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Alkane RCH2CH2R CnH2n+2 This is the maximum H/C ratio for a given number of carbon atoms.
Alkene RCH=CHR
CnH2n
Etena
Etuna
2-Butuna
1. The yne suffix (ending) indicates an alkyne or cycloalkyne. 2. The longest chain chosen for the root name must include both carbon atoms of the triple bond. 3. The root chain must be numbered from the end nearest a triple bond carbon atom. If the triple bond is in the center of the chain, the nearest substituent rule is used to determine the end where numbering starts. 4. The smaller of the two numbers designating the carbon atoms of the triple bond is used as the triple bond locator. 5. If several multiple bonds are present, each must be assigned a locator number. Double bonds precede triple bonds in the IUPAC name, but the chain is numbered from the end nearest a multiple bond, regardless of its nature. 6. Because the triple bond is linear, it can only be accomodated in rings larger than ten carbons. In simple cycloalkynes the triple bond carbons are assigned ring locations #1 and #2. Which of the two is #1 may be determined by the nearest substituent rule. 7. Substituent groups containing triple bonds are: HCC Ethynyl group
Mengacu sistem IUPAC, alkena diberi nama dg mengganti akiran ana dari alkana dg ena (jika memp 2 ikatan rangkap maka disebut diena, sementara hidrokarbon dg 3 ikatan rangkap 2 disebut triena. Alkuna diberi akhiran una Rantai terpanjang: rantai utama yg mengandung ikatan rangkap 2 atau 3 Pemberian nomor dimulai dari C ujung yg paling dekat dg ikatan rangkap
CH3
CH3 H2C CCH CH2
H3CH2CHC
CCH3
2-metil-2-pentena
H3CC CCH3
H3C
2-metil-1,3-butadiena
H C H C CH3
C CH
2-Butuna
H3CC
CCH2CH3
trans-2-butena
Sintesis Alkena
Alkena dpt disintesis dari alkilhalida dan basa kuat melalui
Kalor
CHCH3 Br
HO
HOH
H2C
CHCH3
+ Br-
(CH3)2CHOH
H2SO4 100 C
o
H3CHC
CH2
+ H2O
H
H3C CH CH3 H3C CH CH3
-H2O
H3C
H C
CH3
Tahap 2. Lepasnya H+
H H2C H C CH3 H H2C H C CH3 H C H2C CH3
-H+
Sintesis Alkuna
Alkuna dpt disintesis dari alkilhalida dan basa kuat melalui
Br RHC
RC
CR
-HBr
+ HX
HX
H2C CHX
HC
CH
+ Cl
H H2C CH2
+ Cl
H2C
CH2 Cl
Refresh
HCl (adisi)
H3CHC
CH2
Aturan Markonikov
Dalam reaksi adisi HX kepada alkena tak-simetris, H+ dari
HX menuju ke karbon berikatan rangkap yg telah lebih banyak memiliki hidrogen Contoh
Cl H CH2 H H3CHC CH2
HCl
H3CHC
bukan H CHC 3
CH2 Cl
2-kloro propana
Br (H3C)2C CHCH3
HBr
(H3C)2C CHCH3 H
mekanisme reaksi adisi HX pada alkena, dg didasarkan pada kestabilan karbokation Tingkat kestabilan karbokation tersier > sekunder > primer
H+
H3CHC CH2 H H3CHC CH2 H3CH2C CH2
Keadaan transisi
H
H3CHC CH2
H3CHC
CH2
H3C
Keadaan transisi
C H
CH3
Jadi
H
H3CHC CH2
+
Cl
Cl
H3C C H CH3
H3CHC
CH2 H
2-kloro propana
H
(H3C)2C CHCH3
dapat menyebabkan Br2 terpolarisasi sehingga ujung molekul bromida sebagian positif dan ujung lainya (parsial) negatif
R C C R R Br Br R C Br R C R
Langkah 1.
R
Br
Langkah 2. masuknya Br
Br R C R C R R
ion bromonium
Br R C Br C R R
Br
dibromo alkana
Camp. Adisi
OH Br CH2
CH2
Br2
+ H2O
H3CHC
HBr
Mekanismenya:
Br Br Br
1-Bromo-2-propanol (1,2-bromohidrin)
Br
OH
H3CHC CH2
-Br
H3CHC
CH2
H3CHC OH H
CH2
-H+
Br H3CHC OH CH2
Contoh soal
a.
H3CHC
CCH3
+ Br2
CCl4
CH3
b.
H3CHC
CCH3
+ Br2
+ H2O
H+
+ OSO3H CH3CHCH3
H3CHC
CH2
OH
CH3CHCH3
OH H
-H
CH3CHCH3
OH
2-propanol
Contoh Soal
Selesaikan reaksi berikut dan apa produk utamanya!
a.
H3CH2CHC
CH2
+ H2O
H+
b.
CH2CH3
H+ + H2O
H3C
CH2CH2CH2CH3