MEGAREVIEW

MEGAREVIEW
and TUTORIAL CENTER
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
BAGUIO: Upper Ground Floor, Pilando Center, Baguio City
Contact Number:(+63)956 2568509 (Manila), (032) 254-9967 (Cebu), (+63)939 5746940 (Baguio)
E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com

Review Module – Hydraulics 03

RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS – RECTILINEAR MOTION SITUATION. An open tank containing oil (s = 0.80) is accelerated vertically
A. Horizontal Motion at 3 m/s2. Determine the pressure 5 m below the surface if the motion is:
6. Upward with a positive acceleration.
a 7. Downward with a negative acceleration.
W=mg
REF=ma

ϴ
N RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS – ROTATIONAL MOTION
ϴ
Mass of liquid
MEGAREVIEW
ω

A W=mg
ϴ N
W=mg
M 2
h x dx
dy
CF=mω x
y
2
B CF=mω x
ϴ ϴ ϴ N
N W=mg
𝑎 𝐶𝐹
tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
𝑊
𝑔 𝜔2 𝑥
REF=ma r tan 𝜃 =
𝑔
𝑑𝑦
= tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑥
SITUATION. An open tank 2 m x 3 m horizontal section weighs 3.5 kN and 𝜔2 𝑥 2
contains water to a depth of 1 m. It is acted upon by an unbalanced force of 𝑦=
2𝑔
15 kN parallel to a pair of sides.
1. What must be the height of the tank so that no water will spill out? SITUATION. A cylindrical tank having a of radius 0.50 m and height of 1.50
2. What is the force acting on the side with the smallest depth? m is filled with water to height of 1 m. If the tank is rotated about its own
3. How much volume is spilled if the acceleration is increased to 6 vertical axis,
m/s? 8. What is the required angular velocity if the water will just touch the
4. If the tank in the situation is closed, what will be the force acting on rim, considering the tank is open?
the back face of the tank? 9. What is the required angular velocity if 50% of the tank’s contents
spill out?
10. Considering a closed tank, what is the minimum pressure at the
B. Inclined Motion bottom of the tank if it is rotated at 110 rpm? Given the air inside
the tank is under a pressure of 120 kPa.
W=mg
11. Considering a closed tank, what is the maximum pressure at the
bottom of the tank if it is rotated at 150 rpm? Given the air inside
the tank is under a pressure of 120 kPa.
12. If the tank is fully filled with water, what angular velocity should be
imposed so that the maximum pressure at the bottom of the tank
is 100 kPa?

ϴ W=mg 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
N tan 𝜃 =
𝑔 ± 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

α REFy
REFx
5. A vessel containing oil is accelerating downwards on a plane
inclined 8° with the horizontal at 2.0 m/s2. Determine the inclination
of the oil surface?

C. Vertical Motion
a

REF=ma

±𝑎
. W=γV 𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ (1 ± )
𝑔
h
A (Area)

F=pA
 MEGAREVIEW
MEGAREVIEW
and TUTORIAL CENTER
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
BAGUIO: Upper Ground Floor, Pilando Center, Baguio City
Contact Number:(+63)956 2568509 (Manila), (032) 254-9967 (Cebu), (+63)939 5746940 (Baguio)
E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com

Review Module – Hydraulics (Fundamentals of Fluid Flow, Fluid Flow Measurement)

FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW (Fluids in Motion)
Discharge/Flow Rate – amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of time
Volume Flow Rate
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
Mass Flow Rate
𝑀 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉
Weight Flow Rate
𝑊 = 𝛾𝐴𝑉

1. A gas flows through a circular conduit. At one point along the conduit, the
diameter is 100 mm, the velocity is 7.55 m/s, and the gas’s mass density is (for its
particular pressure and temperature) 1.09 kg/m3. At a second point, the diameter
is 250 mm, and the velocity is 2.02 m/s.
a. Find the mass flow rate of the gas
b. Find the mass density at the second point.
5. A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to reservoir B as shown. The
loss of head from A to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 15 cm pipe and the loss
of head from 2 to B is 20 times the velocity head in the 10 cm pipe. The discharge
in the system is 20 L/s. Compute the power rating of the pump if the efficiency is
85%.

