UNIT-2.

COMPONENTS

PRESENTED BY:
SYED SAMEER
GUEST FACULTY
SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND
ARCHITECTURE,MYSORE
 TRUSS
• The framework composed of members, joined their ends to
form a rigid structure is called a Truss.
• A "two-force member" is a structural component where force
is applied to only two points.
• Truss- The framework , usually of triangles and designed to
support the roof covering or ceiling over rooms , is known as a
roof truss.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• A truss consists of typically straight members
connected at joints, traditionally termed panel
points.
• A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that
will not change shape when the lengths of the
sides are fixed.
• In comparision, both the angles and the
lengths of a four-sided figure must be fixed for
it to retain its shape.
TYPES OF TRUSS:
• Some of the usual form of roof trusses are as follows:
i. KING POST
ii. QUEEN-POST TRUSS
iii. COMBINATION OF KING-POST AND QUEEN-POST
TRUSS
iv. MANSARD ROOF TRUSS
v. TRUNCATED TRUSS
vi. BEL-FAST ROOF TRUSS
vii. COMPOSITE ROOF TRUSSES
viii. STEEL TRUSSES
KING POST
• One of the simplest truss styles to implement, the king post
consists of two angled supports leaning into a common
vertical support.
• The spacing of the king post truss is limited to 3m Centre to
Centre and suitable for spans varying from 5 to 8 meters.
• The joint is secured by means of a three way wrought iron or
mild steel strap on each side.
QUEEN-POST TRUSS
• A queen-post truss differs from a king-post truss in having two
vertical posts, rather than one.
• The vertical posts are known as queen-posts, the tops of
which are connected by a horizontal piece, known as straining
beam.
• The joint at the head of queen-post is formed due to the
junction of two compression members and tension member.
COMBINATION OF KING-POST AND QUEEN-POST
TRUSSES
• Queen-post trusses are suitable for spans upto 12m.
• For greater spans, the queen-post truss can strengthened by
one member, called princess-post to each side.
• The resulting combination of king-post and queen-post
trusses, which are suitable upto 18m span.
MANSARD ROOF TRUSS
• This roof truss is a combination of king-post and queen-post
trusses.
• It is a two storey truss, with upper portion consisting of king-
post truss and lower portion consisting of queen-post truss.
• The use of this truss results in economy in space, since a room
may be provided between the two queen-posts.
• However, it has become obsolete because of odd shape.
TRUNCATED TRUSS
• A truncated truss is similar to mansard truss, except that its
top is formed flat, with a gentle slope to one side.
• This type of truss is used when it is required to provide a
room in the roof, between the two queen-posts of the truss.
BEL-FAST ROOF TRUSS
• This truss, in the form of a bow, consists of thin sections of
timber, with its top chord curved.
• If the roof covering is light, this roof truss can be used upto
30m span. The roof truss is also known as latticed roof truss.
COMPOSITE ROOF TRUSSES
• Roof trusses made of two materials, such as timber and steel,
are known as composite roof trusses.
• In a composite truss, the tension members are made of steel,
while compression members are made of timber.
• Special fittings are required at the junction of steel and timber
members.
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION
• The process in which the response of the soil influences
the motion of the structure and the motion of the
structure influences the response of the soil is termed as
soil structure interaction (SSI).
• In this case neither the structural displacements nor the
ground displacements are independent from each other.
• SSI effects become prominent and must be regarded for
structures where P-δ effects play a significant role,
structures with massive or deep seated foundations,
slender tall structures and structures supported on a
very soft soils with average shear velocity less than 100
m/s.
DYNAMICS OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
Soil-structure interaction can be broadly divided into two
phenomena:
A. Kinematic interaction
B. Inertial interaction
Kinematic Interaction:
An Embedded Foundation into soil does not follow the free field motion
( Earthquake ground motion causes soil displacement known as free- field
motion), this instability of the foundation to match the free field motion
causes the kinematic interaction
Inertial Interaction:
The second effect considering the existence of soft soil under the foundation
of the structure is denoted as inertial interaction.
Inertial forces induced by foundation motion during the earthquake can cause
the compliant soil to deform which in turn affects the super-structure inertial
forces.
COLUMNS:
•  It is the main structural member designed to take gravity
loads (axial) , bending and shear. it fails in compression and
buckling. These are designed to take horizontal loads
too( earthquake and wind). It is mainly differentiated by its
effective length.
• If L eff/d or D is more than 3 it is a column.

STRUTS:
• It is mostly used in roof trusses and steel bridges. The main
purpose of strut is to maintain the rigidity of the structure and
to take compressive forces. It is not designed to take any gravity
loads. A strut is mainly differentiated by its effective length.
• if L eff/d or D is less than 3 it is a strut.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COLUMNS AND
STRUTS
COLUMNS
• It is a vertical member
subjected to the axial
compressive load.
• It is designed to take up the
compressive load only.
• It is generally supported by
fixed supports at both ends.
• It generally fails by buckling
or bending.
• More slenderness ratio
STRUTS
• It is the inclined member
subjected to the axial load.
• It is designed to take up
both compressive and
tensile load.
• It is supported by hinged or
pin joints at both ends.
• It generally failed by
crushing.
• Less slenderness ratio.
TYPES OF COLUMNS:
• In design phase of columns, we must have to determine what group the column
falls under. On the basis of length and lateral dimensions of columns, columns
are basically divided in two groups.
• Long columns
• Short columns
• Long column
• Long column is basically defined as the column in which the ratio of effective
length of the column to the least lateral dimension of the column is more than
12.
• Effective length of the column i.e. length of the column which is bending, Le = L
• Diameter of column of circular cross-section = d
• Width of column of rectangular cross-section = B
• Depth of column of rectangular cross-section = D
• For considering column as long column, (Le/d) > 12
• For considering column as long column, (Le/B) > 12
• Short column
• Short column is basically defined as the column in which the ratio of
effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension of the column
is less than 12.
• considering the column as short column, (Le/d) < 12
• For considering column as short column, (Le/B) < 12
RADIUS OF GYRATION:
It is defined as distance between the reference
axis to the point where whole weight of the
body is concentrated.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LONG COLUMN AND
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
• Column whose lateral
dimension is small when
compared to its length.
• It generally fails by buckling.
• Ratio of Le/B > 12.
• Slenderness ratio is > 45.
• As height of column
increases the load carrying
capacity is less.
SHORT COLUMN
• lateral dimension is large
when compared to its
length.
• It generally fails by crushing.
• Ratio of Le/B < 12.
• Slenderness ratio is < 45.
• As height of column
decreases the load carrying
capacity is more.