Prepared By

ENGR. YOSHIAKI C. MIKAMI, BSCE RMP

 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Bending, or flexural, members (often times referred to as
beams) are members that are subject to bending and shear. In
flexural members the internal shear and moment tend to vary
with position along the beam as does deflection.
Flexural members are designed to have sufficient
bending and shear strength to support the anticipated loads.
They are also designed to be stiff enough to meet the
serviceability deflection requirements of the structure.
Things that may need to consider:
1. The enhancement of beam flexural strength by the
addition of cover plates,
2. The determination of a beam's strength to resist
concentrated transverse loads applied to the face of the
flange
3. The design of base plates to transfer beam reactions to
concrete or masonry
4. The design of bolted and welded end connections.

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Bending members are subjected to internal moments
which create both tensile and compression stress in the cross
section. The compression effects are of significant concern as
buckling (both local and overall) can limit the strength of a
beam section. The tension effects do not cause buckling,
however, they may cause yielding in the beams.

Flexural limit states:

1. Y: Yielding. The yielding limit state is the ultimate limit state
where the whole section is considered to be yielded.
2. LTB: Lateral Torsional Buckling. This is overall column
buckling of the compression flange of the section. This may
occur when a compression flange of beam lacks lateral
support.
3. FLB: Flange Local Buckling. This is plate buckling of the
compression flange (either stiffened or unstiffened).

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
4. WLB: Web Local Buckling. This is plate buckling of the web.
5. TFY: Tension Flange Yielding. This limit state is particularly
applicable to sections where the centroidal axis is not at
mid-height of the section. This may occur with built-up
sections where the tension flange is smaller than the
compression flange.
6. LLB: Leg Local Buckling. This limit state is specifically
applicable to single angles in flexure.
7. LB: Local Buckling. This limit state applies only to round
"pipe" sections.

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
FLEXURAL YIELDING
For LRFD: 𝑴𝒖 ≤ ∅𝒃 𝑴𝒏 ; ∅𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
For ASD: 𝑴𝒂 ≤ 𝑴𝒏 /𝜴𝒃 ; 𝜴𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕

Nominal flexural strength, Mn, is computed using equation

For bending in the strong axis:
𝑴𝒏𝒙 = 𝑭𝒚 ∙ 𝒁𝒙
For bending in the weak axis:
𝑴𝒏𝒚 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑭𝒚 ∙ 𝒁𝒚 , 𝟏. 𝟔𝑭𝒚 ∙ 𝑺𝒚

Where:
Fy – yield strength of steel
Zx/y – plastic section modulus
Sx/y – elastic section modulus

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
When a member is subjected to bending, one side of
the member is in compression and wants to behave like a
column while the other side is in tension. This means that the
compression side is subject to flexural buckling. Since the
compression side is connected to the tension side (which is not
prone to buckling), it cannot buckle in the plane of loading.
This leaves the lateral direction as the direction of buckling.
The tension side resists the buckling, resulting in the rotated
cross section (i.e. the torsion).

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
Flexural compressive stress varies with the length of the
member (it follows the moment diagram since bending stress is
a function of the moment). To account for this behavior a
means has been devised to account for variation of
compressive stress along an unbraced length.
lateral-torsional buckling modification factor, Cb. Cb is
a measure of the variability of the moment (and hence the
compressive stress) along an unbraced length.
Note that Cb is larger for the two laterally unbraced
lengths where the moment changes the most radically. It
approaches 1.0 for the laterally unbraced length which has
little change in moment.
Cb is used to increase the apparent nominal moment
capacity of a flexural member. The specification does allow
you to conservatively use Cb = 1.0 in all cases and requires it in
specific instances.

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
The limits of the buckling regions are specified by the
terms Lp (the limit of the plastic region) and Lr (the limit of the
inelastic buckling region).
if Lb < Lp then the plastic strength, Mp, controls and LTB does not
occur
if Lp < Lb < Lr then inelastic LTB occurs
if Lr < Lb then elastic LTB occurs

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
The unique factor associated with LTB is the beam has
non-constant compressive stress along its length. This behavior
is accounted for by the scale factor Cb. Cb shifts the LTB curve
upward. There is no condition for which a beam's strength
exceeds Mp.

