Third Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

7 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
Transformations of
Stress and Strain
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Transformations of Stress and Strain

Introduction
Transformation of Plane Stress
Principal Stresses
Maximum Shearing Stress
Example 7.01
Sample Problem 7.1
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Example 7.02
Sample Problem 7.2
General State of Stress
Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three- Dimensional Analysis of Stress
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress
Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

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Introduction
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.

• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

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Introduction
• Plane Stress - state of stress in which two
faces of the cubic element are free of stress.
For the illustrated example, the state of stress
is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate

subjected to forces acting in the midplane of
the plate.

• State of plane stress also occurs on the free

surface of a structural element or machine
component, i.e., at any point of the surface not
subjected to an external force.

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Transformation of Plane Stress

• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a prismatic element with

faces perpendicular to the x, y, and x’ axes.

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Transformation of Plane Stress

• The equations may be rewritten to yield

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Principal Stresses

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Principal Stresses
• The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,

 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 

• Principal stresses occur on the principal planes

of stress with zero shearing stresses.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 max,min       xy
2
2  2 
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

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Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for  x   ave

2
 x  y 
 max  R      xy
2
 2 
 x  y
tan 2 s  
2 xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from p by 45o
 x  y
    ave 
2

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Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
• Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x  y 
 max, min       xy
2
For the state of plane stress shown, 2  2 
determine (a) the principal panes, • Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the 2
maximum shearing stress and the   x   y 
 max      xy
2
corresponding normal stress.  2 
x  y

 
2

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Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy 2 40 
tan 2 p    1.333
 x  y 50   10 
2 p  53.1, 233.1
 p  26.6, 116 .6
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa
 x  10 MPa • Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x  y 
 max, min       xy
2
2  2 
 20  302  402
 max  70 MPa
 min  30 MPa

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Example 7.01
• Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
2
 x  y 
 max      xy
2
 2 
 302  402
 max  50 MPa
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa  s   p  45
 x  10 MPa  s  18.4, 71.6

• The corresponding normal stress is

x  y 50  10
    ave  
2 2
   20 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses
at H.
• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.

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Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P  150 lb
T  150 lb 18 in   2.7 kip  in
M x  150 lb 10 in   1.5 kip  in

• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses

at H.
y 
Mc

1.5 kip  in 0.6 in 
I 1  0.6 in 4
4

 xy  
Tc

2.7 kip  in 0.6 in 
J 1  0.6 in 4
2

 x  0  y  8.84 ksi  y  7.96 ksi

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Sample Problem 7.1

• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2 xy 27.96
tan 2 p    1.8
 x  y 0  8.84
2 p  61.0,119 
 p  30.5, 59.5

2
x  y  x  y 
 max, min       xy
2
2  2 
2
0  8.84  0  8.84 
  7.96 
2
  
2  2 
 max  13.52 ksi
 min  4.68 ksi

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Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With the physical significance of Mohr’s circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.

• For a known state of plane stress  x , y , xy

plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 

• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max,min   ave  R
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.
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Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.

• For the state of stress at an angle  with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.

• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.

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Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:

P P
x  ,  y   xy  0  x   y   xy 
A 2A

• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:

Tc Tc
 x   y  0  xy  x y   xy  0
J J

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Example 7.02

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohr’s circle, determine
(b) the principal planes, (c) the SOLUTION:
principal stresses, (d) the maximum • Construction of Mohr’s circle
shearing stress and the corresponding
 ave 
x  y

50   10  20 MPa
normal stress.
2 2
CF  50  20  30 MPa FX  40 MPa
R  CX  302  402  50 MPa
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Example 7.02
• Principal planes and stresses
 max  OA  OC  CA  20  50
 max  70 MPa
 min  OB  OC  BC  20  50
 min  30 MPa

FX 40
tan 2 p  
CP 30
2 p  53.1
 p  26.6

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Example 7.02

• Maximum shear stress

 s   p  45  max  R     ave
 s  71.6  max  50 MPa    20 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.2

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise • Construct Mohr’s circle
through 30 degrees.  x   y 100  60
 ave    80 MPa
2 2
R CF 2  FX 2  202  482  52 MPa
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Sample Problem 7.2

• Principal planes and stresses

XF 48  max  OA  OC  CA  max  OA  OC  BC
tan 2 p    2.4
CF 20  80  52  80  52
2 p  67.4
 max  132 MPa  min  28 MPa
 p  33.7 clockwise

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Sample Problem 7.2

  180  60  67.4  52.6

• Stress components after rotation by 30o
 x  OK  OC  KC  80  52 cos 52.6
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that  y  OL  OC  CL  80  52 cos 52.6
correspond to stress components on the
 xy  KX   52 sin 52.6
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through 2  60  x  48.4 MPa
 y  111 .6 MPa
 xy  41.3 MPa

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Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

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Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

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Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

• Cylindrical vessel with principal stresses
1 = hoop stress
2 = longitudinal stress

• Hoop stress:
 Fz  0   12t x   p2r x 
pr
1 
t

• Longitudinal stress:
 
 Fx  0   2 2 rt   p  r
2

pr
2 
2t
 1  2 2

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Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

• Spherical pressure vessel:

pr
1   2 
2t

• Mohr’s circle for in-plane

transformations reduces to a point
  1   2  constant
 max(in -plane)  0

• Maximum out-of-plane shearing

stress
pr
 max  12 1 
4t

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