Chapter 5 Beam Column

Chapter 5: Beam column Mr.
Kumar Shantveerayya
Chapter 5
Beam- column
5.1 Introduction
In a practical sense all members in a metal frame or truss are beam-columns. Axial force,
bending moment, shear force and torque are always present, either by plan or
accidentally. For the cases discussed in this chapter, it is assumed that neither the moment
nor the axial load dominates to the extent that the other can be neglected. Beam-columns
are structural members which combine the beam function of transmitting transverse
forces or moments with the compression or tension member function of transmitting axial
forces. Beam-columns may act as if isolated, as in the case of eccentrically loaded
compression members with simple end connections, or they may form part of a rigid
frame.
The behaviour of beam-columns is different from that of beams or columns. On the one
hand, the axial load is smaller than the maximum force that can be carried by a column,
and thus there is a reserve of capacity to carry some bending moment. On the other hand,
the moment that can be supported is less than the plastic moment that could be supported
if there were no axial force present. It is convenient to discuss the behaviour of isolated
beam-columns under the three separate headings of In-Plane Behaviour, Flexural–
Torsional Buckling, and Biaxial-Bending.
The magnitude of one or the other force is relatively small, its effect is usually neglected
and the member is designed either as a beam, or as an axially loaded column. For many
situations neither effect can properly be neglected and the behavior under combined
loading must be considered in design. A special class of such members that are subjected
to both axial compression force and bending moment are called beam-columns. They
represent the general load case of an element in a structural frame. When the load is
transferred to the column from some eccentricity (the distance from the assumed point of
application of the load to the centroid of column) the loads are assumed to be applied at
positions as specified below.
1. Stiffened seat midpoint of stiffening seat figure 5.1a

Chapter 5: Beam column Mr. Kumar Shantveerayya
2. unstiffened seat outer face of vertical of seat angle figure 5.1b
3. cleat to web beam face of compression member (no eccentricity) figure 5.1c
(b) (c)
Figure 5.1 Connections between column and beam
The eccentricity of the loads may be assumed as discussed and the bending moment may
be computed by M = P e, where P and e are the load and eccentricity respectively as
shown in figure 5.2.
Figure 5.2a Example of beam column Figure 5.2b Eccentricity load on

column
Beam-columns are important components of rigid frames Figure 5.3 and of trusses Figure
5.4. In laterally braced frames as illustrated by the bottom story in the structure of Figure
5.3 the top of the column remains in the same position, that is, it does not move laterally
with respect to its bottom. The top story of the frame in Figure 5.3 illustrates that the
column-top displaces laterally when there is no bracing that prevents this motion.
Figure 5.3 Beam- Column in rigid frame

In the case of beam-columns in trusses Figure 5.4, it is usually assumed the ends of the
member remain in the same position for the purposes of a stability investigation. There
are many other structural situations where beam-columns exist, or where the complicated
real condition is idealized as such a member.
Figure 5.4 Beam- Column in truss

There are a number of factors that affect the performance of a member under combined
axial force and bending moment. A number of categories of combined bending and axial
load along with the likely mode of failure may be summarized as follows:
1. Axial tension and bending: failure usually by yielding.
2. Axial compression and bending about week axis: failure by instability in the
plane of bending, without twisting.
3. Axial compression and bending about the strong axis: failure by lateral-
torsional buckling.
4. Axial compression and biaxial bending (torsionally stiff sections): failure by

instability in one of the principal directions. usually wide flange sections are used
in this category.
5. Axial compression and biaxial bending thin-walled open sections: failure by

combined twisting and bending on these torsionally weak sections.
6. Axial compression, biaxial bending and torsion: failure by combined twisting

and bending when plane of bending does not contain the shear center
The behaviour of a beam-column also depends on its length on its lateral support
conditions. The behaviour can be classified into the following cases:
Case 1: A short column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending about either axis or
biaxial bending. Failure generally occurs when the plastic capacity of the section is
reached.
Case 2: A slender column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending about the major
axis y-y. If the column is supported laterally against buckling about the minor z-z axis.
The column fails by buckling about the y-y axis. This is not a common case at low axial
loads or if the column is not very slender a plastic hinge forms at the end or point of
maximum moment refer figure 5.5a.
Case 3: A slender column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending about the minor
axis z-z. The column does not require lateral support and there is no buckling out of the
plane of bending. The column fails by buckling about the z-z axis. At very low axial
loads it will reach the bending capacity for z-z axis.
Case 4: A slender column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending about the major
axis y-y. This time the column has no lateral support. The column fails due to a
combination of column buckling about the z-z axis and lateral torsional buckling where
the column section twists about x-axis as well as deflecting in the yx and zx planes refer
figure 5.5b.
Case 5: A slender column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending. The column has
no lateral support. The failure is the same as in Case 4 but minor axis buckling will have
the greatest effect. This is the general loading case refer figure 5.5c.
(b) Flexural–torsional
(a) In-plane behaviour. buckling. Member deflects (c) Biaxial bending.
Member deflects w in w in zx plane, then buckles Member deflects v,w
zx plane only by deflecting v in yx plane and twists ϕ
and twisting ϕ
Figure 5.5 beam column behaviour
5.2 Behaviour of column subjected to axial load and moment

The bending moment inside the span of the beam-column is composed of the primary
moment, or often called the first-order moment, and the additional moment caused by the
product of the axial force and the deflection. This is the second-order moment. It plays an
increasingly important role as the deflection increases due to an increase in load. The
relationship between the applied loads and the resulting deflections is nonlinear if both
axial force and bending moment increase, even if the material remains elastic. This non-
linearity becomes even more pronounced once a portion of the beam-column yields. The
bending moment demands a larger and larger proportion of the flexural capacity, until the
internal stiffness cannot keep up with the demand of the external forces. Thus, a
maximum moment is reached. Beyond the deformation at the maximum moment, the
moment capacity is reduced. In case of pure gravity loading, such as under snow load, the
attainment of the maximum capacity will result in immediate collapse of the member, and
perhaps the whole structure. The moment-versus-end slope behaviour of a planar beam-
column is illustrated in Figure 5.6.
Figure 5.6 Moment versus end-rotation behaviour of a planar beam-column.
The solid-line curve in Figure 5.6 represents the in-plane behaviour of a member that is
subjected first to an axial force P, less than the critical load discussed in the chapter 3.
Subsequently, a bending moment Mo. is applied to each end of the member, resulting in a
monotonically increasing end slope ϕ. This order of application of forces (rather than an
increase of the loads at the same time) is called nonproportional loading. The in-plane
moment-rotation curve is linear (if the axial force remains constant) until the most
stressed fiber in the member begins to exceed the yield strain of the material. The
stiffness begins to degrade as the rotation is continued, first gradually, then more and
more until the stiffness is zero as the peak moment capacity is attained. Further
deformation can be sustained only as the moment is reduced. Eventually the most yielded
part of the member will experience local buckling, resulting in an even steeper descent
toward collapse. If the beam-column is not braced laterally, then there is a possibility of
lateral-torsional buckling (discussed in Chapter 4), either in the elastic range of behaviour
or in the inelastic range, thus resulting in a reduced maximum capacity.
5.3 Analysis of beam