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING (FLB) AND WEB LOCAL BUCKLING (WLB)
Flange local buckling (FLB) and web local buckling (WLB)
were, to some extent, discussed in the prior chapter on plate
buckling. Unlike compression members, the limit states for flexural
FLB and WLB consider all three ranges of the buckling curves.
The slenderness limits to the three ranges are λp and λr. The
nominal moment capacity, Mn, is the moment that causes these
limit states to occur.
if λ = b/t < λp then the plastic strength, Mp, controls and FLB does
not occur
if λp < λ = b/t < λr then inelastic FLB occurs
if λr < λ = b/t then elastic FLB occurs

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING (FLB) AND WEB LOCAL BUCKLING (WLB)

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
TENSION FLANGE YIELDING (TFY)
Sections that are unsymmetrical about the axis of
bending and sections with slender webs may be controlled by
yielding of the tension flange. This limit state will usually only
become an issue for built up plate girders.
For sections with a tension flange that is further from the
neutral axis than the compression flange (i.e. Sxt < Sxc), the
tension flange will reach yield before the compression side.

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
LOCAL LEG BUCKLING (LLB)
The limit state of local leg buckling (LLB) is peculiar to
single angles in flexure. Similar to FLB and WLB, equations are
provided for the three ranges of the buckling curve based on
the width thickness ratio of the leg that is in compression.
Note that LLB applies only when the toe of the
outstanding leg is in compression.

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FLEXURAL MEMBERS

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FLEXURAL MEMBERS

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BEAM SHEAR
Beam shear strength must be provided to resist the
anticipated applied beam shears. In steel members, the
elements of the cross section that resist shear may be very
slender. As a result the shear elements may be subject to the
normal ranges of the buckling curve, including plastic, inelastic
buckling, and elastic buckling behaviors.
Shear strength of slender plates can be enhanced with
the addition of web stiffeners that prevent out of plane
buckling. The stiffener plates add out-of-plane moment of
inertia to resist buckling deflection in that direction.
Shear strength is a potentially limiting criteria for steel
members. It must be investigated where a member is
subjected to shear.

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Internal shear force varies along the length of most
bending members. The determination of the magnitude of
internal shear at any given location is determined using
principles of statics.
The distribution of elastic beam shear stress on a given
cross section is determined by the following equation as
derived in mechanics.
𝑉𝑄
𝜏=
𝐼𝑏
Where:
𝜏 is the shear stress at some point on the cross section.
V is the shear force acting on the cross section.
Q is the first moment of area “above” the point where of
interest is. See any mechanics text for computation of this
value.
I is the moment of inertia of the cross section.
b is the breadth (i.e. width), parallel to the axis of bending, of
the cross section at the point of interest.
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FLEXURAL MEMBERS

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SHEAR YIELDING
For LRFD: 𝑽𝒖 ≤ ∅𝒗 𝑽𝒏 ; ∅𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
For ASD: 𝑽𝒂 ≤ 𝑽𝒏 /𝜴𝒗; 𝜴𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕

Nominal shear strength, Vn, is computed using equation

𝑽𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑭𝒚 ∙ 𝑨𝒘 ∙ 𝑪𝒗

Where:
0.6Fy - is the shear yield strength of the steel,
Aw - is the shear area of a web, and
Cv - is a modifier that accounts for buckling behavior of the
web.

