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A W=mg
ϴ N
W=mg
M 2
h x dx
dy
CF=mω x
y
2
B CF=mω x
ϴ ϴ
ϴ N
N W=mg 𝑎
tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
𝐶𝐹
𝑔 𝑊
𝜔2𝑥
REF=ma r tan 𝜃 =
𝑔
𝑑𝑦
= tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑥
SITUATION. An open tank 2 m by 3 m horizontal section weighs 3.6 kN and contains 𝜔2𝑥2
𝑦=
water to a depth of 1 m. It is acted upon by an unbalanced force of 16 kN parallel to 2𝑔
a pair of sides.
1. What must be the least height of the tank so that no water will spill out? SITUATION. An open cylindrical tank having 0.30 m radius and a height of 1.20 m
2. What is the force acting on the front end of the tank? is 3/4 full of water. Determine the angular speed in rpm if:
3. If the acceleration is increased to 4 m/s2, how much water will pour out of the 8. The water will just touch the rim.
tank? 9. The vortex will just touch the base.
4. If the tank in the situation is closed, what will be the force acting on the back 10. The base is uncovered within 15 cm from the vertical axis.
face of the tank?
SITUATION. A closed cylindrical vessel 1.2 m in diameter and 2.1 m high is filled
with water to a height of 1.6 m. The air inside the tank is under a pressure of 120
B. Inclined Motion
kPa. If the vessel is rotated at 200 rpm,
11. Determine the maximum and minimum pressure at the base.
12. How much area at the bottom is uncovered?
W=mg
13. A horizontal tube, 2.5 m long and 6 mm in diameter, is filled with water under
a pressure of 70 kPa and closed at both ends. If rotated in a horizontal plane
about an axis 30 cm from one end at the rate of 2π rad/s, what will be the
pressure at the outer end?
α REFy SITUATION. A gas flows through a circular conduit. At one point along the conduit,
REFx the diameter is 100 mm, the velocity is 7.55 m/s, and the gas’s mass density is (for
its particular pressure and temperature) 1.09 kg/m3. At a second point, the diameter
is 250 mm, and the velocity is 2.02 m/s.
5. A vessel containing oil is accelerated on a plane inclined 10° with the 14. Find the mass flow rate of the gas
horizontal at 1.5 m/s2. Determine the inclination of the oil surface when the 15. Find the mass density at the second point.
motion is downwards?
ENERGY and HEAD
Kinetic Energy – the ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.
C. Vertical Motion
Potential Energy – the energy possessed by the fluid by virtue of its position or
a elevation with respect to a datum line or by virtue of the pressure experience by the
fluid at that point.
Head – the amount of energy per pound or Newton of fluid
Elevation Head, z
REF=ma
Pressure Head, p/γ
Velocity Head, v 2 /2g
W=γV ±𝑎
𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ (1 ± )
h 𝑔 BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION
A (Area) No Head Added or Lost:
p1 (v1 )2 p2 (v2 )2
F=pA + + z1 = + + z2
γ 2g γ 2g
E1 = E2
With Increase/Decrease in Head:
E1 + hA − hL = E2
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EGL = Energy Grade Line = PE + KE - It is the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical discharge.
HGL = Hydraulic Grade Line = PE VA
Cv =
VT
SITUATION. Water is issued by a 25 mm diameter nozzle at a rate of 5 m/s. The Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
nozzle is inclined at an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, - It is the ratio of the actual velocity to the theoretical velocity.
determine: VA
16. The vertical distance from highest point to the tip of the nozzle. Cv =
VT
17. The area of the jet at the highest point of the projectile. Coefficient of Contraction, Cc
- It is the ratio of the area of the stream of jet to the area of the opening.
SITUATION. A 50 mm diameter siphon is drawing oil (s = 0.82) from an oil reservoir, C = Cv Cc
as shown in the figure below. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.50 m and
from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40 m: ORIFICE – an opening having a closed perimeter in a wall or partition used for
18. Find the discharge of oil from the siphon. measuring flow of fluids.
19. Determine the oil pressure at point 2.
23. The jet from a standard 1.25 cm orifice, in a vertical wall, under a head of
5.50 m, strikes a point 1.50 m horizontally and 12 cm vertically from the jet’s
vena contracta. The discharge is 450 liters in 570 second. Find the three
coefficients of the orifice.
27. A pitot tube with a 90° bend is used to determine the velocity of flow of oil
(SG = 0.82) in a close conduit. The Pitot tube is open at both ends and is
inserted into the flow so that the opening is directed upstream and the other
is directed upwards. The difference between the levels in the pitot tube and
if the fluid surface is 80 mm. What is the velocity of flow?