoc vien la khoa ngoai + ma mon hoc la khoa ngoai
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng + ma hoc vien va ma mon hoc la khoa chnh Moi ket hp nhieu-nhieu
87
Tao mot quan he mi co khoa chnh la s ket hp cac khoa chnh cua hai quan he co ban so ket noi nhieu nhieu. V du gia s Trng Cao ang Cong ong Nui Xanh khong quan tam en ngay nhap hoc cua hoc vien th mo hnh ER se co moi ket hp nhieu nhieu nh sau: Mo hnh ma hoc ER vien ma mon ghi danh ten hoc hoc HOC MON vao vien ten mon c ghi danh VIEN HOC a ch hoc bi ngay sinh thi lng so ien Mo hnh quan thoai he HOC VIEN(ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so ien thoai) MON HOC(ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc, thi lng) HOC VIEN MON HOC(ma hoc vien, ma mon hoc)
Hnh 3.11 - Mo hnh ER va mo hnh quan he cua van e Trng cao ang cong ong nui xanh khong co thuoc tnh ngay nhap hoc
3 Tom tat cac qui tac bien oi

D LIEU YEU CAU
PHAN TCH
MO HNH D LIEU
THIET KE
QT 1: Moi tap thc the trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh mot quan he QT 2: Moi thuoc tnh trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh thuoc tnh trong quan he tng ng QT 3: Thuoc tnh nhan dien trong mo hnh ER c chuyen thanh khoa chnh trong quan he tng ng.Trng hp khoa chnh khong thoa 4 tnh chat chon la, th phai chon khoa chnh khac hay a vao khoa nhan tao. QT 4: The hien moi quan he thong qua khoa ngoai: 1 : 1 Chuyen khoa chnh t quan he 1 sang quan he 2 hay ngc lai. 1 :M Chuyen khoa chnh t ben mot sang ben nhieu. M:M Tao quan he toan khoa
QUAN HE D TUYEN
Hnh 3.14 - Tom tat cac qui tac bien oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he tren khung cua cac giai oan
BAI TAP 1 Bai tap 1
oi vi van e sau ay hay: (a) xay dng mo hnh ER (b) e xuat ve thuoc tnh nhan dien va thuoc tnh mo ta mot cach thch hp.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng (c) chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he va cho biet khoa chnh, khoa ngoai. (d) ke them cac gia nh cua van e.
88
Mot nhan vien co the yeu cau c cung cap vat t t ngi quan ly. Neu ngi quan ly ong y vi ban yeu cau th cac vat t t ban yeu cau c chon theo nha cung cap e tao cac n mua hang va gi cho cac nha cung cap thch hp. 2 Trac nghiem 2.1) A tables primary key field A) Guaranties that each row is unique B) Is always referenced by a foreign key in another table C) Is a combination of two keys that make a foreign key D) In a one to many relationship is also its own foreign key. E) Is always stored in one column 2.2) Entity integrity is when: A) There are no composite primary keys B) Referential integrity has been upheld. C) None of the above. D) Primary key values are unique. E) Entity relationship diagram is correct 2.3) The field used to id records in a database table is known as the: A) Query Identifier B) Primary key C) Relational Column D) Header E) Row 2.4)Which of the following is correct about referential integrity? A) Ensures tables are up to date B) Prevents data tables from having orphans C) Shows how tables are related to each other
----oOo----
89
Chng 8 : PHN TCH D LIU V YU CU CHC NNG

(DATA ANALYSIS AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS)
GII THIEU 1 Hoat ong kiem tra yeu cau chc nang
Hoat ong kiem tra yeu cau chc nang oi khi con goi la lng gia mo hnh (validating the model, data model validation) nham phat hien sai sot trong mo hnh d lieu, lam cho mo hnh d lieu phu hp vi yeu cau cua he thong hn. Kiem tra yeu cau chc nang la hoat ong nam trong giai oan thiet ke csdl logic (hnh).
THIET KE HE THONG
(SYSTEMS DESIGN)
1. Thiet ke giao dien con ngi (designing the human interface) 2. Thiet ke c s d lieu (designing database) a) Thiet ke csdl logic (designing logical database) - Bien oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he - Kiem tra yeu cau chc nang - Chuan hoa c s d lieu b) Thiet ke csdl vat ly (designing physical database) - Chuyen cac quan he at chuan thanh cac ac ta tap tin may tnh THC HIEN VA VAN HANH HE THONG
Hnh: Kiem tra yeu cau chc nang trong qui trnh PTTKHT
2 Phan tch he thong thong tin Phan tch he thong thong tin co cac kha canh sau: Phng phap tiep can t tren xuong (t tong quat en chi tiet) (top down approach) Tap trung chu y vao d lieu yeu cau va moi ket hp cua chung. Phan tch he thong thong tin tao ieu kien cho viec dung lai d lieu. 3 Phan tch d lieu Ngc lai vi phan tch he thong thong tin, phan tch d lieu ch tap trung vao mot ng dung trong mot to chc nh he n at hang, he cong n. Li ch cua phan tch d lieu la chi ph va thi gian c lng cho d an la tng oi chnh xac. Bat li la d lieu dung chung co the b trung lap.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng II NGUON D LIEU 1 Cac phng phap thu thap thong tin
90
D lieu yeu cau va moi tng quan gia cac d lieu c thu thap bang cac phng phap sau: + Phong van va lang nghe (interviewing and listening) + Bang cau hoi (administering questionnaires) + Quan sat (observing) + Phan tch qui trnh (Procedure) va tai lieu (man hnh, bao cao phat sinh cua may tnh va Bieu mau hien hu) 2 Phan tch mau bieu Van phong chnh: 1234 Pacific Highway Newtown NSW 2199 T: 81231234 Fax: 81231235 Ngay: 10.07.96 So n hang: 134277 C AT BI GIAO CHO Cong ty: Western Stationery Cong ty: Western Stationery Ngi at hang: Tanya Ma khach hang: W123 Ngi nhan hang: Carlo a ch: 22B St Georges Tce a ch: 862 Welshpool road Thanh pho: Perth Bang: WA Thanh pho: Kewdale Bang: WA Ma th tn: 6000 So T: 8321 3214 Ma th tnh: 6104 So T: 84331111 So lng Ma hang n v tnh Mau sac Mo ta n ga Thanh tien 40 A7211 Cai trang Giay A4 5.97 238.80 12 B7123 Cai trang cuon giay fax 3.65 43.80 1 A7216 ta cuon bang keo 2.64 20.64 1 J2312 cai mau be Tu 268.95 268.95 1 N0002 hop nau cuon n 3.27 3.27
CUNG NG VVP QUOC GIA
1.50 Ph giao hang: Tong cong: 575.47 Hoan tra san pham trong vong 30 ngay se c hoan tien mua hang Hnh 4.2 Mau bieu n at hang va tap thc the / thuoc tnh c nhan dien Tnh chat
Mien ph giao hang cho n hang co gia tr tren 50.00
Trc khi phan tch mau bieu, ta co nhan xet sau: ten mau bieu co the giong ten tap thc the nhng chung hoan toan khac nhau nh: tap thc the HOA N va mau bieu hoa n phan tch mau bieu e nhan dien tap thc the, moi tng quan gia chung va thuoc tnh cua van e. Mot mau bieu thng co cac thong tin in san ma chung ta khong can quan tam trong viec xay dng mo hnh d lieu. mau bieu cha thuoc tnh cua nhieu tap thc the. Phan tch T mau n at hang ta rut ra nhng ieu sau: 1. Thong tin in san tren n at hang: + Ten cong ty, a ch va ien thoai lien he
91
+ Ten mau bieu + Thong tin quang cao 2. So n hang va ngay n hang la cac thong tin cua mot n hang. Vay N HANG la mot tap thc the. 3. Phan c at bi la cac thong tin ve khach hang at hang. Vay ta co tap thc the KHACH HANG 4. Phan ni giao hang la cac thong tin ve ngi nhan hang. Ngi nhan hang co the la ngi at hang cung co the la ngi khac. Thong tin ngi mhan hang ch nham muc ch mo ta them ve n hang la hang giao cho ai ma khong co muc ch g khac chang han nh co bao nhieu ngi nhan mat hang H v the chung ta a chung vao tap thc the N HANG. 5. Thong tin tren phan chi tiet la danh sach cac mat hang cung ng. Ta goi moi dong nh vay la mot thc the cua tap thc the DONG N HANG 6. Cot thanh tien cua n hang la gia tr c tnh bang cach nhan n gia ban vi so lng, nen thong tin nay khong can a vao mo hnh ER. 7. Nhng thong tin nh n v tnh, ma hang, mau sac, mo ta, n gia la cac thuoc tnh cua mat hang vay MAT HANG la tap thc the. Nh vay ch co thuoc tnh so lng la thuoc tnh cua tap thc the DONG N HANG. 8. Ben di n hang la chi ph giao hang va tong gia tr n hang. Chi ph giao hang la chi ph cua mot n hanh nen chung la thuoc tnh cua tap thc the N HANG. Tong gia tr cua n hang c tnh bang cach cong cac gia tr tren cot thanh tien va chi ph giao hang nen chung khong c a vao mo hnh ER. 9. Thong thng cac thong tin tren mot mau bieu khong nhom chung e dien ta mot thc the. Trong cac trng hp nh vay oi hoi ta phai biet gan thuoc tnh thch hp cho tng thc the Nhng thanh phan chnh cua mau bieu n at hang: o Tap thc the KHACH HANG o Tap thc the N HANG o Tap thc the DONG N HANG o Tap thc the HANG o Cac vung tnh toan nh thanh tien, tong cong T s phan tch tren ta co mo hnh sau:
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng III KIEM TRA YEU CAU CHC NANG 1 Nguyen tac chung
92
Moi bang trong mo hnh can phai kiem tra 4 chc nang CRUD (create, retrieve, update, delete/archive) sau: o Them mi mau tin vao bang: chu y trc khi them gia tr cho khoa ngoai phai them gia tr cua khoa chnh tng ng trc (them ben mot roi them ben nhieu). o Khai thac mau tin: khi khai thac ta co the ket noi thong tin thong qua cac vung (thng khoa chnh va khoa ngoai). Ket qua cua viec khai thac cho hien len man hnh hay in ra bao cao. o Sa d lieu: trng hp sa d lieu tren vung khoa ta phai chu y rang buoc phu thuoc ton tai o Xoa: lu roi xoa. Mo hnh ER dung e kiem tra chc nang phai co thuoc tnh va khoa ngoai. Kiem tra cac chc nang nham muc ch phat hien nhng thieu sot trong mo hnh d lieu. 2 V du: Mo hnh d lieu tren co cac yeu cau chc nang sau: 1. Them n hang mi. 2. Liet ke n hang va ten cong ty at n hang o. 3. Sa ten khach hang cua mot n hang 4. Sao lu roi xoa bo cac n hang co ngay at hang trc mot ngay nao o. 5. In bao cao cac n hang va ten cong ty at n hang o theo th t ngay n hang giam dan. 6. Cho hien mahang, mo ta cua cac mat hang cua mot khach hang.
93
ngay n hang hang c at cong ty nhan ten cong ty N KHACH bi ngi nhan a ten khach HANG HANG a ch nhan t hang thanh pho thuoc a ch nhan ve thanh pho bang nhan bang ma th tn nhan ma th tnh chi ph giao hang so ien so ien thoai thoai nhan ch man so khach ma hang a hang hang ke mo ta DONG so th t MAT HANG n v tnh N c ke mau sac HANG bi so lng n gia hien n gia hanh ban HANG(so n hang,ngay n hang, cong ty nhan,ngi nhan,a ch N nhan,thanh pho nhan, bang nhan,ma th tn nhan,chi ph giao hang,so ien thoai nhan, DONG N)HANG(so n hang,so th t so lng,n gia ban) MAT HANG(ma hang,mo ta ,n v tnh,mau sac,n gia hien hanh) KHACH HANG(ma khach hang,ten cong ty,ten khach hang,a ch,thanh pho,bang,ma th tnh,so ien thoai) Hnh 4.5 - Mo hnh ER va mo hnh quan he co khoa ngoai
Chung ta se lan lt thc hien cac yeu cau chc nang tren: 1. Chc nang them mi mot n hang. Ta lan lt them mi theo th t sau: Neu la khach hang mi th them thong tin ve khach hang vao bang KHACH HANG. Them so n hang, ngay n hang,... vao bang N HANG. moi dong tren bieu mau n hang ta lan lt thc hien: o Neu la mat hang mi th them thong tin ve mat hang vao bang MAT HANG. o Them so n hang, so th t, ... vao bang DONG N HANG Qua trnh them n hang mi se khong co van e khi th t tren c ton trong. 2. Chc nang khai thac: Gia s d lieu a co ay u. e khai thac N HANG va Ten cong ty ta: o Lan lt khai thac tng mau tin trong bang N HANG. o Liet ke cac gia tr cua cac vung cua N HANG. o ng vi moi mau tin cua N HANG ta s dung gia tr vung Ma khach hang e tm mau tin co cung gia tr tren vung Ma khach hang trong KHACH HANG va khai thac Ten cong ty. 3. Chc nang sa: Trong bang KHACH HANG tm mau tin cua khach hang can sa va sa Ten khach hang 4. Chc nang xoa va sao lu:
94
Muon xoa mot mau tin cua n hang ta phai biet biet n hang nao a gi, n hang nao cha. Mo hnh hien tai khong the hien ieu nay. e ap ng yeu cau chc nang nay, oi hoi ta phai them thuoc tnh a gi vao tap thc the N HANG. Lan lt khai thac cac mau tin trong bang N HANG, chon mau tin co gia tr ung tren vung a gi va co Ngay n hang trc ngay can xoa roi chep lu va xoa. 5. Chc nang khai thac: Lan lt khai thac cac mau tin trong N HANG theo th t Ngay at hang giam dan. ng vi moi mau tin trong N HANG, ta s dung gia tr vung Ma khach hang e tm mau tin co cung gia tr Ma khach hang trong KHACH HANG va khai thac Ten cong ty. ng vi moi mau tin trong N HANG, ta s dung gia tr vung So n hang lan lt tm mau tin co cung gia tr So n hang trong DONG N HANG va khai thac , va ng vi moi mau tin trong DONG N HANG, ta s dung gia tr vung ma hang tm mau tin co cung gia tr ma hang trong bang MAT HANG va khai thac cac gia tr cac vung trong bang MAT HANG. Ket thuc moi n hang tnh tong gia tr cua n hang. 6. Chc nang khai thac Dung thong tin ve khach hang can tm, tm mau tin tng ng trong bang KHACH HANG va khai thac cac gia tr cua cac vung cua mau tin nay. Lan lt khai thac cac mau tin trong bang N HANG chon mau tin co gia tr Ma khach hang bang vi ga tr ma khach hang tm thay bc tren. ng vi mau tin cua bang N HANG c chon, lan lt khai thac cac mau tin cua dong n hang co cung gia tr ma n hang. ng vi moi mau tin cua DONG N HANG, s dung ma hang e tm mau tin hang tng ng trong bang MAT HANG. ng vi mau tin cua bang MAT HANG tm thay bc tren cho hien gia tr cua cac vung ma hang, mo ta.
IV BAI TAP 4.1 O GO THUNG LUNG NG ONG HOA N BAN HANG
So hoa n: 913-A36-01 Ngay hoa n: 11-10-2001
Ban cho: Ma khach hang: 1273 Ho ten: Contemporary Designs a ch: 123 Oak Street
95
Thanh pho: Keydale........Bang:TX...Zip:28384 So ien thoai: 8 565 895 Nhan vien ban hang: Jenny Ma san pham Mo ta So lng n gia Thanh tien M128 Ke sach 4 200 800 B381 Tu nhieu ngan 2 150 300 B210 Bang 1 500 500 G200 Ghe 8 400 3200 Cong: 4800 Giam gia: 5% 240 Tong cong: 4560 Hay phan tch bieu mau tren: (a) Xay dng mo hnh ER co a vao ban so, tnh bat buoc hay khong bat buoc va ten moi ket hp theo hai chieu. (b) Dien ta noi dung moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the. (c) Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he. (d) Kiem tra chc nang: 1. them mot hoa n mi. 2. In mot hoa n a co. V TRAC NGHIEM 1) To do fact finding, the analyst does the following A) Interviews personal, prepares questionnaires, observers current system B) Gathers forms and documents currently in use C) Cost-benefit analysis 2) Establishing team standards is part of which step in the data modeling process? A) creating the data model B) validating the model C) planning the project D) determining system requirements E) It is not part of any of the above steps in the data modeling process.
----oOo----
96
Chng 9 : TNH BT BUC, KHNG BT BUC TRONG MI KT HP

