PREVIOUS LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):

At the end of the lecture students will be able to:

 Solve the plane stresses by using the transformation
stress equations and Mohr’s stress circle
 Normal planes:
 stresses, σx,σy,σz , shear stresses, xy = yx
 Inclined planes, transformation equations (2D):
 σx1, σy1, x1y1
 Principle stresses:
 σ1 & σ2
• Maximum shear stress, max
• Mohr’s Circle
 WEEK 5
CHAPTER 2
_______________________________________
STRESSES AND DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

Siti Zaidah Binti Othman

Lecturer
Faculty of Civil Engineering UiTM
Sarawak
Room:12A 03 048
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

PO 1
Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science,
mathematics and engineering.

PO 3
Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems
using thinking skills and engineering reasoning
 LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):

At the end of the lecture students will

be able to:

• Define beams and identify types of beams, their

connections and loads.
• Apply the equilibrium concept
• Draw Free Body diagrams of Determinate Beams
• Calculate the reaction at the supports
 WHAT IS A BEAM?
 Straight horizontal members to carry vertical loads.

 Beam or flexural member is a flexure member of the structure. It is subjected to

transverse loading such as vertical loads, and gravity loads. These loads create
shear and bending within the beam.

 It also can be defined as slender structural members that can resist bending due
to action of applied loads.

 A beam designed to resist shear and bending moment. Axial stress is ignored
in design, as it is much smaller than the shear force and bending moment.

 As the beam transfer the load, the beam will be deflected in the direction of the
load.
COMMON BEAM SHAPES
 What Are the Different Types of Beam Design?
• In structural engineering, beam analysis
is crucial for building safety. There are
many different types of beam design
from which to choose.
• It can sometimes be challenging for even
the most experienced engineer to decide
on the best beam for each architectural
structure.
• Beam choice must provide the most
structural integrity possible. Different
shapes, sizes, techniques and materials
support different structural loads.
• The I-beam and cantilever are some of
the most commonly used types of beam
design.
 What Are the Different Types of Beam Design?
• Cantilever beams are used to suspend
structures such as balconies.
• Most of the weight is distributed
onto the foundation beams.
• This weight distribution permits a
building extension such as a balcony
to be safely supported.
• Cantilever beams are also sometimes
referred to as an end load beam type
since the loads are always supported
mainly on one side.
• Some bridges are designed with
cantilever beams in their
construction.
 BEAM TERMINOLOGY
• The parallel portions on an I-beam or H-beam are referred to
as the flanges.
• The portion that connects the flanges is referred to as the
web.
LOAD AND FORCE CONFIGURATIONS
 BEAM GEOMETRY
• Consider a simply supported beam of length, L.
• The cross section is rectangular, with width, b, and height, h.
 BEAM CENTROID
• An area has a centroid, which is similar to a center of gravity
of a solid body.
• The centroid of a symmetric cross section can be easily found
by inspection. X and Y axes intersect at the centroid of a
symmetric cross section, as shown on the rectangular cross
section
 MOMENT INERTIA, I
• Inertia is a measure of a body’s ability to resist
movement, bending, or rotation
• Moment of inertia (I) is a measure of a beam’s
– Stiffness with respect to its cross section
– Ability to resist bendingAs I increases, bending decreases
• As I decreases, bending increases
• Units of I are (length)4, e.g. in4, ft4, or cm4
 MOMENT INERTIA, I
• Inertia is a measure of a body’s ability to resist movement,
bending, or rotation. Moment of inertia (I) is a measure of a
beam’s
– Stiffness with respect to its cross section
– Ability to resist bendingAs I increases, bending decreases
• As I decreases, bending increases. Units of I are (length)4, e.g. in4,
ft4, or cm4
• For a solid rectangular cross section,
Compiled by: Siti Zaidah Binti Othman
Lecturer Room: G337 (Block G)
 TYPES OF JOINTS
• The most common types are stiff and pinned joint.
• All the structure members must be adequately connected
together so that the applied loads are transferred safely to the
ground. The type of connection or joint are basically divided
into 2:
– Stiff joint
• A stiff joint is considered to have fixity at the point of connection and is rigid, thus
sometimes called rigid joint.
• The feature is that the flexure of one member meeting at the joint has an effect on the
other members.
• Example: for portal frame and reinforced concrete frame.
– Pinned joint
• Sometimes called a hinged joint.
• Normally used in roof trusses and bridges construction.
• These joints allow relative movement of the members and cannot resist bending
moments.
 TYPES OF JOINTS

