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A Design Comparison Of Castellated Beam Between IS:-800-1984 And IS:-800-

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Conference Paper · March 2013

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 National conference on “ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING”, 8-9 March 2013
A design comparison of Castellated beam between IS:-800-
1984 and IS:-800-2007
M. M. Deshmukh 1
1 2
ME student, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of
Technology, Vasad, 388306, INDIA
asad.deshmukh@yahoo.com
Abstract: Castellated Beams made from steel I Sections with
hexagonal or circular web openings are being extensively used in
structural applications such as building floor system, Wide roof ,
bridges and other structures because it has high moment of
inertia and high strength to weight ratio. In this paper,
Castellated beam with hexagonal web openings is designed as per
IS: 800-1984 (Working stress Method) and IS: 800-2007 (Limit
state method) using Excel and comparison is done for various
stresses like shear stress, bending stress, stress concentration due
to maximum combination of bending and shear stress, deflection
and web post buckling because it has been seen that failures of
Castellated beams are occur due to these stresses. It is concluded
that limit state method required lighter section than working
stress method.
Keywords: castellated beam, failure modes, working stress
Method, Limit state method
I. INTRODUCTION
Since Second World War structural designer have
explored many ways of decreasing the cost of steel
structures. But have often been prevented from utilizing the
high strength property of structural steel by building code
requirements on maximum allowable deflection to get best
advantage. As a result several new methods have been
devised to increase stiffness of steel member, without any
increase in weight of steel required. Castellated beam is one
of the best solutions.
Fig. 1 Castellated beam
Prof. V. V. Agrawal2
Assistant Professor, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of
Technology, Vasad, 388306, INDIA
vimleshagrawal@yahoo.com,
A. Failure modes
Following are the modes of the failure of castellated beam.
 Shear mechanism.
 Flexural mechanism.
 Lateral torsional buckling.
 Rupture of welded joints.
 Web post buckling in shear.
 Web post buckling in compression.
1. Shear mechanism
This mode of failure is associated with high shear forces
acting on the beam. Formation of plastic hinges at the
reentrant corners of the holes deforms the tee section above
the openings to a parallelogram shape. Beams with
relatively short spans with shallow tee sections and longer
weld lengths are susceptible to this mode of failure. Shorter
spans can carry higher loads leading to shear becoming the
governing load. When a castellated beam is subjected to
shear, the tee sections above and below the openings must
carry the applied shear, as well as the primary and
secondary moments.
Fig. 2 Shear Failure of castellated beam
 National conference on “ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING”, 8-9 March 2013

of failure depends upon the length of the welded joint

2. Flexural mechanism (e). The horizontal length of the openings is equal to the
weld length. and if the horizontal length is reduced to
Flexural mechanism above and below the openings of a decrease secondary moments. The welded throat of the
castellated beam was similar to that of a solid beam under web-post becomes more vulnerable to failure in this mode.
pure bending forces. Due to the presences of holes the
spread of the yield towards the central axis was stopped. By
this mechanism, two throat sections yield in tension and
compression until they become fully plastic.

3. Lateral torsional buckling

Lateral torsional buckling of castellated beam is similar

to the solid beam. A solid beam is subjected to bending
stress under applied loads. For a simply supported beam one
of flange is subjected to tension and another is subjected to
compression. To achieve economy in design the sections are
so proportioned that the moment of inertia about the
principle axis normal to the web is considerably larger than
the moment of inertia about the principle axis parallel to the
web .such a section is relatively weak in bending resistance Fig. 6 Rupture of welded joint
in the plane normal to the web and therefore the
compression flange of the beam tends to buckle in the only
direction in which it is free to move that is horizontally.. On 5. Web post buckling
the other hand bottom flange being in tension tends to
Web buckling occurs when the intensity of vertical
remain straight. A beam represent one rigid unit consists of
compressive stress near the centre of section becomes
two flanges and a web so that entire cross section rotates.
greater than the critical buckling stress for the web acting as
Thus lateral buckling of the compression flange is also
a column .The buckling of the column web is very much
accompanied by twisting. So the beam becomes unstable
influenced by the restraints provided for the flanges.
and can undergo rotations and lateral deflections of any
Consider an element of plate girder at the neutral axis. Due
magnitudes causing lateral torsional buckling and leading to
to horizontal compression above and horizontal tension
collapse. If the compression flange of beam is sufficiently
below the neutral axis, the complementary shear stress of
latellay restrained than these mode of failure can be
the same magnitude is developed on the horizontal faces.
neglected as shown in figure.
The stresses produce compression along one diagonal and
tension along other. This compression is called diagonal
compression and may cause buckling of the web.