(RELATIONSHIP OPTIONALITY)
NG NGHEA MOI KET HP
Trong chng nay ta bo sung them ng ngha (qui tac quan ly) vao moi ket hp va bieu dien chung trong mo hnh ER. Mo hnh ER nh vay c goi la mo hnh thc the ket hp m rong (Extended Entity Relationship). 1 Tnh khong bat buoc cua moi ket hp Trc ay, chung ta van ngam hieu moi thc the eu tham gia vao moi ket hp nh mo hnh ER sau:
Mo hnh nay dien ta qui tac quan ly: Moi KHACH HANG at mot hay nhieu N AT HANG Moi N AT HANG c at bi mot KHACH HANG va mo hnh nay co mo hnh thc the the hien sau:
Mo hnh tren cho thay mot n at hang bat ky phai thuoc ve mot khach hang va mot khach hang bat ky phai co at mot n at hang. Nhng tren thc te co khach hang co n at hang, co khach hang khong co n at hang do mot trong cac ly do sau: o Khach hang mi o Khach hang se at hang trong tng lai. o Khach hang nam trong chien dch quang cao. nh mo hnh thc the the hien sau:
97
Mo hnh tren cho thay khah hang Ace 4WD Supplies khong co n at hang. Vay e dien ta tnh trang co khach hang khong co n at hang, qui tac quan ly trc ay c sa thanh: Moi KHACH HANG co the at mot hay nhieu N AT HANG Moi N AT HANG phai c at bi mot KHACH HANG Va mo hnh ER tng ng c sa oi bang cach bo sung them tnh bat buoc hay khong bat buoc vao moi ket hp:
Ban so nho nhat (minimum cardinality), ban so ln nhat (maximum cardinality): T nay ve sau, ban so cua moi ket hp c hieu co ca tnh bat buoc (mandatory) hay khong bat buoc (arbitrary, optional) cua moi ket hp. Ban so trc ay ta van hieu la la ban so ln nhat, con tnh bat buoc hay khong bat buoc cua moi ket hp la ban so nho nhat. Nh vay ban so cua moi ket hp c ky hieu gom cac dang sau (0,M), (1,M), (0,1), (1,1). Vi v du tren ban so pha tap thc the KHACH HANG la (1,1), con ban so pha tap thc the N AT HANG la (0,M) II PHIEU MOI KET HP Ta bo sung tnh bat buoc, khong bat buoc vao mo hnh ER cua hnh 4.5 ta c mo hnh:
Mo hnh nay dien ta 6 qui tac quan ly: + Moi KHACH HANG co the at mot hay nhieu N HANG + Moi N HANG phai c at bi mot KHACH HANG + Moi N HANG phai cha mot hay nhieu DONG N HANG + Moi DONG N HANG phai thuoc ve mot N HANG + Moi DONG N HANG phai ke mot MAT HANG + Moi MAT HANG co the c ke bi mot hay nhieu DONG N HANG Phieu moi ket hp cua mo hnh tren co dang sau:
Tap thc the 1 KHACH HANG Tnh bat buoc Co the Quan he at Ban so Khong hay nhieu Tap thc the 2 N HANG

N HANG N HANG DONG N HANG DONG N HANG HANG Phai Phai Phai Phai Co the c at bi cha Thuoc ve ke c ke bi Mot Mot hay nhieu Mot mot Khong hay nhieu KHACH HANG DONG N HANG N HANG HANG DONG N HANG
98
Phieu nay c xay dng nham muc ch trnh bay cho ngi s dung ve moi ket hp cua cac thc the trong he thong. Ngi s dung la ngi nam ro van e, thong qua phieu quan he, ho se giup ta chnh sa nhng g con sai sot cua mo hnh d lieu. III ANH HNG CUA TNH KHONG BAT BUOC TREN KHOA NGOAI
Tnh khong bat buoc ch anh hng tren khoa ngoai khi no ben canh ban so moi ket hp ben mot. khoa ngoai cua khoa chnh ben mot nay se khong dien ta c tnh chat khong bat buoc nay.
A khoa chnh a ......... B khoa chnh b .........
tnh khong bat buoc ben canh ban so moi quan he ben mot se anh hng en
e giai quyet van e, ngi ta phai s dung mot gia tr ac biet tren khoa ngoai. Ta hay xem cach giai quyet qua hai v du sau: 1 Quan he mot-nhieu V du: Cong ty TNHH Dau kh Ngoai khi hien co cac d an khoan tham do a trien khai vao cac thi iem trc ay. Moi d an c nhan dien thong qua ma d an. Thong tin can lu tr ve d an gom ten d an, v tr tham do, kinh ph. Khi ang trien khai, d an co the co mot hay nhieu nhan vien tham gia nhng khi d an cha trien khai th d an khong can s tham gia cua bat ky nhan vien nao. Mot nhan vien co the tham gia vao mot d an va cung co the khong. Tai mot thi iem, mot nhan vien ch tham gia vao mot d an (gia s ta ch quan tam en d an hien tai). oi vi moi nhan vien, cong ty can ghi nh ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, ngay tham gia vao d an. c tham gia bi D AN NHAN VIEN ma nhan tham gia vien vao ma d an ten nhan ten d an vien v tr tham ngay tham do gia kinh ph Hnh 5.7 - Mo hnh ER cua van e OPCL
99
Mo hnh ER tren c bien oi thanh mo hnh quan he sau: D AN(ma d an, ten d an, v tr tham do, kinh ph) NHAN VIEN(ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, ngay tham gia, ma d an) Trong mo hnh tren ta phai s dung gia tr ac biet tren khoa ngoai ma d an e dien ta nhan vien tng ng khong tham gia vao bat ky d an nao nh d lieu v du sau:
ma nhan vien 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 NHAN VIEN ten nhan vien ngay tham gia Helga Carmen Carlos Fritz Mirek Ted Mario Jane D AN ma d an DA1 DA3 DA3 DA0 DA3 DA2 DA0 DA2 ma d an DA0 DA1 DA2 DA3 DA4 ten d an . Cap dng va hau can Thiet ke thiet b khoan Cong trnh be khoan Cong trn ng ong . v tr tham do . kinh ph
Bang d lieu tren co mo hnh thc the the hien tng ng nh sau:
Mo hnh nay cho thay nhan vien mario va Fritz cha c phan cong tham gia vao bat ky d an nao. 2 Quan he mot-mot Ban c yeu cau phai xay dng mo hnh d lieu cho van e len danh sach nha e ban cua c quan moi gii tai san co nh. Ngi moi gii ac biet quan tam en nha co hay khong co ho bi. Qui tac quan ly la: Moi NHA co the co mot HO BI Moi HO BI phai thuoc ve mot NHA Mo hnh ER cua van e nay la: co NHA HO ma ho BI thuoc ma bi ve nha loai ho loai bi nha chieu a ch dai Hnh 5.9 - Mo hnh ER cua van nha gia tr va ho bi mo hnh quan he tng ng: NHA(ma nha, loai nha, a ch, gia tr) HO BI(ma ho bi, loai ho bi, chieu dai, ma nha ) Hay: NHA(ma nha, loai nha, a ch, gia tr, ma ho bi) HO BI(ma ho bi, loai ho bi, chieu dai) Mo hnh quan he mot c a thch hn v chung ta khong phai quan tam en gia tr ac biet. Mo hnh quan he hai phai s dung gia tr ac biet
100 HO BI Ma ho bi H00 H01 . . Chieu dai 0 50
NHA Ma nha Ma ho bi N01 .. H01 N02 H00 Nha N02 khong co ho bi. H00 la gia tr ac biet 3 Quan he nhieu-nhieu
Gi s vn ca trng Cao ng Cng ng Ni Xanh nh trng khng quan tm n ngy nhp hc ca hc vin. Ta c m hnh sau:
Mo hnh ER HOC VIEN ma hoc vien ten hoc vien a ch ngay sinh so ien thoai c ghi danh bi Ghi danh vao MON HOC ma mon hoc ten mon hoc thi lng
Mo hnh quan he HOC VIEN (ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so ien thoai) MON HOC (ma mon hoc, ten mon hoc, thi lng) PHIEU GHI DANH (ma hoc vien, ma mon hoc,)
HOC VIEN MON HOC HOCVIENMON HOC Ma hv . Ma mh Ma hv Ma mh 99001 .. MH01 . 99001 MH01 99002 . MH02 99001 MH02 99003 . 99003 MH01 Hoc vien 99002 khong ghi danh vao mon hoc nen khong xuat hien trong quan he HOCVIENMONHOC. Tnh khong bat buoc khong anh hng en ban so nhieu cua moi ket hp
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng IV TNH BAT BUOC, KHONG BAT BUOC TRONG CAC BC MO HNH HOA D LIEU
101
BAI TAP 1 Bai tap 5.1
FBNA la hang hang khong phuc vu van chuyen hanh khach en 15 a iem khac nhau. Mot so a iem c phuc vu thng xuyen con mot so c phuc vu theo mua. Moi chuyen bay cua FBNA eu phai bay theo mot tuyen bay nhat nh. Ngay khi hanh, gi khi hanh, gi en cua cac chuyen bay phai c ghi nhan. Thong tin ve tuyen bay co ma tuyen bay, gi khi hanh, thi gian bay, ni bay i va ni bay en. Cac phi cong co the bay tren cac chuyen bay khac nhau nhng hien nhien moi thi iem ch co the bay tren mot chuyen bay. Moi chuyen bay phai co toi thieu mot phi cong nhng mot phi cong khong phai luc nao cung lam nhiem vu phi cong chnh cua chuyen bay. Ho ten, a ch, ien thoai lien lac cua phi cong phai c lu tr. moi chuyen bay, chi tiet ve hanh khach phai c ghi nhan nh ten, a ch, ien thoai lien lac va trong lng hanh ly. Hay thc hien cac yeu cau sau: (a) Xay dng mo hnh ER. S dung mo hnh thc the the hien ni thch hp (b) Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he. (c) Lap phieu moi ket hp. 2 Trac nghiem 2.1) Based on the ER-diagram, which of the following are true?
102
A) One customer can rent multiple videos B) There can be multiple videos of the same movie C) There can be blank videos (i.e., video without movies) 2.2) ACME places oders with their suppliers using the following purchase oder form. A buyer (an employee in the company) will fill the order form to order one or more items from a supplier. Each such order is placed with a single supplier and can be for one or more items. Based on the information, an E-R diagram is drawn below to represent the connectivity, cardinality, and optionality of the relationships. (Note: In the ERD below, order line represents each line of items in the order form.) If you want to map the above ER diagram into tables, how many tables do you need?
A) 4 B) 1 C) 3 D) 5 E) 2 F) 6 2.3) Given the following Entity-Relationship Diagram, what is the participation of A and B?
A) Total A/Total B
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng B) C) D) E) None of the above Partial A/Partial B Total A/Partial B Partial A/Total B
103
----oOo----
104
Chng 10 : TP THC TH CHA V TP THC TH CON

