Lehigh University

Lehigh Preserve
Fritz Laboratory Reports Civil and Environmental Engineering

1961

Column design in continuous structures

M. Ojalvo

V. Levi

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Recommended Citation
Ojalvo, M. and Levi, V., "Column design in continuous structures" (1961). Fritz Laboratory Reports. Paper 1796.
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 Welded Continuous Frames and Their Components

COLUMN DESIGN IN CONTINUOUS STRUCTURES

\
I by
I"

M. Ojalvo and V. Levi

This work has been carried out as a part of

an investig~tion sponsored jointly by the
Welding R~search Counci~ and the Department
of the Navy with funds.fu~nis~ed by th~
......
following: 'J

American Institute of Steel Construction

American Iron and Steel', 'institute
Office of· Naval Research ,(Contract Nonr 610(03))
Bureau of Ships" .. - _, '
Bureau 'of Yards and Docks
Reproduction of this report in whole or in
part is permitted for any purpose of the
United States Government.

Fritz Engineering Laboratory

Civil Engineering Department
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pa.

June, 1961
(

..,

Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report No. 278.4

 278.4 ii

ABSTRACT

Anew method for the design of columns in multi.-

story continuous frames is developed. in this report. The

method applies to planar frames adequately braced against

sway. Rotational restraint furnished by members framing

into the column in question is considered.

The method is illustrated by the des~gn of an

interior column. Charts necessary for the application of

the method are included in the Appendixes.

,"
 278.4

I. INTRODUCTION

This report is concerned with the design of columns

in multi-story structures having rigid beam-to-column·

connections. The beams may be designed plastically. The

method is applicable when the following conditions are

satisfied:

1. The columns and beams are of a ductile material

such as steel.

2. Horizontal loads on the structure are resisted

by a system of braced bays or by shear walls

..
which keep the maximum drift per story height

(horizontal displacement) within the limits pre-

scribed as tolerable in modern practice. A drift

of 0.002 ft. per ft. of story height has been

suggested as acceptable~l)

3. The floor framing arrangement results in column

bending about only one principal axis.

4. The columns are prismatic.

In conventional design practice beams are selected on

the basis of an elastic stress analysis and an allowable

-1-

10710
 278.4 -2

I ~
(design) stress. Columns are designed as follows:

1. Sizes (sections) are assumed.

2. An approximate elastic moment distribution is per-

formed to determine the moments at the ends of the

column.

3. Columns are checked by an empirical interaction

equation (such as the AISC equation) or against

an allowable stress.

However, a frame usually does not fail elastically •

•
Furthermore, interaction equations are based upon the assump-

tion of a pinned-end beam-column, while the actual column

is integral with the remainder of the structure. This can

result in sections larger than those required. An allowable

stress criterion for column design is even less rational,

since column failure is due to instability and not due to

overstress. Because of the .foregoing reasons a more rational

method based on the ultimate strength of a subassemblage of

the structure is proposed in this report. This subassemblage

includes the column to be designed, and all the members

framing into it. The loading and end conditions most unfavor-

able to the design are assumed.

 278.4

II. TYPES OF COLUMN FAILURE

Rational design of columns is impossible without an

understanding of the possible types of failure. This

section briefly describes the basic types of column failure.

One type of,failure for thin walled columns is local

buckling of a highly compressed portion. This kind of

buckling changes the shape of the cross section. It can

occur in the flange or web of a rolled wide-flange member

or in the walls of a pipe column. When local buckling

• occurs prior to the overall collapse of the column there

is a reduction in the rigidity of the column and a corres-

ponding decrease in its capacity to resist additional loads.

Another type of failure is buckling by bifurcation.

The term buckling is used to refer to a type of failure

characterized by an abrupt change of the equilibrium con-

figuration. Examples of this type of failure are the buck-

ling of an axially loaded column by bending about one of

the principal axes, lateral-torsional buckling of a beam-

column with primary bending about the major principal axis,

.
- and torsional buckling of a column subjected to a compressive

force applied through the shear center.

-3-
 278.4 -4

Another type of column failure is due to excessive

bending (i.e. instability without bifurcation). For this

case the column deforms into a bent configuration from the

very beginning of loading and the initial deformed shape

corresponds to the one existing at ultimate load.

The design method of this report considers only

column failure by excessive bending about one of the

principal axes of the column. Failure by this kind of

inelastic instability may be investigated by considering

several magnitudes of a single kind of deformation. Each

•
magnitude or degree of deformation corresponds to the equili-

brium configuration of the column for certain applied moments

and axial load. By considering the axial load to remain

constant in an unrestrained beam-column, for example, the

maximum end moments consistent with equilibrium can be found.

