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Contents. -introduction -cells. -fibers. -ground substance. -response of periodontal ligament to external forces. -role in eruption and tooth support.
periodontal ligament: fibrous stroma embedded in a gel of ground substance. fibrous stroma:
collagen oxytalan
cells
( 50% by volume)
- fibroblasts. -defence cells macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells. -undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, epithelial cells.(rests of malassez) -osteoblasts. -cementoblasts. -osteoclasts and odontoclasts.
the periodontal ligament: soft connective tissue that lies between the root and bone..
fibrous stroma embedded in a gel of ground substance . as much cellular as it is fibrous Collagen in periodontal ligament.
arranged in the form of principal fibers,( intermediate plexus ? ). elastin (oxytalan fibers, elaunin) sharpeys fibers. the principal fibers. bundles. wavy in nature. divided into 6 well defined groups. mainly constituting the collagen genre . 1)transeptal group
-extend interproximally over alveolar bone -embed themselves in the cementum of adjacent bone -remarkably constant finding. -reconstructed even after destruction.
apical group. -radiate from the cementum to bone in the apical region. interradicular group fan out from cementum to bone in furcation areas.
Apical fibers
Interradicular fibers
Tooth bud is formed in a crypt of bone. The collagen fibers produced by the fibroblasts in the loose connective tissue around the tooth bud are embedded into the newly formed cementum immediately apical to the CEJn. The true PDL fibres (Principal fibers) develop in conjunction with tooth eruption.
Later, more apically positioned bundles of oriented collagen fibres are seen.
The orientation of the collagen fiber bundles gets altered continously during tooth eruption and stabilises once the tooth reaches in occlusion.
First, small, fine, brushlike fibrils are detected arising from the root cementum and projecting into the PDL space. The surface of the bone is covered by osteoblasts.
Later the number and thickness of fibers entering the bone increase. The fibers originating from the cementum are still short while those entering the bone gradually become longer.
The fibers originating from the cementum subsequently increase in length and thickness and fuse in the periodontal ligament space with the fibers originating from the alveolar bone.
intermediate plexus. fibers of the middle zone spliced together to form the intermediate plexus. facilitates remodelling during eruption. (sicher 1923,42) . histological artefact caused by transverse sectioning.( ciancio et al, 1967) .optical effect (sloan et al) owing to arrangement in sheets.
other less well defined fiber groups elastin fibers oxytalan. elaunin.
collagen types in the periodontal ligament.
18 species recognised/isolated from xtracellular connective tissue. fibrillar collagens. ( with triple helices) fibril associated collagens. (Interupted triple helices)
major type: coll type 1 (> 70%) others: tissue) type 3 ( upto 20% ) (associated with foetal/granulation type 4, 5, 6,12.
fibril diameters.
3-10 micrometer (cementum associated bundles) 10-20 micrometer ( bone associated bundles) 1-4 micrometer (the rest of the periodontal ligament) Merriliees and Flint ( 1980) tension : 30 nm 150 nm compression : 30 nm. complex 3 dimensional arrangement , constant intersplicing in the adjacent layers. state of tension elastic fibers. oxytalan, elastin and elaunin. oxytalan: lie parallel to the root surface. (apico-occlusal direction 3 dimensional meshwork. from cement to blood vessels. closely associated with blood vessels. distinguished from collagen : parellel assemblage and no cross banding.
tension.
(Jonas and Reide 1980) orthodontic loading : fibroplasia. fiber lengthening. narrowed out oxytalan diameters. 2) as guides to cellular migration? (fibroblasts) (beertsen et al
1974)
relapse after orthodontic treatment oxytalan? frequently encountered relapse situations: -rotations. -opening up of tooth contacts following extractions. - edwards et al 1968
collagen turnover.
continuous and rapid.
one of the most rapid in the body. J.W. Rippin 1976 life -2.45 days in the apical areas. -6.42 days in the crestal areas. - uniform all along the width of the ligament. intermediate plexus or the zone of shear
objective for high rates of turnover . need for movement (eruption) and rapid adaptation .. ( orthodontic loads ) turnover rates may increase in hypofunctional ligaments as well..
collagen fibers and functional adaptation. tooth support is not the domain of a single entity internal orientation of collagen fibers
influences
always in tension In summation: - oblique qnd horizontal fibers resist axial forces. - overlap resist rotational and intrusive forces.