(SUPERTYPES AND SUBTYPES)
TAP THC THE PHU THUOC (DEPENDENT ENTITY, ID-DEPENDENT ENTITY)
Trong thc te, co cac thc the trong mot tap thc the lai ton tai phu thuoc vao s ton tai cua cac thc the trong tap thc the khac. Ta goi tap thc the nay la tap thc the phu thuoc, con tap the ma chung phu thuoc vao la tap thc the cha. Mo hnh ER cua tap thc the phu thuoc phai co tnh chat sau: Thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap thc the phu thuoc gom mot thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap thc the cha ket hp vi mot thuoc tnh khac dung e nhan dien thc the o trong cac gia tr nhan dien cha. V du Hang hang khong quoc te cung cap cac tuyen bay en nhieu a iem tren the gii. Cac tuyen bay c len lch cho mot khoang thi gian nh t 1/3/1995 en 31/10/1995. Tat ca cac tuyen bay eu co san bay i va en v du tuyen bay co the t san bay Sydney en san bay Frankfurt. Moi tuyen bay eu co gi khi hanh va gi en. Gi khi hanh la gi khi hanh cua mot ngay cu the, v du nh neu tuyen bay phuc vu theo tuan th gi khi hanh la cua cac ngay 01/03/95, 08/03/95, 15/03/95 Ta co mo hnh ER nh sau:
Tap thc the CHUYEN BAY la tap thc the phu thuoc. CHUYEN BAY ch ton tai trong TUYEN BAY Khoa chnh cua tap thc the CHUYEN BAY la s ket hp gia khoa chnh cua tap thc the TUYEN BAY va thuoc tnh ngay khi hanh cua chuyen bay. Moi ket hp tren c goi la moi ket hp phu thuoc nhan dien (ID-dependent relationship) D lieu cua TUYEN BAY ch ton tai trong mot khoang thi gian, ay la tnh chat tam thi cua d lieu, chung anh hng en mo hnh d lieu nh the nao se c e cap trong chng sau. Mo hnh quan he: TUYEN BAY(ma tuyen bay, san bay khi hanh, ...,loai may bay) CHUYEN BAY(ma tuyen bay, ngay khi hanh, so hanh khach, ..., so may bay) e lam ro hn khai niem tap thc the phu thuoc (dependent entity) , ta hay xem mo hnh ER cua van e nhan vien va phong ban.
105
Ban so ket noi cua mo hnh nay hoan toan giong vi mo hnh hang hang khong quoc te nhng neu ta xem nhan vien la tap thc the phu thuoc th khi mot phong ban b giai the dan ti toan bo nhan vien trong phong ban o b giai the theo. ieu nay khong ung vi thc te la nhan vien co the chuyen sang phong ban khac lam viec. Vi mo hnh tren viec chuyen nay se lam thay oi gia tr khoa chnh cua quan he NHAN VIEN lam mat tnh on nh cua khoa chnh. PHONG BAN NHAN VIEN ma phong ban ten phong ban ma phong ban so th t ho va ten ngay sinh KH Phong ke hoach KH 1 Nguyen Van Hung TC Phong to chc KH 2 Tran Manh Tien KT Phong ky thuat KH 3 Nguyen Kim TC 1 Nguyen Dien TC 2 Pham Chng KT 1 Nguyen Hai Vay mo hnh ung cua van e nhan vien va phong ban la:
II
THUOC TNH HAY TAP THC THE
Van phong chnh phu mong muon thiet lap mot c s d lieu ve cac cong ty ban s trong cong nghe thi trang. Nhng cong ty nay co cac ca hang nhieu thanh pho khac nhau. Van e c at ra la: Ta co nen mo hnh khai niem thanh pho (ni cac ca hang ang kinh doanh) nh mot thuoc tnh cua tap thc the CA HANG hay tao chung thanh mot tap thc the THANH PHO
106
Nhng nguyen tac sau giup ta co chon la thch hp: 1. Neu khai niem thanh pho co thuoc tnh va ta quan tam en cac thuoc tnh nay trong cong tac quan ly th chung ta mo hnh no nh mot tap thc the. 2. Neu mot ca hang co kha nang nam tren nhieu thanh pho th chung ta mo hnh thanh pho thanh tap thc the rieng. 3. Neu khai niem thanh pho co quan he vi mot vai tap thc the khac th ta phai mo hnh chung thanh tap thc the rieng. V ch co tap thc the mi co quan he vi tap thc the khac. 4. Neu chung ta co nhu cau lu tr tat ca cac thanh pho mac du cac ca hang cha hien dien tat ca thanh pho th chung ta phai mo hnh thanh pho thanh tap thc the. 5. Neu bon nguyen tac tren khong co nguyen tac nao ap dung c th ta mo hnh thanh pho nh mot thuoc tnh cua tap thc the CA HANG. III TAP THC THE CHA VA TAP THC THE CON Tren thc te chung ta thng gap cac thc the giong nhau t 80% en 90% nh trong viec phan lp cac loai. S tng t gia chung dan ta en khai niem tap thc the cha va tap thc the con. 1 Cai tong quat va cai chuyen biet Trc khi i vao chi tiet, ta hay xem v du sau:
Thuoc tnh chung: Tat ca cac thuyen: chieu dai, lc nc re, trong tai Thuoc tnh rieng: Thuyen buom: dien tch buom, so cot Thuyen may: so may, cong suat, loai nhien lieu. Thuyen cheo: so mai cheo, co ngi ieu khien chnh khong Thuyen nang: So nang, dien tch khoang h
107
Mo hnh tren dien ta s tng quan gia cai tong quat va cai chuyen biet (IS-A relationship; Inheritance in a generalization hierarchy). Trong mo hnh d lieu, cai tong quat c goi la tap thc the cha (supertype) con cai chuyen biet la tap thc the con (subtype) nh THUYEN la tap thc the cha cua tap tap thc the con THUYEN BUOM. 2 Ky hieu tap thc the cha/con V du van e lu tr chi tiet ve nhan vien. Mot cong ty mong muon lu tr ly lch ca nhan ve nhan vien cua mnh. Co hai loai nhan vien nhan vien toan thi gian va nhan vien ban thi gian. Chi tiet lu tr ve nhan vien bao gom ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch, ngay sinh, ngay vao lam, chc vu. oi vi nhan vien toan thi gian, chung ta can lu tr ve lng nam, thng nam Con nhan vien ban thi gian, chung ta lai can lu tr ve n gia gi cong, n gia gi lam them Mo hnh ER cho van e nhan vien nh sau:
1. Hnh ch nhat cua tap thc the cha NHAN VIEN se cha tat ca tap thc the con NHAN VIEN TOAN THI GIAN va NHAN VIEN BAN THI GIAN 2. Nhng thuoc tnh chung nh ten nhan vien, a ch, ngay sinh, ngay vao lam, chc vu. la thuoc tnh cua tap thc the cha NHAN VIEN. Nhng thuoc tnh nay c hieu cho tat ca cac tap thc the con. Thuoc tnh cua tap thc the con la thuoc tnh rieng ch c hieu trong tap thc the con o. 3 Yngha Ta mo hnh thanh tap thc the cha/con nham dien ta chnh xac hn qui tac quan ly co lien quan en cai tong quat va cai chuyen biet. 4 Cai tong the va cai thanh phan
S o tren dien ta cai tong the va cai thanh phan ve ban chat chung hoan toan khac vi cai tong quat va cai chuyen biet. Khi gap s o nay chung ta khong mo hnh chung thanh tap thc the cha/con. 5 Thuoc tnh cua cac tap thc the cha/con T van e ta suy ra cac thuoc tnh cua cac tap thc the la nh sau:
108
NHAN VIEN TOAN THI GIAN: ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch, ngay sinh, ngay vao lam, chc danh, lng nam, thng nam NHAN VIEN BAN THI GIAN: ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch, ngay sinh, ngay vao lam, chc danh, n gia gi cong, n gia gi troi Trong nhieu trng hp, tap con co the khong co thuoc tnh rieng nhng van phai mo hnh chung la tap thc the v: 1. Chung dien ta qui tac quan ly chnh xac hn 2. Thuoc tnh se boc lo khi chung ta tm hieu van e ky hn Gia s nhan vien chia thanh tng loai. Khai niem loai nhan vien c mo hnh thanh tap thc the vi ly do: 1. Danh sach ay u loai nhan vien c khai thac thng xuyen. 2. Mot loai mi co the c ghi nhan nhng cha co thc the nao thuoc loai nay.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng 6 Cac tnh chat cua tap thc the cha/con
109
S tham gia vao moi ket hp cua tap thc the con nh hnh 6.8 Cac tap thc the con phai co tat ca thc the ma tap thc the cha co. Cac tap thc the con phai ri nhau, co tnh loi tr (exclusive). Tap thc the con nhieu cap
110
7 Bien oi tap thc the cha/con thanh quan he Co ba cach bien oi sau: 1. Bien tap thc the cha thanh mot quan he co tat ca thuoc tnh chung va bien moi tap thc the con thanh mot quan he co cac thuoc tnh rieng. NHAN VIEN(ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch, ngay sinh, ngay vao lam, chc danh) NHAN VIEN TOAN THI GIAN(ma nhan vien, lng nam, tien thng nam) NHAN VIEN BAN THI GIAN(ma nhan vien, n gia gi cong, n gia gi lam them) Mo hnh quan he khong dien ta c qui tac quan ly la mot nhan vien hoac la nhan vien toan thi gian hoac la nhan vien ban thi gian. Vay khi cai at vao mot he QTCSDL ta phai tao cac x ly ve rang buoc nay. 2. Bien moi tap thc the con thanh mot quan he co thuoc tnh chung va thuoc tnh rieng cua tap thc the con. Khong bien tap thc the cha thanh quan he NHAN VIEN TOAN THI GIAN(ma nhan vien, ..., chc danh, lng nam, tien thng nam) NHAN VIEN BAN THI GIAN(ma nhan vien,..., chc danh, n gia gi cong, n gia gi lam them) Mo hnh quan he tao kha nang nhap mot nhan vien va la nhan vien toan thi gian va la nhan vien ban thi gian. Vay khi cai at vao mot he QTCSDL ta phai tao cac x ly ve rang buoc nay 3. Tao mot quan he co cac thuoc tnh cua tap thc the cha va tat ca cac thuoc tnh rieng cua tat ca tap thc the con. NHAN VIEN(ma nhan vien, ..., chc danh, loai nhan vien, lng nam, tien thng nam, n gia gi cong, n gia gi lam them) Khi cai at vao HQTCSDL ta phai x ly rang buoc e trong lng nam, tien thng nam hoac e trong n gia gi cong, n gia gi lam them. Nhng kha canh sau giup ta co quyet nh thch hp trong viec chon la mot trong ba mo hnh quan he: o D lieu nao c khai thac thng xuyen.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng o Thi gian ap ng cua he thong. o Kha nang lu tr cua he thong o So lng thuoc tnh rieng cua tap thc the con o Kha nang thay oi cau truc cua csdl. Trong thc hanh, cach 1 hay c chon 8 Mo hnh hoa cac tap con giao nhau bang vai tro
111
Phong Thng Mai. Van phong chnh phu DOT co trach nhiem theo doi cac n v xuap nhap khau, mong muon thiet lap mot csdl theo doi chi tiet ve cac cong ty nay. Ve mo hnh d lieu, cong ty nhap khau va cong ty xuat khau rat giong nhau v chung co nhieu thuoc tnh chung va chi tiet khac biet th khong quan trong.
Khi chuyen mo hnh tren thanh mo hnh quan he chung ta gap phai cac van e x ly sau: Dang 1: Khi mot cong ty co ca chc nang nhap khau lan xuat khau th khi them d lieu cho quan he CONG TY ta phai bao am ch them mot lan. Dang 2: Khi them d lieu cho cong ty va co chc nang nhap khau va chc nang xuat khau th se gay ra d tha d lieu. Dang 3: Ch thch hp cho cong ty va co chc nang nhap khau lan chc nang xuat khau. Con oi vi cong ty ch co mot chc nang oi hoi ta phai e trong cac cot thch hp. e tranh cac van e lien quan en x ly tren, chung ta tach rieng cac chi tiet ve cong ty vi vai tro cua no nh mo hnh sau:
Mo hnh tren c hnh thanh theo cac qui tac sau:
112
o Ten cua tap thc the dien ta vai tro nen co t VAI TRO nh VAI TRO NHAP KHAU, VAI TRO XUAT KHAU. o Ten, ban so va tnh khong bat buoc cua moi ket hp tng ng c dien ta nh hnh tren IV TAP THC THE CHA, CON TRONG CAC BC MO HNH HOA D LIEU
BAI TAP 6.1
oi khi, may bay dan s c phep hoat ong trong can c khong quan. Vien sy quan ch huy can c khong quan pha tay bac menh lenh phai ghi nh tat ca may bay dan s cung nh quan s hoat ong trong can c. Thong tin ve nam san xuat may bay phai c ghi nhan. Mi chuyn bay c thc hin bi mt my bay. ac biet, chi tiet ve phi cong (ho ten, a ch, so ien thoai), gi khi hanh, gi ket thuc phai c ghi nh trong cac chuyen bay. Mot phi cong co the lai tren cac chuyen bay khac nhau va mot chuyen bay co the c lai bi mot phi cong chnh va mot phi cong phu. oi vi may bay dan s, vien sy quan ch huy rat quan tam en so lng ghe ngoi cua may bay, con oi vi may bay quan s ho lai quan tam en trong tai cua may bay. May bay quan s co the c trang b nhieu loai vu kh khac nhau. Moi loai vu kh phai co mot ten. Moi vu kh thuoc mot loai vu kh c phan biet bang so se ri va co ghi ngay san xuat. Thi iem lap at mot vu kh tren may bay phai c ghi nhan. Cung mot vu kh co the c lap at cho nhieu may bay cac thi iem khac nhau. Hay thc hien cac yeu cau sau: (a) Xay dng mo hnh ER. (b) Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he. Thiet ke phan x ly thong tin ap ng lai s kien lap at vu kh cho may bay quan s.
----oOo----
113
Chng 11 : M RNG KHI NIM MI KT HP