References 2 and 3 are representative of two different

approaches to the solution of this type of problem.

A designer must consider all possible types of column

failure in order to achieve a safe design. Consequently,

in the proposed method it is necessary to restrict the column

sections to those that are not likely to fail by either local

 278.4 I "
-5

or lateral-torsional buckling. The use of circular or box

sections will eliminate the possibility of failure by lateral-

torsional buckling. If open sections are used, they could

be oriented so that they are bent about their minor principal

axis or, if they are bent about their major axis, adequate

lateral bracing must be provided. To eliminate the possibi~ity

of local buckling, the unsupported length to thickness ratios

of the walls of the column cross section must be suitably

limited. These limiting ratios are adequately defined in

"' the Commentary on Plastic Design~4)

278.4

III. DESIGN LOADING

A column should be designed for the loading condition

most unfavorable to it. This is achieved by considering

several possible loading conditions.

Figure 1 shows the distribution of live loading that

is likely to be least favorable to the interior column AB.

The spans AC and BF have only dead load acting on them.

This loading results in single curvature bending of the

column AB.

It has been shown that single curvature bending is

the most critical for beam columns~5) However, the loading

condition conducive to the worst bending of a column does

not result in the largest possible compressive load because

the compressive load on AB is somewhat smaller than it would

be if the live load were applied over span AC as well. The

possibility therefore exists that the most critical condition

of loading occurs when the live load acts on all spans with

the exception of BF. In order to limit the work required to

design a single column, the compressive load acting on AB

is computed on the basis of live loads on all spans. The

bending moments are computed on the basis of live loads on

-6-
278.4 -7

all spans except AC and BF. All beam and column loads are

multiplied by a factor of 1.85 which is in accordance with

the recommendation of the Plastic Design Manual of the

A.I.S.C. (6) .

Although it seems unlikely that a value of 1.85

times the dead load will be available on the unloaded span

to help stabilize the column, it also seems unrealistic

to assume that 1.85 times the dead load on the fully lo~ded

span will be available to help bend the column. As a com-

promise a uniform factor of 1.85 is used for all loading.

 278.4

IV. THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE PROCEDURE

The basis of a procedure for the design of interior

restrained columns will be discussed next.

The computations for the actual collapse load in a

continuous frame must consider the entire structural action

of the building, and not only the action of the members

immediately adjacent to the column. This involves extensive

computations, and but slightly affects the resulting design.

To simplify the analysis for the adequacy of an interior

column such as AB in Fig o 1, the following assumptions are

made:

1. Only members framing 4irectly into AB will be

considered.

2. Ends A and B of column AB are assumed to be

symmetrically loaded and symmetrically restrained

(i.e. SA = SB and MAB = ~A)' Since symmetry

can not exist except for equal spans on either

end of the column and for antisymmetric loading,

!

the column is designed for the end conditions

which ,subject it to the greatest end moments.

-8-
278.4 -9-

3. The restraining moment of a member such as AC

is computed on the assumption that joints C

and A rotate equal amounts but in opposite

directions (i.e. as SA rotates clockwise, Sc

rotates an equal amount counterclockwise).

In addition it is assumed that joint D, at the

far end of the fully loaded span AD, rotates

the same amount as joint A but in the opposite

sense.

4. The net bending moment supplied by the beams at

the column ends A and B are partially resisted

by the columns above and below these points. It

is assumed that the ratio MAB/MAG is equal to

LAG/LAB' where LAG and LAB are the lengths of

the members AG and AB.

Consider column AB in Fig. 1 as a restrained member

subjected to axial load and bending moments. As joints A

and B rotate, the partially loaded spans CA and BF reduce

the net moment which the column must resist at A and B. The

design method considers this reduction of moments. Another

feature of the method, however, is that it accounts for equal

 278.4 -10
,
end rotations of intersecting columns and beams in the in-

elastic as well as in the elastic range of structural action.

Whether the consideration of only the members adjacent

to the column is conservative depends on the conditions

assumed for their ends. These end conditions are specified

by the four simplifying assumptions previously stated.

The adequacy of the first simplifying assumption

depends on the other three, The second simplifying assump-

tion tends to make the column design conservative~5) The

third simplifying assumption also tends to make the column

design conservative for if joints C and A rotate in opposite

directions, the resisting moment MAC is reduced. On the

other hand, the opposite rotations of joints D and A tend

to increase the moment MAD' The assumed rotations at C and

D therefore serve to increase the column moment MAB , The

fourth assumption regarding the distribution of net beam

moments to the column above is more difficult to evaluate.

