Fifth SI Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
7 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Transformations of
David F. Mazurek
Stress and Strain
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Introduction
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normalstresses
 xy,  yz ,  zx shearingstresses
(Note:  xy   yx,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.

• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

7- 2
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Introduction
• Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.

7- 3
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
7.1 Transformation of Plane Stress
• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x’ axes.
 Fx  0   xA  x Acos cos  xy Acos sin
 y Asin sin  xy Asin cos
 Fy  0   xyA   x Acos sin  xy Acos cos
 y Asin cos  xy Asin sin

• The equations may be rewritten to yield

 x   y  x  y
 x   cos2  xy sin2
2 2
    
 y  x y  x y cos2  xy sin2
2 2
 
 xy   x y sin2  xy cos2
2

7- 4
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Principal Stresses
• The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,

 x  ave2  x2y  R2
where
 x  y   x  y 
2
 ave  R     xy
2
2  2 

• Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
 x  y   x  y 
2
 max,min      xy
2
2  2 
2 xy
tan2 p 
 x  y
Note: definestwoanglesseparatedby 90o

7- 5
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Maximum Shearing Stress
Maximum shearing stress occurs for  x   ave

  x  y 
2
 max  R     xy
2
 2 
  y
tan2s   x
2 xy
Note: definestwoanglesseparatedby 90o and
offsetfrom p by 45o
 x  y
    ave 
2

7- 6
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Concept Application 7.1

Fig. 7.13

For the state of plane stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes,
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the
maximum shearing stress and the
corresponding normal stress.

7- 7
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Concept Application 7.1

Fig. 7.13

 x  50MPa  xy  40MPa
 x  10MPa

Fig. 7.14

7- 8
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Concept Application 7.1

Fig. 7.13

 x  50MPa  xy  40MPa
 x  10MPa

Fig. 7.16

7- 9
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 7.1
SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses
at H.
• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 600 N
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
7- 10
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 7.1
SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P  600N
T  600N0.45m  270Nm
M x  600N0.25m  150Nm

• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses

at H.

y  
Mc 150Nm0.015m
 1
4  0.015m
4
I
Tc 270Nm0.015m
 xy     1
J 2  0.015m 4

 x  0  y  56.6 MPa  y  50.9 MPa

7- 11
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 7.1

7- 12
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Problems

• 7-19, 7-22
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
• With the physical significance of Mohr’s circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.

• For a known state of plane stress  x , y , xy

plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
 x  y   x  y 
2
 ave  R     xy
2
2  2 

• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max,min   ave  R
2 xy
tan2 p 
 x  y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.
7- 14
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.

• For the state of stress at an angle  with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.

• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.

7- 15
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Concept Application 7.2

Fig. 7.13

For the state of plane stress shown, (a)

construct Mohr’s circle, determine (b)
the principal planes, (c) the principal
stresses, (d) the maximum shearing
stress and the corresponding normal
stress.

7- 16
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Concept Application 7.2

7- 17
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Concept Application 7.2

• Maximum shear stress

s   p  45  max  R     ave

s  71.6  max  50 MPa    20MPa

7- 18
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
• Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:

P P
 x  ,  y   xy  0  x   y   xy 
A 2A

• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:

Tc Tc
 x   y  0  xy  x  y   xy  0
J J
7- 19
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 7.2

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise • Construct Mohr’s circle
through 30 degrees.    100 60
 ave  x y   80MPa
2 2
R CF2  FX 2  202  482  52MPa
7- 20
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 7.2

• Principal planes and stresses

XF 48  max  OA OC  CA  max  OA OC  BC
tan2 p    2.4
CF 20  80  52  80  52
2 p  67.4  max  132MPa  min  28MPa
 p  33.7 clockwise
7- 21
Edition
Fifth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 7.2

  180  60  67.4  52.6

• Stress components after rotation by 30o
 x  OK  OC  KC  80  52cos52.6
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that  y  OL  OC  CL  80  52cos52.6
correspond to stress components on the
 xy  KX   52sin52.6
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through 2  60  x  48.4 MPa
 y  111.6 MPa
 xy  41.3MPa
7- 22