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SHEAR YIELDING

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
EXAMPLE:
determine the maximum uniform load W that the beam can
carry. the maximum deflection is limited to L/360 of the span. The
beam is W10X33 – A992. (Fy = 345 MPa) has a span of 4m.
𝑍𝑥 = 636𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3 , 𝑑 = 247.14𝑚𝑚, 𝑡𝑤 = 7.37𝑚𝑚, 𝐼𝑥 = 71𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑟𝑦 = 49.28𝑚𝑚, 𝑆𝑥 = 572𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3 , 𝐽 = 243𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4 , 𝐶𝑤 = 212𝑥109 𝑚𝑚6
𝐼𝑦 = 15.2𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 , 𝑡𝑓 = 11𝑚𝑚

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
1. Flexural Yielding (∅ = 0.90)
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥
𝑁
𝑀𝑛 = 345 636𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4
𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑛 = 219,420,000 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 219.42 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 197.48 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤 4𝑚 2
𝑀𝑢 = =
8 8

𝑤 4𝑚 2
= 197.48 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
8
𝒌𝑵
𝒘 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟕𝟒
𝒎

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
2. Lateral Torsional Buckling
𝐸
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76𝑟𝑦
𝐹𝑦

200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76 49.28𝑚𝑚
345𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐿𝑝 = 2,088.28 mm

𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝐽𝑐 2 0.7𝐹𝑦 2
𝐿𝑟 = 1.95𝑟𝑡𝑠 + + 6.76
0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝐸

2
𝐼𝑦 𝐶𝑤 15.2𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 212𝑥109 𝑚𝑚6
𝑟𝑡𝑠 = =
𝑆𝑥 572𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 56.02 𝑚𝑚

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
2. Lateral Torsional Buckling
ℎ𝑜 = 247.14𝑚𝑚 − 11𝑚𝑚 = 236.14𝑚𝑚
200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿𝑟 = 1.95 56.02𝑚𝑚 ∙
0.7 345𝑀𝑃𝑎

(243𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4 )(1) (243𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4 )(1) 2 0.7(345𝑀𝑃𝑎) 2

+ + 6.76
(572𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3 )(236.14𝑚𝑚) (572𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3 )(236.14𝑚𝑚) 200000𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐿𝑟 = 44.01𝑚

∴ (𝐿𝑝 = 2.08𝑚) < 𝐿𝑏 = 4𝑚 < (𝐿𝑟 = 44.01𝑚)

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
2. Lateral Torsional Buckling
𝐿𝑏 −𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑝 − 𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝐿𝑟 −𝐿𝑝
Assume 𝐶𝑏 = 1.0
𝑀𝑛 = 1.0(219.42𝑥106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚
𝑁 4𝑚−2.09𝑚
−(219.42𝑥106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚 − 0.7 345 572𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑚𝑚2 44.01𝑚−2.09𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 6.29 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 6.29 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 5.66 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
2. Lateral Torsional Buckling
𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤 4𝑚 2
𝑀𝑢 = =
8 8

𝑤 4𝑚 2
= 5.66 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
8
𝒌𝑵
𝒘 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑
𝒎

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
3. Shear Yielding
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣

ℎ 𝐸
≤ 2.24 ; ∅ = 1.00 & 𝐶𝑣 = 1.00
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦

247.14𝑚𝑚 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎
= 33.53 < 2.24 = 53.93
7.37𝑚𝑚 345𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑁
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6 345 247.14𝑚𝑚 7.37𝑚𝑚 (1)
𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑛 = 377,034.31 𝑁

∅𝑉𝑛 = 1.0 377,034.31 𝑁 = 377.03 𝑘𝑁

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
3. Shear Yielding
𝑤𝑙 𝑤 4𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = =
2 2

𝑤 4𝑚
= 377.03 𝑘𝑁
2
𝒘 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
4. Deflection
𝐿
∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
360
5𝑤𝑙 4
∆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
384𝐸𝐼

4000𝑚𝑚 5𝑤 4000𝑚𝑚 4
=
360 384 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎 71𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑵 𝒌𝑵
𝒘= 𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟑
𝒎𝒎 𝒎

𝑤𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛 = min 𝑤𝐹𝑌 , 𝑤𝐿𝑇𝐵 , 𝑤𝑉 , 𝑤∆