Whether or not it contributes to a conservative design depends

• on various factors (L/r, P/P y ' end conditions). The error

for the assumed distribution, however, will not be appreciable.

A conservative designer may possibly wish to ignore the

 278.4 -11

.
('

rotational restraints of the columns:' above and below by

assuming that they do not contribute to the resistance of

the unbalanced beam moments.

The four preceding assumptiQns reduce the analysis

of an interior column of a rectangular frame to the analysis

of column AB in the subassemblage shown in Fig. 2. It is

important to recognize that in general for each interior

column four such subassemblages are possible. The one which

yields the most unfavorable unbalanced joint moment will be

used. Appropriate assumptions should similarly be made for

the design of an exterior column.

The structural action of the subassemblage in Fig. 2

may best be visualized with the curves of Fig. 3. The column

curve gives the relation between end rotation and applied

end moments for a given compressive load. The beam curve

gives the net moment to be resisted by column AB of Fig. 2

for any rotation of joint A. This net moment consists of

the algebraic sum of the beam end moments at joint A multi-

,. plied by a factor a. The factor a is the proportion of

the net beam moment which is resisted by column AB and is

equal to for the loading conditions assumed in

 278.4 -12

Fig. 2. The rest of the net moment is resisted by the column

above. At zero rotation the net moment will be a{M.FJ AD-MFJAC}'

where ~ is the moment for fixed ends. Equilibrium will be

obtained only when the net moment from the beams and the

column end moment are equal. This occurs when the joint

has rotated to values of e for which the curves in Fig. 3

intersect. If an equilibrium configuration is impossible,

there will be no intersection of the beam and column curves.

When the curves intersect, one intersection will represent

a stable equilibrium configuration and the other an unstable

.,i
one.

In Fig. 3 point m represents a stable equilibrium

configuration because a small increase in the rotation (deforma-

tion) would generate a resisting moment in the column that is

larger than the net unbalanced beam moment. This causes the

joint to rotate back to the equilibrium position designated

by point m. At n a small increase in the rotation results

in a net beam moment larger than the resisting column moment

at a joint. The increase of the rotation thereby causes a

" moment unbalance tending to increase the rotation further. In

general, when there are intersections, the point of intersec-

tion corresponding to the smaller end rotation will repres~nt

.. 278.4 -13

r
'J
the stable configuration. It follows that an adequate column

is one for which the beam and column curves intersect. If

the column and beam curves are tangent, the column is on the

verge of collapse when subjected to 1.85 times the design

loads and the column may be considered to have an adequate

factor of safety.

The heart of any design method is a design criterion

which tests the adequacy of a trial cross section. The

criterion for this method is the existence of a value of 9

for which the column end moment MAB is equal to or larger

than the net beam moment G' { MAD-MAC} :. This is equivalent

to showing that there is an intersection of the beam and

column M-9 curves.

In general the beams and columns may be expected to

behave in a non-linear manner as indicated by the curves in

Fig. 3. The beams would have considerable inelastic deforma-

tions at distributed loads equal to the load factor times

the normal design loads, and the columns would be expected

to behave in a non-linear manner due to both the inelastic

,
deformations and the axial loa~which amplify them.
•
278.4

v. DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR STEEL STRUCTURES

The beams of a structure made of A-7 steel can be

designed according to the concepts of simple plastic theory.

At the critical design condition for a column such as AB

in Fig. 1, plastic hinges will have occurred in the beams

AD and BE at A, D, E, and B. The moments MAD and M

BE
increase up to the plastic moment value ~ and remain con-

stant and equal through further rotations of joints A, B,

C, D, E, and F. The unbalanced moment which the columns

must resist at j oint A is {Md AD -~C}. If C\U designates

the magnitude M ~BM the resultant moment MAB is:
AB+ AG

..••.•• (1)

MBA
Similarly ~ designates the ratio , and:
MaA + MBH

.•..... (2)

MAC and MBF are functions of the fixed end moments

due to the dead load on spans AC and BF respectively and the

end rotatiomS (assumed to be equal in magnitude at A,B,C,

-14-
• 278.4 -15

and F). If the dead and live distributed loads are equal

on all beams framing into column AB, two different sub-

assemblages need to be considered. These are shown in Fig.

4a and 4b. MAB is the larger column moment as obtained

from Fig. 4a, and MaA is the larger column moment as obtained

from Fig. 4b. It is possible to determine the larger moment

between M and MBA' The adequacy of the column can then

AB
be checked for the assemblage corresponding to the larger

of these two. In the following it will further be assumed

that MAB is larger than MBA'

The left hand side of Eq. 1 gives the end moment of

a beam-column which is symmetrically bent and subjected to

an axial load equal to the one on the actual column. The

end moments MAB are a function of the end rotations e, of

the column. Curves of column end moment M vs. end rota-

AB
tion e may be constructed in accordance with the methods

outlined in Ref. 3. The column curve of Fig. 3 is one such

curve for a particular column cross section and axial load.