ENERGY and HEAD

Kinetic Energy – the ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.
Potential Energy – the energy possessed by the fluid by virtue of its position or
elevation with respect to a datum line or by virtue of the pressure experience by
the fluid at that point.
Head – the amount of energy per pound or Newton of fluid
Elevation Head, z
Pressure Head, p/γ
Velocity Head, v 2 /2g

BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION

No Head Added or Lost:
p1 (v1 )2 p2 (v2 )2 FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENTS
+ + z1 = + + z2 Device Coefficients
γ 2g γ 2g
E1 = E2 Coefficient of Discharge, C or Cd
With Increase/Decrease in Head: - It is the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical discharge.
E1 + hA − hL = E2 CA
Cv =
CT
EGL = Energy Grade Line = PE + KE Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
HGL = Hydraulic Grade Line = PE - It is the ratio of the actual velocity to the theoretical velocity.
VA
Cv =
2. Water is issued by a 25 mm diameter nozzle at a rate of 5 m/s. The nozzle is VT
inclined at an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, determine: Coefficient of Contraction, Cc
a. The vertical distance from highest point to the tip of the nozzle. - It is the ratio of the area of the stream of jet to the area of the opening.
b. The area of the jet at the highest point of the projectile. QA
CC =
QT
3. A 50 mm diameter siphon is drawing oil (s = 0.82) from an oil reservoir, as shown C = Cv Cc
in the figure below. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.50 m and from point
2 to point 3 is 2.40 m: ORIFICE – an opening having a closed perimeter in a wall or partition used for
a. Find the discharge of oil from the siphon. measuring flow of fluids.
b. Determine the oil pressure at point 2.
6. The jet from a standard 1.25 cm orifice, in a vertical wall, under a head of 5.50
m, strikes a point 1.50 m horizontally and 12 cm vertically from the jet’s vena
contracta. The discharge is 450 liters in 570 second. Find the three coefficients of
the orifice.

VENTURI METERS – are flow measurement instruments which use a converging

section of pipe to give an increase in the flow velocity and a corresponding
pressure drop from which the flow rate can be deduced.

7. A 12.5 cm diameter Venturi meter is installed on a pipe 25 cm in diameter.

Determine the discharge that would be passing through the meter when the double
column differential mercury gauge connected to it shows a difference of 20 cm. It
is found in a test that the total water passing in the meter is 3500 L for a period of
45 s.
POWER and EFFICIENCY a. Compute the velocity at the throat.
Power – is the rate at which work is done. b. Determine the theoretical discharge.
Power = γQH c. Determine the meter coefficient.
Efficiency – it is the ratio of the output power to the input power.
Po
E=
Pi

4. Water enters a motor through a 60 cm diameter pipe under a pressure of 14

kPa. It leaves through a 90 cm diameter exhaust pipe with a pressure of 4 kPa. A
vertical distance of 2.5 m separates the centers of the two pipes at the points where
the measurements of pressures where taken. If 500 liters of water pass thru the
motor, compute the power output of the motor if its efficiency is 80%.
 MEGAREVIEW
MEGAREVIEW
and TUTORIAL CENTER
MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
BAGUIO: Upper Ground Floor, Pilando Center, Baguio City
Contact Number:(+63)956 2568509 (Manila), (032) 254-9967 (Cebu), (+63)939 5746940 (Baguio)
E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com

Review Module – Hydraulics (Fundamentals of Fluid Flow, Fluid Flow Measurement)

PITOT TUBE – it can be used to measure fluid flow velocity by converting the
kinetic energy in a fluid flow to potential energy.

8. A Pitot tube in a pipe in which air is flowing is connected to a manometer

containing water as in the figure. If the water deflection is 10 cm, what is the velocity
of flow in the pipe, assuming a tube coefficient CP = 0.99. Specific weight of air is
12 N/m3.