CLASS PRESENTATION:

TOPIC: BEAM DESIGN

 PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• LOADS
• SUPPORTS AND REACTIONS
• SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
• SHEAR FORCE CALCULATIONS
• BENDING MOMENT CALCULATIONS
• SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM (SFD)
• BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (BMD)
• DESIGN
 INTRODUCTION
A beam is defined as a horizontal member that is built across two or more supports.

A beam must be strong enough to carry any load applied on it as well as its weight.

Beams are structural elements which can be in form of timber, reinforced concrete or structural
steel.

They can be further grouped according to their type of support into:

• Simply supported beams over 2 supports
• Continuously supported over more than 2 supports
• Cantilevered which is supported at one end only
INTRODUCTION CONTINUED
 LOADS
Loads are categorised as dead loads (self weight) , live loads or imposed loads.
Whether the load is live or dead, it can only be :
• A point load- load which is applied at a specific point, steel column fixed on a beam
• Uniformly distributed load- load which is spread over a distance , brick wall or weight,
concrete slabs
• Or combination of the above two
 SUPPORTS AND REACTIONS
According to Newton’s third law, for every action, there must be equal and opposite reaction.

Depending on the type of beam support ;be it a roller , hinge or fixed support, and/or the load
combination, a loaded beam will mobilise a reaction form which could be vertical , horizontal,
inclined or a moment.
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
A beam is likely to fail through shearing or bending, so it must be designed to resist
these two.
To understand how shear force and bending moment work, calculations should be
performed and subsequently shear force diagrams (SFD) and bending moment
diagrams (BMD) must be drawn.

This process follows the following steps:

Calculation of reactions (RL and RR) using principles of equilibrium such as laws
of moments.
 Calculation of shear forces taking note of suitable sign convention
 Calculation of bending moments
Drawing SFD and BMD to a suitable scale
CALCULATION OF REACTIONS
Taking moments about RL,
Sum of ACWM = sum of CWM

Taking moments about RR,

Sum of CWM = sum of ACWM
 SHEAR FORCE CALCULATIONS
Formula :
The reaction force minus downward force
 BENDING MOMENT CALCULATIONS
Formula:
The reaction moment minus downward force moment. Where moment = force by perpendicular distance
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
 SFD CONTINUED
• If the forces/loads are UDL only, then the SFD has sloped line sections
and if only concentrated loads are acting on the beam, then the SFD
has horizontal line segments.
• In case of simply supported beam, bending moment will be zero at
supports. And it will be maximum (positive or negative) where shear
force is zero.
• The value of shear force at any point along the length of a beam can
just be ready from the SFD.
• The maximum absolute value of shear force is the only one used for
design.
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (BMD)
BENDIND MOMENT DIAGRAM CONTINUED
• The points of contraflexure (or inflection) are points of zero bending
moment, i.e. where the beam changes its curvature from
hogging(bending upwards) to sagging (bending downwards). In a
bending beam, a point of contraflexure is a location where the bending
moment is zero (changes its sign).
• The value of bending at any distance from the support/ either end of
the beam is read from the bending moment diagram.
• The absolute value of maximum bending moment is the only one used
for design.
 DESIGN
• Design – choice of a suitable beam that will suit the given loading conditions and
check for shear force conditions.
• The section can be I- parallel flange or tapered steal beam .
• We apply the basic design formula: Bending Moment = Stress by Section
Modulus.
• Maximum allowable stress is 161 Mpa in the following example.
CLASS ACTIVITY
SOLUTION