𝒌𝑵
𝒘𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑
𝒎

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
EXAMPLE:
determine the maximum load P at midspan that the beam can
carry. the maximum deflection is limited to L/360 of the span. The
beam is W10X33 – A992. (Fy = 345 MPa) has a span of 4m.
𝑍𝑥 = 636𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3 , 𝑑 = 247.14𝑚𝑚, 𝑡𝑤 = 7.37𝑚𝑚, 𝐼𝑥 = 71𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑟𝑦 = 49.28𝑚𝑚, 𝑆𝑥 = 572𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3 , 𝐽 = 243𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4 , 𝐶𝑤 = 212𝑥109 𝑚𝑚6
𝐼𝑦 = 15.2𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 , 𝑡𝑓 = 11𝑚𝑚, 𝑍𝑦 = 229𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3 , 𝑆𝑦 = 151𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑏𝑓 = 202.18𝑚𝑚

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MAJOR AXIS)
1. Flexural Yielding (∅ = 0.90)
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥
𝑁
𝑀𝑛 = 345 636𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4
𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑛 = 219,420,000 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 219.42 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 197.48 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

𝑃𝐿 𝑃(4𝑚)
𝑀𝑢 = =
4 4

𝑃(4𝑚)
= 197.48 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
4
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MAJOR AXIS)
2. Lateral Torsional Buckling
𝐸
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76𝑟𝑦
𝐹𝑦

200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76 49.28𝑚𝑚
345𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐿𝑝 = 2,088.28 mm

𝐸 𝐽𝑐 𝐽𝑐 2 0.7𝐹𝑦 2
𝐿𝑟 = 1.95𝑟𝑡𝑠 + + 6.76
0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝐸

2
𝐼𝑦 𝐶𝑤 15.2𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 212𝑥109 𝑚𝑚6
𝑟𝑡𝑠 = =
𝑆𝑥 572𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑟𝑡𝑠 = 56.02 𝑚𝑚

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MAJOR AXIS)
2. Lateral Torsional Buckling
ℎ𝑜 = 247.14𝑚𝑚 − 11𝑚𝑚 = 236.14𝑚𝑚
200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿𝑟 = 1.95 56.02𝑚𝑚 ∙
0.7 345𝑀𝑃𝑎

(243𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4 )(1) (243𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4 )(1) 2 0.7(345𝑀𝑃𝑎) 2

+ + 6.76
(572𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3 )(236.14𝑚𝑚) (572𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3 )(236.14𝑚𝑚) 200000𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐿𝑟 = 44.01𝑚

∴ (𝐿𝑝 = 2.08𝑚) < 𝐿𝑏 = 4𝑚 < (𝐿𝑟 = 44.01𝑚)

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MAJOR AXIS)
2. Lateral Torsional Buckling
𝐿𝑏 −𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑝 − 𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝐿𝑟 −𝐿𝑝
Assume 𝐶𝑏 = 1.0
𝑀𝑛 = 1.0(219.42𝑥106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚
𝑁 4𝑚−2.09𝑚
−(219.42𝑥106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚 − 0.7 345 572𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑚𝑚2 44.01𝑚−2.09𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 6.29 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 6.29 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 5.66 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MAJOR AXIS)
2. Lateral Torsional Buckling
𝑃𝐿 𝑃(4𝑚)
𝑀𝑢 = =
4 4

𝑃(4𝑚)
= 5.66 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
4
𝑷 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝑵

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MAJOR AXIS)
3. Shear Yielding
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣

ℎ 𝐸
≤ 2.24 ; ∅ = 1.00 & 𝐶𝑣 = 1.00
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦

247.14𝑚𝑚 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎
= 33.53 < 2.24 = 53.93
7.37𝑚𝑚 345𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑁
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6 345 247.14𝑚𝑚 7.37𝑚𝑚 (1)
𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑛 = 377,034.31 𝑁

∅𝑉𝑛 = 1.0 377,034.31 𝑁 = 377.03 𝑘𝑁

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MAJOR AXIS)
3. Shear Yielding
𝑃
𝑉𝑢 =
2

