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CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
1 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
Introduction –
Concept of Stress
John T. DeWolf
Mechanics
This model is important because the body’s shape does not change
when a load is applied, and so we do not have to consider the type
of material from which the body is made. In most cases the actual
deformations occurring in structures, machines, mechanisms, and
the like are relatively small, and the rigid-body assumption is
suitable for analysis.
Rigid-body mechanics is divided into two areas: statics and
dynamics.
Statics - study of forces on rigid body when it is at rest or moving
with constant velocity
Dynamics - study of forces on rigid body when it is in motion.
Stress is associated with the strength of the material, from which the body is
made, while strain is a measure of the deformation of the body.
Review of Statics
• Results:
A 40 kN Cx 40 kN C y 30 kN
Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50 103 N
all A 500 10 6 m 2
A all 100 106 Pa
d2
A
4
d
4A
4 500 10 6 m 2 2.52 102 m 25.2 mm
Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
ave
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 16
Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
P F P F
ave ave
A A A 2A
P 50 103 N
BC,end 167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2
Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
cos2 q sinq cosq
A0 A0
V yx Vzx
xy lim xz lim
A0 A A0 A
State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
Fx Fy Fz 0
Mx M y Mz 0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
M z 0 xy Aa yx Aa
xy yx
similarly, yz zy and yz zy
Factor of Safety