Pinned

Fixed
 TYPES OF SUPPORTS
• In constructing Free Body Diagram (FBD), it is necessary to replace the
supports of the structure by the forces exert on the structure.
• The most common types of supports are:
• ROLLER
– A member is free to translate parallel to the surface on which the roller rests and free to
rotate.
– Motion is restrained only in the direction normal to the surface the support the roller.
• HINGED/PINNED
– Allow the member to rotate freely but prevents any type of translation.
– It is restrain the member by applying forces both normal and parallel to the supporting
surface, that is a horizontal and a vertical forces.
• FIXED
– A fixed supports allow for NO motion at all.
– The member can neither rotate or translate.
– This type of support is able to exert moment as well as horizontal and vertical force on a
member.
 TYPES OF SUPPORTS

Types of Reactions No. of unknown forces

Supports
Roller

Pinned/hinged

fixed
3
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
.
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
.
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
.
 TYPES OF BEAMS
• Types of beams based on the manner in which they are
supported:
TYPES OF BEAMS
TYPES OF BEAMS
TYPES OF BEAMS
HOW LOADS ARE TRANSFERRED IN STRUCTURE?
 LOADS
• Dead Loads
• Live Loads
• Building Loads
• Bridge Loads
• Wind Loads
• Snow Loads
• Earthquake Loads
• Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure
• Other Natural Loads
LOADS
LOADS
LOADS
LOADS
LOADS
 EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
• For a static structure, the summation of the forces in any
direction must be equal and the moment about any axis of all
the forces acting on the structure must be zero.
• If many forces and moments applied to the body, the resultant
of all forces and movements will cause the body move.
• So, the body will remains in equilibrium when the summation
of forces and moments are equal to zero.

∑Fy =0
∑Fx =0
∑M =0
 FREE BODY DIAGRAM
• A free body diagram, sometimes called a force
diagram, is a graphic device, often a rough working
sketch, used by engineers and physicists to analyze
the forces and moments acting on a body.
• Drawing a free body diagram can help determine the
unknown forces on, moments applied to, and
equations of motion of, the body and thus help to
analyse a problem in statics or dynamics.
• In analysis of structures, free body diagrams for a
component of a structure or, part thereof, are used
in determining shear forces and bending moments.
 FREE BODY DIAGRAM
• A FBD is a simplified representation of a PARTICLE or
RIGID BODY that is isolated from its surroundings
and on which all applied forces and reactions are
shown.
• All forces acting on a particle original body must be
considered, and equally important any force not
directly applied on the body must be excluded
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
FREE BODY DIAGRAM IN BEAMS
FREE BODY DIAGRAM IN BEAMS
FREE BODY DIAGRAM IN BEAMS
 EXAMPLE 1:
10kN

A B

4m 5m
 EXAMPLE 1:
FBD:

10kN

HA A B

RA 4m 5m
RB
 EXAMPLE 2:
FBD:
10kN 15kN

HA A B

RA 5m 7m 5m
RB
∑Fy = 0; HA = 0
∑Fx = 0; RA + RB – 10 – 15 = 0
RA + RB = 25 …………….(1)

∑MA = 0; 10(5) + 15(12) – RB (17) = 0

RB = 13.53 kN
R = 11.47 kN
EXAMPLE 3:
• End Of Week 5
 TUTORIAL 1:
Determine the reactions at supports:
 TUTORIAL 2:
Determine the reactions at supports:
 TUTORIAL 3:
Determine the reactions at supports:
 TUTORIAL 4:
Determine the reactions at supports:

• End Of Week 5