Mechanics of Materials: Analysis and Design of Beams For Bending

Third Edition
MECHANICS OF
5
CHAPTER
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Analysis and Design
of Beams for Bending
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Chapter 5
Beams
2
Edition
Third
Lecture Overview
- Beams
- classification of
beams
- internal forces
- conventions
- force diagram
- example
- distributed loads
- example
3
Edition
Third
•
Structural members which offer resistance to bending due
to applied loads.
Load applied normal to the axis of beam(Bar)
most important of all structures
in structural members- critical stress is due to bending
rather then tension or compression.
4
Edition
Third
Identified by
concentrated load------- point load
distributed loads-distributed over length/area (intensity
may be constant or variable and continuous or
discontinuous)
5
Edition
Third
distributed loads and resultant forces R
fig by J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige, I
6
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Third
classification of beams
fig by J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige, I
7
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Third
Introduction
• Objective - Analysis and design of beams
• Beams - structural members supporting loads at

various points along the member
• Transverse loadings of beams are classified as

concentrated loads or distributed loads
• Applied loads result in internal forces

consisting of a shear force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending couple (from the
normal stress distribution)
• Normal stress is often the critical design criteria

My Mc M
x   m  
I I S
Requires determination of the location and
magnitude of largest bending moment
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-8

Edition
Third
Concept of Shear Force and Bending moment

in beams
This forces ‘F' is as a shear

force. The shearing force at
any x-section of a beam
represents the tendency for
the portion of the beam to one
side of the section to slide or
shear laterally relative to the
other portion.
shear force ‘F' is the algebraic
sum of the forces to one side
only of the section
considered.
9
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Third
Sign Convention for Shear Force
10
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Third
Bending Moment:
Sign Conventions for the Bending Moment:
Sagging' and Hogging are

generally used for the positive
and negative bending moments
respectively.
11
Edition
Third
Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams:

Thus, a shear force diagram is a graphical plot, which shows
how the internal shear force ‘F' varies along the length of
beam. If x denotes the length of the beam, then F is function x
i.e. F(x).
Similarly a bending moment diagram is a graphical plot which
depicts how the internal bending moment ‘M' varies along the
length of the beam. Again M is a function of x i.e. M(x).
Relation b/w shear force and bending moment
the area of the shear force diagram between any two points, from
the basic calculus is the bending moment diagram
the slope of bending moment diagram is the shear force, thus
F=dM/dx
if F=0; the slope of the bending moment diagram is zero and the
bending moment is therefore constant.
12
Edition
Third
A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural

element when an external force or moment is applied to the
element causing the element to bend.
The most common or simplest structural element subjected
to bending moments is the beam. The example shows a beam
which is simply supported at both ends.
Bending moment at a section of beam is the algebraic sum

of the moment of all the forces acting on one side of the
section.
13
Edition
Third
multi force members

(internal actions, resistance)
14
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Third
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Determination of maximum normal and
shearing stresses requires identification of
maximum internal shear force and bending
couple.
• Shear force and bending couple at a point are

determined by passing a section through the
beam and applying an equilibrium analysis
on the beam portions on either side of the
section.
• Sign conventions for shear forces V and V’

and bending couples M and M’
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 15

Edition
Third

Edition
Third
1.Draw FBD
2.Determine the reaction
3.Cut the beam at point and draw FBD of section (assuming SF
and BM are positive)
4.Apply the condition of equilibrium and find shear force and
BM at that point
5. Plot SFD and BMD between sections

Edition
Third

Edition
Third
For the beam and loading shown (a) draw the shear force
and bending moment diagram (b) determine the equation
of bending moment curve

Edition
Third
Draw SFD and BMD for the beam and loading

shown. Determine the max Bending and shear
force

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid
body, determine the reaction forces
• Section the beam at points near

supports and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free-bodies to determine
For the timber beam and loading internal shear forces and bending
shown, draw the shear and bend- couples
moment diagrams and determine the
• Identify the maximum shear and
maximum normal stress due to
bending. bending-moment from plots of their
distributions.
• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.1

SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine
the reaction forces
from  Fy  0   M B : RB  40 kN RD  14 kN
• Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses

on resulting free-bodies
 Fy  0  20 kN  V1  0 V1  20 kN
 M1  0 20 kN0 m   M1  0 M1  0
 Fy  0  20 kN  V2  0 V2  20 kN
M2  0 20 kN2.5 m   M 2  0 M 2  50 kN  m
V3  26 kN M 3  50 kN  m
V4  26 kN M 4  28 kN  m
V5  14 kN M 5  28 kN  m
V6  14 kN M 6  0

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.1

• Identify the maximum shear and bending-
moment from plots of their distributions.
Vm  26 kN M m  M B  50 kN  m

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
S  16 b h 2  16 0.080 m 0.250 m 2
 833.33 10 6 m3
MB 50  103 N  m
m  
S 833.33 10 6 m3
 m  60.0  106 Pa

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.2

SOLUTION:
• Replace the 10 kip load with an
equivalent force-couple system at D.
Find the reactions at B by considering
the beam as a rigid body.
• Section the beam at points near the

support and load application points.
The structure shown is constructed of a Apply equilibrium analyses on
W10x112 rolled-steel beam. (a) Draw resulting free-bodies to determine
the shear and bending-moment internal shear forces and bending
diagrams for the beam and the given couples.
loading. (b) determine normal stress in
sections just to the right and left of point
D. determine the maximum normal
stress to the left and right of point D.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.2

SOLUTION:
• Replace the 10 kip load with equivalent
force-couple system at D. Find reactions at
• B.
Section the beam and apply equilibrium
analyses on resulting free-bodies.
From A to C :
 Fy  0  3 x  V  0 V  3x kips
 M1  0 3x 12 x  M  0 M  1.5 x 2 kip  ft
From C to D :
 Fy  0  24  V  0 V  24 kips
 M 2  0 24x  4   M  0 M  96  24 x kip  ft
From D to B :
V  34 kips M  226  34 x kip  ft

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.2

determine the maximum normal stress to
the left and right of point D.
From Appendix C for a W10x112 rolled
steel shape, S = 126 in3 about the X-X axis.
To the left of D :
M 2016kip  in
m    m  16.0 ksi
S 126in 3
To the right of D :
M 1776kip  in  m  14.1 ksi
m  
S 126in 3

Edition
Third
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

• Relationship between load and shear:
 Fy  0 : V  V  V   w x  0
V   w x
dV
 w
dx
xD
VD  VC    w dx
xC
• Relationship between shear and bending

moment:
 M C  0 : M  M   M  V x  wx x  0
2
2
M  V x  12 w x 
dM
0
dx
xD
M D  M C   V dx
xC

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.3

SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
• Apply the relationship between shear and

load to develop the shear diagram.
• Apply the relationship between bending

Draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams for the beam moment and shear to develop the bending
and loading shown. moment diagram.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.3

SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the
reactions at A and D.
MA  0
0  D24 ft   20 kips6 ft   12 kips14 ft   12 kips28 ft 
D  26 kips
 Fy  0
0  Ay  20 kips  12 kips  26 kips  12 kips
Ay  18 kips
• Apply the relationship between shear and load to

develop the shear diagram.
dV
 w dV   w dx
dx
- zero slope between concentrated loads
- linear variation over uniform load segment

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.3

• Apply the relationship between bending
moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.
dM
V dM  V dx
dx
- bending moment at A and E is zero
- bending moment variation between A, B,
C and D is linear
- bending moment variation between D
and E is quadratic
- net change in bending moment is equal to
areas under shear distribution segments
- total of all bending moment changes across
the beam should be zero

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.5

SOLUTION:
determine the reactions at C.
• Apply the relationship between shear

and load to develop the shear diagram.
Draw the shear and bending moment • Apply the relationship between
diagrams for the beam and loading bending moment and shear to develop
shown. the bending moment diagram.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.5

