Fin Plate Lateral Torsional

Concept
 1- What is LTB?

OUTLIN 2- Beam Stability bracing system

E 3.Beam Stability requirements

 WHAT IS LTB?
When an I beam is loaded in its major
principal plane, one flange goes into
compression, which means it is trying
to get shorter.
This flange will therefore tend to
buckle out sideways, However the
tension flange does not tend to buckle.
So, the beam must twist aw the
compression flange buckles.
This Buckling action is called Lateral
Torsional Buckling.
CHAPTER F “DESIGN FOR FLEXURE”
States that:
“The provisions in this chapter are based on the assumption
that points of support
for beams and girders are restrained against rotation about
their longitudinal axis.”
And in the commentary:
“In addition, the requirement that all supports for flexural
members be restrained against rotation about the longitudinal
axis is stipulated. Although there are provisions for members
unbraced along their length, under no circumstances can
the supports remain unrestrained torsionally.”
 Beams

1-Beam is braced at 2-Beam is not braced

points of support at points of support

End connection End connection

A-Have sufficient B-Doesn’t have A-Must have

torsional stiffness (End sufficient torsional sufficient torsional
plate / Clip angles) stiffness (Shear plate) stiffness
 So, We must ensure that :
Or
1- Beams are braced at points of support
2- End connections have
sufficient torsional stiffness

Lateral supports
BEAMS CAN BE
Torsional Supports
LATERALLY
BRACED BY combinati on of
both
We will be concerned in this
presentati on with shear plate
connecti ons and study if we can
reach the beam required torsional
sti ff ness or not
What is beam stability bracing?
Beam stability bracing is
a system that prevent
twist ( relative
displacement of top and
bottom flanges), not
lateral displacement of
the girder itself. Degree
of freedom torsional
rotation on beam axis
2- Beam Stability BRACING SYSTEM:
The basic difference between lateral brace and torsional brace
• Torsional Bracing directly resist that torsional rotation with a moment rather
than a lateral force
LATERAL BRACING :

• Discrete Bracing (Point)

System exists when usually there
is a link to an external support
( such as another lateral brace )
LATERAL BRACING :
• LATERAL PANEL BRACING:
Usually consists of a system with diagonals.
LATERAL BRACING :

• LEAN ON BRACING
LATERAL BRACING :
• CONTINOUS BRACING

CONTINOUS BRACING CONSISTS OF

BRACING THAT IS ATTACHED ALONG
THE ENTIRE MEMBER LENGTH.
Factors that affect the Lateral Bracing
1. Location of the brace VS Load position
Factors that affect the Lateral Bracing
2. BRACING HEIGHT :
Factors that affect the Lateral Bracing
3. PRESENCE OF INFLECTION POINTS :
 Factors that affect the Lateral Bracing
4. Number OF LATERAL BRACES ALONG THE SPAN OF THE BEAM:

Number of lateral braces along the span of the beam affects

the brace requirements.

5. Effect of cross section distortion(eliminated by presence of beam

stiffeners :

Cross section distortion can be effectively eliminated by

placing lateral bracing near the top flange .
Factors that affect the Lateral
Bracing (Summary)

Brace siffness moment

gradient

Number of
Brace location
bracing

Cross section distortion

3. LATERAL BRACING REQUIREMENTS:
A. STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS
 3.CL
3.LATERAL BRACING REQUIREMENTS:
A. STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS

This equation needs some modifying factors to

account for some factors
1.Cb

In Summary, modified required stiffness is:

2.Cd
3.LATERAL BRACING REQUIREMENTS:
B. STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
3. LATERAL BRACING REQUIREMENTS:
B. STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
3. LATERAL BRACING REQUIREMENTS:
B. STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS

•Equations for lateral brace stiffness and strength

are simplified and mentioned in Appendix 6 in the
AISC Specs
•Refer to the commentary on how we reached
these values out of the original equations
•Assuming values for the earlier mentioned
modifications factors
3. LATERAL BRACING
REQUIREMENTS:
B. STRENGTH
REQUIREMENTS
Can we consider decking/Grating as a continuous
lateral/torsional support?
Can we consider decking/Grating as a continuous
lateral/torsional support?
TORSIONAL BRACING

NOTE:
Diaphragms with shear tabs needs further investigation

1. Continuous Bracing
2. Discrete Bracing (Point)
TORSIONAL Bracing
Factors that affect the TORSIONAL Bracing
1. Location of the brace VS Load position
Splitting bracing equally between the two flanges gives a greater capacity than placing all the bracing on just
one flange .

