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10
Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.)
Plastic LTB (Yielding)
Flexural Strength (AISC F2-1)
where Z= plastic section modulus & F
y
= section yield stress
Limits
Lateral bracing limit
(AISC F2-5)
Flange and Web width/thickness limit (AISC Table B4.1)
(Note: L
pd
in Salmon & Johnson Eq. (9.6.2) is removed from AISC 13
th
Ed.)
Z F M M
y p n
= =
y
y p b
F
E
r L L 76 . 1 = <
11
Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.)
Inelastic LTB
Flexure Strength (straight line interpolation)
(9.6.4)
or
(AISC F2-2)
( )
p
p r
p b
r p p b n
M
L L
L L
M M M C M s
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
( )
p
p r
p b
x y p p b n
M
L L
L L
S F M M C M s
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 7 . 0
r b p
L L L s <
12
Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.)
Elastic LTB
Flexure Strength
(AISC F2-3)
(AISC F2-4)
(The square root term may be conservatively taken equal to 1.0)
(c in AISC F2-8a,b for doubly symmetric I-shape, and channel, respectively)
Limit (AISC F2-6)
(AISC F2-7)
p x cr n
M S F M s =
2
7 . 0
76 . 6 1 1
7 . 0
95 . 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
J c
h S
E
F
h S
J c
F
E
r L
o x y
o x y
ts r
x
w y
ts
S
C I
r =
2
2
2
2
078 . 0 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
ts
b
o x
ts
b
b
cr
r
L
h S
J c
r
L
E C
F
t
r b
L L >
13
Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.)
Moment Gradient Factor C
b
The moment gradient factor C
b
accounts for the variation
of moment along the beam length between bracing
points. Its value is highest, C
b
=1, when the moment
diagram is uniform between adjacent bracing points.
When the moment diagram is not uniform
(9.6.3)
(AISC F1-1)
where
M
max
= absolute value of maximum moment in unbraced length
M
A
, M
B
, M
C
= absolute moment values at one-quarter, one-half, and
three-quarter points of unbraced length
C B A
b
M M M M
M
C
3 4 3 5 . 2
5 . 12
max
max
+ + +
=
14
C
b
for a Simple Span Bridge
15
Nominal Moment Strength M
u
as
affected by C
b
16
Flange Local Buckling (FLB)
Compact Web and Noncompact/Slender
Flanges (AISC F3)
Failure Mode
Noncompact Flange
Slender Flange
Nominal Flexural strength, M
n
= Min (F2, F3)
17
Flange Local Buckling (cont.)
Failure Mode
The compression flange
of a beam can buckle
locally when the
bending stress in the
flange exceeds the
critical stress.
18
Flange Local Buckling (cont.)
Nominal Flexural Strength M
n
plastic when and
inelastic when and
elastic when and
p n
M M =
r n p
M M M > >
r n
M M <
p f
f t b s 2 /
r f
f
p
t b s s 2 /
r f
f t b > 2 /
noncompact compact slender
n
M
r
M
p
M
p
f
f
t
b
=
r
19
Flange Local Buckling (cont.)
Noncompact Flange (straight line
interpolation)
Flexure Strength
(AISC F3-1)
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
pf rf
pf
x y p p n
S F M M M
7 . 0
20
Flange Local Buckling (cont.)
Slender Flange
Flexure Strength
(AISC F3-2)
(kc shall not be less than 0.35 and not greater than 0.76)
Limit (AISC Table B4.1)
2
9 . 0
x c
n
S Ek
M =
w
c
t h
k
/
4
=
21
Web Local Buckling (WLB)
Compact or Noncompact Webs (AISC F4)
Failure Mode
Compact Web (Yielding)
Noncompact Web
Slender Web
Nominal Flexural Strength, M
n
=min (compression
flange yielding, LTB, compression FLB, tension
flange yielding)
22
Web Local Buckling (cont.)
Failure Mode
The web of a beam can
also buckle locally
when the bending
stress in the web
exceeds the critical
stress.
23
Web Local Buckling (cont.)
Nominal Flexural Strength M
n
plastic when and
inelastic when and
elastic when and
p n
M M =
r n p
M M M > >
r n
M M <
p
s
r p
s <
r
>
noncompact compact slender
n
M
r
M
p
M
p
w
t
h
=
r
24
Web Local Buckling (cont.)
Compression Flange Yielding
Flexural Strength
(AISC F4-1)
where R
pc
= web plasticification factor (AISC F4-9a, b) &
F
y
= section yield stress
Limits (AISC Tables B4.1)
xc y pc yc pc n
S F R M R M = =
y
t p b
F
E
r L L 1 . 1 = <
25
Web Local Buckling (cont.)