Fig. 7 Web buckling

Fig. 3 Laterally supported and Laterally unsupported

6. Web post buckling in compression

4. Rupture of welded joints
The web of the rolled steel sections are subjected to
The mid depth weld joint of the web post between
large amount of stress just below the concentrated load and
two openings may rupture when horizontal shear stresses
above the reactions from the supports .Stress concentration
exceed the yield strength of the welded joint. This mode
occur at the junction of the web and flange. So the web near
 National conference on “ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING”, 8-9 March 2013

the portion of stress concentration tends to fold over the Stress due to primary moment at bottom fibre of open
flange. This type of local buckling phenomenon is called M
web post buckling in compression. section, bB  h
IG
Stress due to secondary moment at bottom fibre of open
V e
section, bV 
4  SS
Maximum fibre stress at bottom=  b  bB  bV
Maximum fibre stress at top=  t  t B  tV

According to IS 800-1984 maximum combination of

stresses should be less than 0.66fy and according to IS 800-
2007 it should be less than fy/γmo.

In castellated beam maximum deflection is the sum of

deflection due to bending and deflection due to shear.
Fig. 8 Web crippling
Deflection due to bending,

II. METHODOLOGY 5  W  L3
P 
M 384  EI
Maximum bending stress =  b   y ,where I is gross
I Deflection due to shear,
moment of inertia.

According to IS 800-1984 maximum bending stress should Vavg  p  (m  e)3

be less than 0.66fy and according to IS 800-2007 it should
s 
24EIT
be less than fy/γmo.

Maximum shear stress =Vh/(twxe),where Vh is horizontal
shear and e is welded length.
According to IS 800-1984 maximum shear stress should be
less than 0.45fy and according to IS 800-2007 it should be
less than 0.7 fy.
According to IS 800-1984 maximum deflection should be
less than span/325 and according to IS 800-2007 it should
be less than span/240.
Maximum bending stress for web buckling = (1.58xVh) /
(twxe) .For 60 degree angle of cut this equation is used.

In castellated beam due to presence of hole maximum

combination of bending and shear stress occur at any point
III. CASE STUDY
within the length of member. So we have to find
combination of stresses at all holes and select maximum Design a laterally restrained castellated beam for a span of
stress. 16 m to support an uniformly distributed load 9 KN/M
Assume angle of cut 60 degree.
Stress due to primary moment at top fibre of open
M D
section, t B  
IG 2

Stress due to secondary moment at top fibre of open section,

V e
tV 
4 S f
 National conference on “ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING”, 8-9 March 2013

SR NO LSM WSM
CMB-450
1 Minimum Requirement of section CWB-450

2 Maximum bending stress 187.55N/mm² 111.07 N/mm²

3 Maximum shear stress 68.86 N/mm² 75.5 N/mm²

4 Maximum combination of bending and shear stress 203.19 N/mm² 116 N/mm²
5 Maximum deflection 45.49 mm 45.29 mm
6 Maximum bending stress for web buckling 137.62 N/mm² 119.28 N/mm²

Fig. 9: Comparison between Limit state Method and working stress Method

IV. CONCLUSION stresses than a minimum section required in working

stress method except shear stress.
 For a same loading and geometric condition Working
Stress Method require higher section than Limit State
Method.
 As lower section is required in limit state method total IV. REFERENCES
weight of the structure is reduced and more material
can be saved so that overall economy can be achieved. [1] H.showkati:-lateral-Torsional Buckling of castellated
 A minimum section required in Limit State Method beams :-( 2008), Iranian journal of science &
which is safe in all the failure modes have higher technology, transaction B, engineering.
View publication stats
National conference on “ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING”, 8-9 March 2013
[2] Walid Zaaroue and Richard Redwood: - Web Buckling
In Thin Webbed Castellated Beams :-( 1996), Journal
of Structural Engineering
[3] Miss Komal S. Bedi*, Mr. P.D.Pachpor**:- Moment and
Shear Analysis of Beam with Different Web Openings
(2011):- International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications
[4] Richard Redwoodland Sevak Demirdjian: -Castellated
Beam Web Buckling In Shear (1998):- Journal of
Structural Engineering
[5] Wakchaure M.R. *, Sagade A.V.*, Auti V: - A
Parametric study of castellated beam with varying depth
of web opening (2012) :- (International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications)
[6] ZHOU Chao-yang, LIU Chun-jie: - Calculation of
flexural deflection for castellated beams (2007):- Journal
of Railway science and engineering.
[7] O. Kohnehpooshi, H. Showkati: - Numerical Modeling
and Structural Behavior of Elastic Castellated Section
(2009):- European Journal of Scientific Research.
[8] M.R.Wakchaure, A.V. Sagade: - Finite Element
Analysis of Castellated Steel Beam (2012):-
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative
Technology (IJEIT).
[9] Limit state design of steel structure by S.K.Duggal
[10] Design of steel structure by N. Subramanian
[11] Handbook for design of castellated beam by P.K.Das
and S.L. Shrimani
[12] IS 800-1984 “Indian standard code of practice for
general construction in steel”
[13] IS 800-20007 “Indian standard code of practice for
general construction in steel”