3/30/2013

Cal Poly State University CONTENTS

Department of Civil &
Environmental Engineering Concept of Stress
Review of Statics
Structure Free-Body Diagram
Component Free-Body Diagram
Bearing Stress in Connections
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
Pin Shearing Stresses

Strength of Materials I CE 204 Method of Joints Pin Bearing Stresses

Stress Analysis Stress in Two Force Members
Design Stress on an Oblique Plane

Dr. Eltahry Elghandour Axial Loading: Normal Stress

Centric & Eccentric Loading
Shearing Stress
Shearing Stress Examples
Maximum Stresses
Stress Under General Loadings
State of Stress
Factor of Safety

Spring 2013

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW OF STATICS

• The main objective of the study of mechanics of
materials is to provide the future engineer with the • The structure is designed
means of analyzing and designing various machines to support a 30 kN load
and load bearing structures. • The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by
• Both the analysis and design of a given structure pins (zero moment
involve the determination of stresses and connections) at the
deformations. This chapter is devoted to the junctions and supports
concept of stress. • Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal
 Understand the concepts of normal and shear stress force in each structural
 Analyze and design of members subjected on axial load member and the reaction
or shear forces at the supports

1
 3/30/2013

STRUCTURE FREE-BODY DIAGRAM COMPONENT FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

• Structure is detached from supports and • In addition to the complete structure, each
the loads and reaction forces are indicated component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN  M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN substitute into the structure
equilibrium equation
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0 C  30 kN
y

Ay  C y  30 kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from • Results:

A  40 kN  Cx  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
these equations
Reaction forces are directed along
boom and rod

METHOD OF JOINTS STRESS ANALYSIS

• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e., Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
the members are subjected to only two forces load?
which are applied at member ends • From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to FBC = 50 kN (tension)
to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions • At any section through member BC, the
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
 BC    159 MPa
equilibrium which may be expressed in the A 31410-6 m 2
form of a force triangle:
 • From the material properties for steel, the
 FB  0 allowable stress is
FAB FBC 30 kN  all  165 MPa
 
4 5 3 • Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN adequate

2
 3/30/2013

DESIGN AXIAL LOADING: NORMAL STRESS

• Design of new structures requires selection of
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
appropriate materials and component dimensions
loaded member is normal to a section cut
to meet performance requirements
perpendicular to the member axis.
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from • The force intensity on that section is defined as
aluminum all= 100 MPa). What is an the normal stress.
appropriate choice for the rod diameter? F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A
P P 50 103 N
 all  A   500 10 6 m 2
A  all 100 106 Pa • The normal stress at a particular point may not be
d2
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
A stress distribution must satisfy
4

d
4A


4 500 10 6 m 2   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm P   ave A   dF    dA
A
 
• The detailed distribution of stress is statically
indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
alone.
adequate

CENTRIC & ECCENTRIC LOADING SHEARING STRESS

• A uniform distribution of stress in a section infers • Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
that the line of action for the resultant of the member AB.
internal forces passes through the centroid of the
section. • Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• A uniform distribution of stress is only possible if
• The resultant of the internal shear force
the concentrated loads on the end sections of two-
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
force members are applied at the section
and is equal to the load P.
centroids. This is referred to as centric loading.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded, then A
the resultant of the stress distribution in a section • Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
must yield an axial force and a moment. member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded • The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
members cannot be uniform or symmetric. be uniform.

3

SHEARING STRESS EXAMPLES
Single Shear Double Shear
P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A
STRESS ANALYSIS & DESIGN EXAMPLE
• Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.
• From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection
3/30/2013
BEARING STRESS IN CONNECTIONS
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
• The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
• Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td
ROD & BOOM NORMAL STRESSES
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
• At the rod center, the average normal stress in
the circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is
BC = +159 MPa.
• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-
sectional area occurs at the pin centerline,
A  20 mm 40 mm  25 mm   300106 m 2
P 50 103 N
 BC,end    167 MPa
A 300106 m 2
• The boom is in compression with an axial force of
40 kN and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.
• The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.
4
 3/30/2013

