Civil Engineering Nov 2021 Review Innovations Algebra 7

Measures of Central Tendency FRACTILES: Percentiles, Deciles, and Quartiles 3. The frequency table below shows the number
Central tendency is the typical value of a set of data. are numbers that partition, or divide, an ordered of children that 45 women have.
The most commonly used measures of central data set into equal parts. Number of Children, x Frequency, f
tendency are the mean, median and mode. 0 12
Percentiles 1 21
The Mean Percentiles are values that divide a set of 2 8
The mean is the sum of all the values divided by the observation into 100 equal parts. These values, 3 3
4 0
number of values. denoted by P1, P2, …, P99, are such that 1% of the 5 1
data falls below P1, 2% falls below P2, …, and 99%
x xf falls below P99. Find (a) the mean; (b) the median; (c) the mode.
= or  = Answer: mean = 1.1, median = 1, mode = 1
N f
Deciles 4. The number of working days lost due to
The Median Deciles are values that divide a set of observation accidents for each of the 12 months in a one-
The median is the middle value when the values are into 10 equal parts. These values, denoted by D1, D2, year period are as follows: 27, 37, 40, 28, 23, 30,
arranged in order. …, D9 are such that 10% of the data falls below D1, 35, 24, 30, 32, 31, 28. Determine the first quartile
20% falls below D2, …, and 90% falls below D9. value for this data. Answer: 27.5
The Mode
5. The scores of a group of students in a short
The mode is the most commonly occurring value. Quartiles
mental test (from Problem 1) were, in order, 5,
Quartiles are values that divide a set of observation
5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9. Calculate (a) the quartiles;
Measures of Spread or Variability into 4 equal parts. These values, denoted by Q1, Q2,
(b) the interquartile range.
Spread or variation describe how similar or varied and Q3 are such that 25% of the data falls below Q1, Answer: Q1 = 6, Q2 = 7, Q3 = 8, IQR = 2
the set of observed values are for a particular 50% falls below Q2, and 75% falls below Q3.
variable. The most common measures of variability 6. The ages of 45 persons are shown in the
are the range, variance, and standard deviation. The Interquartile Range (IQR) grouped frequency table
The IQR indicates the spread of the middle 50% of Age (years) Frequency
The Range values. 15 – 19 6
The range is the difference between the largest and 20 – 24 7
IQR = Q3 – Q1 25 – 29 15
the smallest number in the set. 30 – 34 6
35 – 39 8
The Variance 40 – 44 1
The variance of a set of data is defined as the 45 – 49 2
PROBLEMS:
average of the squared distances from the mean. (a) Calculate the mean age.
1. A group of students were given a short mental Answer: 29.0 yrs old
2 arithmetic test. Their scores were 7, 6, 7, 5, 6, 8, (b) Find the median age. Answer: 27.7 yrs old
( x −  )
2 =  For population 5, 7, 8, 9. For this group, calculate (a) the mean; (c) Determine the modal age. Answer: 26.8 yrs old
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(b) the median; (c) the mode. 7. The heights of 142 plants are recorded below.
( x − x )2 Answer: mean = 6.8, median = 7, mode = 7
2 =  For sample Class Frequency
n−1 2. Find the mean and standard deviation of the 55 – 60 2
60 – 65 11
following set of data: 11, 13, 14, 16, 18.
65 – 70 37
The Standard Deviation Answer: mean = 14.4,  = 2.42
70 – 75 54
The standard deviation the square root of the 75 – 80 28
variance. It is a measure of how dispersed the set 80 – 85 9
of data are, and it is in the same unit as the data. 85 – 90 1
Calculate (a) the mean and (b) the variance.
Answer: mean = 71.9, 2 = 30.0
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