TORSION NOTE 2021pptx

Fifth SI Edition
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
3 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Torsion
David F. Mazurek
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Contents
Introduction Statically Indeterminate Shafts

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts Sample Problem 3.4
Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses Design of Transmission Shafts
Axial Shear Components Stress Concentrations
Shaft Deformations Plastic Deformations
Shearing Strain Elastoplastic Materials
Stresses in Elastic Range Residual Stresses
Normal Stresses Example 3.08/3.09
Torsional Failure Modes Torsion of Noncircular Members
Sample Problem 3.1 Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range Example 3.10
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 2

Edition
Introduction
TORSION: Torsion refers to the twisting of a straight bar when it is loaded by
moments (or torques) that tend to produce rotation about the longitudinal axis of
the bar.
E.g.
• Turning a screw driver with the hand
• The hand applies a torque T to the handle
• Other examples of bar in torsion are propeller shafts, steering rods, drill bits
etc.
Edition
Introduction cont.
An Idealized Torsional Load
•
Alternative Representation of Moment of a Couple:

• Vector representation
• The direction (or sense) of the moment is indicated by the right-hand rule for
moment vectors—namely, using your right hand, let your fingers curl in the
direction of the moment, and then your thumb will point in the direction of the
vector
Edition
Introduction cont.
• Using Curved Arrow Acting in the Direction of Rotation
What is a shaft?
Cylindrical members that are subjected to torques and transmit power through
rotation are called shafts. E.g. drive shaft of automobile, propeller shaft of a ship

Edition
Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts
• Interested in stresses and strains of

circular shafts subjected to twisting
couples or torques
• Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft
• Shaft transmits the torque to the

generator
• Generator creates an equal and
opposite torque T’

Edition
Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses
• Net of the internal shearing stresses is an

internal torque, equal and opposite to the
applied torque,
T    dF      dA
• Although the net torque due to the shearing

stresses is known, the distribution of the
stresses is not.
• Distribution of shearing stresses is statically
indeterminate – must consider shaft
deformations.
• Unlike the normal stress due to axial loads, the
distribution of shearing stresses due to torsional
loads can not be assumed uniform.

Edition
Axial Shear Components
• Torque applied to shaft produces shearing

stresses on the faces perpendicular to the
axis.
• Conditions of equilibrium require the

existence of equal stresses on the faces of the
two planes containing the axis of the shaft.
• The existence of the axial shear components is

demonstrated by considering a shaft made up
of axial slats.
• The slats slide with respect to each other

when equal and opposite torques are applied
to the ends of the shaft.

Edition
Shaft Deformations
• From observation, the angle of twist of the

shaft is proportional to the applied torque and
to the shaft length.
 T
L
• When subjected to torsion, every cross-section
of a circular shaft remains plane and
undistorted.
• Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular
shafts remain plain and undistorted because a
circular shaft is axisymmetric.
• Cross-sections of noncircular (non-
axisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion.

Edition
Shearing Strain
• Consider an interior section of the shaft. As a

torsional load is applied, an element on the
interior cylinder deforms into a rhombus.
• Since the ends of the element remain planar,

the shear strain is equal to angle of twist.
Again length of an arc are the same
• It follows that

L   or  
L
• Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius

c 
 max  and    max
L c

Edition
Shearing Strain Cont.
•

Edition
Stresses in Elastic Range

• Multiplying the previous equation by the
shear modulus,

G  G max
c
From Hooke’s Law,   G , so

  max
c
J  12  c 4
The shearing stress varies linearly with the
radial position in the section.
• Recall that the sum of the moments from
the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,
 
T    dA  max   2 dA  max J
c c
• The results are known as the elastic torsion
formulas,

J  12  c24  c14   max 
Tc
and  
T
J J
Edition
Stresses in Elastic Range

•is called the polar moment of inertia. This term indicates the cross
sectional properties to withstand the applied torque
 max 2  max
T    dA    dA  J
c c

•Since this applies to circular bars, the standard terms for or J are

Edition
Normal Stresses
• Elements with faces parallel and
perpendicular to the shaft axis are subjected to
shear stresses only. Normal stresses, shearing
stresses or a combination of both may be
found for other orientations.
• Consider an element at 45o to the shaft axis,
F  2 max A0  cos 45   max A0 2
F  max A0 2
 45o     max
A A0 2
• Element a is in pure shear.