𝑃
= 377.03 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑷 = 𝟕𝟓𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MAJOR AXIS)
4. Deflection
𝐿
∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
360
𝑃𝐿3
∆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
48𝐸𝐼

4000𝑚𝑚 𝑃 4000𝑚𝑚 3
=
360 48 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎 71𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵

𝑃𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛 = min 𝑃𝐹𝑌 , 𝑃𝐿𝑇𝐵 , 𝑃𝑉 , 𝑃∆

𝑷𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑵

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MINOR AXIS)
1. Flexural Yielding (∅ = 0.90)
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑦 , 1.6𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 )
𝑁
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑦 = 345 229𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑛 = 79.01 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

𝑁
𝑀𝑛 = 1.6𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 = 1.6 345 151𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3
𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑛 = 83.35 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 79.01 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 = 71.11 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MINOR AXIS)
1. Flexural Yielding (∅ = 0.90)
𝑃𝐿 𝑃(4𝑚)
𝑀𝑢 = =
4 4

𝑃(4𝑚)
= 71.11 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
4
𝑷 = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MINOR AXIS)
2. Flange Local Buckling
Note: All current ASTM A6 W, S, M, C and MC shapes except
W21X48, W14X99, W12X65, W10X12, W8X31, W6X15, W6X9,
W6X8.5 and M4X6 have compact flanges at Fy=345 MPa

Therefore, limit state of flange local buckling does not apply

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MINOR AXIS)
3. Shear Yielding (∅ = 0.90)
For single and doubly symmetric slopes loaded the weak axis,
𝐴𝑤 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 and 𝑘1 = 1.2
Note: for all ASTM A6 W, S, M and HP shapes, when Fy=345 Mpa,
𝐶𝑣 = 1.0

𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣
𝑁
𝑉𝑛 = 0.6 345 2 202.18𝑚𝑚 11𝑚𝑚 (1)
𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑛 = 924.92 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑉𝑛 = 0.9 924.92 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑉𝑛 = 832.43 𝑘𝑁

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MINOR AXIS)
3. Shear Yielding
𝑃
𝑉𝑢 =
2

𝑃
= 832.43 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION: (MINOR AXIS)
4. Deflection
𝐿
∆𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
360
𝑃𝐿3
∆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
48𝐸𝐼

4000𝑚𝑚 𝑃 4000𝑚𝑚 3
=
360 48 200,000𝑀𝑃𝑎 15.2𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵

𝑃𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛 = min 𝑃𝐹𝑌 , 𝑃𝐹𝐿𝐵 , 𝑃𝑉 , 𝑃∆

𝑷𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
EXAMPLE:
determine the required cross section of the rectangular A572-
Gr.50 (Fy=345 Mpa) bar that carries a uniform load w=10 kN/m
and has a length of 2m. Assume the ratio of height to width
dimension of 2. Consider only flexural yielding.

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑙 2 10 𝑚 2𝑚 2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
8 8

𝑀𝑛 = min(𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 , 1.6𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 )

𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻
𝑍𝑥 = 𝐵 +𝐵
2 4 2 4
𝐵𝐻 2
𝑍𝑥 =
4

𝑁 𝐵𝐻 2
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 = 345
𝑚𝑚2 4

𝑁 𝐵 2𝐵 2
5𝑥106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚 = 0.90 345
𝑚𝑚2 4

𝑩 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟐𝟔𝒎𝒎; 𝑯 = 𝟐𝑩 = 𝟓𝟐𝒎𝒎

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 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
𝐵𝐻3
𝐼𝑥 12 𝐵𝐻 2
𝑆𝑥 = = 𝐻 =
𝑐 6
2

𝑁 𝐵𝐻 2
𝑀𝑛 = 1.6𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 = 1.6 345
𝑚𝑚2 6

𝑁 𝐵 2𝐵 2
5𝑥106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚 = 1.6 345
𝑚𝑚2 6
𝑩 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎; 𝑯 = 𝟐𝑩 = 𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎

∴ 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑩 = 𝟐𝟔𝒎𝒎, 𝑯 = 𝟓𝟐𝒎𝒎

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.