(ADVANCED RELATIONSHIP CONCEPTS)
MOI KET HP MOT-MOT
Ta a co mo hnh ve NGI LAI XE va BANG LAI nh sau:
Ngoai mo hnh tren, van e nay co the co hai dang mo hnh sau:
ma ngi lai xe ten NGI LAI XE a ch ngay sinh ma bang lai loai bang lai ngay het han BANG LAI ma bang lai loai bang lai ngay het han ma ngi lai xe ten a ch ngay sinh
Hnh 7.1(b) - Hai mo hnh ER khac cua van e Ngi lai xe va bang lai
Mot trong ba mo hnh tren se c chon la can c vao cac nguyen tac: o Ta mo hnh thanh hai tap thc the va mot moi ket hp khi cac tap thc the co mc o quan trong oc lap va co cac x ly rieng re. V du trong He Tiep Lieu PHIEU YEU CAU VAT LIEU c lap va gi i trc khi N AT MUA HANG c phat sinh va gi cho nha cung cap. Hn na Ban yeu cau vat lieu co kha nang b t choi v gia ca hay bi ly le khac. Neu yeu cau c chap nhan th mot N AT MUA HANG tng ng c phat sinh.
Moi PHEU YEU CAU VAT LIEU co the lam phat sinh mot N AT MUA HANG Moi N AT MUA HANG phai c phat sinh bi mot PHIEU YEU CAU VAT LIEU o Ta mo hnh thanh hai tap thc the va mot moi ket hp khi ban so ket noi cua moi ket hp thng thay oi. Chang han trong v du tren co kha nang Mot N AT MUA HANG phai c phat sinh bi mot hay nhieu BAN YEU CAU VAT LIEU
o Ta mo hnh thanh hai tap thc the va mot moi ket hp khi mot trong hai tap thc the co moi ket hp vi tap thc the khac
114
V du: Trong He Tiep lieu tren mot N AT MUA HANG phai co mot hay nhieu DONG N HANG.
o Ta mo hnh thanh hai tap thc the va mot moi ket hp v cac thuoc tnh can c nhom rieng do chang han mhom cac thuoc tnh c khai thac thng xuyen con nhom kia th ngc lai. V du: Mot cong ty van chuyen ieu hanh mot oi cac oan tau ghep noi. Mot oan tau ghep noi c hieu la mot oan tau nhng tren thc te chung bao gom mot au may va mot toa ch hang
o Neu khong v mot trong 4 ly do tren th ta hp nhat hai tap thc the thanh mot. II NHIEU MOI KET HP GIA HAI TAP THC THE Mot cong ty mong muon lu tr d lieu ve cac phong ban cua cong ty, nh phan xng san xuat, phong kinh doanh, phong ke toan, va chi tiet ve nhan vien. Thong tin can lu tr bao gom ma phong, ten phong, v tr, ma nhan vien, ten, a ch. Moi phong co nhieu nhan vien va c phu trach bi mot trng phong. Mot trng phong ch phu trach mot phong. Moi nhan vien ch thuoc ve mot phong.
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng III MOI KET HP HAY THUOC TNH
115
Mot khai niem co the la thuoc tnh cung co the la moi ket hp tuy thuoc vao qui tac quan ly. Ta xem hai qui tac quan ly sau: 1/ Cong ty can lu tr cac thong tin ve XE cap cho NHAN VIEN co tieu chuan tr cap tien va xe cho chuyen du lch cua mnh. Ro rang chung ta can bo sung them tap thc the XE va moi ket hp gia XE va NHAN VIEN. Thuoc tnh cua xe gom, so lng may, so xi lanh, loai nhien lieu, so cay so a i. Ket qua la quan he NHAN VIEN se co khoa ngoai so ang bo e dien ta moi ket hp gia NHAN VIEN va XE. 2/ Chung ta hay xem xet kha canh sau: Cong ty khong tra trc tiep so tien tr cap nay cho NHAN VIEN ma se tra vao ky lng. Tuy nhien cong ty van muon biet nhan vien nao co tieu chuan xe nhan vien nao khong. e quan ly c ieu nay ta khong phai tao tap thc the XE ma ch ghi nhan so ang bo nh mot thuoc tnh cua tap thc the NHAN VIEN la u. IV MOI KET HP LOAI TR Moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the co tnh loai tr. Ngha la mot thc the ch tham gia vao mot quan he trong cac moi ket hp. V du: Cong ty may tnh mong muon lu tr d lieu ve cac san pham phan cng va phan mem ma ho ban va ho tr. Cong ty can ghi nh cac loi co the xay ra cho bat ky san pham nao. Mot loi ch xay ra cho phan cng hay phan mem nhng khong xay ra cho ca hai nh vay nhng loi nay co tnh loai tr nhau.
Cung tron cua hnh tren dien ta moi ket hp loai tr ngha la mot loi nao o la cua phan cng hoac phan mem ch khong cua ca hai. Tnh chat nay hoan toan phu hp vi tnh chat cua tap thc the cha/con. Neu hai tap thc the loai tr co thuoc tnh chung th ta co the ve lai mo hnh tren di dang sau:
116
MOI KET HP BA NGOI (TERNARY RELATIONSHIP)
V du: Mot cong ty mong muon lu tr d lieu ve nhan vien va cac ky nang c s dung trong cac d an ma ho c phan cong tham gia. Cac thuoc tnh ma cong ty can lu tr bao gom: NHAN VIEN: ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien KY NANG: ma ky nang, ten ky nang D AN: ma d an, ten d an, v tr, kinh ph. Cong ty cung muon biet mot nhan vien nao o co ngay bat au s dung ky nang nao o vao mot D AN nao o. Nhan vien Ky nang D an Colette Ke toan Mo lo thien Colette Chuan b kinh ph Mo lo thien Colette Kiem toan Van phong chnh Mike Quan ly Mo lo thien Mike quan ly Van phong chnh Mike quan ly phan xng Mike d toan kinh ph mo lo thien Mike d toan kinh ph phan xng Gred quan ly phan xng Bang d lieu tren dien ta qui tac quan ly sau: Moi NHAN VIEN co the tham gia vao mot hay nhieu D AN. Moi D AN co the c tham gia bi mot hay nhieu NHAN VIEN. Moi NHAN VIEN co the thanh thao mot hay nhieu KY NANG Moi KY NANG co the c s dung thanh thao bi mot hay nhieu NHAN VIEN Moi KY NANG co the c dung bi mot hay nhieu D AN Moi D AN co the dung mot hay nhieu KY NANG. Qui tac quan ly tren dan ta en mo hnh ER sau:
117
Mo hnh tren la mo hnh vong cua ba moi ket hp nhieu nhieu. Ta khong the gan thuoc tnh ngay bat au s dung mot ky nang nao o vao mot d an nao o cua mot nhan vien vao bat ky tap thc the nao trong mo hnh. Van e nay c giai quyet bang cach: - them mot tap thc the ket hp lam trung gian ket noi vi cac tap thc the trong mo hnh. - Thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap thc the ket hp la s ket hp cac thuoc tnh nhan dien cua cac tap thc the trong mo hnh. - Cac thuoc tnh tao nen thuoc tnh nhan dien nay la cac khoa ngoai. ma ky
vien ten nhan vien ngay vao lam NHAN VIEN thu ve oc ma nhan vien ma ky nang ma d an ngay bat au co s dung KY NANG C DUNG dun g KY NANG
c o thu ve la
nang ten ky nang
c dung bi ma d an D AN ten d an v tr tham do kinh ph Hnh 7.8 - Mo hnh ER cua van e nhan vien/ky nang/d an
Mo hnh quan he: NHAN VIEN(ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, ngay vao lam) KY NANG(ma ky nang, ten ky nang) D AN(ma d an, ten d an, v tr tham do, kinh ph) KY NANG C DUNG(ma nhan vien, ma ky nang, ma d an, ngay bat au s dung) VI MOI KET HP MOT NGOI (UNARY RELATIONSHIP, RECURSIVE RELATIONSHIP) 1 Ban so ket noi mot nhieu Mot cong ty hien lu tr chi tiet ve NHAN VIEN nh: ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, a ch, Cong ty cung lu tr chi tiet ve ngi quan ly ngha la ai la ngi quan ly. ieu quan trong cua van e la ngi quan ly cung la nhan vien, va nhan vien th chu s quan ly cua nhan vien khac. Qui tac quan ly la:
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng Moi NHAN VIEN co the quan ly mot hay nhieu nhan vien khac Moi NHAN VIEN co the chu s quan ly bi mot nhan vien khac.
118
Mo hnh ER cua van e la:
Mo hnh quan he cua van e quan ly nhan vien nh sau: NHAN VIEN (ma nhan vien, ten nhan vien, , ma nhan vien quan ly) NHAN VIEN ma nhan vien ten nhan vien ma nhan vien quan ly 000 . 000 101 Mike 000 217 Colette 101 318 Tony 217 525 Vicky 217 2 Ban so ket noi mot mot Trng Cong ong Chu toan a ra mot ke hoach co van mi cho cac giao vien cua ho va lu tr d lieu ve ke hoach nay trong mot csdl. Ke hoach lien quan en cac giao vien nhieu kinh nghiem. Cac giao vien nay se co van cho giao vien mi. Y tng la ho tr giao vien mi trong giang day, soan bai giang, e giam nhe khoi lng cong viec, giao vien kinh nghiem co the co van cho mot giao vien mi va mot giao vien mi phai co mot co van. D lieu c lu tr trong csdl bao gom chi tiet ca nhan cua giao vien va chi tiet ve ke hoach co van.

giao vien lam co van GIAO VIEN ma giao vien ten giao vien giao vien chu s co van lam co van cho GIAO VIEN ma giao vien ten giao vien
119
chu s co van bi
GIAO VIEN ma giao vien ten giao vien Hnh 7.12 - Mo hnh ER cua Trng cong ong chu toan
Moi GIAO VIEN co the lam co van cho mot GIAO VIEN Moi GIAO VIEN co the chu s co van bi mot GIAO VIEN Mo hnh quan he cua van e tren nh sau: GIAO VIEN ( ma giao vien, ten giao vien,., ma giao vien lam co van) hay GIAO VIEN ( ma giao vien, ten giao vien,., ma giao vien chu s co van) 3 Ban so ket noi nhieu nhieu Cong ty TNHH Buillem va Sellem thiet ke, xay dng va lap at cac gian khoan dau ngoai khi. Gian khoan c tao thanh t cac n the co kch thc 6m x 3.6m x 3.6m va co trong lng t 10 en 25 tan. ieu nay cho phep Giam chi ph xay dng cho mot gian khoan ngoai khi. De dang van chuyen en cac cau tau bang ng ray. De dang van chuyen en gian khoan ngoai khi bang sa lan. Cac n the c rap lai tai mo dau e tao nen cac bo phan nh be khoan, au khoan, thiet b khoan. en lt moi n the c cau tao t cac thanh phan n le nh ng ong, van, mo t, bang ieu khien v.v.. Ta co qui tac quan ly sau: Phan n le la thanh phan khong the chia nho hn na. n the c tao t cac phan n le nhng no cha phai la san pham cuoi cung. Bo phan (be khoan, thiet b khoan) c tao t cac n the hay cac phan n le Phan hoan chnh c tao t cac n the hay bo phan. Mot loai n the c dung trong cac bo phan khac nhau.
Buildem and Sellem muon thc hien mot csdl e lu tr thong tin ve cac phan (phan n le, n the, bo phan, phan hoan chnh) tren bao gom: Ma phan, mo ta, lng ton, lng s dung. Nh vay moi ket hp gia cac phan la nh sau:
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng Moi PHAN co the c s dung e tao nen mot hay nhieu PHAN. Moi PHAN co the c tao nen t mot hay nhieu PHAN.
120
Moi ket hp cua van e tren la moi ket hp nhieu nhieu. Ta khong the gan thuoc tnh lng s dung (lng s dung cua mot PHAN e tao nen mot PHAN khac) vao tap thc the PHAN c. Van e nay c giai quyet bang cach: - them mot tap thc the ket hp lam trung gian ket noi vi cac tap thc the trong mo hnh. - Thuoc tnh nhan dien cua tap thc the ket hp la s ket hp cac thuoc tnh nhan dien cua cac tap thc the trong mo hnh. - Cac thuoc tnh tao nen thuoc tnh nhan dien nay la cac khoa ngoai.
Mo hnh tren co ac iem sau: - Ban so ket noi cua mo hnh khong phu thuoc vao bai toan. - Neu khong co thuoc tnh lng s dung th ta s dung mo hnh khong co tap thc the ket hp. Mo hnh quan he: PHAN(ma phan, mo ta, lng ton) PHAN KET HP(ma phan s dung, ma phan tao nen, lng s dung) Co hai khoa ngoai (ma phan s dung) va (ma phan tao nen) Co hai khoa chnh: (ma phan) va (ma phan s dung, ma phan tao nen) PHAN KET HP ma phan s dung ma phan tao nen lng s dung 06 04 5 07 04 10 08 04 10
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng 09 04 03 VII BAI TAP 1 Bai 7.1 04 01 01 3 2 100
121
Mot gara sa xe mong muon xay dng mot c s d lieu ve cac bo phan trong xe va cac thanh phan tao nen chung (hnh tren). Thong tin ve bo phan xe co ma bo phan (duy nhat) va ten bo phan. Mot bo phan xe co the c cau tao t cac bo phan khac. Nhng mot thanh phan ch nam trong mot bo phan. a/ Hay xay dng mo hnh ER cua van e tren va chuyen chung thanh mo hnh quan he. b/ Hay kiem tra chc nang a d lieu cua v du tren vao mo hnh quan he. 2 Bai 7.2 C quan chnh phu ve sc khoe mong muon ghi nhan dch vu nao (nh cham soc tre, phuc vu ngi khuyet tat, ..) c cung cap bi to chc nao (nh Hiep hoi ho tr gia nh, Uy ban cham soc ngi khuyet tat,...), tai v tr a ly nao (nh bac Sydney, hng tay ngoai o, Newcatle,...) va ngay ma to chc bat au cung cap dch vu cho mot v tr a ly. oi vi dch vu phuc vu, to chc phuc vu va v tr a ly phuc vu, c quan chnh phu ch quan tam en ten va thuoc tnh nhan dien cua chung. Hay len mo hnh ER va chuyen chung thanh mo hnh quan he. 3 Bai 7.3 Doanh nghiep Tan Thanh la mot doanh nghiep san xuat hang may mac, co mot so phong ban (phong ky thuat, phong hanh chanh, ...) va nhieu chuyen san xuat (chuyen 1, chuyen 2,..). Doanh nghiep co nhieu nhan vien, nhan vien gian tiep va nhan vien trc tiep (con goi la cong nhan). Thong tin ve mot nhan vien gom co: ma nhan vien, ho ten, ngay sinh, a ch, ngay vao lam. Moi nhan vien gian tiep co mot n gia ngay cong. Lng nhan vien gian tiep bang so ngay cong nhan vi n gia ngay cong. oi vi cong nhan, doanh nghiep rat quan tam en van bang, chng ch lien quan en nghe may ma cong nhan at c. Moi nhan vien gian tiep/cong nhan phai chu s quan ly cua mot phong ban/chuyen. Doanh nghiep san xuat nhieu loai san pham. Moi san pham c hoan thanh qua mot so cong oan. Ten va n gia moi cong oan phu thuoc vao tng san pham. Moi chuyen hoan thanh cac san pham theo tng t giao hang. Moi t giao hang ch giao hang e hoan thanh mot san pham va giao cho mot chuyen vi cac thong tin ngay giao, so lng san pham hoan thanh. Cac t giao hang co the giao hoan thanh cung san pham nhng khong cung ngay. Moi chuyen phai thc hien t giao hang t cong oan au en cong oan cuoi e hoan thanh san pham. n gia cong oan c dung e tnh lng tra cho ngi san xuat.
122
Trong qua trnh thc hien t giao hang, mot cong nhan co the lam nhieu cong oan khac nhau trong mot chuyen. Trong moi cong oan co nhieu cong nhan tham gia lam viec. Moi cong nhan lam viec trong mot cong oan se c cham cong theo so lng hoan thanh. Hang ngay, ke toan phai nhap bang cham cong do cac ban ieu hanh cac chuyen gi ve. Bang cham cong cho biet so lng tng cong oan cua tng t giao hang ma cong nhan thc hien trong ngay. Hang thang, doanh nghiep tra lng cho cong nhan 2 ky: ky ng va ky cuoi thang. Mc lng ng c nhan vien ke toan xac nh (bang mot na mc thu nhap hang thang). Ky ng c phat vao ngay 20 moi thang. Cuoi thang, ke toan phai tnh va lap bang lng theo tng phong ban, tng chuyen (e phat). Yeu cau: (a) Xay dng mo hnh ER cho van e tren. (b) Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he. (c) Thiet ke phan x ly nhap bang cham cong vao cuoi ngay.
----oOo----
123
Chng 12 : S CHUN HA
(NORMALISATION)
GII THIEU
Mot csdl con d tha d lieu se gay tr ngai cho viec cap nhat d lieu. Chuan hoa csdl la hoat ong tao ra mot csdl khong con d tha d lieu, mot csdl at toi thieu dang chuan 3. Trong cac giai oan phan tch thiet ke he thong, hoat ong chuan hoa nam trong giai oan thiet ke csdl (xem hnh)
THIET KE HE THONG
(SYSTEMS DESIGN)
1. Thiet ke giao dien con ngi (designing the human interface) 2. Thiet ke c s d lieu (designing database) a) Thiet ke csdl logic (designing logical database) - Bien oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he - Kiem tra yeu cau chc nang b) Thiet ke csdl vat ly (designing physical database) - Chuyen cac quan he at chuan thanh cac ac ta tap tin may tnh THC HIEN VA VAN HANH HE THONG
Hnh 10.1 - Chuan hoa csdl trong cac bc PTTKHT
II
PHU THUOC HAM (FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY) 1 Phu thuoc ham
Thuoc tnh Y trong quan he phu thuoc ham vao thuoc tnh X (hay X1, X2,..) cua cung quan he, neu ng vi gia tr cua X ch co 1 gia tr cua Y. Ky hieu: XY hay X1,X2Y Ta noi Thuoc tnh Y phu thuoc ham vao thuoc tnh X hay gia tr cua X xac nh duy nhat mot gia tr cua Y hay Y c xac nh bi X. V du: Trong he csdl HOC VIEN, thuoc tnh ten hoc vien phu thuoc ham vao ma hoc vien 2 Phu thuoc ham ay u Thuoc tnh Y trong quan he phu thuoc ham ay u vao thuoc tnh X (X1, X2,..) cua cung quan he, neu no phu thuoc ham vao X va khong phu thuoc ham vao mot phan cua X. V du: Trong van e Trng Cao ang Cong ong Nui Xanh trc ay ta a co qui tac quan ly: Moi HOC VIEN co the ghi danh vao hoc mot hay nhieu MON HOC. Moi MON HOC co the c ghi danh bi mot hay nhieu HOC VIEN.