• Element c is subjected to a tensile stress on
two faces and compressive stress on the other
two.
• Note that all stresses for elements a and c have
the same magnitude

Edition
Torsional Failure Modes
• Ductile materials generally fail in

shear. Brittle materials are weaker
in tension than shear.
• When subjected to torsion, a ductile

specimen breaks along a plane of
maximum shear, i.e., a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis.
• When subjected to torsion, a brittle
specimen breaks along planes
perpendicular to the direction in
which tension is a maximum, i.e.,
along surfaces at 45o to the shaft
axis.

Edition
Sample Problem 3.1

SOLUTION:
• Cut sections through shafts AB
and BC and perform static
equilibrium analyses to find
torque loadings.
• Apply elastic torsion formulas to
find minimum and maximum
stress on shaft BC.
Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer
diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm, • Given allowable shearing stress
respectively. Shafts AB and CD are solid and applied torque, invert the
of diameter d. For the loading shown, elastic torsion formula to find the
determine (a) the minimum and maximum required diameter.
shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the
required diameter d of shafts AB and CD
if the allowable shearing stress in these
shafts is 65 MPa.
Edition
Sample Problem 3.1

SOLUTION:
• Cut sections through shafts AB and BC
and perform static equilibrium analysis
to find torque loadings.
 M x  0   6 kN  m   TAB  M x  0   6 kN  m   14 kN  m   TBC

TAB  6 kN  m  TCD TBC  20 kN  m

Edition
Sample Problem 3.1

• Apply elastic torsion formulas to • Given allowable shearing stress and
find minimum and maximum applied torque, invert the elastic torsion
stress on shaft BC. formula to find the required diameter.
J
2

 4 4 
2
 
c2  c1   0.060 4   0.045 4   max 
Tc

Tc
65MPa 
6 kN  m
J  c4  c3
2 2
 13.92  10 6 m 4
c  38.9  103 m
TBC c2  20 kN  m  0.060 m 
 max   2   d  2c  77.8 mm
J 13.92  10 6 m 4
 86.2 MPa
 min c1  min 45 mm
 
 max c2 86.2 MPa 60 mm  max  86.2 MPa
 min  64.7 MPa  min  64.7 MPa
Edition
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

• Recall that the angle of twist and maximum
shearing strain are related,
c
 max 
L
• In the elastic range, the shearing strain and shear
stress are related by Hooke’s Law,
 max Tc
 max  
G JG
• Equating the expressions for shearing strain and
solving for the angle of twist,
TL

JG
• If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section
changes along the length, the angle of rotation is
found as the sum of segment rotations
Ti Li
 
i J i Gi

Edition
Statically Indeterminate Shafts

• Given the shaft dimensions and the applied
torque, we would like to find the torque reactions
at A and B.
• From a free-body analysis of the shaft,
TA  TB  120 N  m
which is not sufficient to find the end torques.

The problem is statically indeterminate.
• Divide the shaft into two components which
must have compatible deformations,
TA L1 TB L2 LJ
  1   2   0 TB  1 2 TA
J1G J 2G L2 J1
• Substitute into the original equilibrium equation,

L1 J 2
TA  TA  120 N  m
L2 J1

Edition
Example 2

•Under normal operating conditions, the electric motor exerts a
torque of on shaft AB. Knowing that each shaft is solid, determine
the maximum shearing stress in (1.1) shaft AB, (1.2) shaft BC, (1.3)
shaft CD.