The beam-column to be analysed is shown in the left sketch of Figure 5.7 The member is
of length L and it is subjected to an axial load P and to equal end-moments Mo =Pe at
each end, causing single-curvature bending. The central deflection is vo (refer figure 5.7).
The other two sketches in this figure5.7 show the two possible stress distributions at the
maximum moment: Case 1, yielding in compression only, and Case 2, yielding in
compression and tension. The Roman numerals (I), (II), and (III) refer to the ranges of the
moment
(I) Elastic
(II) Yielding in compression only
(III) Yielding in compression and tension
Figure 5.7 Stages of yielding in a
beam-column.
(a) Equal and opposite moment case (b) Non-uniform moment case
Figure 5.8 Axial load and moment curves
5.4 Cross section resistance
Figure 5.9 Stress distribution for cross section subjected to axial load and moment.
The interaction formulae to evaluate the elastic cross section capacity ae the well-known
formulae of simple beam theory valid for any type of cross section. However, the
formulae to evaluate the plastic cross section are specific for each cross-section shape.
For a cross section subjected to axial load and moment (N + M), a general procedure may
be established to evaluate the plastic bending moment resistance MPl,Rd, reduced by the
presence of an axial load N. figure 5.9 shows the stress distribution for axial load and
moment. Although the interaction formulae are easy to obtain by applying the general
method, the resulting formulae differ from each cross-section shape and are often not
straight forward to manipulate. EBCS 3 clause 6.2.9 provides the several interaction
formulae between bending and axial force, in the plastic range and in the elastic range.
These are applicable to most of the cross sections. But in all cases the following
conditions shall be satisfied.
For class 1 and 2
MEd ≤ MN,Rd 5.1
Where MEd is the design bending moment and represents the design plastic moment
reduced to axial force NEd
For rectangular solid sections without fasteners holes under uniaxial bending and axial
force MN,Rd is given by
2
N Ed
M N , Rd=M Pl , Rd 1−
[ ( )] N Pl , Rd
5.2
For low values of axial force, the reduction of the plastic moment resistance is not
significant as seen in figure 5.10.
Figure 5.10 Stress distributions for rectangular solid section
For doubly symmetrical I and H sections or other flange sections, allowance need not to
be made for the effect of the axial force on the plastic resistance moment about the y-y
axis when both the following criteria are satisfied.
N Ed ≤ 0.25 N Pl, Rd and 5.3
0.5 hw t w f y
N Ed= 5.4
γM0
For doubly symmetrical I and H sections, allowance need not to be made for the effect of
the axial force on the plastic resistance moment about the Z-Z axis when.
hw t w f y
N Ed= 5.5
γM0
For cross section where fasteners holes are not to be accounted for, the following
approximations may be used for standard rolled I and H sections and for welded I or H
sections with equal flanges:
M N , y , Rd= M Pl , y , Rd [ (1−n)
(1−0.5 a) ]
but M N , y , Rd ≤ M Pl , y , Rd 5.6
For n ≤ a M N ,Z , Rd ≤ M Pl , Z ,Rd
2
n−a
For n > a [ ( )]
M N ,Z , Rd =M Pl , Z , Rd 1−
1−a
5.7
N Ed
n= and a=¿ ¿
N Pl , Rd
For cross-sections where fastener holes are not to be accounted for, the following
Approximations may be used for rectangular structural hollow sections of uniform

thickness and for welded box sections with equal flanges and equal webs:
1−n
M N , y , Rd= M Pl , y , Rd ( 1−0.5 a )
But M
w
N , y , Rd ≤ M Pl , y , Rd 5.8
1−n
M N ,Z , Rd =M Pl , Z , Rd ( 1−0.5 aw )
But M N ,Z , Rd ≤ M Pl , Z ,Rd 5.9
( A−2 bt)
Where a w = but a w ≤ 0.5 for hollow sections
A
( A−2 bt f )
a w= but aw ≤ 0.5 for welded box sections
A
for bi-axial bending the following criterion may be used:

α β
M Y , Ed M Z ,Ed
[ M N ,Y Rd][
+
M N ,Z Rd
≤1
] 5.10
In which α and β are constants, which may be taken as unity, otherwise as follows
For I and H sections α = 2 and β = 5 n but β ≥ 1
For circular hollow sections α = 2 and β = 2
M N ,Y , Rd=M Pl, Z , Rd=M Pl ,Z , Rd =(1−n1.7 ) 5.9
1.66
For rectangular hollow sections α = β = but α = β ≤ 6
1−1.13 n2
N Ed
Where n=
N Pl , Rd
For class 3 cross section in the absence of shear force, the maximum longitudinal stress
shall satisfy the criteria
fy
σ x , Ed ≤ 5.10
ϑ M0
For class 4 in the absence of shear force, the maximum longitudinal stress σ x , Ed
calculated using effective cross section shall satisfy the criteria
fy
σ x , Ed ≤ 5.11
ϑ M0
σ x , Ed Is the design value of the local longitudinal stress due to moment and axial force
taking account of fasteners holes as discussed in chapter 2?
Combined axial and moment shall be calculated using for class 4
N Ed M + N Ed e NY M Z , Ed + N Ed e NZ
+ Y , Ed + ≤1.0
A eff f y W eff , y ,min f y W eff , z , min f y 5.12
γ MO γ MO γ MO
Aeff is the effective area of the cross-section when subjected to uniform compression
W eff ,min is the effective section modulus (corresponding to the fibre with the maximum
elastic stress) of the cross-section when subjected only to moment about the relevant axis
e N is the shift of the relevant centroidal axis when the cross-section is subjected to
compression only,
Members which are subjected to combined bending and axial compression should satisfy:
N Ed M + ΔM y , Ed M + ΔM z , Ed
+ K yy Y , Ed + K yz z , Ed ≤ 1.0
χ Y N RK M Y , RK M z , RK 5.13
χ¿
γM1 γM1 γM 1
N Ed M + ΔM y , Ed M + ΔM z , Ed
+ K zy Y , Ed + K zz z , Ed ≤1.0
χ z N RK M Y , RK M z ,RK 5.14
χ¿
γM1 γ M1 γM1
N Ed , M Y , Ed∧M z , Ed Are the design values of the compression force and the maximum
moments about the y-y and z-z axis along the member, respectively
χ y ∧ χ z Are the reduction factors due to flexural buckling
χ ¿ Is the reduction factor due to lateral torsional buckling
K yy , K yZ , K Zy , K ZZ Are the interaction factors