PIN SHEARING STRESSES PIN SHEARING STRESSES

• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B, • Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
and C, the section with the largest shear force,

PE  15 kN
2
 25 mm  6 2
A   r2      49110 m
 2 
PG  25 kN (largest)
• The force on the pin at C is equal to the
force exerted by the rod BC, • Evaluate the corresponding average
shearing stress,
3
P 50 10 N
 C , ave    102 MPa
A 491106 m 2 PG 25 kN
 B, ave    50.9 MPa
A 491106 m 2
• The pin at A is in double shear with a
total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,

P 20 kN
 A, ave    40.7 MPa
A 491106 m 2

PIN BEARING STRESSES STRESS IN TWO FORCE MEMBERS

• Axial forces on a two force

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB, member result in only normal
we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm, stresses on a plane cut
P 40 kN perpendicular to the member axis.
b    53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 
• Transverse forces on bolts and
pins result in only shear stresses
• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
or pin axis.

P 40 kN
b    32.0 MPa • Will show that either axial or
td 50 mm 25 mm 
transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

5
 3/30/2013

STRESS ON AN OBLIQUE PLANE MAXIMUM STRESSES

• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle q with the normal plane. • Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
• From equilibrium conditions, the P P
 cos2 q  sinq cosq
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane A0 A0
must be equivalent to the force P.
• The maximum normal stress occurs when the
• Resolve P into components normal and reference plane is perpendicular to the member
tangential to the oblique section, axis,
P
F  P cosq V  P sinq m    0
A0
• The average normal and shear stresses on
the oblique plane are • The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at
+ 45o with respect to the axis,
F P cosq P
   cos2 q P P
Aq A0 A0 m  sin 45 cos 45   
cosq A0 2 A0
V P sinq P
   sinq cosq
Aq A0 A0
cosq

STRESS UNDER GENERAL LOADINGS STATE OF STRESS

• A member subjected to a general • Stress components are defined for the planes
combination of loads is cut into cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
two segments by a plane passing equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
through Q exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
• The distribution of internal stress stresses must satisfy the conditions for
components may be defined as, equilibrium:
F x  Fx   Fy   Fz  0
 x  lim
A0 A Mx  My  Mz  0
V yx Vzx • Consider the moments about the z axis:
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A A0 A
A0
M z  0   xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy   yx

• For equilibrium, an equal and

similarly,  yz   zy and  yz   zy
opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on • It follows that only 6 components of stress are
the other segment of the member. required to define the complete state of stress

6
 3/30/2013

FACTOR OF SAFETY
Structural members or
machines must be designed
such that the working stresses • uncertainty of analyses
are less than the ultimate
strength of the material.
In-class Activities
Factor of safety considerations:
• uncertainty in material properties 1. Check homework, if any
• uncertainty of loadings 2. Reading Quiz
3. Applications
• number of loading cycles 4. Normal Stress
• types of failure 5. Shear Stress
• maintenance requirements and 6. Concept Quiz
deterioration effects
• importance of member to
structures integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function

READING QUIZ READING QUIZ (CONT)

1. What is the normal stress in the bar if P=10 2. What is the average shear stress in the
kN and 500mm²? internal vertical surface AB (or CD), if
F=20kN, and A AB=ACD=1000mm²?
a) 0.02 kPa
a) 20 N/mm²
b) 20 Pa
b) 10 N/mm²
c) 20 kPa
c) 10 kPa
d) 200 N/mm²
d) 200 kN/m²
e) 20 MPa
e) 20 MPa

7
 3/30/2013

EXAMPLE 1 DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTION

• For normal force requirement
The bar in Fig. has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10
mm. Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it
is subjected to the loading shown. A
P
 allow
• For shear force requirement

V
A
 allow

CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The thrust bearing is subjected to the loads
as shown. Determine the order of average
normal stress developed on cross section
through BC and D.

a) C>B>D

b) C>D>B

c) B>C>D

d) D>B>C

8
3/30/2013

9
3/30/2013

10