Edition
Example 3
solid shaft shown is formed of a brass for which the allowable
•The
shearing stress is 55MPa. Neglecting the effect of stress
concentrations, determine the smallest diameter and for which the
allowable shearing stress is not exceeded

Edition
Example 3
aluminium rod AB is bonded to the brass rod BD . Knowing that
•The
portion CD of the brass rod is hollow and has an inner diameter of 40
mm, determine the angle of twist at A

Edition
Example 5
electric motor exerts a torque of on the steel shaft ABCD when
•The
it is rotating at constant speed. Design specifications require that the
diameter of the shaft be uniform from A to D and that the angle of
twist between A to D not exceed . Knowing that , determine the
minimum diameter shaft that can be used

Edition
Shaft Power Transmission

• The most important use of circular shafts is to transmit mechanical power from
one device or machine to another, as in the drive shaft of an automobile, the
propeller shaft of a ship, or the axle of a bicycle.
• A common design problem is to determine the required size of a shaft so that it
will transmit a specified amount of power at a specified rotational speed without
exceeding the allowable stresses for the material.
• Work done by the torque
• where
• Power is the rate at which work is done
(1)
• Where . The rate of change of the angular
displacement is the angular speed

Edition
Shaft Power Transmission Cont.

•Therefore
2
• NOTE: Angular speed is often expressed as the frequency f of rotation, which
is the number of revolutions per unit of time. The unit of frequency is the hertz
(Hz), equal to one revolution per second . Inasmuch as one revolution equals
radians, we obtain
• Expression for power (Eq.2) now becomes
• NOTE: Another commonly used unit is denoted by the letter . Therefore we

have the following relationships:
Therefore

Edition

•Example
1: solid steel shaft of 50 mm diameter is driven at by a motor that
transmits to the shaft at . The gears at and drive machinery requiring power equal
to and , respectively. Compute the maximum shear stress in the shaft and angle of
twist between the motor at and gear at.

Edition

•Example:
The shaft ABC shown in the figure is driven by a motor that delivers at a
rotational speed of 32 Hz. The gears at B and C take out 120 and , respectively. The
lengths of the two parts of the shaft are Determine the required diameter of the
shaft if the allowable shear stress is 50MPa, the allowable angle of twist between
points A and C is , and . [Hint: the motor rotates in the clockwise direction and the
two gears rotate in the opposite direction to the motor]

Edition
Example 2
drive shaft AB of an automobile is made of a steel having an
•The
allowable shear stress of 6.89 Mpa. If the outer diameter of the
shaft is 63.5 mm and the engine deliversW to the shaft when it is
turning at 1140 rpm, determine the minimum required thickness of
the shaft’s wall,

Edition
Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members

Similar steps applied in solving statically indeterminate axially loaded members are
used.
Steps:
• 1: Equilibrium equation
• 2: Compatibility equation
• 3: Torque-displacement relations
Example 1: Consider a composite bar AB held together at the end with a flat plate.
The bar is loaded as shown below. Establish the formula to calculate torques and
angles of twists on both members.

Edition
Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members Cont.
•STEP
1: Equation of equilibrium: When the torque is applied to the composite
bar, the end plate rotates through a small angle (Fig. 2 c) and torques are
developed in the solid bar and the tube, respectively. The sum of equals the
applied load.
• 1
Edition

•STEP
1: Equation of equilibrium: When the torque is applied to the composite
bar, the end plate rotates through a small angle (Fig. 2 c) and torques are
developed in the solid bar and the tube, respectively. The sum of equals the
applied load.
1
STEP 2: Equation of compatibility: The angle of twist of the bar and the tube
respectively are equal since the bar and the tube are securely joined to the end
plate and rotate with it. Therefore:
2
STEP 3: Write the torque displacement relations. For a linearly elastic material .
Therefore
(3) Substituting eq.3 into eq.2
4

Edition

•Solving
eq. 1 and eq. 4 simultaneously gives:
(5)
NOTE: Having determined the torque, the essential part of the statically
indeterminate analysis is completed. All other quantities, such as stresses and
angles of twist can now be found from the torques.