Table 5.1 Values of N RK =f y A i , M iRK =f y W i∧ ΔM i , Ed
Class 1 2 3 4
Ai A A A Aeff
Wy Wpl,y Wpl,y Wel,y Wel,y
Wz Wpl,z Wpl,z Wel,z Wel,z
∆My,Ed 0 0 0 EN,y NEd
∆Mz,Ed 0 0 0 EN,Z NEd
K yy , K yZ , K Zy , K ZZ Shall be calculated using appendix B of EBCS -3 page no 96.
5.5 Elastic critical moment shall be calculated using
For doubly symmetric cross-sections, the elastic critical moment Mcr may be calculated
by using the equation 5.15
The elastic critical moment may be determined by a buckling analysis of the beam
provided that the calculation accounts for all the parameters liable to affect the value of
Mcr:
 geometry of the cross-section

 warping rigidity
 position of the transverse loading with regard to the shear centre
 restraint conditions
π2 E I z 5.15
M cr =C 1 ¿ ¿
Where
E is the Young modulus (E = 210000 N/mm2)

G is the shear modulus (G = 80770 N/mm2)
Iz is the second moment of area about the weak axis
It is the torsion constant
Iw is the warping constant
L is the beam length between points which have lateral restraint
k and kw are effective length factors
zg is the distance between the point of load application and the shear centre.
Note: for doubly symmetric sections, the shear centre coincides with the centroid.
The C1 and C2 factors depend on various parameters: section properties, support

conditions, moment diagram
The factor k refers to end rotation on plan. It is analogous to the ratio of the buckling
length to the system length for a compression member. k should be taken as not less than
1.0 unless less than 1.0 can be justified.
The factor kw refers to end warping. Unless special provision for warping fixity is made,
kw should be taken as 1,0.
In the general case zg is positive for loads acting towards the shear centre from their point
of application (Fig 5.11).
Figure 5.11 Point of application of the transverse load
When the bending moment diagram is linear along a segment of a member

delimited by lateral restraints, or when the transverse load is applied in the shear centre,
C2 z g = 0. The latter expression should be simplified as follows:
π2 E I z 5.16
M cr =C 1 ¿ ¿
For doubly symmetric I-profiles, the warping constant I w may be calculated as follows:
I Z (h−t f )2
I W= 5.17
4
where: h is the total depth of the cross-section and tf is the flange thickness
Fig 5.12 Member with end moments
Table 5.2 Values of C1 for end moment loading (for k=1)

ψ C1
+1 1
+0.75 1.14
+0.5 1.31
+0.25 1.52
0 1.77
-0.25 2.05
-0.5 2.33
-0.75 2.57
-1 2.55
Member with end moments and transverse loading
For combined loading of end moments and transverse loads as shown in Figure 5.13,
values of C1 and C2 may be obtained from the curves given hereafter. Two cases are
considered
Figure 5.13 End moments with a transverse load
Table 5.3 Values of factors C1 and C2 for cases with transverse loading (for k = 1)
Loading and support Bending moment diagram C1 C2

Conditions
1.127 0.454
2.578 1.554
1.348 0.630
1.686 1.645
Problem 1. Verify the adequacy of a 203 x 203 x 46 UKC in S275 steel shown in figure
5.14 to resist combined bending and compression
Design compression force Ned = 590 KN
Design bending moment about Y-Y axis

My,Ed = 30 KNm
Design bending moment about Z-Z axis

MZ,Ed =1 KNm
Figure 5.14
Properties of 203 x 203 x 46 UKC section
h = 203.2 mm. d = hw = 160.8 mm b = 203.6 mm.

ft = 11 mm. tw = 7.2 mm. r = 10.2 mm
i y = 8.82 cm iz = 5.13 cm. A = 58.7 cm2
Wely = 450 cm3 W elz = 152 cm3 Wpl,y = 497 cm3
Wpl,z = 213 cm3 IT = 22.2 cm4 Iw = 0.143 dm6
1. Section classification
For outstand element flange
235 235 ε =0.92

Stress factor ε =
√ √
fy
=
275
=0.92
(203.6−7.2−2 ×10.2)/ 2
Ratio c/tf = =8 < 9 ε = 9 × 0.92 = 8.28 > 8 Flange class-1
11
class 1
Internal element of web
hw /tw = 160.8 / 7.2 = 22.33
N Ed
[
α =0.5 1+
( f y twd )] [ (
= 0.5 x 1+
590000
)]
275 x 7.2 x 160.8
=1.43
hw 456 ∈ 456 x 0.92

For α > 0.5; ≤ = =23.84 class−2
t w 13 α −1 13∗1.43−1
Web class-2
22.33 < 23.84. So, the web satisfies the conditions for class 2
Whole section is designed for class -2.
2. For uniform compression Resistance

N Ed
≤1 Clause 6.2.4
N C , Rd
eq-6.10
The design resistance of the cross section for compression
Clause 6.2.4
NC,Rd = (A.Fy)/γmo = (5870 × 275) / 1.0 = 1614.3 KN eq-6.9
N Ed 590
= =0.37 <1.0 ok
N C , Rd 1614.3
3. Check for the cross section
The design plastic moment for the major axis (y-y)
W Pl , y f y 497 X 103 X 275

M Pl , y ,Rd = = X 10−6 =136.7 KNm
γ M0 1.0
Clause 6.2.5
The design plastic moment for the major axis (z-z)
eq-6.13
W Pl , z f y 231 X 103 X 275 −6
M Pl , zRd = = X 10 =63.5 KNm
γM0 1.0
4. Check for combined axial and moment resistance
N Ed M M
+ Y , Ed + z , Ed ≤ 1.0
N pl ,Rd M C ,Y ,Rd M CZ , Rd
590 30 1
+ + =0.6<1.0
1614.3 136.7 63.5
Therefore, the section satisfies for axial and moment in both axis
5. Check bending along both axis
For members subjected to biaxial bending verify

Clause 6.2.9.1
M Y ,Ed α M z ,Ed β eq-6.41
( M N ,Y , Ed)(
+ )
M N , z , Ed
≤ 1.0 for I and H sections: α = 2; β = 5n but
β≥1
For doubly symmetrical class 1 and 2 I section.
For bending about y-y axis both criteria must be satisfied for the effect
of the axial compression to be neglected if
0.5 hw , t w f y
N Ed ≤ 0.25 N PL, Rd and N C , Rd = N PL, Rd
Clause 6.2.9.1
γ MO
eq-6.33 and
0.25 X 1614.3 = 403.6 KN < 590 KN. As this verification fails, the 6.34
second verification does no need to be carried out.
Therefore, the effect of the axial force needs to be allowed for in

bending about the y-y axis.
For bending about z-z axis, the effect of the axial compression force
hw , t w f y
may be neglected if. N Ed ≤
γ MO
Clause 6.2.9.1
hw , t w f y 160.8 x 7.2 x 275 eq-6.35
N Ed ≤ = =318.384<590 KN
γ MO 1

bending about the z-z axis.
6. Design plastic moment resistance reduced due to effect of the

axial force may be found using the following approximations.
1−n Clause 6.2.9.1

M N ,Y , Rd =M pl ,Y , Rd ( 1−0.5 a)
but M N , Y , Rd ≤ M pl, Y , Rd
(5)
N Ed 590.0 Clause 6.2.9.1

