Lecture Overview

What is Articial Intelligence? Agents acting in an environment

c D. Poole and A. Mackworth 2010

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What is Articial Intelligence?

Articial Intelligence is the synthesis and analysis of computational agents that act intelligently. An agent is something that acts in an environment. An agent acts intelligently if:
its actions are appropriate for its goals and circumstances it is exible to changing environments and goals it learns from experience it makes appropriate choices given perceptual and computational limitations

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Goals of Articial Intelligence

Scientic goal: to understand the principles that make intelligent behavior possible in natural or articial systems.
analyze natural and articial agents formulate and test hypotheses about what it takes to construct intelligent agents design, build, and experiment with computational systems that perform tasks that require intelligence

Engineering goal: design useful, intelligent artifacts. Analogy between studying ying machines and thinking machines.

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Agents acting in an environment

Abilities Goals/Preferences Prior Knowledge Observations Actions Past Experiences Environment Agent

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Example agent: robot

abilities: movement, grippers, speech, facial expressions,. . . observations: vision, sonar, sound, speech recognition, gesture recognition,. . . goals: deliver food, rescue people, score goals, explore,. . . past experiences: eect of steering, slipperiness, how people move,. . . prior knowledge: what is important feature, categories of objects, what a sensor tell us,. . .

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Example agent: teacher

abilities: present new concept, drill, give test, explain concept,. . . observations: test results, facial expressions, errors, focus,. . . goals: particular knowledge, skills, inquisitiveness, social skills,. . . past experiences: prior test results, eects of teaching strategies, . . . prior knowledge: subject material, teaching strategies,. . .

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Example agent: medical doctor

abilities: operate, test, prescribe drugs, explain instructions,. . . observations: verbal symptoms, test results, visual appearance. . . goals: remove disease, relieve pain, increase life expectancy, reduce costs,. . . past experiences: treatment outcomes, eects of drugs, test results given symptoms. . . prior knowledge: possible diseases, symptoms, possible causal relationships. . .

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Example agent: user interface

abilities: present information, ask user, nd another information source, lter information, interrupt,. . . observations: users request, information retrieved, user feedback, facial expressions. . . goals: present information, maximize useful information, minimize irrelevant information, privacy,. . . past experiences: eect of presentation modes, reliability of information sources,. . . prior knowledge: information sources, presentation modalities. . .

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Four Example Application Domains

Autonomous delivery robot roams around an oce environment and delivers coee, parcels,. . . Diagnostic assistant helps a human troubleshoot problems and suggests repairs or treatments. E.g., electrical problems, medical diagnosis. Intelligent tutoring system teaches students in some subject area. Trading agent buys goods and services on your behalf.

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Domain for Delivery Robot

r131 r129 r127 r125 r123 r121 r119

r117 lab4 lab3 r115 lab1 lab2 r113

stairs

r101 r103 r105 r107 r109 r111

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Autonomous Delivery Robot

Example inputs: Abilities: movement, speech, pickup and place objects. Prior knowledge: its capabilities, objects it may encounter, maps. Past experience: which actions are useful and when, what objects are there, how its actions aect its position. Goals: what it needs to deliver and when, tradeos between acting quickly and acting safely. Observations: about its environment from cameras, sonar, sound, laser range nders, or keyboards.

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What does the Delivery Robot need to do?

Determine where Craigs oce is. Where coee is. . . Find a path between locations. Plan how to carry out multiple tasks. Make default assumptions about where Craig is. Make tradeos under uncertainty: should it go near the stairs? Learn from experience. Sense the world, avoid obstacles, pickup and put down coee.

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Domain for Diagnostic Assistant

cb1 s1 s2 w0 w4 l1 l2 p1 w1 w2 s3 w5 cb2 off w6 p2 on circuit breaker outside power

w3

switch two-way switch light power outlet

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Diagnostic Assistant
Example inputs: Abilities: recommends xes, ask questions. Prior knowledge: how switches and lights work, how malfunctions manifest themselves, what information tests provide, the side eects of repairs. Past experience: the eects of repairs or treatments, the prevalence of faults or diseases. Goals: xing the device and tradeos between xing or replacing dierent components. Observations: symptoms of a device or patient.

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Subtasks for the diagnostic assistant

Derive the eects of faults and interventions. Search through the space of possible fault complexes. Explain its reasoning to the human who is using it. Derive possible causes for symptoms; rule out other causes. Plan courses of tests and treatments to address the problems. Reason about the uncertainties/ambiguities given symptoms. Trade o alternate courses of action. Learn what symptoms are associated with faults, the eects of treatments, and the accuracy of tests.
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Trading Agent

Trading agent interacts with an information environment to purchase goods and services. It acquires a users needs, desires and preferences. It nds what is available. It purchases goods and services that t together to fulll your preferences. It is dicult because users preferences and what is available can change dynamically, and some items may be useless without other items.

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Trading Agent Inputs

Abilities: acquire information, make recommendations, purchase items. Prior knowledge: the ontology of what things are available, where to purchase items, how to decompose a complex item. Past experience: how long special last, how long items take to sell out, who has good deals, what your competitors do. Goals: what the person wants, their tradeo. Observations: what items are available, prices, number in stock,

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Intelligent Tutoring System

Abilities: Present information, give tests Prior knowledge: subject material, primitive strategies Past experience: common errors, eects of teaching strategies Goals: the students should master subject material, gain social skills, study skills, inquisitiveness, interest Observations: test results, facial expressions, questions, what the student is concentrating on

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Common Tasks of the Domains

Modeling the environment Build models of the physical environment, patient, or information environment. Evidential reasoning or perception Given observations, determine what the world is like. Action Given a model of the world and a goal, determine what should be done. Learning from past experiences Learn about the specic case and the population of cases.

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