Edition
Statically Indeterminate Shafts

• Given the shaft dimensions and the applied
torque, we would like to find the torque reactions
at A and B.
• From a free-body analysis of the shaft,
which is not sufficient to find the end torques.

The problem is statically indeterminate.
• Divide the shaft into two components which
must have compatible deformations,
• Substitute into the original equilibrium equation,

Edition
Example 3
Two solid steel shafts are connected by the gears shown. A torque of
magnitude T=900 N.m is applied to shaft AB. Knowing that the
allowable shearing stress is 50-MPa and considering only stresses
due to twisting, determine the required diameter of (a) shaft AB, (b)
shaft CD

Edition
Example 4
Two solid steel shafts (G=77.2-Gpa) are connected to a coupling disk
B and to fixed supports at A and C. For the loading shown, determine
(a) the reaction at each support, (b) the maximum shearing stress in
the shaft AB, (c ) the maximum shearing stress in shaft BC.

Edition
Sample Problem 3.4

Two solid steel shafts are connected by gears. Knowing that for
each shaft G = 77 GPa and that the allowable shearing stress is 55
MPa, determine (a) the largest torque T0 that may be applied to the
end of shaft AB, (b) the corresponding angle through which end A of
shaft AB rotates.

Edition
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
• Apply a static equilibrium analysis on • Apply a kinematic analysis to relate
the two shafts to find a relationship the angular rotations of the gears.
between TCD and T0 .
 0  F  22 mm   T0 rB B  rCC
M B
rC 60 mm
M C  0  F  60 mm   TCD B  C  C
rB 20 mm
TCD  2.73 T0
 B  2.73C

Edition
Example 2
•A steel shaft and an aluminium tube are connected to a fixed support
and to a rigid disk as shown in the cross section. Knowing that the
initial stresses are zero, determine the maximum torque that can be
applied to the disk if the allowable stresses are 120-Mpa in the steel
shaft and 70-Mpa in the aluminium tube. Use G=77-GPa for steel and
G=27-Gpa for aluminium

Edition
Example

•The 60-mm diameter shaft ABC is supported by two journal
bearings, while the 80- mm diameter shaft EH is fixed at E and
supported by a journal bearing at H. If and , determine the angle of
twist of gears A and C. The shafts are made of steel and .

Edition
Example 4
Stud the diagram carefully and show that

Edition
Example 3
•A solid circular solid bar ABCD with fixed supports is acted upon by torques at the
locations shown in the figure. Obtain the formula for the maximum angle of twist of
the bar

Edition
Stress Concentration In Torsion
• Previously, we considered that shafts were loaded at its ends through rigid end
plate solidly attached to it
• Again that some are loaded at one end with the other end free where the torque is
applied
• In practice, torques is usually applied to the shaft through flange couplings (Fig.
1a) or thorough gears connected to the shaft by keys fitted in the key ways (Fig.
1b).

Edition
• The
distribution of stress in flange area and in the key way area is obviously
different from the one calculated using
• High concentration of stress will occur in the neighbourhood of the key way
and that of the flange
• Stress in this localized region is better found by using stress method or through
the use of mathematical theory of elasticity (beyond our scope)
Fig. 2

Edition
• Consider the shaft with abrupt change in diameter

• Stress concentrations will occur near the discontinuity
• The highest is obtainable at point A
• The stress may be reduced through the use of fillet
• The maximum value of shear stress at the fillet can be expressed as
(1)
= the stress calculated in the small diameter shaft
= the stress concentration factor
NOTE
depends on and
Where
= diameter of bigger shaft
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Edition
•= diameter of the small shaft

= radius of the fillet
Value of calculated is valid provided the proportional limit is not exceeded
If plastic deformation occurs, the value of will be lower than that calculated using
equation
•Example

In the stepped shaft shown, which has a full quarter-circular fillet, the allowable
shearing stress is 80MPa. Knowing that D=30 mm, determine the largest allowable
torque that can be applied to the shaft if (5.1) , (5.2)

Edition

Edition
Example 2

Edition
Strain Energy in Torsion

When a load is applied to a structure, the following occurs
• The load does work on the body
• The work is stored as strain energy on the body
•NOTE:

• For linearly elastic material (Hooke’s law obeyed)
• Torque is proportional to angle of twist
• Work done equals the shaded area
• Work done is equal to the strain energy

Edition
Strain Energy in Torsion Cont.