The effect of load position on torsionally braced beam is not very significant.

2. Number OF LATERAL BRACES ALONG THE SPAN OF THE BEAM:

Factors that affect the Torsional Bracing

3. Effect of cross section distortion(eliminated by presence of beam

stiffeners :
3. TORSIONAL BRACING 1. Bb (The stiffness of the attached brace)

REQUIREMENTS:
A. STIFFNESS
REQUIREMENTS
3. TORSIONAL BRACING REQUIREMENTS:
A. STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS
1. Bb (The stiffness of the attached brace)
3. TORSIONAL BRACING
.2 Bg (The girder system stiffness)
REQUIREMENTS:
A. STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS
3. TORSIONAL BRACING If not full depth stiffeners/connection plate,
REQUIREMENTS: different parts of the web distortion can be
calculated
A. STIFFNESS
REQUIREMENTS

.3Bsec (The cross section web stiffness)

 Stiffeners’ depths may lead to neglecting effect of
cross section distortion
 Calculating buckling strength of the torsionally braced beam
will depend on this effective brace stiffness, lateral moment of
intertia, top loading or centroidal loading

Will turn
into
 We know as in lateral brace; we need the brace stiffness to
be twice ideal stiffness to keep brace forces small
3. TORSIONAL BRACING REQUIREMENTS:
B. STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
Torsional Brace
requirements
summary
Equations for Torsional brace stiffness and strength are
simplified and mentioned in Appendix 6 in the AISC Specs
Equations for Torsional brace stiffness and strength are
simplified and mentioned in Appendix 6 in the AISC Specs
Examples on Torsional Brace based on AISC Appendix 6.
4.What if, the beam was not braced, and we want
to design a shear tab connection for this beam
Upon manual’s requirements

“Specification Appendix 6 Section 6.3.2a can be used to

calculate the required torsional strength and stiffness satisfy
these requirements. The available torsional strength and
stiffness of the connection plate can be calculated with the
equations in Dowswell (2019).”
We have two options “As per our understanding till
this point”

1. As per AISC reply on question named

“Shear plate query”
4.What if, the beam was not braced, and we want to design a shear tab
connection for this beam
Upon manual’s requirements
Checking torsional strength and stiffness of shear
plate as per

Analyzing the extended single shear plate connections

subjected to loads in any direction
4.What if, the beam was not braced, and we want to design a shear tab
connection for this beam
Upon manual’s requirements
4.What if, the beam was not braced, and we want to design a shear tab
connection for this beam
Upon manual’s requirements
If the beam was braced it will add to the
torsional strength of the connection.
 3 Cases were introduced

NOTE:
Mentioned in Case 1 results that this case -Beam is not
braced- , will reduce significantly the lateral torsional buckling
of the beam

How Exactly should we check for this, or apply

this?
4.What if, the beam was not braced, and we want to design
a shear tab connection for this beam
Upon manual’s requirements

2 . A check presented in “Handbook of structural steel connection design and details” – Akbar Tamboli
Based on the Australian code for torsional stiffness of extended shear tab for an un braced beam.

Link:
Torsional Stiffness Check for Extended Shear Tabs - Structural engineering general discussion - Eng-Tips
“Handbook of structural steel connection design and details” – Akbar Tamboli
Section 2.4.6

4.What if, the beam was not braced, and we want
to design a shear tab connection for this beam
Upon manual’s requirements
3. As per Eng-tips question
I asked the same question to the AISC steel solution center a
few years ago, here is the answer I got from Larry Muir:
"First I have to state that the AISC Manual requires this
because the AISC Specification requires it. Section F1.(2)
states, “The provisions in this chapter are based on the
assumption that points of support for beams and girders are
restrained against rotation about their longitudinal axis
.” You concern is a valid one, but unfortunately
there is not a lot of published guidance. The
Australian Steel Institute (then called the Australian
Institute of Steel Construction) 3rd Edition of
“Structural Connections” presented a discussion that
led me to the conclusion that an end connection
whose torsional stiffness was greater than 20 times
the torsional stiffness of the beam would reduce the
flexural strength of the beam (as calculated using
Specification Chapter F) by about 10%, an
acceptable reduction. For a tab plate or a double
cope the torsional stiffness can be calculated as
GJ/c. Where J = 0.33dt^3 – for the tab plate or
coped section and c= the distance from the face of
the support to the end of the beam or end of the
cope."
Link:
https://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cf
m?qid=464619