Strength of Materials II

Winter 2021

Lecture 1

Dr. Hesham H. Ibrahim

Associate Professor, Mechatronics Department.
hesham.hamed-ahmed@guc.edu.eg
Office C7.04
Course Objectives
• Define the concept of stress transformation in a 2-D plane.

• Define the principal stresses.

• Apply Mohr's Circle representation of stresses in a 2-D plane.

• Analyze stresses of thin-walled pressure vessels.

• Calculate bending deflection and reactions of statically

indeterminate beams.

• Apply Euler’s buckling formula and empirical formulae to

calculate critical buckling loads.

• Apply Castigliano’s theorem as an energy method to solve

complicated structures.
Assessment
• 10% Tutorial Exercises & Assignments

• 20% Quizzes (best 2 out of 3)

• 25% Midetrm

• 45% Final exam

Fundamental Course Agreement

• No late submission is accepted

• No excuses are accepted for missing a quiz

• Best two out of three quizzes are counted.

References

• F. P. Beer and E. R. Johnston. “Mechanics of Materials.” 6th edition. New

York: McGraw Hill. ISBN: 007-124999-0.

 F. P. Beer and E. R. Johnston (2006). “Mechanics of Materials.” 4th edition. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN: 007-124999-0.
 Lecture 1
Transformation of Stress

1.1 Basic Definitions and Concepts

1.2 General State of Stress and Plane Stress

1.3 Transformation of Plane Stress

 1.1 Basic Definitions and Concepts

Rigid and Elastic Bodies

Rigid Body Elastic Body

 1.1 Basic Definitions and Concepts

Types of Loading

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 1.1 Basic Definitions and Concepts

Load – Deflection Curve

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 1.1 Basic Definitions and Concepts

Stress – Strain Curve

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 1.1 Basic Definitions and Concepts

Review of Statics

The structure is designed to support

a 30 kN load

The structure consists of a boom and

rod joined by pins (zero moment
connections) at the junctions and
supports

Perform a static analysis to determine

the internal force in each structural
member and the reaction forces at
the supports

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 1.1 Basic Definitions and Concepts

Structure Free-Body Diagram

Structure is detached from supports and the

loads and reaction forces are indicated

Conditions for static equilibrium:

 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN

Ay and Cy can not be determined from these

equations

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 1.1 Basic Definitions and Concepts

Component Free-Body Diagram

In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium

Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:

 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN

Results:
A  40 kN  Cx  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
Reaction forces are directed along boom and
rod

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 1.1 Basic Definitions and Concepts

Method of Joints

The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e., the

members are subjected to only two forces which
are applied at member ends

For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to to an

axis between the force application points, equal in
magnitude, and in opposite directions

Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the form of
a force triangle:

 B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN
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 1.1 Basic Definitions and Concepts

Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

At any section through member BC, the internal

force is 50 kN with a force intensity or stress of

dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
 BC    159 MPa
A 31410-6 m 2

From the material properties for steel, the allowable

stress is
 all  165 MPa
Conclusion: the strength of member BC is adequate
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 1.2 General State of Stress and Plane Stress

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 1.2 General State of Stress and Plane Stress

• The most general state of stress at a point may

be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.

• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.
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 1.2 General State of Stress and Plane Stress

• Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of

the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.
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 1.3 Transformation of Plane Stress

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 1.3 Transformation of Plane Stress

• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a

prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x’ axes.
 Fx  0   xA   x A cos  cos   xy A cos sin
  y A sin sin   xy A sin  cos
 Fy  0   xyA   x A cos sin   xy A cos  cos
  y A sin  cos   xy A sin sin

• The equations may be rewritten to yield

 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2
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 1.3 Transformation of Plane Stress
Principal Stresses

• The previous equations are combined to

yield parametric equations for a circle,
 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 
• Principal stresses occur on the principal
planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 max,min       xy
2
2  2 
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o
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 1.3 Transformation of Plane Stress
Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for  x   ave

2
 x  y 
 max  R      xy
2
 2 
 x  y
tan 2 s  
2 xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from p by 45o
 x  y
    ave 
2

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 1.3 Transformation of Plane Stress
Example 1
Solution:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
• Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x  y 
 max, min       xy
2
2  2 
For the state of plane stress shown, • Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
determine (a) the principal planes,
  x   y 2 2
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the  max      xy
maximum shearing stress and the  2 
corresponding normal stress.  
x y
 
2
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 1.3 Transformation of Plane Stress
Example 1
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy 2 40
tan 2 p    1.333
 x  y 50   10
2 p  53.1, 233.1
 p  26.6, 116.6
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa
• Determine the principal stresses from
 y  10 MPa
2
x  y  x  y 
 max, min       xy
2
2  2 
 20  302  402
 max  70 MPa
 min  30 MPa

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 1.3 Transformation of Plane Stress

Example 1

• Calculate the maximum shearing stress with

2
 x  y 
 max      xy
2
 2 
 302  402
 max  50 MPa
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa
 s   p  45
 y  10 MPa
 s  18.4, 71.6

• The corresponding normal stress is

 x   y 50  10

   ave  
2 2
   20 MPa
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