OPAMP

Operational Amplifier
Number of differential amplifier in cascade.
Integrated circuit
High Gain
High input impedance
Low output impedance

Basic OPAMP
+
-
Inverting input
Non-inverting input
+V
CC

-V
CC

Output
Single ended operation
Output
+
-
Non-inverting
input
Input
Output
Single ended operation
Output
+
-
Inverting input
Input
Output
Double ended (Differential) input
Input
Output
+
-
Output
Common mode operation
+
-
V
i

V
o

Ideal Case : Two inputs are
identical, output will be zero.
Practically a small output
results.
Common mode
Rejection
Signals which are opposite at the input, are highly
amplified.
Signals which are common to both the inputs ( such as
noise etc.) are slightly amplified.
This operation is referred to as Common mode rejection.
+
-
Vi
1

V
o

Vi
2

Common mode
Rejection
Signals which are opposite at the input, are highly
amplified.
Signals which are common to both the inputs ( such as
noise etc.) are slightly amplified.
This operation is referred to as Common mode rejection.
+
-
Vi
1

V
o

Vi
2

Common mode Rejection Ratio
Differential Input :
2 1
i i d
V V V =
Common Input :
( )
2 1
2
1
i i c
V V V + =
Output Voltage :
c c d d o
V A V A V + =
Differential gain Common mode gain
Common Mode
Rejection Ratio
c
d
A
A
CMMR =
Output Voltage
Output Voltage :
c c d d o
V A V A V + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
d d
c c
d d
V A
V A
V A 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
d
c
d d
V
V
CMMR
V A
1
1
Ac equivalent of
OPAMP
-
+
Non-inverting
input
Inverting input
+V
CC

-V
CC

Output
R
i

V
d

A
d
V
d

V
o

R
o

Basic OPAMP
connection
V
1

-
+
R
1

R
f

V
o

Constant gain multiplier
V
i

R
i

A
v
V
i

V
o

R
o

V
i

R
f

R
1

V
1

Basic OPAMP
connection
Ri =
- A
v
V
i

V
o

R
o
=0
V
i

R
f

R
1

V
1

- A
v
V
i
= V
o
V
i

R
f
R
1

V
1

Basic OPAMP
connection
( )
i v
f f
f
i
V A
R R
R
V
R R
R
V
+
+
+
=
1
1
1
1
( )
1
1
1
V
R A R
R
V
v f
f
i
+ +
=
1
1
V
R A
R
V
v
f
i
=
If A
v
>> 1,
Overall gain,
1 1
R
R
V
V
f
o
=
- A
v
V
i
= V
o
V
i

R
f
R
1

V
1

i
f
v
f
i
v
i
i v
i
o
V
V
R
R
R A
V R
V
A
V
V A
V
V
1
1 1
1
=

=
Basic OPAMP
connection
Overall gain,
1 1
R
R
V
V
f
o
=
Unity gain,
1
1 1
= =
R
R
V
V
f
o
f
R R If =
1
Constant magnitude gain,
10
1 1
= =
R
R
V
V
f
o
f
R R If 10
1
=
Virtual Ground
In OPAMP A
v
is very high.
Consider V
o
= 10 volt A
v
= 20,000
V
i
= 10 / 20,000 = 0.5mV
If overall gain = 1
Then V
1
= 10volt
Compared to all other
voltages V
i
~ 0.
V
o

V
i
~ 0
R
f
R
1

V
1

I
i
~ 0
I I
f
o
R
V
R
V
I = =
1
1
1 1
R
R
V
V
f
o
=
Inverting Amplifier
V
1

-
+
R
1

R
f

1
1
V
R
R
V
f
o
=
Non-inverting
Amplifier
o
f
V
R R
R
V
+
=
1
1
1
V
1

+
-
R
1

R
f

V
1

V
i
= 0
R
1

R
f

V
o

1 1
1 , lg
R
R
V
V
ain Overal
f
o
+ =
Summing Amplifier
1
1
V
R
R
V
f
o
=
-
+
R
f

V
2

R
2

V
1

R
1

V
3

R
3

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
3
3
2
2
1
1
V
R
R
V
R
R
V
R
R
V
f f f
o
Analog Computer
Integrator
o
o
c
o
sCV
sC
V
X
V
R
V
I = = = =
1
1
V
1

-
+
R
C
C
R
V
1

V
o

V
i
= 0
I I
sCR V
V
o
1
1
=
( ) ( )dt t v
RC
t v
o
}
=
1
1
Summing Integrator
-
+
V
2

R
2

V
1

R
1

V
3

R
3

C
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

+ + =
} } }
dt t v
C R
dt t v
C R
dt t v
C R
t v
o 3
3
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
Differentiator
-
+
V
1
(t)
R
C
V
o
(t)
( )
( )
dt
t dv
RC t v
o
1
=