SOLUTION:
determine the reactions at C.
 Fy  0   12 w0a  RC RC  12 w0 a
 a  a
 M C  0  12 w0 a L    M C M C   12 w0 a L  
 3  3
Results from integration of the load and shear
distributions should be equivalent.
• Apply the relationship between shear and load
to develop the shear diagram.
a
a   2 
 x x
VB  V A    w0 1   dx    w0  x  
0  a   2a 
0
VB   12 w0 a    area under load curve
- No change in shear between B and C.
- Compatible with free body analysis
Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.5

• Apply the relationship between bending moment
and shear to develop the bending moment
diagram.
a

a

 x 2     x 2 x3 
M B  M A    w0 x  dx   w0   
  2a    2 6a 
0     0
M B   13 w0 a 2
L
 
M B  M C    12 w0 a dx   12 w0 aL  a 
a
a w0  a
M C   16 w0 a3L  a   L 
2  3
Results at C are compatible with free-body

analysis

Edition
Third
Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

• The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
M max c M max
m  
I S
• A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be

less than the allowable stress for the material used. This
criteria leads to the determination of the minimum
acceptable section modulus.
 m   all
M max
S min 
 all
• Among beam section choices which have an acceptable

section modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit
length or cross sectional area will be the least expensive
and the best choice.
Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.8
SOLUTION:
• Considering the entire beam as a free-
body, determine the reactions at A and
D.
• Develop the shear diagram for the

A simply supported steel beam is to beam and load distribution. From the
carry the distributed and concentrated diagram, determine the maximum
loads shown. Knowing that the bending moment.
allowable normal stress for the grade
of steel to be used is 160 MPa, select • Determine the minimum acceptable
the wide-flange shape that should be beam section modulus. Choose the
used. best standard section which meets this
criteria.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.8

• Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
 M A  0  D5 m   60 kN1.5 m   50 kN 4 m 
D  58.0 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  58.0 kN  60 kN  50 kN
Ay  52.0 kN
• Develop the shear diagram and determine the

maximum bending moment.
V A  Ay  52.0 kN
VB  V A  area under load curve  60 kN
VB  8 kN
• Maximum bending moment occurs at

V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M max  area under shear curve, A to E 
 67.6 kN

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 5.8

• Determine the minimum acceptable beam
section modulus.
M max 67.6 kN  m
S min  
 all 160 MPa
 422.5  10 6 m3  422.5  103 mm3
• Choose the best standard section which meets

this criteria.
Shape S , mm3 W 360 32.9
W410 38.8 637
W360 32.9 474
W310 38.7 549
W250 44.8 535
W200 46.1 448

Mechanics of Materials: Analysis and Design of Beams For Bending

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Third Edition

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

distributed loads and resultant forces R

fig by J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige, I

fig by J.L. Meriam, L.G. Kraige, I

• Beams - structural members supporting loads at

• Transverse loadings of beams are classified as

• Applied loads result in internal forces

• Normal stress is often the critical design criteria

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5-8

Concept of Shear Force and Bending moment

This forces ‘F' is as a shear

Sign Convention for Shear Force

Sagging' and Hogging are

Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams:

A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural

Bending moment at a section of beam is the algebraic sum

multi force members

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Shear force and bending couple at a point are

• Sign conventions for shear forces V and V’

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 15

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 16

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 17

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 18

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 19

Draw SFD and BMD for the beam and loading

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 20

Sample Problem 5.1

• Section the beam at points near

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

Sample Problem 5.1

• Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 22

Sample Problem 5.1

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 23

Sample Problem 5.2

• Section the beam at points near the

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 24

Sample Problem 5.2

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 25

Sample Problem 5.2

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 26

Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

• Relationship between shear and bending

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 27

Sample Problem 5.3

• Apply the relationship between shear and

• Apply the relationship between bending

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 28

Sample Problem 5.3

• Apply the relationship between shear and load to

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 29

Sample Problem 5.3

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 30

Sample Problem 5.5

• Apply the relationship between shear

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 31

Sample Problem 5.5

Sample Problem 5.5

Results at C are compatible with free-body

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 - 33