LTB (Inelastic)
Flexure Strength
(AISC F4-12)
where F
L
= a stress determined by AISC F4-6a, b
( )
p
pf rf
pf
xc L yc pc yc pc b n
M S F M R M R C M s
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
r b p
L L L s <
26
Web Local Buckling (cont.)
LTB (Elastic)
Flexure Strength
(AISC F4-3)
(AISC F4-5)
Limit (AISC Table B4.1)
(AISC F4-8)
yc pc xc cr n
M R S F M s =
2
2
2
078 . 0 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
b
o x
t
b
b
cr
r
L
h S
J
r
L
E C
F
t
2
76 . 6 1 1 95 . 1
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
J
h S
E
F
h S
J
F
E
r L
o x L
o x L
t r
r b
L L >
27
Web Local Buckling (cont.)
Compression FLB (Noncompact Flange)
Flexure Strength
(AISC F4-12)
Compression FLB (Slender Flange)
Flexure Strength
(AISC F4-13)
(k
c
shall not be less than 0.35 and not greater than 0.76)
( )
p
pf rf
pf
xc L yc pc yc pc n
M S F M R M R M s
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
9 . 0
x c
n
S Ek
M =
w
c
t h
k
/
4
=
28
Web Local Buckling (cont.)
Tension Flange Yielding
Flexure Strength
(AISC F4-14)
R
pt
= web plastification factor to the tension flange yielding limit
xt y pt yt pt n
S F R M R M = =
xc xt
S S <
(a) h
c
/t
w
pw
R
pt
=M
p
/M
yt
(AISC F4-15a)
(b) h
c
/t
w
>
pw
(AISC F4-15b)
yt
p
pw rw
pw
yt
p
yt
p
pt
M
M
M
M
M
M
R s
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
29
Shear Strength
Failure Mode
Shear-Buckling Coefficient
Elastic Shear Strength
Inelastic Shear Strength
Plastic Shear Strength
For shear
v
V
n
(
v
= 0.9 except certain rolled I-
beam h/t
w
2.24E/F
y
,
v
= 1.0)
V
n
=0.6F
y
A
w
C
v
(AISC G2-1)
30
Shear Strength (cont.)
Failure Mode
The web of a beam or
plate girder buckles
when the web shear
stress exceeds the
critical stress.
31
Shear Strength (cont.)
Nominal Shear Strength V
n
(
v
= 0.9)
plastic when and
inelastic when and
elastic when and
r
>
y
t = t
r
s
y t = t 8 . 0
p
s
cr
t = t
inelastic plastic elastic
n
V
r
V
p
V
p
r
>
32
Shear Strength (cont.)
AISC G2 Nominal Shear Strength V
n
(a) For (AISC G2-3)
(a) For (AISC G2-4)
(a) For (AISC G2-5)
yw
v
w
F
E k
t
h
10 . 1 s
y
v
w y
v
F
E k
t
h
F
E k
37 . 1 10 . 1 s s
(
(
(
(
=
w
y
v
v
t
h
F
E k
C
10 . 1
w yw
v
t
h
F
E k
s 37 . 1
(
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
y
w
v
v
F
t
h
Ek
C
2
51 . 1
0 . 1 =
v
C
33
Lateral Bracing Design
34
Lateral Bracing Design
AISC Provisions Stability
Bracing Design for Beams
1. For stiffness
reqd
,
reqd
= 2
ideal
2. For nominal strength F
br
,
(a) F
br
=
ideal
(2
0
);
(b) F
br
=
ideal
(0.004L
b
)
Where
ideal
= P
cr
/L
b
35
Lateral Bracing Design (cont.)
AISC Provisions LRFD Stability Bracing Design for Beams
1. Relative bracing
=0.75
2. Nodal bracing
0
008 . 0
Re
h
C M
P quired
d r
rb
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
4 1
Re
h L
C M
quired
b
d r
rb
|
|
0
02 . 0
Re
h
C M
P quired
d r
rb
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
10 1
Re
h L
C M
quired
b
d r
br
|
|
36
Lateral Bracing Design (cont.)
AISC Provisions LRFD Stability Bracing Design for Columns
1. Relative bracing
=0.75
2. Nodal bracing
r rb
P P quired 004 . 0 Re =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
r
rb
L
P
quired
2 1
Re
|
|
r rb
P P quired 01 . 0 Re =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
r
br
L
P
quired
8 1
Re
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