Mo hnh ER ghi nhan ao co HOC BIEN tao ve ma hoc thuoc VIEN NHAN c ghi nhan ao ma hoc vien vien ve tao bi ma mon ten hoc hoc vien ngay nhap a ch hoc ngay sinh so ien Mo thoaiquan hnh he HOC VIEN (ma hoc vien, ten hoc vien, a ch, ngay sinh, so ien thoai) mon hoc, ten mon hoc, MON HOC (ma
124
MON HOC ma mon hoc ten mon hoc thi lng
thi lng) BIEN NHAN ( , , ngay nhap hoc) Hnh 3.10 - Mo hnh ER va mo hnh quan he cua van e Trng Cao ang Cong ong Nui Xanh
Ma hoc vien, ma mon hoc ngay nhap hoc III CAC DANG CHUAN 1 V du Cong ty Kim kh ai oc va Bu lon (NBHC) co nhieu ca hang hoat ong vi ten rieng. Bang ton kho cua Ca hang Kim kh Mat nam (mot trong cac ca hang cua Cong ty NBHC) co dang nh sau: CONG TY KIM KH AI OC VA BU LON DANH SACH TON KHO Ma ca hang: M515 Ten ca hang: Ca hang kim kh mat nam ma mo ta hang ma nha ten nha cung a ch nha lng n thanh hang cung cap cap cung cap ton gia tien 45 Hay Street 3241 Bu lon 2 cm 34513 Acme Bolt Co 123 $0.50 $61.50 45 Hay Street 3541 Oc 5 cm 34513 Acme Bolt Co 546 $0.70 $382.20 7 Blacktown Road 4325 Vong em 30 mm 57913 Washer Co 567 $0.12 $68.04 5678 ai oc 8 mm 34513 Acme Bolt Co 45 Hay Street 342 $0.17 $58.14 1478 inh oc 40 mm 00972 Best Fasteners 281 Pilbara Way 1267 $0.09 $114.03 7 Blacktown Road 4327 Vong em 40 mm 57913 Washer Co 165 $0.15 $24.75 ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... Tong cong $708.66 Qui tac quan ly: 1. Bang Ton kho cua Ca hang Kim kh Mat nam la mau tieu bieu cho tat ca ca hang 2. Moi nha cung cap cung cap nhieu mat hang, nhng mot mat hang ch c cung cap bi mot nha cung cap 3. Mot mat hang c lu tr nhieu ca hang. V du mat hang ma so 3241 c lu tr trong ca hang M515 nhng no cung c lu tr trong ca hang M516 va M517. 4. Lng ton la so lng ton cua mot mat hang cua mot ca hang. 5. n gia cua mot mat hang la n gia chung cho tat ca cac ca hang 6. Tong cong la tong cua cot thanh tien 7. Ma ca hang, ma hang, ma nha cung cap la thuoc tnh nhan dien cua ca hang, hang, nha cung cap Ta thc hien cac bc chuan hoa quan he cua v du cong ty NBHC theo cac bc sau:
125
2 Dang chuan mot (first normal form) nh ngha: Thuoc tnh A la lap lai (repeating group of attribute) neu ng vi mot gia tr khoa chnh co nhieu gia tr cua thuoc tnh A. MAT HANG Ma hang Mo ta n giaban 1003 Tu ien 0.68 0.67 0.65 1007 au noi 2.00 2.10 1.90 BANG D LIEU KHONG AT DANG CHUAN 1 Trong quan he MAT HANG tren, thuoc tnh n gia ban la thuoc tnh lap lai (oi khi con goi la thuoc tnh a gia tr: multi value attribute) . nh ngha: Mot quan he R dang chuan mot neu no khong co thuoc tnh lap lai. Cach chuan hoa: Mot quan he R khong dang chuan 1 c chuan hoa bang cach chuyen thuoc tnh lap lai vao quan he rieng. i. Chuyen tat ca thuoc tnh vao mot quan he: TN KHO (ma ca hang, ten ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch, lng ton, n gia, thanh tien, tong cong) ii. Loai bo cac thuoc tnh tong hp TN KHO (ma ca hang, ten ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch, lng ton, n gia) iii. Xac nh khoa chnh (chon ngau nhien mot khoa chnh nh ma ca hang) TN KHO (ma ca hang, ten ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch, lng ton, n gia) Ta thay ng vi gia tr ma ca hang M515 th co nhieu gia tr lap lai cua cac thuoc tnh: ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch, lng ton, n gia. Thuoc tnh lap lai nay oi hoi phai chuyen qua quan he rieng. Khoa chnh cua quan he mi nay thng la khoa hp (khoa co tren mot thuoc tnh) la hp cua khoa chnh cua quan he nguon va khoa chnh cua cac thuoc tnh lap lai. TON KHO mach ten ch ma hang mo ta ma ncc ten ncc a ch lng ton n gia
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng M515
126
chkkmn 3241 Bu lon 2cm 34513 Acme bolt co 45 ... 123 0.50 3541 Oc 5cm 34513 Acme bolt co 45 ... 546 0.70 4325 Vong... 57913 Washer co 7 .. 567 0.12 5678 ai oc ... 34513 Acme bolt co 45 ... 342 0.17 1478 inh oc ... 00972 Best fastener 281 ... 1267 0.09 4327 Vong ... 57913 Washer co 7 ... 165 24.75 M516 chkkmb 3241 Bu lon 2cm 34513 Acme bolt co 45 ... 20 0.50 4325 Vong ... 57913 Washer co 7 ... 30 0.12 1478 inh oc ... 00972 Best fastener 281 .. 60 0.09 M517 chkkmt 3541 Bu lon 2cm 34513 Acme bolt co 45 ... 100 0.70 .... .... .... .... ... ... ... ... .. iv. Chuyen thuoc tnh lap lai thanh quan he rieng CA HANG(ma ca hang,ten ca hang) TON KHO (ma ca hang,ma hang,mo ta mat hang,ma nha cung cap,ten nha cung cap,a ch,lng ton, n gia) 3 Dang chuan hai (second normal form) nh ngha: Mot quan he R dang chuan 2 neu no dang chuan 1 va moi thuoc tnh khong khoa phu thuoc ham ay u vao khoa quan he (khong phu thuoc vao mot phan khoa quan he) Cach chuan hoa: Mot quan he R khong dang chuan 2 c chuan hoa bang cach chuyen thuoc tnh phu thuoc vao mot phan khoa vao quan he rieng. Quan he CA HANG ng nhien at dang chuan 2 v khoa chnh ch gom mot thuoc tnh Quan he TON KHO co khoa chnh gom hai thuoc tnh nen ta phai kiem tra s phu thuoc ham cua cac thuoc tnh
CA HANG(ma ca hang, ten ca hang) TON KHO (ma ca hang, ma hang, lng ton) MAT HANG (ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch, n gia) 4 Dang chuan ba (third normal form) nh ngha: Mot quan he R dang chuan 3 neu no dang chuan 2 va khong co s phu thuoc ham gia cac thuoc tnh khong khoa. Cach chuan hoa: Mot quan he R khong dang chuan 3 c chuan hoa bang cach chuyen thuoc tnh phu thuoc vao thuoc tnh khong khoa vao quan he rieng
CA HANG(ma ca hang, ten ca hang) TON KHO (ma ca hang, ma hang, lng ton)
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng MAT HANG (ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, n gia) NHA CUNG CAP (ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch) IV CHUAN HOA THEO LY THUYET CSDL
127
Lc o quan he Q = CA HANG (ma ca hang, ten ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch, lng ton, n gia) co tap phu thuoc ham: F = {ma ca hang ten ca hang; ma ca hang, ma hang lng ton; ma hang mo ta mat hang, n gia, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch; ma nha cung cap ten nha cung cap, a ch } TN = {ma ca hang, ma hang} TG = {ma nha cung cap} Xi la tap con cua tap TG: Xi TNXi ma ca hang, ma hang ma nha cung cap ma ca hang, ma hang, ma nha cung cap (TNXi)+ Q+ Q+ Sieu khoa Khoa ma ca hang, ma ca hang, ma hang ma hang ma ca hang, ma hang, ma nha cung cap
F={ma ca hang -> ten ca hang; ma ca hang, ma hang -> lng ton; ma hang -> mo ta mat hang, n gia, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch; ma nha cung cap -> ten nha cung cap, a ch} Q={ma ca hang, ten ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang,....} K = {ma ca hang, ma hang } F1 ={ma ca hang -> ten ca hang} CA HANG ={ma ca hang, ten ca hang} K1 = {ma ca hang} F1 ={ma ca hang, ma hang -> lng ton; ma hang -> mo ta mat hang,n gia, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch; ma nha cung cap -> ten nha cung cap, a ch} Q2 ={ma ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang,....} K2 = {ma ca hang, ma hang } F4 ={ma ca hang, ma hang -> lng ton} Q4 ={ma ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang,....} K4 = {ma ca hang, ma hang }
F3 ={ma hang -> mo ta mat hang,n gia, ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch; ma nha cung cap -> ten nha cung cap, a ch, ...} Q3 ={ma ca hang, ma hang, mo ta mat hang,....} K3 = {ma hang}
F6 ={ma nha cung cap -> ten nha cung cap, a ch} F5 ={ma hang -> mo ta mat hang,n gia, ma nha cung cap} Q5 ={ma ca hang, mo ta mat hang, n gia, ma nha cung cap} Q6 ={ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch} K6 = {ma nha cung cap} K5 = {ma hang }
TIEP CAN THEO MO HNH ER
e xay dng mo hnh quan he cho van e NBHC, thay v tiep can bang cach ap dung cac luat chuan hoa (cach tiep can t di len theo bottom-up approach), ta tiep can theo mo hnh ER qua cac bc sau (cach tiep can t tren xuong the top down approach): Bc 1: Ap dung cach phan tch bieu mau a e cap chng 4, t bieu mau Bang ton kho cua NBHC, ta nhan dien c cac tap thc the CA HANG, HANG, NHA CUNG CAP. Bc 2: Ve mo hnh ER va gan cac thuoc tnh nhan dien
128
Bc 3: Xac nh cac moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the. Can c vao qui tac quan ly, ta co moi ket hp gia HANG va CA HANG la moi ket hp nhieu nhieu va moi ket hp gia HANG va NHA CUNG CAP la moi ket hp mot nhieu.
Bc 4: Moi ket hp nhieu nhieu c giai quyet bang cach them tap thc the ket hp TON KHO lam trung gian ket noi gia hai tap thc the HANG va CA HANG. Thuoc tnh lng ton ch phu hp vi tap thc the ket hp TON KHO
Bc 5: Ap dung cac qui tac bien oi chng 3 e chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he CA HANG(ma ca hang, ten ca hang) MAT HANG (ma hang, mo ta mat hang, ma nha cung cap, n gia) TON KHO (ma ca hang, ma hang, lng ton) NHA CUNG CAP (ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch) Bc 6: Ap dung cac qui tac chuan hoa e a cac quan he bc 5 ve dang chuan ba. VI BAI TAP 1 10.1 T bang d lieu sau, hay xay dng mot quan he khong chuan roi chuan hoa no at chuan 1, chuan 2 cuoi cung la chuan 3. S dung cac qui tac quan ly ma ban luan ra t bang d lieu. Neu c hay phat bieu mot vai ieu rang buoc gia nh.
Ma so
202 296 328 419 790 987 1290 1333 5693 6785
Ma NCC
L02 SCI C03 F11 L02 M01 AS1 L02 C03 T07
Nha CC
Lincoln Schoettel Colchester Fluke Lincoln Mitutoyo Allstar Lincoln Colchester Tektronics
Mo ta
Welder 400 Amp Deepwater Barge Lathe 1500 BC Multimeter Welder 400 Amp Micrometer Satcom 2000 Welder 300 Amp Lathe 1800BC Oscilloscope
Ma ca hang
FAB PEH MEC ELE FAB MEC PEH MEC MEC ELE
Ca hang
Fabrication Shop P&e Hire Mechanical Shop Electrical Shop Fabrication Shop Mechanical Shop P&E Hire Mechanical Shop Mechanical Shop Electrical Shop
Gia khi iem

2760 221000 8750 430 2760 440 7200 2440 9900 5700
T suat
20% 10% 10% 20% 20% 5% 30% 15% 10% 10%
Gia tr
552 22100 875 86 552 22 2160 366 990 570
Ma a diem
WE VI KW BE WE KW TH KW KW BE
a iem
Welshpool Varanus 1s Kewdale Belmont Welshpool Kewdale Thailand Kewdale Kewdale Belmont