n= = =0.37 eq-6.36
N PL, Rd 1614.3
A−2 b t f
a= But <0.5
A Page no 65
5870−( 2 x 203.6 x 11)
a= =0.24<0.5 but > n
5870
M N ,Y , Rd =136.7 x
( 1−(1−0.37
0.5 x 0.24) )
=97.9 KNm<136.7 KNm
Therefore M N ,Y , Rd = 97.9 KNm.
If n≤ a : M N ,z ,Rd =M pl ,YzRd
As, n > a
2
n−a
[ ( )]
M N , z , Rd=M pl , z , Rd 1−
1−a Clause 6.2.9.1
2
eq-6.38
0.37−0.24
M N , z , Rd=63.5 x 1− [ (
1−0.24 ) ]= 61.6 KNm
β = 5 x 0.37 = 1.85
For biaxial bending the following criteria shall be satisfied.
30 2 1.0 1.85 Clause 6.3.1

( ) ( )
97.9
+
61.6
=0.09<1.0
Clause 6.3.1.1
Therefore, the section is adequate for the resistance to combined eq-6.47
bending and axial force Clause 6.3.1.1
7. Buckling resistance eq-6.46
χ Afy Clause 6.3.1.1

N b , Rd = for class 1 & 2 eq-6.49
ϑM 1
N Ed
≤ 1 λ 1=93.9 ε =93.9 x 0.92=86.39
N b , Rd
1
χ= ≤ 1.0
( √ ϕ+ ( ϕ − λ´2 ¿ ¿ )
2
)
ϕ=0.5+ [ 1+ α ( λ́−0.2 ) + λ´2 ] Clause 6.3.1.3
eq-6.50
Afy l 1
λ́ i=
√ =
N cr i λ1 Page no 70
Clause 6.3.1.2
Buckling about major axis (y-y)
(2) and table
0.2∧N Ed 6.2
( 5000
λ́ y =
1
88.2 86.39 )
)( =0.65 ≥
N cr
>0.04
Table 6.1
Hence buckling resistance need to be calculated page no 69
The appropriate buckling curve depends on h/ b and steel grade
h 203.2
= =1.0<1.2∧t <100 mm
b 203.6
therefore, refer buckling curve b for y-y axis α y =0.34
ϕ y =0.5 x [ 1+0.34 ( 0.65−0.2 ) +0.652 ]=0.78

Clause 6.3.1.3
1 eq-6.50
χy= =0.82<1.0
( 0.78+√ ( 0.782−0.652 ) ) Page no 70
Buckling about minor axis (z-z) Clause 6.3.1.2

(2) and table
5000 1 0.2∧N Ed
λ́ z= ( 51.3 )( 86.39 )
=1.13≥
N cr
> 0.04 6.2
Hence buckling resistance need to be calculated

Table 6.1
The appropriate buckling curve depends on h/ b and steel grade page no 69
h 203.2
= =1.0<1.2∧t <100 mm
b 203.6
therefore, refer buckling curve C for z-z axis α z =0.49
ϕ z =0.5 x [ 1+0.49 ( 1.13−0.2 ) +1.132 ] =1.37
1
χ z= =0.47<1.0
1.37 √ 1.372−1.132
therefore, χ =0.47(least value)
χ y A f y 0.47 X 5870 X 275

N b , Rd = = =785.69 KN
ϑM 1 1 Clause 6.3.2.2
N Ed 570
= =0.75<1 ok
N b , Rd 785.69
Therefore, the section is adequate for the resistance for bucking
8. Lateral torsional
Clause 6.3.2.3
Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling eq 6.57
If the lateral torsional buckling slenderness λ́ ¿ is less than or equal to Page no 74

λ́ ¿,0 the effect of lateral torsional buckling may be neglected. And

apply only cross-sectional resistance.
1 1∧1
χ¿= but ≤
( ϕ + √( ϕ 2
−β λ ¿´2 ¿ ¿ ) ) ( λ́¿2 )
¿ ¿
∅ ¿ =0.5 x 1+ α ¿ ( λ́¿ − λ́¿ 0 ) + β λ́ ¿2

[ ]
λ́ ¿0= 0.4 and β = 0.75
W ply fy
( λ¿ ¿ ¿)=
√ M cr
¿
For doubly symmetrical sections with ‘normal support’ conditions at

the ends of the member and a linear bending moment diagram Mcr
may be determined from:
π2 E I z I w GI
M cr =C1
2
l 2
2
√
+ 2 t
I z π E Iz
π E I z π x 2.1 x 10 x 1548 x 104 5

l 2
Page no 75
Table 6.5
= =1283364.399
l2 50002
I w 0.143 x 1012
= = 9237.72;
I z 1548 x 104
G I t =81000 x 22.2 x 10 4=1.798 X 1010
1.798 X 1010
M cr =1.77 X 1283364.399 9237.72+
√ 1283364.399
=345.7 KNm
Clause 6.3.2.3
eq 6.58
497 x 103 x 275
( λ¿ ¿ ¿)=
√ 345.7 X 106
=0.63 ¿ > 0.40
Page no 75
Hence lateral torsional should be considered
The appropriate buckling curve depends on h/ b and steel grade Table6.6

Page no 76
h 203.2
= =1.0<2.0therefore, refer curve b for axis α ¿=0.34
b 203.6
∅ ¿= 0.5 x [ 1+ (0.34 (0.63 - 0.4) + 0.75 x 0.632] = 0.69

1
χ¿= 1 but ≤ 1∧1
=
( ϕ + √( ϕ
¿ ¿
2
−β λ ´ ¿ ¿ )
¿
2
) ¿¿ ( λ́ ¿2 )
1 1
= =2.52
( λ́¿ ) 0.63 2
2
0.90 < 1.0 < 2.52
To account for the bending moment distribution restraints χ ¿ may be

modified as below.
χ¿ Clause 6.3.3
χ ¿ ,mod = but ≤ 1 eq 6.61
f
f =1−0.5 ( 1−k c ) [ 1−2 ( λ´¿−0.8 ) 2 ] ≤ 1.0

eq 6.62
ψ=0
1
From EBCS Table KC = =0.75
1.33−0.33 ψ
f =1−0.5 ( 1−0.75 ) [ 1−2 ( 0.63−0.8 )2 ]=0.88<1.0
0.90 Table B3
Therefore, χ ¿ ,mod = =1.02>1.0 Page no 98
0.88
χ ¿ ,mod = 1.0
χ T A f y 1.0 X 5870 X 275