The right hand side of Eq. 1 is also a function of

e because of MAC'

...... (3)
278.4 -16

In Eq. 3 ~J AC is the fixed end moment (wDL ~: )AC' The

term f(e) depends upon the length to depth ratio of AC,

the cross section, the stress strain diagram, the dead load,

and the residual stresses, if any, in member AC. For rolled

steel wide-flange beams of A-7 steel the moment curvature

relationship is sufficiently well defined* so that curves

of beam moment MAC vs. e may be constructed for different

length to depth ratios and dead load fixed end moments. In

general a different curve must be constructed for each

cross section. In the beam curves of Appendix A the non-

dimensional ratio ~
,~
is designated as k.

To check the adequacy of a column it is necessary

to have MC-e curves for the columns at various slenderness

ratios (L/r) and average compressive stresses. It is also

necessary to have MB-e curves for the beams for various

fixed end moments and length-depth (Lid) ratios.

These curves may be nondimensionalized in terms of

the yield stress of steel, ~y and the moment that would

just cause yielding in a member My = Soy. These curves

are shown in Appendixes A and B. The curves take into

*For most WF sections the distribution of area over the cross

section is similar.
 278.4 -17

account the detrimental effects of residual stresses which

are assume d to b e equa 1 to 0 . 3 IT"

v
y ~n t h e fl ange .
t~ps.
(4)

The design procedure is as follows:

1. Design beams by simple plastic theory.

2. Assume a column section.

3. Assume several values of 8.

I
4. Determine:

a. Me ... fromcolumn moment-rotation curves

(Appendix B)

• b. Mp ... the plastic moment in the fully

loaded beam

c. MB ... from beam-moment curves for the beam

~ubjected to dead load only (Appendix A)

5. If for any value of 8

MC J AB ~ a [ Mp J AD - ~ JAC} ....... (4)

the column is adequate;.

6. If the column is inadequate it will soon become

apparent that Eq. 4 will not be satisfied for any

8, and a larger column is selected .

•
7. If the column is adequate a lighter section may be

chosen, and its adequacy is tested. The procedure

is repeated until an inadequate section is found.

8. The lightest adequate section is used.

 278.4
.... VI. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

An interior column of a multi-story multi-bay frame

is designed. The column to be designed is designated AB

in Fig. 5. It is restrained by beams AD and BF with spans

of 22', and by beams AC and BE with spans of 16'. Column

AB has a length of 12'-6", as have the columns above and

below it. All beams are subjected to a dead load of 1 k/ft.

and to a live load of 1.4 k/ft. The total vertical load

po~sible at A is equal to 182k. The story of column AB is

the fourth from the top of the frame.

Use l4WF34 , ~ JAD = 149.9 ft-kips

- 1.85 (2.40)(16)2 71
MP
J AC - --~~...;.--:;.--..;.- =
16 ft-kips

• Use l2B22, MPJ AC = 80.7 ft-kips

Lid = 16
.•

-18-
 278.4 -19

'. F.E.M of beams AC and BE is:

F.E.Mo = 1.00(1.85)(16)2 ft-kips

12

F.E.M. = k = 39.5 = 0.49

Mp 80.7

VI.2 Design of Column AB

Axial load = 1.85 (182) = 338 kips

Try a 12WF65 column with the beams framing perpendicular
to the web (Minor Axis Bending).

Mp = SCfy • (Shape factor)

Mp = 29.1 .Q.ll 1 5 = 120 ft-kips

12 0

(Shape factor ~ 1.5 for minor axis bending) .

L = ~3~3~8~-:-- = 0 .535
Py 33(19.11)

II 12.5(12)
r = 3.02, L/r = 3.02 = 49.7

a = 1/2 (Because of equal heights)

Assume e = 0.01

"
From charts in Appendix A w~th k = 0.49 and L/d = 16
 278.4 ..,20

MAC = 0.947 (70.8) = 67 ft-kips

1
2'.- 1f MpJ AD - MAC· =
} 1
I· (149.9 - 67) = 41.5 ft-kips

From charts in Appendix B

~ JAB = 0.43

McJ AB = 0.43(120)
1.5
= 34.4 ft-kips

McJ AB < ~ {MpJ AD - MAC} , i.e. 34.4 ft-kips~41.5ft-kips

Try e = 0.02
)I \ Lt
= i:J3P
~\,\,
= (t-:-tis (80. 7) = 80.4 ft-kips

0.5(120) = 40 ft-kips
1.5

1
'2. (149.9 - 80.4) = 34.8 ft-kips

MCJ AB > i {~J AD - MAC}' i.e. 40 ft-kips ">34.8 ft..,kips

Therefore 12WF65 is adequate.