6788 L02 Lincoln Welder 400 Amp PEH P&E Hire 2760 20 552 KW
129
Kewdale
1) T bang d lieu tren ta co quan he khong chuan sau: TAI SAN(ma so, ma NCC, ten nha CC, mo ta tai san, ma loai ca hang, ten loai ca hang, gia khi iem, t suat, gia tr, ma a iem, ten a iem) Thuoc tnh gia tr = gia khi iem * t suat la thuoc tnh tong hp TAI SAN(ma so, ma NCC, ten nha CC, mo ta tai san, ma loai ca hang, ten loai ca hang, gia khi iem, t suat, ma a iem, ten a iem) Chon ma so lam khoa chnh TAI SAN(ma so, ma NCC, ten nha CC, mo ta tai san, ma loai ca hang, ten loai ca hang, gia khi iem, t suat, ma a iem, ten a iem) 2) ng vi moi gia tr khoa chnh khong co gia tr lap lai nen quan he TAI SAN at dang chuan 1. 3) Khoa quan he TAI SAN ch gom mot thuoc tnh nen at dang chuan 2 4) Trong quan he TAI SAN co s phu thuoc gia cac thuoc tnh khong khoa nh sau: Ma NCC ten nha CC Ma loai ca hang ten loai ca hang Mo ta tai san gia khi iem, mo ta tai san-> t suat Ma a iem ten a iem Ta chuyen cac thuoc tnh nay vao quan he rieng TAI SAN(ma so, ma NCC, mo ta tai san, ma loai ca hang, ma a iem) NHA CUNG CAP(ma NCC, ten nha CC) LOAI CA HANG(ma loai ca hang, ten loai ca hang) A IEM(ma a iem, ten a iem) DANH MUC TAI SAN(mo ta tai san, gia khi iem, t suat) 5) T bang d lieu ta luan ra cac ieu sau: o Cac tap thc the TAI SAN, NHA CUNG CAP, LOAI CA HANG, A IEM, DANH MUC TAI SAN o Gia tr = gia khi iem x t suat o Ma NCC, ma loai ca hang, ma a iem la khoa thuoc tnh nhan dien cua NHA CUNG CAP, LOAI CA HANG, A IEM 2 10.2 T bang d lieu sau, hay xay dng mot quan he khong chuan roi chuan hoa no at chuan 1, chuan 2 cuoi cung la chuan 3. S dung cac qui tac quan ly ma ban luan ra t bang d lieu. Neu c hay phat bieu mot vai ieu rang buoc gia nh.
ma trach nhiem
TR SR TR T
Ma may bay
003 007 009 026
Ma loai may bay

C130 UH-1 C130 A331B
Cau tao may bay

Hercules Iroquois Hercules Macchi
Dch vu phuc vu
Transport SAR Transport Trainer
Ma nha che tao

LO BE LO AM
Ten nha che tao

Lockheed Bell Lockheed AerMacchi
Nc
USA USA USA Italy
Ma c s
RI PE RI PE
Ten c s
Richmond Pearce Richmond Pearce
Bang
NSW WA NSW WA
1) T bang d lieu tren ta co quan he khong chuan sau: TRACH NHIEM(ma trach nhiem, ma may bay, ma loai may bay, cau tao may bay, dch vu phuc vu, ma nha che tao, ten nha che tao, nc, ma c s, ten c s, bang) Chon ma may bay lam khoa chnh TRACH NHIEM(ma trach nhiem, ma may bay, ma loai may bay, cau tao may bay, dch vu phuc vu, ma nha che tao, ten nha che tao, nc, ma c s, ten c s, bang)
130
2) Trong quan he TRACH NHIEM, ng vi moi gia tr khoa chnh khong co gia tr lap lai nen chung at dang chuan 1 3) Khoa quan he TRACH NHIEM ch gom mot thuoc tnh nen ng nhien chung at dang chuan 2 4) Trong quan he TRACH NHIEM co s phu thuoc gia cac thuoc tnh khong khoa nh sau: Ma loai may bay-> cau tao may bay, dch vu phuc vu, ma nha che tao, ma c s, bang ma nha che tao->ten nha che tao, nc ma c s->ten c s, bang Ta chuyen cac thuoc tnh nay vao quan he rieng TRACH NHIEM(ma may bay, ma trach nhiem, ma loai may bay) LOAI MAY BAY(ma loai may bay, cau tao may bay, dch vu phuc vu, ma nha che tao, ma c s) NHA CHE TAO(ma nha che tao, ten nha che tao, nc) C S(ma c s, ten c s, bang). 3 Trac nghiem 1) The process of converting complex data structures into simple, stable data structures is referred to as a) normalization b) process modeling c) structuring d) simplification
----oOo----
131
132
CC TRNG HP NGHIN CU
(CASE STUDIES)
VII TRNG CAO ANG TAY O 1 Yeu cau d lieu / ac ta van e. 1. WMC la trng cao ang a c s, hien hoat ong 3 v tr khac nhau. Moi c s chuyen ve mot so lanh vc ao tao ma khong co s trung lap lanh vc ao tao gia cac c s. Ngha la mot khoa hoc ao tao c to chc bi mot khoa th c giang day ch bi c s co khoa o. 2. Trng Cao ang mong muon co mot csdl e lu tr chnh xac ve: Cac khoa hoc ao tao va cac chu e giang day cua cac khoa moi cac c s. S ghi danh cua sinh vien. Cac ky kiem tra cuoi khoa va iem. Ly lch ve cac giang vien c thue bi nha trng va cac chu e ma ho giang day. 3. C s c nhan dien bi ma c s. Ten cua c s c at co lien quan en v tr a ly nh: CC C s trung tam thanh pho. NR C s cac dong song hng bac DH C s cac oi yeu qu. 4. Moi c s co mot so khoa nhat nh. V du c s CC co khoa tnh toan, khoa kinh te, khoa van phong va th ky, khoa luat va cong nghe. Ngay thanh lap c s cung can c quan tam. 5. Moi khoa co mot so giang vien c phan cong la to trng bo mon, chu s quan ly cua trng khoa. Khoa co kinh ph hoat ong trong mot nam tai chanh. Moi giang vien bao cao cho to trng bo mon va to trng bo mon bao cao cho trng khoa. 6. Khoa c chu ong m cac khoa ao tao phu hp vi yeu cau cua trng. V du Khoa tnh toan m khoa ao tao chng ch cong nghe thong tin (CIT), chng ch cong nghe thong tin nang cao (ACIT) va van bang cong nghe thong tin trong ng dung may tnh (DITCA). Khoa ang ao tao can phai c phan biet vi cac khoa hien khong ang tnh trang ao tao. 7. Moi khoa ao tao co mot so chu e bat buoc va mot so khong bat buoc ma sinh vien phai hoan tat e at mot kien thc nhat nh. Co chu e la mot phan cua nhieu khoa hoc. V du nh chu e gii thieu ve he c s d lieu la n v hoc trnh chnh cua ACIT va DITCA va la mon nhiem y cua van bang nang cao Cong Nghe ien t. 8. Chu e c nhan dien duy nhat bi ch muc chu e (SIN). Tat ca chu e eu co ten chu e nh Gii thieu ve he c s d lieu. Mot so chu e oi hoi phai c giang sau hay trc mot hay nhieu chu e. 9. Nhng d lieu sau ay ve khoa hoc c quan tam: ma khoa hoc, mo ta khoa hoc, thi lng, c s ni ma khoa hoc c xay dng va loai cong viec ma khoa hoc nham ti. 10. Sinh vien gang vt qua cac chu e trong nhieu nam e hoan thanh khoa hoc ma ho ghi danh vao. Ho khong c phep ghi danh vao hoc tren hai khoa hoc. 11. He can lu tr chi tiet ve ma sinh vien, ten, a ch, so ien thoai, nam hay n, ngay sinh, khoa hoc a ghi danh, chu e a ghi danh (qua kh va hien tai) tnh trang ghi danh (ban thi gian hay toan thi gian) va iem. 12. Khi sinh vien ghi danh hoc cac chu e, ho c liet xep vao hoc mot lch chu e. Hien nay, WMC s dung mau lch chu e nam. Xem xet mau bieu nay ta thay moi mau lch chu e c nhan dien bi ma lch chu e (v du nh 12345A) va cac chi tiet nh ngay bat au va ket thuc chu e, ngay
133
trong tuan ma chu e c giang, gi bat au, thi lng tnh theo gi, so phong, ma chu e va ten chu e, ma giang vien va ten giang vien. 13. Chi tiet lu tr ve moi giang vien bao gom ten, a ch, so ien thoai, ngay vao lam, kha nang chuyen mon, chu e co the giang va chu e thong thao. 14. Do tnh chuyen mon hoa, moi giang vien c phan cong vao mot khoa cua mot c s va day cac chu e cua c s o. Nha trng thue ba loai giang vien: toan thi gian, ban thi gian, thnh giang. 15. Ket thuc chu e, trng khoa phan cong mot giang vien lam kiem tra va mot giang vien lam phu kiem tra. Mot kiem tra co the kiem tra, anh gia mot hay nhieu chu e va phu kiem tra cung vay nhng khong bao gi kiem tra va phu kiem lai la giang vien va day chu e o. 2 Mo hnh hoa d lieu Chung ta hay lan lc s dung tng oan co anh so cua phan ac ta va: - Nhan dien tap thc the va thuoc tnh nhan dien. - Nhan dien moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the. - Gan thuoc tnh mo ta vao cac tap thc the. - Giai quyet tnh bat buoc hay khong bat buoc cua moi quan he. - Giai quyet tap thc the cha con. - Xem xet kha canh lch s va d tha d lieu. an 1 v 2 Hai oan nay cho ta thay s hien dien cua cac tap thc the: - c s - khoa hoc - khoa - sinh vien - giang vien - chu e va mot vai moi ket hp gia cac tap thc the nh sau:
an 3 Cho ta biet thuoc tnh nhan dien cua C S la ma c s va thuoc tnh mo ta la ten c s. an 4 oan nay cung cap cho ta cac thong tin sau: 1/ C s c tao thanh t cac khoa. 2/ Khoa c biet qua ten khoa. 3/ Thuoc tnh ngay thanh lap c s c s quan tam cua nha trng. an 5 Cho biet moi khoa co mot so giang vien lam viec trong khoa o va ta t hieu moi giang vien ch chu s quan ly cua mot khoa.
134
Chung ta cung thay co 3 loai giang vien: giang vien la trng khoa, giang vien la trng bo mon va giang vien thng. Giang vien thng cua bo mon nao th chu s giam sat cua to trng bo mon o con to trng bo mon chu s giam sat cua trng khoa. oan 6 Khoa th to chc nhieu khoa hoc nhng ch co khoa hoc ang c ao tao th c quan tam, ngha la ta khong khong quan tam en kha canh lch s cua khoa ao tao. ay ta them thuoc tnh ang ao tao co tr la Yes/No e biet khoa hoc nao la khoa ang ao tao.
Doan 12 oan nay cho ta phan mo hnh ER sau:

ma sinh vien ten sinh vien a ch so ien thoai nha ien thoai c quan phai ngay sinh
ma giang vien ten giang vien loai giang vien
SINH VIEN
thuoc ve
GIANG VIEN
c giang bi
co
giang ke c ke bi
IEM CHU E
ma sinh vien ma chu e day loai ghi danh iem so
LCH CHU E
ke day c ke day bi
CHU E
ma chu e ten chu e
ma lch chu e ngay bat au ngay ket thuc ngay day trong tuan gi bat au thi lng so phong
135
da n c ghi hb i
vao
da
anh
b i
VIIIBAI TAP 1 Bai tap 1 (hang hoa) Doanh nghiep Hoang Minh la mot doanh nghiep thng mai, chuyen mua ban cac loai hang hoa. Doanh nghiep co nhieu van phong ai dien ban hang khap cac tnh, thanh pho tren pham vi ca nc. Moi tnh, thanh pho c nhan dien bang ma tnh-thanh pho va co thuoc tnh ten tnh-thanh pho, so dan. Thong tin ve mot van phong gom co: ma van phong (duy nhat ), ten van phong, a ch, ien thoai lien lac va tnh, thanh pho ni at van phong. Doanh nghiep co nhieu nhan vien ban hang. Thong tin ve mot nhan vien gom co: ma nhan vien (duy nhat), ho ten, ngay sinh, a ch. Nhan vien ch c phep lam viec mot van phong ai dien. Doanh nghiep kinh doanh nhieu hang hoa, thong tin ve mot hang hoa gom: ma hang (duy nhat), ten hang, n v tnh, n gia ban, so lng toi thieu phai ton kho, t suat thue gia tr gia tang. Doanh nghiep co nhieu khach hang. Thong tin ve mot khach hang gom co: ma khach hang, ho ten, a ch, va thanh pho ni khach hang c ngu. Moi giao dch mua ban c tien hanh se co mot hoa n ban hang do mot nhan vien ai dien ban hang lap. Tren hoa n co cac thong tin: ten van phong, so hoa n (dung e phan biet hoa n nay vi hoa n kia), ngay hoa n, ho ten khach hang, a ch khach hang va mot danh sach cac mat hang co cung t suat thue GTGT (xem mau). Mot lan mua, khach co the mua nhieu loai hang co so lng khac nhau va t suat thue gia tr gia tang khac nhau (nh 5%, 10%, 1%). Nhan vien ban hang co nhiem vu gom cac mat hang cung t suat thue vao mot hoa n. Nh vay mot lan mua khach co the co nhieu hoa n vi cac t suat thue khac nhau. Tat ca hoa n cua cac van phong phai c gi ve van phong chnh e thong ke doanh thu.
ghi d
da y
136
Van phong ban hang Tp Can Th
HOA N BAN HANG

Ho ten khach hang: Pham Ngoc Lan a ch: 54 Ly Chnh Thang Dien giai: Ban cho khach STT 1 2 Ten hang hoa Sa tam Dove Dau goi LifeBuoy So: 001256 Ngay: 10/01/2001
n v tnh Chai Chai
So lng 30 20
n gia 21.000 15.000 Cong: Thue GTGT(10%): Tong cong:
Thanh tien 630.000 300.000 930.000 93.000 1.023.000
Ngi lap hoa n
Nguyen Van Lap Yeu cau: 1/ Xay dng mo hnh ER (tap thc the ket hp) cua van e tren. 2/ Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he. 3/ Thiet ke phan x ly s kien khach en mua hang. 2 Bai tap 2 (Vat t) Doanh nghiep san xuat bao b Mai Lan to chc he thong ke toan vat t nh sau: Doanh nghiep co nhieu kho cha vat t. Thong tin ve kho gom: ma kho (duy nhat), ten kho, a ch, so ien thoai. Doanh nghiep co nhieu vat t. Thong tin ve vat t gom: ma vat t (duy nhat), ten vat t , qui cach, n v tnh, so toi thieu phai ton kho. Cac vat t c chia thanh tng nhom vat t. Thong tin ve nhom vat t gom: ma nhom, ten nhom. Mot vat t ch thuoc ve mot nhom. Moi hoat ong nhap xuat vat t c tien hanh bang chng t nhap/xuat vat t (xem mau) vi so phieu co tnh duy nhat trong ca hai loai phieu nhap va xuat. Doanh nghiep nhap vat t t nhieu nha cung cap. Moi chng t nhap kho ch nhap cac vat t cua mot nha cung cap va nhap vao mot kho cua doanh nghiep. Doanh nghiep quan tam cac thong tin ma nha cung cap, ten nha cung cap, a ch nha cung cap. Cong ty san xuat bao b Mai Lan CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHA VIET NAM oc lap T do Hanh phuc
137
So phieu: 0015/NK Ten nha cung cap: a ch nha cung cap: Kho nhap: Chng t kem theo: STT 1 2 MVT 120065 121149 Ngi lap TEN VAT T Xang A92 M bo ac chung
PHIEU NHAP KHO
Ngay: 03/09/01 Cong ty vat t Anh Minh 125 Nguyen Van Troi Kho chnh Cong van so 45/KH SO LNG 1.000 10 Thu kho N GIA 4.000 50.000 THANH TIEN 4.000.000 500.000 Ke toan trng
VT Kg Kg
Nguyen Van Sn Cong ty san xuat bao b Mai Lan
Tran Van Thu
Lam van Ke
CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHA VIET NAM oc lap T do Hanh phuc
PHIEU XUAT KHO

