Chapter 2: The Database Development Process

Modern Database Management 8th Edition

Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott, Fred R. McFadden

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Objectives
Definition of terms Describe system development life cycle Explain prototyping approach Explain roles of individuals Explain three-schema approach Explain role of packaged data models Explain three-tiered architectures Explain scope of database design projects Draw simple data models

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Enterprise Data Model

First step in database development Specifies scope and general content Overall picture of organizational data at high level of abstraction Entity-relationship diagram Descriptions of entity types Relationships between entities Business rules
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Figure 2-1 Segment from enterprise data model

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Enterprise data model describes the highlevel entities in an organization and the relationship between these entities

Information Systems Architecture (ISA)

Conceptual blueprint for organizations desired information systems structure Consists of:
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Data (e.g. Enterprise Data Modelsimplified ER Diagram) Processesdata flow diagrams, process decomposition, etc. Data Networktopology diagram (like Fig 1-9) Peoplepeople management using project management tools (Gantt charts, etc.) Events and points in time (when processes are performed) Reasons for events and rules (e.g., decision tables)

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Information Engineering
A data-oriented methodology to create and maintain information systems Top-down planninga generic IS planning methodology for obtaining a broad understanding of the IS needed by the entire organization Four steps to Top-Down planning:
Planning Analysis Design Implementation

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Information Systems Planning (Table 2-1)

Purposealign information technology with organizations business strategies Three steps:
1. Identify strategic planning factors
2. Identify corporate planning objects 3. Develop enterprise model

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Identify Strategic Planning Factors (Table 2-2)

Organization goalswhat we hope to accomplish Critical success factorswhat MUST work in order for us to survive Problem areasweaknesses we now have

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Identify Corporate Planning Objects (Table 2-3)

Organizational unitsdepartments Organizational locations Business functionsgroups of business processes Entity typesthe things we are trying to model for the database Information systemsapplication programs

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Develop Enterprise Model

Functional decomposition
Iterative process breaking system description into finer and finer detail

Enterprise data model Planning matrixes

Describe interrelationships between planning objects
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Figure 2-2 Example of process decomposition of an order fulfillment function (Pine Valley Furniture)
Decomposition = breaking large tasks into smaller tasks in a hierarchical structure chart
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Planning Matrixes
Describe relationships between planning objects in the organization Types of matrixes:
Function-to-data entity Location-to-function Unit-to-function IS-to-data entity Supporting function-to-data entity IS-to-business objective

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Example business function-to-data entity matrix (Fig. 2-3)

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 SDLC

Two Approaches to Database and IS Development

System Development Life Cycle Detailed, well-planned development process Time-consuming, but comprehensive Long development cycle

Rapid application development (RAD) Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling Define database during development of initial prototype Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with new prototype versions

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Prototyping

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Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5)

Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance 15
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Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design
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Purposepreliminary understanding Deliverablerequest for study

Database activity enterprise modeling and early conceptual data modeling Chapter 2

Implementation Maintenance

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Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning

Purposethorough requirements analysis and structuring Deliverablefunctional system specifications Analysis Analysis
Logical Design Physical Design
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Database activityThorough and integrated conceptual data modeling

Implementation Maintenance

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Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning Analysis Logical Design Logical Design Physical Design
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Purposeinformation requirements elicitation and structure Deliverabledetailed design specifications

Database activity logical database design (transactions, forms, displays, views, data integrity and security) Chapter 2

Implementation Maintenance

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Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning Analysis Logical Design

Purposedevelop technology and organizational specifications Deliverableprogram/data structures, technology purchases, organization redesigns
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PhysicalDesign Physical Design Database activity physical database design (define database to DBMS, physical data organization, database processing programs) Chapter 2
Implementation Maintenance

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Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design

Purposeprogramming, testing, training, installation, documenting Deliverableoperational programs, documentation, training materials
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Database activity database implementation, including coded programs, documentation, installation and conversion Chapter 2

Implementation Implementation Maintenance

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Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design
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Purposemonitor, repair, enhance Deliverableperiodic audits

Database activity database maintenance, performance analysis and tuning, error corrections Chapter 2

Implementation

Maintenance Maintenance

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Prototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6)

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Prototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6) (cont.)

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Prototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6) (cont.)

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Prototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6) (cont.)

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Prototyping Database Methodology (Figure 2.6) (cont.)

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CASE
Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)software tools providing automated support for systems development Three database features:
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Data modelingdrawing entity-relationship diagrams Code generationSQL code for table creation Repositoriesknowledge base of enterprise information

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Packaged Data Models

Model components that can be purchased, customized, and assembled into full-scale data models Advantages
Reduced development time Higher model quality and reliability

Two types:
Universal data models Industry-specific data models

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Managing Projects
Projecta planned undertaking of related activities to reach an objective that has a beginning and an end Involves use of review points for:
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Validation of satisfactory progress Step back from detail to overall view Renew commitment of stakeholders

Incremental commitmentreview of systems development project after each development phase with rejustification after each phase

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Managing Projects: People Involved

Business analysts Systems analysts Database analysts and data modelers Users Programmers Database architects Data administrators Project managers Other technical experts
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Database Schema
Physical Schema
Physical structurescovered in Chapters 5 and 6

Conceptual Schema

External Schema
User Views Subsets of Conceptual Schema Can be determined from business-function/data entity matrices DBA determines schema for different users

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E-R modelscovered in Chapters 3 and 4

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Figure 2-7 Three-schema architecture

Different people have different views of the databasethese are the external schema
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The internal schema is the underlying design and implementation

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Figure 2-8 Developing the three-tiered architecture

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Figure 2-9 Three-tiered client/server database architecture

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Pine Valley Furniture

Segment of project data model (Figure 2-11)

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Figure 2-12 Four relations (Pine Valley Furniture)

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Figure 2-12 Four relations (Pine Valley Furniture) (cont.)

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