•
But
Therefore the strain energy in torsion is
Bar with prismatic Segments

• Determine the strain energy of each segment
• Add them together to obtain
• 𝑛
𝑇 21 𝐿𝑖
𝑈 𝑇 =∑
𝑖=1 2 𝐺𝑖 ( 𝐺 I P )𝑖

Edition
Strain Energy in Torsion Cont.

Bar with Varying Torque or Cross-Section
strain energy is given by

•The
and
•Example
1
A solid circular bar AB of length L is fixed at one end and free at the other as
shown below. Three different loading conditions are to be considered. (a) torque
acting at free end; (b) torque acting at the midpoint of the bar; and (c) toque
acting simultaneously. For each case of loading, obtain a formula for the strain
energy stored in the bar. The evaluate the strain energy for the following data:, , , ,
and

Edition
Example 1
•Example
1
A solid circular bar AB of length L is fixed at
one end and free at the other as shown below.
Three different loading conditions are to be
considered. (a) torque acting at free end; (b)
torque acting at the midpoint of the bar; and
(c) toque acting simultaneously. For each
case of loading, obtain a formula for the strain
energy stored in the bar. The evaluate the
strain energy for the following data:, , , , and

Edition
Example 2

•Obtain a formula for the strain energy U of the statically
indeterminate circular bar shown in the fig. below. The bar has fixed
supports at ends A and B and is loaded by torques and at points C
and D respectively.

Edition
Example 2
•2.1.
A solid circular bar ABCD with fixed supports is acted upon by torques and at
the locations shown in the figure 1. Show that the angle of twist
•2.2.
Similar circular bar ABCD with fixed supports at ends A and D is acted upon
by two equal and oppositely directed torques , as shown figure 3. The torques is
applied at points L and M, each of which is located at a distance from one end of
the bar. (2.2.1) for what value of will the angle of twist be maximum, (2.2.2) Use
the value of from (2.2.1) to obtain the formula for

Edition
Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

What to do in this section?
• Analyse thin-walled tubular members with noncircular cross sections which
are often required to resist torsion
• Applications - found in light weight structures, such as aircraft and spacecraft

Edition
Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts Cont.

• Forces
on ad and bc bounded by the transverse
plane are equal and council out. The are in fact in
equilibrium
• The body is only influenced by forces in the
longitudinal direction.
and
• The longitudinal cuts and were selected arbitrarily, it follows from the
preceding equation that the product of the shear stress and the thickness of the
tube is the same at every point in the cross section
• This product is known as the shear flow and is denoted by the letter:
• Largest shear stress occurs where the thickness is smallest, and vice versa
• In the region where the thickness is constant, the shear stress is also constant.

Edition

SHEAR FLOW: Shear flow is the shear force per unit distance along the cross
section
Torsion Formula For Thin-walled Tube
• The is the dashed line
• Element of area of distance (measured along
the median line) and thickness
• Total shear force is
• Torque about any point O within the tube
• Total torque
where denotes the length of the median line.
The quantity represents twice the area of the
shaded triangle
• Note : Area of a triangle and

Edition

• Therefore,
the integral represents twice the area enclosed by the median line of the
cross section: (7)
; and
• Therefore
A Thin-walled Circular Tube

••
The area enclosed by the median
line is
• The shear stress which is constant
around the cross section is given as

Edition

A Thin-walled Rectangular Tube
• The
thin-walled rectangular tube have thickness
and sides and on the top and the bottom
respectively
• The height and width (measured to the median line
of the cross section) are and , respectively
• The area within the median line is
• The shear stresses in the vertical and horizontal
sides respectively are
IF is larger than , maximum shear stress will occur in
the vertical sides of the cross section