N b , TRd= = =1614.25 KN
ϑM 1 1
N Ed 589
= =0.36<1 ok
N b T , Rd 1614.25
9. Check for uniform members in bending and axial compression
N Ed M +∆ M Y ,Ed M + ∆ M z , Ed Table B1
+ K YY Y , Ed + K yZ z , Ed ≤ 1.0 k yy∧k zz
χ y N RK M Y , Rk M z , Rk and
χ¿ Page no 97
υM 1 υM 1 υM1
N Ed M + ∆ M Y , Ed M + ∆ M z , Ed
+ K zY Y , Ed + K zZ z , Ed ≤ 1.0
χ z N RK M Y , Rk M z , Rk
χ¿
υ M1 υM 1 υM1
Interaction factors kyy, kzz, KZY and KYZ
From the bending moment diagram for both y-y and z-z axis ψ = 0
Equivalent uniform moment factor
for uniform loading Cmy, Cmz and CMlt
0.6 + 0.4ψ ≥ 0.4
= 0.6 +0.4 x 0 = 0.6
Therefore, cmy = cmz = cmLT = 0.6 +(0.4 x 0) = 0.6
For members susceptible to torsional deformations, the below

expressions are used. Table B1
Page no 96
N Ed N Ed
{
k yy =C my 1+( λ́ y −0.2)
( )} { ( )}
χ y N RK
υM 1
≤C my 1+0.8
χ y N RK
υ M1
{
0.6 1+ ( 0.66−0.2 ) ( 0.8 x590
1614.3¿
/1 ¿ ) }=0.73 ≤
{
0.6 1+ 0.8 x ( 0.8 x590
1614.3 ¿
/1 ¿ )}=0.82
Therefore kyy = 0.73
N Ed N Ed
{
k ZZ=C mz 1+(2 λ́ y −0.6)
( )} { ( )}
χ z N RK
υM 1
≤ Cmz 1+1.4
χ z N RK
υM 1
590
{
0.6 1+ [ ( 2−1.13 )−0.6 ]
[ ]}
0.47 x 1614.3
1
=1.37
590
{ [
0.6 1+ 1.4
0.47 x 1614.3
1 ]}
=1.25
Therefore kzz = 1.25

kyz = 0.6 X kzz = 0.6 x 1.25 = 0.75
0.1 λ́ z N Ed
As λ́ z >0.4
k Zy=1−
{( C mLT −0.25 )( χ z N RK
υM 1 )}
≥
N Ed
1−
{
(C 0.1
mLT −0.25
) ( )}
χ z N RK
υM 1
0.1 x 1.13 590

¿ 1−
{( x
0.6−0.25 0.47 X 1614.3
1
=0.75
)}
0.1 590
1−
{( x
0.6−0.25 0.47 X 1614.3
1
=0.78> 0.75
)}
Therefore kzy = 0.78
substituting the values in above equation
590 30 1
+0.73 +0.75 =0.62<1
0.8 x 1614.3 136.7 63.5 And
0.982 x
1 1 1
590 30 1
+0.78 + 0.75 =0.958< 1
0. 47 x 1614.3 136.7 63.5
0.982 x
1 1 1
Therefore, the section is adequate under combined axial, bending and

lateral torsional.
Problem 2: Design the column shown in Figure 5.15, S275 steel between levels 1 and 2.
The following assumptions are be made:
1. The column is continuous and forms part of a structure of simple construction.

2. The column is nominally pinned at the base.
3. Beams are connected to the column flange by flexible end plates.
Figure 5.15
Design values of combined actions at ultimate limit state

Reaction from beam 1(F1, d) = 37 KN
Reaction from beam 2 (F2, d) = 147 KN
Reaction from beam 3 (F 3,d) = 28 KN
Design compression in column between levels 2 and 3, N 2-3,Ed = 377 kN
Total axial load = 37 + 147 + 28 + 377 = 589 KN
Mysd = 147 x 203.2/2 = 14.93 KNm
Mzsd = (37-28) x 7.2/2 = 0.0324 KNm
Properties of 203 x 203 x 46 UKC section
h = 203.2 mm. d = hw = 160.8 b = 203.6 mm.

ft = 11 mm. tw = 7.2 mm. r = 10.2 mm
i y = 8.82 cm iz = 5.13 cm. A = 58.7 cm2
Wpl,z = 213 cm3 IT = 22.2 cm4 Iw = 0.143 dm6
235 235
Stress factor ε =
√ √
fy
=
275
=0.92
ε =0.92
(203.6−7.2−2 ×10.2)/ 2
Ratio c/tf = =8 < 9 ε = 9 × 0.92 = 8.28 > 8
11
class 1
hw /tw = 160.8 / 7.2 = 22.33
N Ed
α =0.5 1+
[ ( )] f y twd [
= 0.5 x 1+ ( 275 x590000
7.2 x 160.8 ) ]
=1.43
hw 456 ∈ 456 x 0.92

For α > 0.5; ≤ = =23.84 class−2
t w 13 α −1 13 x 1.43−1
22.33 < 23.84. So, the web satisfies the conditions for class 2

N Ed
≤1
N C , Rd Clause 6.2.4 eq-
6.10
Clause 6.2.4 eq-
NC,Rd = (A.Fy)/γmo = (5870 × 275) / 1.0 = 1614.3 KN 6.9
N Ed 590
= =0.37 <1.0 ok
N C , Rd 1614.3

Clause 6.2.5 eq-
The design plastic moment for the major axis (y-y) 6.13
W Pl , y f y 497 X 103 X 275

M Pl , y ,Rd = = X 10−6 =136.7 KNm
γ M0 1.0
W Pl , z f y 231 X 103 X 275

M Pl , zRd = = X 10−6=63.5 KNm
γM0 1.0
N Ed M Y , Ed M z , Ed
+ + ≤ 1.0
589 14.93 0.0324

+ + <1.0
1614.3 136.7 63.5
0.36 + 0.109 +0.000510 = 0.46 < 1
Therefore, the section satisfies for axial and moment in both axis Clause 6.2.9.1
without considering flexural buckling and lateral torsional. eq-6.41
5. Check bending along both axis
For members subjected to biaxial bending verify Clause 6.2.9.1

eq-6.33 and
M Y ,Ed α β
M z ,Ed
( M N ,Y , Ed)(
+
M N , z , Ed ) ≤ 1.0 for I and H sections: α = 2; β = 5n but β 6.34
≥1
For doubly symmetrical class 1 and 2 I section.
of the axial compression to be neglected if Clause 6.2.9.1
0.5 hw , t w f y eq-6.35
γ MO
0.25 X 1614.3 = 403.6 KN < 590 KN. As this verification fails, the

For bending about z-z axis, the effect of the axial compression force Clause 6.2.9.1
hw , t w f y (5)
γ MO Clause 6.2.9.1
eq-6.36
hw , t w f y 160.8 x 7.2 x 275