So phieu: 0001/XK Ten thiet b: May thoi bao PP Ly do xuat: Tu bo may thoi Kho xuat: Kho chnh STT 1 2 MVT 121141 121150 Ngi lap TEN VAT T Ron may Nht Tong cong VT Bo Lt SO LNG 3 2 Thu kho Ngay: 10/01/2001
N GIA 25.000 40.000
THANH TIEN 75.000 80.000 155.000 Ke toan trng
Nguyen Van Sn
Tran van Thu
Lam van Ke
Moi phieu xuat vat t ch ghi xuat cac vat t t mot kho va xuat e sa cha hay bao dng ...(ly do xuat) cho mot thiet b cua doanh nghiep. Thong tin ve thiet b co ma thiet b, ten thiet b. Yeu cau: 1/ Xay dng mo hnh ER cho he thong quan ly vat t tren. 2/ Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he. 3/ Thiet ke phan x ly s kien phat sinh phieu xuat kho
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng 3 Bai tap 3 (Mo hnh TSC) Doanh nghiep san xuat, xay dng Hoa bnh to chc ke toan TSC (hu hnh) nh sau:
138
Doanh nghiep co nhieu loai TSC (nha ca, may moc,..) moi loai tai san co nhieu TSC (May tron ho T4, May dam D3,...). Thong tin ve mot tai san gom: ma tai san, ten tai san, nguyen gia, nguon goc (t co, ngan sach, lien doanh), xuat x (nc san xuat), t le khau hao (10%, 5%,..), ngay a vao s dung. Doanh nghiep co nhieu n v. Thong tin ve n v: ma n v, ten n v. Moi n v co the quan ly nhieu TSC nhng mot tai san ch do mot n v quan ly. Ngoai viec s dung TSC do n v mnh quan ly, moi n v con co the s dung nhieu tai san co nh do n v khac quan ly thong qua hoat ong ieu chuyen. S ieu chuyen tai san c thc hien bang mot quyet nh ieu chuyen. Moi quyet nh eu co so quyet nh (co tnh duy nhat), ngay quyet nh, ho ten ngi ky quyet nh va cac tai san ieu chuyen. Cac tai san ieu chuyen tren mot quyet nh co the co ngay ieu chuyen khac nhau, n v ieu chuyen en khac nhau. Hang ky ke toan phai tnh so khau hao trch trong ky cho tng n v (so khau hao = t le khau hao x nguyen gia x so ngay s dung / 365). Neu n v s dung TSC khac n v quan ly th so khau hao tnh cho n v s dung, theo so ngay TSC c s dung. TSC tang trong ky nao th so khau hao tnh ngay trong ky o. Yeu cau: 1/ Xay dng mo hnh ER cho he thong quan ly TSC tren. 2/ Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he. 3/ Thiet ke phan x ly cho phep nhap cac thong tin cua quyet nh ieu chuyen vao he thong. 4 Bai tap 4 (Lng) Doanh nghiep Sao Mai la doanh nghiep san xuat. Doanh nghiep co nhieu phan xng san xuat. Thong tin ve phan xng gom: ma phan xng, ten phan xng. Doanh nghiep co nhieu n v chia lam hai loai: trc tiep san xuat va gian tiep. Moi phan xng san xuat co the co nhieu n v. Nhng moi n v ch thuoc mot phan xng hay khong thuoc phan xng nao. Thong tin ve n v co ma n v, ten n v, so tai khoan chi ph. Doanh nghiep co nhieu nhan vien, chia lam hai loai, trc tiep san xuat va gian tiep. Moi nhan vien ch lam mot n v, moi n v co the co nhieu nhan vien. Thong tin chung ve mot nhan vien gom co: ma nhan vien, ho ten nhan vien, ngay sinh, a ch, ngay vao lam viec. oi vi nhan vien trc tiep san xuat con co them thong tin: chc vu, he so lng con nhan vien gian tiep co mc lng. Nhan vien trc tiep lam theo ca, nhan vien gian tiep khong lam theo ca. Ca 1 va ca 2 iem cong la 1, ca 3 iem cong la 1.5. Ngh viec khong ly do se b cham iem 0. Neu ngh viec co ly do se c cham tuy theo phan tram lng se c hng. Co hai mc: ngh hng 70% lng va ngh hng 50% lng.
139
Cuoi thang ke toan phai nhap bang cham cong do ban ieu hanh cac phan xng gi ve. oi vi nhan vien gian tiep, bang cham cong cho biet so ngay cong trong thang. oi vi nhan vien trc tiep, bang cham cong cho biet so ngay cong ca 1, so ngay cong ca 2 va so ngay cong ca 3 trong thang. Ngoai ra bang cham cong cung cho biet so ngay ngh hng 70% lng, so ngay ngh hng 50% lng. Yeu cau: 1/ Xay dng mo hnh ER cho van e tren. 2/ Chuyen mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he. 3/ Thiet ke phan x ly thong tin oi vi s kien Nhan vien trc tiep bao cong cuoi thang 5 Bai tap 6 (cho thue bang a) Dch vu SVCD chuyen cho thue cac loai CD, VCD, MP3, MP4 tren a ban thanh pho HCM. a cua dch vu co nhieu the loai khac nhau nh: Ca nhac thieu nhi, ca nhac tuoi tre, hoa tau, hai kch, phim hnh s, phim vo thuat, phim tnh cam, cai lng,, moi the loai co nhieu Album (oi vi a ca nhac, a hoa tau, ), nhieu bo (oi vi a phim) hay nhieu v (oi vi a kch, a cai lng, ) khac nhau. Moi Album, bo hay v co the co mot hoac nhieu a va thng co t 2 en 10 ban e phuc vu cho thue. Moi Album, bo hay v phai co ta e, ten hang san xuat, nc san xuat, nam san xuat. Neu la a phim, cai lng,... th co ten tac gia kch ban, ao dien, dien vien. Neu la a ca nhac, tau hai, tan co,... th co ta e cua cac bai hat, bai ca, tac gia va ca s (hoac nhom ca s, dien vien) trnh bay, bieu dien. Gia cho thue a tnh theo tng ngay cho tng a ma khach thue. Cac a cung loai (chang han VCD) th co cung mot gia cho thue. Khach hang khi thue a phai e lai a ch lu tru va tien at coc t nhat bang tr gia cua a ma Dch vu a mua. Khi khach tra lai a th Dch vu se tnh tien thue e can tr vao tien ma khach a at coc va tra lai tien coc con d cho khach hang. Trong trng hp tien thue a nhieu hn tien at coc th ch lay ung bang tien at coc. Cac giao dch dien ra tai Dch vu bao gom: - Nhap (mua) Album mi, phim mi hoac nhap them cac ban cua cac Album cu, phim cu hien ang cho thue tai Dch vu, - Cho thue va nhan lai a khi khach hang tra lai, - oi a khi khach hang yeu cau hoac do a b truc trac ky thuat, - Thanh ly cac a b h hong hoac qua cu, - ap ng cac yeu cau ve thong tin cua khach hang ve cac Album, bo phim hay v dien nh: Hang san xuat, tac gia kch ban, ca s, dien vien, bai hat, Yeu cau: (d) Lap mo hnh thc the Ket hp cua dch vu. (e) Lap mo hnh x ly mc quan niem cho giao dch: Khach hang yeu cau oi a khac cung the loai. 6 Bai tap 7 (x ly n hang) Di ay la nhng phat bieu ve viec x ly n hang cua mot to chc: - Nhan vien trong to chc c nhan dien bi ma nhan vien, ho ten va ngay sanh. - Nhan vien trong to chc chu trach nhiem cac n hang. Thong tin ve n hang co so n hang (duy nhat), ngay n hang, dien giai va gia tr n hang. Vi mot n hang, ch mot nhan vien chu trach nhiem n hang ay nhng mot nhan vien co the chu trach nhiem nhieu n hang. - To chc thc hien n hang bang mot chuoi cac cong viec. Nhan vien chu trach nhiem n hang tao cac bang yeu cau cho cac phan xng e phan xng thc hien cac cong viec nay. Cac bang
140
yeu cau c nhan dien bi so yeu cau. Ho quan tam ngay bat au va ngay ket thuc cua ban yeu cau. - Cac cac cong viec co the c tao ra bi mot phan xng e ap ng mot ban yeu cau. Moi cong viec c nhan dien bi ma cong viec va co mot gia tr cong viec. Tat ca cong viec cua mot ban yeu cau c gi cho mot phan xng. Moi phan xng c nhan dien bang ma phan xng va co ten phan xng. - Moi cong viec s dung mot khoi lng nao o cua mot hay nhieu nguyen lieu. Nguyen lieu c nhan dien bi ma nguyen lieu va co thuoc tnh mo ta. Yeu cau: (a) Xay dng mo hnh ER cho van e tren. (b) Bien oi mo hnh ER thanh mo hnh quan he.
----oOo----
141
Gi s vn qun l n hng c m hnh E-R nh hnh sau:
PHN THAM KHO
Vi mot mo hnh quan ly n hang nh tren, ta co the hnh dung mot form nhap lieu ai dien cho thanh phan x ly cua viec them mi mot n hang co dang sau:
Logic hoat ong cua thanh phan x ly them mi n hang c dien at bang cac s o DFD cap 0, cap 1 nh hnh:

Khch hng M khch hng Ngy n hng D2 Khach hang 1.1 Kim tra m khch hng M khch hng D3 n hang 1.3 To s n hng
142
Tn khch hng+ a ch+ S in thoi 1.2 Thm khch hng D1 D4 Mat hang
n hng M hng + s lng
M khch hng mi M khch hng
Dong n hang 1.4 nhp chi tit n hng
S n hng
CAC BC THC HIEN E VE S O DFD 7 Bc 1: lap bang s kien S kien (event) la mot s viec xay ra tai mot ni, vao mot thi iem ma co the mo ta va ghi nhan c. Ta co cac s kien v du nh : - khach hang en thue bang a. - khach hang oi bang a. - nha cung cap cung cap bang a - khach hang tra tien thue bang. - en thi han tra bang. - en thi han bao cao so lieu Bng s kin He thong hoat ong do s kch hoat cua s kien. Nh vay s kien kch hoat va ieu khien hoat ong cua he thong. Viec liet ke va phan tch s kien tao kha nang nhan dien c yeu cau chc nang cua he thong. Viec nay c thc hien bang cach tao bang s kien (hay bang hoat ong cua doanh nghiep) gom 6 cot. Cac s kien c liet ke trong bang s kien la cac s kien nam ngoai he thong va xem he thong nh mot hop en. (la s kien kch hoat he thong hoat ong)
S kien
(la thong tin kch (noi dung x hoat he thong lam kch hoat he ly cua phan he cho he thong nhan thong ) thong khi s biet s kien xay ra) kien xay ra) Bang s kien
Kch hoat
Nguon phat sinh (la tac nhan
Hoat ong
(thong tin ket xuat bi phan he thong x ly s kien)
Ket xuat
(la tac nhan nhan thong tin ket xuat cua he thong)
ch en
143
V du bang s kien cua van e quan ly n hang:

S kien Phat sinh cap nhat mat hang Phat sinh cap nhat khach hang B/cao tr gia hang ban trong thang Phat sinh cap nhat n hang Kch hoat - Thong tin mat hang cap nhat - Thong tin khach hang -Thang bao cao tr gia hang ban -Thong tin n hang Nguon phat sinh Bo phan quan ly Khach hang Bo phan quan ly Khach hang Hoat ong Cap nhat mat hang Cap nhat khach hang In bao cao tr gia hang ban Cap nhat n hang Bang bao cao hang ban Khach hang Bo phan quan ly n hang Ket xuat ch en
Da vao noi dung cua moi dong trong bang s kien ngi ta xay dng mot s o DFD tng ng. S o DFD nay ch co mot o x ly, dien ta hoat ong cua he thong ap ng lai s kien. Moi tng quan gia dong s kien va s o DFD tng ng c dien ta bang hnh sau:
Ket hp cac s o DFD cua tng dong bang s kien ta c s o DFD cap 0 va moi s o DFD tren co the c phan ra thanh cac s o DFD con. 8 Bc 2: Lap s o moi trng
9 Bc 3: Lap s o DFD cap 0 S o cap 0 c lap can c vao bang s kien. T bang s kien ta co the xac nh c: - cac tac nhan cua s o. - cac o x ly va chc nang x ly - cac dong d lieu, kho d lieu va moi lien quan c xac nh thong qua chc nang x ly. V du mot phan cua s o cap 0 cua van e qun ly n hang nh sau:

3 Cap nhat mat hang D2 Khach hang n hng Khach hang Thng tin v khch hng+ hng mua Thong tin mat hang 1 Thm n hng D3 n hang D4 Dong n hang 2 Cap nhat mat hang 4 To bo co tr gi hng bn D4 Dong n hang D1 Mat hang D3 n hang
144
Thng tin v khch hng
BO PHAN QUAN LY
Ch tiu bo co Bo co tr gi hng bng
10 Bc 4: Lap s o DFD con Moi o x ly trong s o DFD c phan ra thanh mot s o DFD con. V du s o con DFD c phan ra t o x ly 1.4 nh sau:
S o DFD mc thap nhat (trc giai oan thiet ke x ly chi tiet) c goi la s o DFD goc (primitive Data Flow Diagram)
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng IX T IEN D AN 1 Khai niem
145
T ien d an nham muc ch lam ro ngha d lieu va cau truc cua chung tren s o DFD. T ien d an c to chc sao cho moi thong tin ve he thong c tm kiem de dang. V muc ch nay, t ien d an phai cha cac ch muc tm kiem va cac tham khao cheo. 2 Xay dng cac iem vao cho t ien d an iem vao cho moi phan t cua s o DFD Trong bang phan tch he thong thng co nhieu s o DFD, t s o tong quat en chi tiet. T ien d an phai cha mot iem vao cho moi phan t cua s o DFD. Moi iem vao c trnh bay theo khuon mau sau: Cac mau mo ta Mau mo ta phan t d lieu. MAU MO TA PHAN T D LIEU Ma nhan dien Ten Ten khac Mo ta Ma khach hang
La thuoc tnh nhan dien khach hang a va ang giao dch mua hang cua cong ty trong khoang 5 nam gan ay Tnh chat Chieu dai: 6 Ch nh dang nhap: 000000 So ch Ngay nh dang xuat: So Gia tr mac nhien: Lien tuc Ri rac Nhap Tnh toan ieu kien rang buoc Lien tuc Gia tr ln nhat: 999999 Gia tr be nhat: 000000 Ri rac Gia tr dien giai ............ ........................................................... ............ ........................................................... ........... ..........................................................
Mau mo ta phan t cau truc d lieu e mo ta phan t cau truc d lieu ta co the s dung cac ky hieu sau: = bao gom + va {} nhom lap lai [ ] Hoac ( ) Tuy chon MAU MO TA CAU TRUC D LIEU so n hang + ngay n hang +
n hang =
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng ma khach hang + ho ten khach hang + a ch khach hang + so ien thoai + (thue suat ) + tong gia tr n hang + {chi tiet n hang} ho + (ten lot) + ten so th t + ma hang + mo ta + n v tnh + so lng at + n gia + thanh tien MAU MO TA DONG D LIEU Ma nhan dien: Ten: Thong tin n hang Mo ta: Cha thong tin khach at hang va c dung e cap nhat kho d lieu khach hang, mat hang, n hang va dong n hang
146
ho ten khach hang
chi tiet n hang
Mau mo ta dong d lieu
Nguon: Tac nhan khach hang Loai dong d lieu: Tap tin Manh hnh
ch: O x ly Cap nhat n hang Bao bieu Bieu mau Khac
Cau truc d lieu: n hang Tan suat: 100/ngay Ghi chu: Thong tin n hang co the gi en phong x ly n hang bang ng th tn, qua may Fax, ien thoai. Mau mo ta kho d lieu MAU MO TA KHO D LIEU D1 Ma nhan dien Khach hang Ten Ten khac Cha moi mau tin cho mot khach hang Mo ta Tnh chat Loai tap tin May tnh Thu cong C s d lieu Ch muc Tuan t Trc tiep Dang tap tin Kch thc mau tin (ky t) : 200 Kch thc khoi: 4,000
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng So lng mau tin: mc cao 46,000 Toc o tang trng hang nam: 6% Ten tap tin d lieu: KhachHang.MST Ten ban so: CustMast Cau truc d lieu: Mau tin khach hang Khoa chnh: Ma khach hang Khoa phu: Ho ten khach hang Ghi chu: mc bnh quan: 42,000
147
----oOo----
148
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1] Phn Tch Thit K H Thng Thng Tin Nguyn Vn V [2]. Practical Data Modelling for Database Design Renzo DOrazio & Gunter Happel [3]. Essentials of Systems Analysis & Design Valacich, George, Hoffer [4]. System Analysis and Design in a Changing World John W.Satzinger, Robert B.Jakson, Stephen D.Burd Thomson Learning.
----oOo----
149
150
151
Bai tap 9.1
ER diagram item # description supply belong to VENDORBIDDER account # name address phone # card # paid deposit
ITEM
auction # reserve deposit
AUCTION
BIDDERS CARD
LOT auction # lot# reserve price sale price
ITEM(item#, description,lot#,account#) VENDOR-BIDDER(account#, name,address,phone#) AUCTION(auction #, reserve deposit) BIDDERS CARD(card #, paid deposit,auction#,account#) LOT(lot#, reserve price, sale price,car#) SELECT [bidders card].account#, name,lot#,sale price FROM (vendor-bidder JOIN [bidders card] ON bidders card.account#=vendor-bidder.account#) JOIN lot ON bidders card.card# = lot.card# WHERE sale price > 0

LNG NG co thuoc ve ma nhan vien thang nam so ngay cong ma phong ban ten phong ban ma chuyen ten chuyen CONG GIAN TIEP NHAN VIEN ma nhan vien ho ten ngay sinh a ch ngay vao lam ma nhan vien n gia cong ma nhan vien van bang ma nhan vien thang nam mc ng
152
PHONG BAN
NHAN VIEN GIAN TIEP CONG NHAN
CHUYEN giao cho
thuoc ve nhan ma chuyen ma san pham ngay giao lng san pham T GIAO HANG c thc hien la cong cong oan cua co CONG CONG OAN ma chuyen ma san pham ngay giao th cong oan ma nhan vien ngay cong so lng hoan thanh ma san pham th cong oan ten cong oan n gia cong oan
c ke
c ke bi
giao hoan thanh ma san pham ten san pham SAN PHAM
ke CONG OAN
153
S kien
Kch hoat
Nguon sinh
phat
Hoat ong
Ket xuat
ch en
Khach hang en thue bang a Khach hang tra bang a ....
bang a can thue bang a tra ....
khach hang khach hang ...
Cap nhat thong bang a tin thue cho thue kiem tra bang a tra ... ...
khach hang khach hang ...
154
ALBUM BO V BANG A NGI GIAO DCH THUE CHI TIET THUE KHACH HANG

ma chuyen bay gi khi hanh gi ket thuc CHUYEN BAY co thuoc ve NHIEM VU BAY gi ma phi cong ma chuyen bay nhiem vu
155
thc hien
c thc hien bi ma may bay nam san xuat ma may bay so lng ghe ma may bay trong tai MAY BAY MAY BAY DAN S MAY BAY QUAN S co
c thc hien bi PHI CONG ma phi cong ho ten a ch so ien thoai ma may bay so se-ri thi iem
VU KH TRANG B tr thanh thuoc ve
thuoc ve ma loai mb ten loai mb LOAI MAY BAY
VU KH co thuoc ve LOAI VU KH
so se-ri ngay san xuat
ma loai vk ten loai vk
ma loai ten loai
LOAI PHIEU
thuoc ve co
PHIEU NHAP XUAT

ma ncc ten ncc a ch ncc
so phieu ngay so phieu chng t kem theo c cha trong
NHA CUNG CAP
PHIEU NHAP
cha
CHI TIET NHAP XUAT
ma thiet b ten thiet b
THIET B
PHIEU XUAT
so phieu ly do xuat
so phieu so th t so lng n gia
c ke bi
c ke bi
nhap hay xuat t ma kho ten kho a ch so ien thoai
ma nhom ten nhom
ke co thuoc ve ma vat t ten vat t qui cach n v tnh ton toi thieu
KHO
NHOM
VAT T

ma tai san ten tai san nguyen gia nguon goc xuat x t le khau hao ngay s dung thuoc ve co
156
ma loai ten loai
LOAI TSC
TSC
quan ly
c quan ly bi
N V
ke cha
ma n v ten n v
c cha trong
QUYET NH
so quyet nh ngay quyet nh ho ten ngi ky
CHI TIET Q
so quyet nh ma tai san ngay ieu chuyen
c ke trong
157
MAU MO TA PHAN T D LIEU Ma nhan dien Ten Ten khac Mo ta
Ma tnh
La thuoc tnh nhan dien tnh vi ky t au la ky t au cua ten tnh thanh pho Tnh chat Ch Chieu dai: 4 nh dang nhap: L000 So ch Ngay nh dang xuat: So Gia tr mac nhien: Lien tuc Ri rac Nhap Tnh toan ieu kien rang buoc Lien tuc Gia tr ln nhat: 999 Gia tr be nhat: 000 Ri rac Gia tr dien giai ............ ........................................................... ............ ........................................................... ........... .......................................................... MAU MO TA KHO D LIEU Ma nhan dien Ten Ten khac Mo ta Loai tap tin Dang tap tin D3 Tnh thanh pho Cha moi mau tin cho mot tnh thanh pho Tnh chat May tnh Thu cong C s d lieu Ch muc Tuan t
Trc tiep
Kch thc mau tin (ky t) : 54 So lng mau tin: mc cao 46 Toc o tang trng hang nam: 0% Ten tap tin d lieu: tinhThanhPhoTbl Ten ban sao: Cau truc d lieu: Mau tin tnh thanh pho Khoa chnh: Ma tnh Khoa phu: Ghi chu:
Kch thc khoi: 4,000 mc bnh quan: 46
MAU MO TA CAU TRUC D LIEU
Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng mau tin tnh thanh pho = ma tnh + ten tnh + so dan
158
X ly 4.1 Cap nhat tnh thanh pho Ten Form Thuoc tnh frmTinhThanhPho Record Source Default View Ten thuoc tnh Input Mask Control Source Control Source Format Control Source Format
Gia tr SELECT maTinh, tenTinh, soDan FROM tinhThanhPhoTbl Datasheet Gia tr L000;;_ maTinh tenTinh > soDan 0
Ten control maTinh tenTinh SoDan
Flowchart Entity relationship diagram
159
Trng H Cng nghip Tp HCM Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
TIU LUN MN PHN TCH THIT K H THNG

Tiu lun l tiu chun nh gi kt qu hc tp. Yu cu l thc hin Phn tch v thit k mt h thng thng tin qun l. Cc bn chn mt trong cc ti gi di y hoc t a ra ti. STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ti H thng qun l th vin H thng qun l nhn s tin lng H thng qun l vt t H thng qun l hc sinh ph thng H thng qun l sinh vin i hc H thng qun l tuyn sinh i hc H thng qun l cng n ca hng H thng qun l khch sn H thng qun l h s bnh n bnh vin H thng qun l trng mu gio H thng thng tin k tan H thng qun l phng hc ca mt trng M t Qun l sch, c gi, tnh hnh mn tr Qun l h s nhn s, tin lng, kt qu chm cng Qun l tnh hnh xut nhp vt t Qun l h s hc sinh, kt qu hc tp Qun l h s sinh vin, kt qu hc tp Qun l thng tin th sinh, kt qu thi Qun l tnh hnh cng n i vi khch hng v nh cung cp Qun l phng, khch thu phng Qun l h s, tnh trng ca bnh nhn Qun l h s hc sinh, ch s th lc, nng khiu Qun l cc ngun thu chi ca mt t chc thng qua vic qun l cc chng t thu chi, bo co cc s sch k tan Qun l c tnh trng ca phng hc nh phng c tin nghi g, ang c s dng vo vic g, thi gian no
Vic lm tiu lun nn c tin hnh song song vi qu trnh hc mn ny v tun theo cc bc chnh: 1. Kho st thc t v xc lp cc yu cu. 2. Phn tch h thng. 3. Thit k h thng. 4. Xy dng v ci t h thng. Kt qu lm tiu lun phi c th hin thng qua mt bo co dng file word
Hng dn lm tiu lun

Da vo nhng kin thc hc v thu thp thng tin, tu theo ch tiu lun chn, ngi hc tin hnh kho st thc t, xc nh cc yu cu i vi h thng cn xy dng. Ngi hc thc hin vit bo co tiu lun gm cc phn c bn:
t vn
o o
Mc ch Gii thiu bi ton
Kho st thc t v xc lp d n
160
c t hot ng ca h thng hin ti (K cc biu mu, chng t, m t y cc thc th v mi kt hp gia chng)
o o
Cc u nhc im ca h thng hin ti Cc yu cu t ra (yu cu chc nng) ca h thng cn xy dng
Cng c phn kho st
o o o o
Phiu m t d liu Phiu m t cng vic Bng tng hp cng vic Bng tng hp h s ti liu
Vn dng kin thc hc trong chng 3, 4, 5 ngi hc xy dng biu phn cp chc nng, biu lung d liu ng cnh v phn r biu lung d liu cho h thng chn lm tiu lun. Vit tip bo co tiu lun vi cc ni dung c bn:
M hnh nghip v ca h thng (phi c phn m t chc nng l, ma trn thc th chc nng)
M hnh x l
o o o
Biu lung d liu mc ng cnh Biu lung d liu mc 0 Biu lung d liu mc 1
Logic tin trnh x l
Vn dng kin thc hc xy dng m hnh thc th kt hp v bin i chng thnh m hnh quan h cho h thng chn lm tiu lun. Vit tip bo co tiu lun vi cc ni dung c bn:
M hnh thc th kt hp M hnh quan h T in d liu Kim tra yu cu chc nng (chng 8) Kim tra dng chun ca m hnh quan h (chng 12)
Vi kin thc hc, xy dng c s d liu cho h thng chn lm bi tp ln. Tip tc vit bo co bi tp ln vi cc ni dng c bn:
Cu trc cc bng d liu (tn trng, kiu d liu...)
Thit k u ra cho h thng m bn ang thc hin phn tch thit k, vit tip bo co bi tp ln vi cc ni dung:
Cc phng thc ci t u vo Cc hnh thc u ra Cc biu mu giao din trong chng trnh (c hnh nh)
Tin hnh ci t, chy th h thng xy dng c, nhn xt v h thng. Vit tip bo co bi tp ln vi cc ni dung c bn:

Yu cu phn cng ci t h thng Nhn xt v hiu qu, chnh xc ca h thng
161
Xem li v hon thin chng trnh, bo co bi tp ln, np cho gio vin

Phân tích thiết kế hệ thống thông tin

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phân tích thiết kế hệ thống thông tin

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

1.2. Tin ha ca cch tip cn pht trin HTTT

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Hnh 1.5 Cu trc h thng hng i tng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

1.4. Vng i pht trin mt thng thng tin

Hnh 1.3. M hnh thc nc ca vng i h thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

1.5. Cc phng php khc nhau pht trin HTTT

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Xy dng nhanh mu ban u

Kho st, ly kin ngi s dng

S dng thm phng php khc

H thng hon chnh ?

Hon chnh d n t cc mu thu c

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

1.6. Xy dng thnh cng HTTT

1.7. S tng qut qu trnh phn tch thit k HTTT

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Biu phn r chc nng

Danh sch cc thc th d liu

Cc ma trn phn tch

M t chi tit chc nng

Biu ng cnh min nghin cu

Biu phn r chc nng rt gn chi tit

Danh sch thc th d liu rt gn

M t chi tit tin trnh

Biu lung d liu vt l

M hnh thc th mi quan h (E-R)

c t logic mi tin trnh

Biu lung d liu logic cc mc

M henh d liu quan h

c t mdun chng trnh

Xc nh lung h thng. c t cu trc h thng

c t tng tc giao din

Thit k an ton v bo mt h thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Chng 2 : KHO ST HIN TRNG XC NH YU CU H THNG

2.1. Kho st thu thp thng tin ca h thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

2.2. Cc phng php truyn thng xc nh yu cu

Tn d n: Qun l kho Nghip v: Lp n hng

Trang 10 Ngy 12/01/2008

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng Th kho Ngi qun l

Tip nhn, Nhn hng T3

Tip nhn, Kim phiu T2

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

2.3. Phng php hn i xc nh yu cu

Gio trnh Phn tch thit K H Thng

2.4. Cc khi nim s dng trong kho st