L
· 278.4 -21

A lighter rolled steel column would have a flange

width smaller than 12". It is unlikely that a smaller flange

width can be adequate.

The design of column AB, by the AISC rule with end

moments determined by an approximate continuous elastic

analysis, results in a 12WF72. The continuous elastic design

herein used is described in Ref. 7. The method of this report

results in a saving in steel weight of 9.7% for column AB.

278.4

VIIo SUMMARY

A design.method for columns of multi-story frames with

rigid connections is developed. This is achieved by consider-

ing the elasto-plastic .behavior of a subassemblage which in-

cludes the column and the beams adjacent to it. The column

is designed for a loading and assumed joint rotations most

unfavorable to it. The detrimental effect of residual stresses

in the members is also considered.

The procedure consists of choosing several column

cross sections and checking their adequacy. A column is

safe if an end rotation e can be found such that the resisting

moment of the column is greater than or equal to the net

moment applied by the beams.

Only columns which are not likely to fail by lateral-

torsional buc,kling can be used. The method is illustrated

by the design of an interior WF column bent about its weak

axis.

-22-
278.4

VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is part of the general investigations

"Welded Continuous Frames and Their Components" currently

being carried out at the Fritz Engineering Laboratory of

the Civil Engineering Department of Lehigh University under

the general direction of Lynn S. Beedle-. The investigation

is sponsored jointly by the Welding Research Council and the

Department of the Navy, with funds furnished by the American

lnstitute of Steel Construction, American Iron and Steel

Institute, Office of Naval Research, Bureau of Ships, and

Bureau of Yards and Docks.

The authors wish to express special thanks to Prof.

Theodore V. Galambos for constructive suggestions and to

Mr. Y. Fukumoto for the preparation of the charts in the

Appendixes.

-23-
 278.4

... IX. NOMENCLATURE

D.L. = Dead load

d = Depth of beam
k = (F.E.M.)!Mp for the unloaded beam
L.L. = Live load

L = Length of a member
= Bending moment at the end of a member

= Fixed end moment for beam AC

= Plastic moment
= Axial load in the column

= Area of column multiplied by o-y

r = Radius of gyration
S = Section modulus

w = Distributed load

=A factor equal to the ratio of unbalanced beam

moment to column end moment at a joint

e = Rotation at the end of a column or beam

= Maximum residual compressive stress at the flange

tips of a rolled steel WF member

cry = Yield stress

-24-
278.4

X. APPENDIX A

-25-
 278.4 -26

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' . 278.4
\

XII.FIGURES

-36-
 278.4 -37

-J
UNFAVORABLE LOADING- FOR
COLUMN AB
FIG •
--- IFI - -
D, L. I D.L + L.L.

• • • • : it ) M
FB

....

•
- DESIGN SUBASSEMBLAGE

- FIG. 2
 I
278.4 -38 ,:

a (MAD - MAC)
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e
•
MOMENTVS JOINT ROTATION
RELATIONSHIPS FIG. 3
27'8-.4

. F _

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~ D.L.+ L.L. . I

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(b)

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FIG. 4 .
 278.4 -40·

~
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 , \

278.4
~I XIII. REFERENCES

1. ASCE
WIND BRACING IN STEEL BUILDINGS, Final Report of
Subcommittee No. 31, Transactions of the ASCE, 105,
p. 1713, (1940).
2. T. V. Galambos, R. L. Ketter
COLUMNS UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND THRUST, Proceedings
of the ASCE, 85 (EM2) , (April 1959).
3. M. Ojalvo
RESTRAINED COLUMNS, Proceedings of the ASCE, 86(EMS)
(Oc tober 1960).
4. WRC, ASCE
COMMENTARY ON PLASTIC DESIGN IN STEEL, ASCE Manuals
of Engineering Practice, No. 4l~ (196l)~
5. R. L. Ketter, L. S. Beedle, B. G. Johnston
• COLUMN STRENGTH UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND THRUST,
The Welding Journal, 31 (12), p. 607-s, (Dec. 1952).
6. AISC
PLASTIC DESIGN IN STEEL, AISC, New York, 1959.
7. V. Levi, G. C. Driscoll, Jr.
PLASTIC DESIGN OF BRACED MULTI-STORY FRAMES, Fritz
Laboratory Report No. 273.3, Lehigh University,
1961.

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