N Ed ≤ = =318.384<590 KN
γ MO 1
Page no 65

1−n
M N ,Y , Rd =M pl ,Y , Rd ( 1−0.5 a)
N Ed 590.0
n= = =0.37
N PL, Rd 1614.3
A−2 b t f
a= But <0.5
A
5870−( 2 x 203.6 x 11) Clause 6.2.9.1

a= =0.24<0.5 but > n
5870 eq-6.38
1−0.37
M N ,Y , Rd=136.7 x
( 1−( 0.5 x 0.24) )
=97.9 KNm<136.7 KNm
If n≤ a : M N ,z ,Rd =M pl ,YzRd
Clause 6.3.1
As, n > a
Clause 6.3.1.1
2 eq-6.47
n−a
M N , z , Rd =M pl , z , Rd [ ( )]
1−
1−a Clause 6.3.1.1
2
eq-6.46
0.37−0.24
M N , z , Rd =63.5 x 1− [ ( 1−0.24 ) ]= 61.6 KNm Clause 6.3.1.1
eq-6.49
β = 5 x 0.37 = 1.85
For biaxial bending the following criteria shall be satisfied.
14.93 2 0.0324 1.85
( 97.9
+ )(
61.6 ) =0.026< 1.0
Therefore, the section is adequate for the resistance to combined

bending and axial force Clause 6.3.1.3
7. Buckling resistance eq-6.50
χ Afy Page no 70
N b , Rd = for class 1 & 2
ϑM 1
Clause 6.3.1.2
N Ed (2) and table 6.2
≤ 1 λ 1=93.9 ε =93.9 x 0.92=86.39
N b , Rd
Table 6.1 page
1 no 69
χ= ≤ 1.0
( √ ϕ+ ( ϕ − λ´2 ¿ ¿ )
2
)
ϕ=0.5+ [ 1+ α ( λ́−0.2 ) + λ´2 ]
Afy l 1
λ́ i=
√ =
N cr i λ1
Buckling about major axis (y-y) Clause 6.3.1.3

eq-6.50
5000 1 0.2∧N Ed
λ́ y = ( 88.2 )( 86.39 )
=0.65 ≥
N cr
>0.04 Page no 70
Hence buckling resistance need to be calculated Clause 6.3.1.2

(2) and table 6.2
h 203.2
= =1.0<1.2∧t <100 mm Table 6.1 page
b 203.6
no 69
ϕ y =0.5 x [ 1+0.34 ( 0.65−0.2 ) +0.652 ]=0.78
1
χy= =0.82<1.0
( 0.78+√ ( 0.782−0.652 ) )
Buckling about minor axis (z-z)
5000 1 0.2∧N Ed
λ́ z= ( 51.3 )( 86.39 )
=1.13≥
N cr
> 0.04

Clause 6.3.2.2
h 203.2
= =1.0<1.2∧t <100 mm
b 203.6

Clause 6.3.2.3
ϕ z =0.5 x [ 1+0.49 ( 1.13−0.2 ) +1.13 ] =1.37 2
eq 6.57
1 Page no 74
χ z= =0.47<1.0
1.37 √ 1.372−1.13 2
therefore, χ =0.47( least value)
χ y A f y 0.47 X 5870 X 275

N b , Rd = = =785.69 KN
ϑM 1 1
N Ed 579
= =0.73<1 ok
N b , Rd 785.69
Therefore, the section is adequate for the resistance for bucking
8. Lateral torsional
Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling
If the lateral torsional buckling slenderness λ́ ¿ is less than or equal to

λ́ ¿,0 the effect of lateral torsional buckling may be neglected. And
apply only cross-sectional resistance.
1 1∧1
χ¿= but ≤ Page no 75
( ϕ + √( ϕ 2
−β λ ¿´2 ¿ ¿ ) ) ( λ́¿2 )
¿ ¿
Table 6.5
2
[
∅ ¿ =0.5 x 1+ α ¿ ( λ́¿ − λ́¿ 0 ) + β λ́ ¿ ]
λ́ ¿0= 0.4 and β = 0.75
W ply fy
( λ¿ ¿ ¿)=
√ M cr
¿

may be determined from: Clause 6.3.2.3
eq 6.58
π2 E I z I w G It Page no 75
M cr =C 1
l2
+
√
I z π 2 E Iz
l2
π 2 E I z π 2 x 2.1 x 105 x 1548 x 10 4

Table6.6
Page no 76
= =1283364.399
l2 50002
I w 0.143 x 1012
= = 9237.72;
I z 1548 x 104
G I t =81000 x 22.2 x 10 4=1.798 X 1010
1.798 X 1010
M cr =1.77 X 1283364.399 9237.72+
√ 1283364.399
=345.7 KNm
497 x 103 x 275

( λ¿ ¿ ¿)=
√ 345.7 X 106
=0.63 ¿ > 0.40

Clause 6.3.3 eq
h 203.2 6.61
= =1.0<2.0therefore, refer curve b for axis α ¿=0.34
b 203.6
∅ ¿= 0.5 x [ 1+ (0.34 (0.63 - 0.4) + 0.75 x 0.632] = 0.69

eq 6.62
1 1∧1
χ¿= = 1 but ≤ 2
( √ 2 ´2
)
ϕ¿ + ( ϕ −β λ ¿ ¿ ¿ ) ¿ ¿
¿
( λ́ ¿ )
1 1
= =2.52
( λ́¿ ) 0.63 2
2
Table B3
0.90 < 1.0 < 2.52
Page no 98
To account for the bending moment distribution
restraints χ ¿ may be modified as below.
χ¿
χ ¿ ,mod = but ≤ 1
f
f =1−0.5 ( 1−k c ) [ 1−2 ( λ´¿−0.8 ) 2 ] ≤ 1.0
ψ=0
1 Table B1
From EBCS Table KC = =0.75
k yy∧k zz
1.33−0.33 ψ
Page no 97
f =1−0.5 ( 1−0.75 ) [ 1−2 ( 0.63−0.8 )2 ]=0.88<1.0
0.90
Therefore, χ ¿ ,mod = =1.02>1.0
0.88
χ ¿ ,mod = 1.0
χ T A f y 1.0 X 5870 X 275

N b , TRd= = =1614.25 KN
ϑM 1 1
N Ed 589
= =0.36<1 ok
N b T , Rd 1614.25
9. Check for uniform members in bending and axial compression
N Ed M +∆ M Y ,Ed M + ∆ M z , Ed
+ K YY Y , Ed + K yZ z , Ed ≤ 1.0
χ y N RK M Y , Rk M z , Rk and
χ ¿+
υM 1 υM 1 υM1
N Ed M + ∆ M Y , Ed M + ∆ M z , Ed
+ K zY Y , Ed + K zZ z , Ed ≤ 1.0 Table B1
χ z N RK M Y , Rk M z , Rk Page no 96
χ ¿+
υ M1 υM1 υM1
Interaction factors kyy, kzz, KZY and KYZ
From the bending moment diagram for both y-y and z-z axis ψ = 0
Equivalent uniform moment factor
for uniform loading Cmy, Cmz and CMlt
0.6 + 0.4ψ ≥ 0.4
= 0.6 +0.4 x 0 = 0.6
Therefore, cmy = cmz = cmLT = 0.6 +(0.4 x 0) = 0.6
For members susceptible to torsional deformations, the below

