Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi (M.B; B.S., M. Phil.)
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Effect of conc. difference across membrane (directly) Effect of temperature (directly) Membrane permeability (directly) Lipid solubility of the substance Water solubility of the substance Size of molecules (inversely) Effect of pressure difference across membrane (directly) Effect of membrane electrical potential (Nernst potential) (directly)
Sodium channels:
Slightly bigger channels. Negatively charged on inside. Chemical bonds are different. Strong attractive forces pull sodium ions away from water molecules that hydrate them. Hydrated form of sodium ion is bigger, as sodium ion attracts more water molecules. They cannot pass through small potassium channel, resulting into selective permeability for a specific ion.
4. STRETCH OR PRESSURE GATED CHANNELS Mechanical stretch of membrane results in channel opening.
Facilitated Diffusion
Carrier mediated diffusion. Carrier facilitates diffusion of the substance to the other side. Examples: Glucose & most Amino Acids. In presence of insulin, glucose transport through GLUT-4 transporter increases 10-20-fold.
Saturation of carrier molecules. The rate of transport cannot be greater than the rate at which carrier protein molecule can undergo change back & forth between its 2 states.
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Transport of sodium ions through epithelial sheet of intestines, gallbladder & renal tubules
These cells are connected together tightly at luminal pole by junctions called kisses. Luminal Brush border is permeable to sodium ions & water (diffusion). Then at basal & lateral borders, active transport of sodium ions go to ECF / Blood. High sodium ion conc. gradient osmosis of water.
Smaller protein might anchor the protein complex in the lipid membrane
The larger protein has three specific features that are important for the functioning of the pump:
1. It has three receptor sites for binding sodium ions on the portion of the protein that protrudes to the inside of the cell. 2. It has two receptor sites for potassium ions on the outside. 3. The inside portion of this protein near the sodium binding sites has ATPase activity.