Edition

Strain Energy And Torsion Constant
•The strain energy of a thin-walled tube can be determined by first finding the
strain energy of an element and then integrating thought the volume of the bar
Note:
• = cross-sectional area of element of the tube
• = volume the element like the one shown in
• = strain energy density

Edition

•The
total strain energy of the element is equal to the strain-energy density times the
volume
Replacing by shear flow
The total strain energy of the tube is obtained by integrating throughout the
volume of the tube, that is, is integrated from 0 to around the median line and is
integrated along the axis of the tube from 0 to , where is the length
14
The equation for strain energy becomes
15

Edition

•Substituting , eq. 15 becomes
16
This is the strain energy in terms of torque .
Now let us introduce property of the cross-section, called torsion constant .
(17)
Eq. 17 becomes
This is the same form as the equation for strain energy in a circular bar. The only
difference is that the torsion constant has replaced the polar moment of inertia .
The torsion constant has units of length to the fourth power

Edition

•
Value of () for Circular and Rectangular shapes
• For
circular tube with • For the rectangular tube; and
constant thickness • . The torsion constant
• . Therefore • Since

Edition

Angle of Twist •Note:

• We obtain the angle of twist ( by equating the
work done to the strain energy stored
•
• Therefore
• The quantity is called the torsional rigidity of
the tube.

Edition
Example 1
•A Thin-walled steel tube of rectangular cross section (figure below) has centreline
dimensions and . The wall thickness is constant and equal to .
(3.1). Determine the shear stress in the tube due to a torque .
(3.2). Determine the angle of twist (in degrees) if the length of the tube is and
shear modulus .

Edition
Example 2

•Thin-walled circular tube and a solid circular bar of the same
material are subjected to torsion. The tube and bar have the same
cross-sectional area and the same length. What is the ratio of the
strain energy in the tube to the strain energy in the solid bar if the
maximum shear stresses are the same in both cases? [For the tube,
use the approximate theory for thin-walled bars]

Edition
Example 3

•Calculate the shear stress and the angle of twist (in degrees) for a
steel tube having the cross-section shown in the figure below. The
tube has length and is subjected to torque

Edition
Example 4
A hollow member having the cross section shown is formed from
sheet metal of 2-mm thickness. Knowing that the shearing stress
must not exceed 3 MPa, determine the largest torque that can be
applied to the member

Edition
Example 5

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Fifth SI Edition

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction Statically Indeterminate Shafts

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 2

Alternative Representation of Moment of a Couple:

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 5

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

• Interested in stresses and strains of

• Shaft transmits the torque to the

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 6

Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses

• Net of the internal shearing stresses is an

• Although the net torque due to the shearing

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 7

Axial Shear Components

• Torque applied to shaft produces shearing

• Conditions of equilibrium require the

• The existence of the axial shear components is

• The slats slide with respect to each other

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 8

• From observation, the angle of twist of the

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 9

• Consider an interior section of the shaft. As a

• Since the ends of the element remain planar,

• Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 10

Shearing Strain Cont.

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 11

Stresses in Elastic Range

Stresses in Elastic Range

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• Element a is in pure shear.

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Torsional Failure Modes

• Ductile materials generally fail in

• When subjected to torsion, a ductile

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Sample Problem 3.1

Sample Problem 3.1

 M x  0   6 kN  m   TAB  M x  0   6 kN  m   14 kN  m   TBC

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Sample Problem 3.1

Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

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Statically Indeterminate Shafts

which is not sufficient to find the end torques.

• Substitute into the original equilibrium equation,

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Shaft Power Transmission

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Shaft Power Transmission Cont.

• Expression for power (Eq.2) now becomes

• NOTE: Another commonly used unit is denoted by the letter . Therefore we

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Shaft Power Transmission Cont.

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Shaft Power Transmission Cont.

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Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members