.the collagen
crimp
periodicity of structure of variable scale. microscopic (not very obvious ) anatomic (quite apparent ) the waveform that describes this periodicity is called the crimp
SEM of the crimp.
due to
- well defined zigzag arrangement of collagen fiber bundles. -micro anatomical arrangement of fibers into sheets and bundles.
sharpeys fibers. -the terminal ends of principal fibers embedding themselves into the bone.
-concentrated in the .crestal portion. -pass right through alveolar crest transalveolar fibers? -embedded in Collagen type 3. - poorly mineralised core.
-Generaly associated with foetal connective tissue -could be playing a role in skeletal integrity. -periphery mineralised local mechanical advantage against axial forces?
Relationship of alpha chains in cross section Interchain hydrogen bonds Proline and hydroxyproline make the pyrollidine rings
H bond
Pyrodine rings
basic structural unit : tropocollagen the ordered arrangement of millions of such units
Superhelix
procollagen formation.
specific amino acids assembled
Polypeptide chain formation 50% longer than the final molecules.
(presence of n- and c-terminal peptides) vital role in the synthesis but eventually deleted from the sequence.
Fibrillogenesis process of alignment into crossbanded fibrils. - removal of entire c-terminal - partial removal of n-terminal
final remnant of n-terminal deleted placement of few crosslinks. (stabler and chemically more insoluble) .
Collagen fibril
collagen degradation.
Intracellular. Extracellular.
extracellular degradation. carried out via a group of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases. (MMPs) chief MMP : collagenase
jnitial cleaving of the fibril Further degradation requires other enzymes.
- extracellular fibers. collagen, elastin, (oxytalan, elaunin) - ground substance. contractility and motility, determines and maintains the shape of the structures during embryogenesis. architect, builder and caretaker of the connective tissue!
fibroblast structure. types contractile elements cells junctions eruption and the hypothesis.
-resting cell. flat ,dark staining , closed nucleus. scanty cytoplasm -active cell. low nuclear cytoplasmic ratio pale staining open type of nucleus. abundant cytoplasm. complement of organelles. why is shape of a fibroblast significant.? contractility and motility hypothesis of eruption. (melcher and beertsen 1979 ) fibroblasts move occlusally at the rate equal to that of eruption .tractional forces generated by fibroblasts. morphology? invivo- rounded in vitro- elongated.
Resting cell
Active cell
in vitro.. ( collagen gels, plastic ) organize a fibrous network. generate significant forces. -thin, polarized, highly motile. -microtubules, microfilaments. -crenulated nuclei, gap junctions.
.myofibroblasts?
but none of these features are seen in pdl fibroblast.
chief function: synthesize and secrete proteins and degradation. but cytoskeleton of a fibroblast contains microtubules. long , gently curving cylindrical structures .(major protien tubulin) average diameter 240 nm.
microfilaments. 80 nm , actin myosin, intracellular muscles. intermediate filaments. vimentin, maintain cellular junctions
Attributes of a cell with contractile and motile properties. manifestation..? 1) crawls ( motility ) 2) remains stationary ( contractile forces ) migration . -chemotactic stimuli. (from bone and cementum) -cytoskeleton. -surface integrins.
Microfilaments.
Microtubules.
. Associated with polarity of the cell -nucleus at the trailing edge -golgi and centriole at the leading edge.( matrix secreted at the leading edge.) movement though matrix helps align the fibers.
fibroblasts and cell junctions. ( no contact.) type of junctional arrangement.
( desmosome 20 nm )
desmosomes and eruption.? periodontal ligament : unusually high numbers of cell to cell contacts.
Generate eruptive forces
Transmitted via
desmosomes
Shore et al 1981 High numbers of desmosomes located adjacent to enamel related connective tissue hence .. Desmosomes may not play a role in generating eruptive forces.
motility
contractility
In vitro studies.
Incorporation of fibroblasts in a 3 dimensional collagen gels- contraction of the gel Bellows et al 1981 placement of fragments of tooth and dentine movement. Bellows et al 1982
1) 2)
colchicine
(antimicrotubular drug)
Disruption of microtubule- microfilament
Contraction inhibited.
2 types of connective tissues in an erupting tooth. enamel related . tooth related connective tissue.( periodontal ligament proper )
fibroblast morphology stays the same..
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