expressions are used.
N Ed N Ed
{
k yy =C my 1+( λ́ y −0.2)
( )} { ( )}
χ y N RK
υM 1
≤C my 1+0.8
χ y N RK
υ M1
{
0.6 1+ ( 0.66−0.2 ) ( 0.8 x589
1614.3¿
/1 ¿ ) }=0.725 ≤
{
0.6 1+ 0.8 x ( 0.8 x589
1614.3 ¿
/1 ¿ )}=0.815
N Ed N Ed
{
k ZZ=C mz 1+(2 λ́ y −0.6)
( )} { ( )}
χ z N RK
υM 1
≤ Cmz 1+1.4
χ z N RK
υM 1
589
{
0.6 1+ [ ( 2 X 1.13 ) −0.6 ]
[ ]}
0.47 x 1614.3
1
=1.36
589
{ [
0.6 1+ 1.4
0.47 x 1614.3
1 ]}
=1.22
Therefore kzz = 1.22
kyz = 0.6 X kzz = 0.6 x 1.22 = 0.732
0.1 λ́ z N Ed
As λ́ z >0.4
k Zy=1−
{( C mLT −0.25 )( χ z N RK
υM 1 )}
≥
N Ed
1−
{
( 0.1
C mLT −0.25 ) ( )}
χ z N RK
υM 1
0.1 x 1.13 589

¿ 1−
{( x
0.6−0.25 0.47 X 1614.3
1
=0.74
)}
0.1 589
1−
{( x
0.6−0.25 0.47 X 1614.3
1 )}
=0.77> 0.74
589 14.93 0.0324

+0.725 +0.74 =0.64<1
0.8 x 1614.3 136.7 63.5 And
0.982+
1 1 1
589 14.93 0.0324

+0.78 + 0.74 =0.98<1
0. 47 x 1614.3 136.7 63.5
0.982+
1 1 1

lateral torsional.
Problem 3: Safety check of a beam-column of the first storey of the building illustrated
in the figure 5.16. The member, composed by a 203 X 203 X 127 cross section in steel
S355, has a length of 4.335. The design internal forces obtained through the structure
analysis for the various load combinations are illustrated in the figure 5.12.
Two simplification are assumed for the subsequent design verifications:

i) The shear force is sufficient small so can be neglected;
ii) The shape of the bending moment diagram is linear.
iii) grade of steel S355
Figure 5.16
Design values are: NEd= 1704 kN; My,Ed= 24.8 kNm at the base cross section.
Properties of 203 X 203 X 127 UKC section
h = 241.4 mm. d =160.8 mm b = 213.9 mm.

tf = 30.1 mm. tw = 18.1 mm. r = 10.2 mm
i y = 9.75 cm iz = 5.50 cm. A = 76.4 cm2
Wpl,z = 704 cm3 IT = 427 cm4 Iw = 0.549 dm6
IYY =15437 cm4 IZZ= 4920 cm4

235 235
Stress factor ε =
√ √
fy
=
355
=0.81
(213.9−18.1−(2∗10.2))/2
Ratio c/tf = =2.91 < 9 ε = 9 × 0.81 = 7.29
30.1
> 2.91 class 1
hw /tw = 160.8 / 18.1 = 8.88
N Ed
α =0.5 1+
[ ( f y twd )] [ (
= 0.5 x 1+
1704 X 1000
)]
355 X 18.1 X 160.8
=1.32
hw 396 ∈ 396 x 0.81

For α > 0.5; ≤ = =19.84 class−1
t w 13 α −1 ( 13∗1.32 ) −1
8.88 < 19.84 So, the web satisfies the conditions for class 1

N Ed
≤1
N C , Rd
NC,Rd = (A.Fy)/γmo = (162X102 × 355) / 1.0 = 5751 KN > 1704 KN
N Ed 1704
= =0.29<1.0 ok
N C , Rd 5751
The design plastic moment for the major axis (y-y)
W Pl , y f y 1517 X 103 X 355 −6

M Pl , y ,Rd = = X 10 =538.5 KNm
γ M0 1.0
W Pl , z f y 704 X 103 X 355

M Pl , zRd = = X 10−6 =249.92 KNm
γM0 1.0
N Ed M M
+ Y , Ed + z , Ed ≤ 1.0
1704 24.6
+ +0=0.33<1.0
5751 538.5
Therefore, the section satisfies for axial and moment in both axis
of the axial compression to be neglected if
0.5 hw , t w f y
γ MO
0.25 X 5751 = 1437.75 KN < 1704 KN. As this verification fails, the

For bending about z-z axis, the effect of the axial compression force
hw , t w f y
γ MO
hw , t w f y 160.8 x 18.1 x 355

N Ed ≤ = =1033.2< 1704 KN
γ MO 1


1−n
M N ,Y , Rd =M pl ,Y , Rd ( 1−0.5 a)
N Ed 1704
n= = =0.29
N PL, Rd 5751
A−2 b t f
a= But <0.5
A
16200−( 2 x 213.9 x 30.1)

a= =0.205< 0.5 (n > a)
16200
M N ,Z , Rd ≤ M Pl , Z ,Rd (in our case Mz,Ed =0)
1−0.29
M N ,Y , Rd=538.5 x
( 1−(0.5 x 0.205) )
=426.79 KNm
426.79 KNm<538.5 KNm
24.8 < 426.79, the bending resistance is verified.
6. Verification of the stability of the member
In this example the Method 2 is applied. As the member is susceptible

to torsional deformations (thin-walled open cross section), it is
assumed that lateral-torsional buckling constitutes the relevant
instability mode. Since M z,Ed = 0, the following conditions must be
verified:
N Ed M +∆ M Y ,Ed
+ K YY Y , Ed ≤1.0
χ y N RK M Y , Rk
χ¿+
υM 1 υM 1
N Ed M + ∆ M Y , Ed
+ K zY Y , Ed ≤1 .0
χ z N RK M Y , Rk
χ¿+
υ M1 υM1
N RK = A f y =16200 X 355=5751 KN
M y , Rk =W Pl , y f y =1517 x 355=538.5 KNm
Reduction coefficients due to flexural buckling, χ y ∧ χ z
λ 1=93.9 xε=93.9 x .81=76.059
Buckling about major axis (y-y)
2∧N Ed
( 4335
λ́ y =
1
97.5 76.059 )
)( =0.58 ≥ 0.
N cr
>0.04

h 241.4
= =1.12<1.2∧t <100 mm
b 213.9
ϕ y =0.5 x [ 1+0.34 ( 0.58−0.2 ) +0.58 2 ]=0.73
1
χy= =0.85<1.0
( 0.73+√ ( 0.732−0.582 ) )
Buckling about minor axis (z-z)
0.2∧N Ed
λ́ z= ( 4335
55 )( 1
76.059 )
=1.036 ≥
N cr
>0.04
h 241.4
= =1.12<1.2∧t <100 mm
b 213.9
ϕ z =0.5 x [ 1+0.49 ( 1.036−0.2 )+1.036 2 ]=1.24
1
χ z= 2 2
=0.58<1.0
1.24+ √ 1.24 −1.036
calculation of the χ ¿ to rolled or equivalent
The length between braced sections is L = 4.335 m. The critical

moment Mcr assuming a linear diagram.

may be determined from:
π2 E I z I w GI
M cr =C 1
l 2
√ + 2 t
I z π E Iz
l2
π 2 E I z π 2 x 2.1 x 105 x 4920 x 104

= =5426326.721
l2 43352
I w 0.549 x 1012
= =11158.53
I z 4920 x 10 4
G I t =81000 x 427 x 104 =3.4557 X 1011
ψ C1
0.25 2.05
0.5 2.33
10.6
ψ= =−0.427
−24.8
for ψ=0.427doing interpolation C1 = 1.98
3.4557 X 1011
√
M cr =1.98 X 5426326.721 11158.53+
5426326.721
M cr =2939.3 KNm
1517 x 103 x 355

( λ¿ ¿ ¿)=
√ 2939.3 X 106
=0.42¿ > 0.40
h 241.4
= =1.12<2.0 therefore, refer curve b for axis α ¿=0.34
b 213.9
∅ ¿= 0.5 x [ 1+ 0.34 (0.42 - 0.4) + 0.75 x 0.422] = 0.56
1
χ¿= 1 but ≤ 1∧1
=
( √ )
ϕ¿ + ( ϕ¿2 −β λ ¿´2 ¿ ¿ ) ¿ ¿ ( λ́ ¿2 )
1 1
= =5.66
( λ́¿ ) 0.422
2
1.01 > 1.0 < 5.66
Hence χ ¿ =1.0 modification is not required
interaction factors kyy and kzy. The equivalent factors of uniform

moment Cmy and CmLT are obtained based on the bending moment
diagram, between braced sections according to the z direction in case
of Cmy and laterally in case of CmLT. Assuming the member braced
in z direction and laterally just at the base and top cross sections, the
factors Cmy and CmLT must be calculated based on the bending
moment diagram along the total length of the member.
Since the bending moment diagram is assumed linear.
Cmy and CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4ψ ≥ 0.4
Cmy and CmLT = 0.6 +0.4 x (-0.43) = 0.428 > 0.4
Because the member is susceptible to torsional deformations, the

interaction factors kyy and kzy need to be calculated using the
equations.
N Ed N Ed
{
k yy =C my 1+( λ́ y −0.2)
( )} { ( )}
χ y N RK
υM 1
≤C my 1+0.8
χ y N RK
υ M1
{
0.428 1+ ( 0.58−0.2 ) ( 0.851704
x 5751 ¿
/1 ¿) }=0.484 ≤
{
0.428 1+ 0.8 x ( 0.851704
x 5751 ¿
/1¿ ) }=0.547
0.1 λ́ z N Ed
As λ́ z >0.4
k Zy=1−
{( C mLT −0.25 )( χ z N RK
υM 1 )}
≥
N Ed
1−
{
(C 0.1
mLT −0.25
) ( )}
χ z N RK
υM 1
0.1 x 1.036 1704

¿ 1−
{( x
0.428−0.25 0.58 X 5751
1
=0.70
)}
0.1 1704
1−
{( x
0.428−0.25 0.58 X 5751
1
=0.71> 0.70
)}
1704 24.8
+ 0.484 =0.37<1
0.85 x 5751 538.5 And
1+
1 1
1704 24.8
+ 0.71 =0.54< 1
0.58 x 5751 538.5
1+
1 1

lateral torsional.

Chapter 5 Beam Column

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 5 Beam Column

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 5: Beam column Mr.

1. Stiffened seat midpoint of stiffening seat figure 5.1a

2. unstiffened seat outer face of vertical of seat angle figure 5.1b

Figure 5.2a Example of beam column Figure 5.2b Eccentricity load on

Figure 5.3 Beam- Column in rigid frame

Figure 5.4 Beam- Column in truss

1. Axial tension and bending: failure usually by yielding.

4. Axial compression and biaxial bending (torsionally stiff sections): failure by

5. Axial compression and biaxial bending thin-walled open sections: failure by

6. Axial compression, biaxial bending and torsion: failure by combined twisting

5.2 Behaviour of column subjected to axial load and moment

Figure 5.6 Moment versus end-rotation behaviour of a planar beam-column.

5.3 Analysis of beam

5.4 Cross section resistance

For class 1 and 2

MEd ≤ MN,Rd 5.1

Figure 5.10 Stress distributions for rectangular solid section

N Ed ≤ 0.25 N Pl, Rd and 5.3

Approximations may be used for rectangular structural hollow sections of uniform

for bi-axial bending the following criterion may be used:

For I and H sections α = 2 and β = 5 n but β ≥ 1

For circular hollow sections α = 2 and β = 2

M N ,Y , Rd=M Pl, Z , Rd=M Pl ,Z , Rd =(1−n1.7 ) 5.9

Combined axial and moment shall be calculated using for class 4

χ y ∧ χ z Are the reduction factors due to flexural buckling

χ ¿ Is the reduction factor due to lateral torsional buckling

K yy , K yZ , K Zy , K ZZ Are the interaction factors

Table 5.1 Values of N RK =f y A i , M iRK =f y W i∧ ΔM i , Ed

K yy , K yZ , K Zy , K ZZ Shall be calculated using appendix B of EBCS -3 page no 96.

5.5 Elastic critical moment shall be calculated using

 geometry of the cross-section

E is the Young modulus (E = 210000 N/mm2)

The C1 and C2 factors depend on various parameters: section properties, support

Figure 5.11 Point of application of the transverse load

When the bending moment diagram is linear along a segment of a member

Fig 5.12 Member with end moments

Table 5.2 Values of C1 for end moment loading (for k=1)

Figure 5.13 End moments with a transverse load

Loading and support Bending moment diagram C1 C2

Design compression force Ned = 590 KN

Design bending moment about Y-Y axis

Design bending moment about Z-Z axis

Properties of 203 x 203 x 46 UKC section

h = 203.2 mm. d = hw = 160.8 mm b = 203.6 mm.

For outstand element flange

235 235 ε =0.92

Internal element of web

hw /tw = 160.8 / 7.2 = 22.33

hw 456 ∈ 456 x 0.92

Whole section is designed for class -2.

2. For uniform compression Resistance

3. Check for the cross section

The design plastic moment for the major axis (y-y)

W Pl , y f y 497 X 103 X 275

4. Check for combined axial and moment resistance

5. Check bending along both axis

For members subjected to biaxial bending verify

For doubly symmetrical class 1 and 2 I section.

Therefore, the effect of the axial force needs to be allowed for in

Therefore, the effect of the axial force needs to be allowed for in

6. Design plastic moment resistance reduced due to effect of the

1−n Clause 6.2.9.1

N Ed 590.0 Clause 6.2.9.1

Therefore M N ,Y , Rd = 97.9 KNm.