COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

METHODS
CONSTRUCTION METHODS THAT ARE LIGHTWEIGHT, EASY TO INSTALL, AND
VEER FROM THE CONVENTIONAL METHODS
LIGHT FRAME

Light frame construction is a system of construction utilizing closely spaced and sheathed
members of dimension lumber or light-gauge metal to form structural elements of a
building.
LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMING

Light gauge steel construction is very similar to wood framed construction in principle
- the wooden framing members are replaced with thin steel sections. The steel sections
used here are called cold formed sections, meaning that the sections are formed, or given
shape at room temperature. This is in contrast to thicker hot rolled sections, that are shaped
while the steel is molten hot. Cold formed steel is shaped by guiding thin sheets of steel
through a series of rollers, each roller changing the shape very slightly, with the net result of
converting a flat sheet of steel into a C or S-shaped section.
LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMING

The steel used in light gauge steel framing is coated with zinc (called galvanized) or a
mixture of zinc and aluminum (called zincalume or galvalume by some) to protect it from
corrosion. The thickness of this coating can be varied to suit a range of environments.
Typically, marine environments require the most protection, and dry, arid regions the least.
LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMING
LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMING
LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMING
COMPOSITE DECK / SLAB

Composite decking is metal decking

serving as permanent formwork and
tensile reinforcement for a concrete
slab bonded to it by a deformed or
dovetail rib pattern.
• Metal decking is sheet steel
strengthened for use as floor or
roof decking by cold-rolling a series
of ribs or flutes into it, and usually
galvanized for corrosion resistance.
COMPOSITE DECK / SLAB:
BENEFITS OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
There are a myriad benefits to composite slab construction, including:
• Speed of construction
• Saving in weight
• Saving in transport
• Structural stability
• Shallower construction
• Sustainability
• Easy installation
COMPOSITE DECK / SLAB:
STEEL DECKING
COMPOSITE DECK / SLAB:
STEEL DECKING
Gauges for Metal/Steel Decking
The gauge or thickness of the metal deck is the main driver for structural integrity for any
deck product. It's also the main driver of cost for metal decking.. Therefore In simple terms,
heavier the deck gauges, the more the steel deck will cost.
COMPOSITE DECK / SLAB:
STEEL DECKING
What does gauge mean?

• The metal deck gauge is a unit of measurement that refers

to the thickness of the steel. The higher the gauge number
the thinner the steel. The lower the gauge number the
thicker or heavier the steel is.

• Example 1:

• 16 gauge is thicker, and therefore stronger &

heavier than 22 gauge steel

• Example 2:

• 22 gauge is thinner, and therefore lighter & weaker than

18 gauge steel
COMPOSITE COLUMN

A composite column is a structural column thoroughly

encased in concrete reinforced with both vertical and
spiral reinforcement.
A steel with concrete composite column is fully
compression type member, has mainly two type concrete
encased in steel section and concrete infilled tube steel
section and is normally used as a load-bearing member in
a composite structural frame. In Composite columns
steel and concrete will counterattack external load by
joining with each other by bond or in between their
friction.
 COMPOSITE COLUMN:
COMMON COLUMN REINFORCEMENT

• Vertical reinforcement • Spiral reinforcement is

is the longitudinal
reinforcement placed in a
concrete column to
absorb compressive
stresses, resist bending
stresses, and reduce the
effects of creep and
shrinkage in the column.
the lateral reinforcement
consisting of an evenly
spaced continuous spiral
held firmly in place by
vertical spacers.
TYPES OF COMPOSITE COLUMN

Concrete filled sections:

• Circular concrete filled steel
tube (CCFST)
• Rectangular concrete filled
steel tube (RCFST)
• Square concrete filled steel
tube (SCFST)
TYPES OF COMPOSITE
COLUMN
Encased sections:
• Totally encased concrete fill
sections
• Partially encased concrete fill
sections
SHEAR CONNECTIONS

Shear connections are typically used to connect beams to other beams or columns. Such
connections transfer shear, with minimum rotational restraint, as opposed to moment
connections.
A typical shear connection is composed of three parts: support, connector, and beam.
The support may be another beam or girder, a column flange, or a column web. The
connector may be either bolted or welded to the support and to the beam.
SHEAR CONNECTION

A shear connection is a joint that allows the transfer of shear forces between two
members. It is a connection with pure normal force load (tension joint), pure shear loading,
or combination of normal and shear force. Shear connections are generally the most
commonly used connections. They are typically used to connect beams with other beams
or columns.
SHEAR CONNECTIONS:
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTIONS
• Angle Connection
Angle Connections are L-shaped brackets that hold the parent and child members together.
The connection can have either one L-shaped bracket on one side or two brackets on both
sides. Having two brackets (double angle connections), increases the rigidity of the
connection but makes it stronger in resisting shear forces. The most common configuration
of angle connections is that two sides of the connection are bolted the use of bolts reduces
the cost.
SHEAR CONNECTIONS:
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTIONS
• Angle Connection
SHEAR CONNECTIONS:
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTIONS
• Single Plate Connection
Much like the angle connections, the Single Plate Connection uses a single plate to hold
together the two members. It can be welded or bolted to the child member but is welded
to the parent member. As it is welded to the parent member, it normally is more costly to
use a single plate connection than an angle connection.
SHEAR CONNECTIONS:
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTIONS
• Single Plate Connection
SHEAR CONNECTIONS:
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTIONS
WT Connection
As the name implies, this connection uses a T-shaped section to join the parent and child
member. This greatly increases its strength towards shear and moment loads. As such, the
bearing strength of the connection becomes important.
SHEAR CONNECTIONS:
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTIONS
WT Connection
SHEAR CONNECTIONS:
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTIONS
Seated Connection
Seated Connections use L-shaped brackets to connect the parent and child members
together. They differ from angle connections as they connect at the flange of both the
parent and child members. However, similar to the angle connection, they can be welded or
bolted. They are normally attached with a stability bracket which is connected to the web
or the flange of the child member.
SHEAR CONNECTIONS:
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTIONS
Seated Connection
CAMBERING

A camber is a slight curvature intentionally built into a beam, girder, or truss to compensate
for anticipated deflection.
CAMBERING
CAMBERING:
BENEFITS
One of the more popular applications
where structural steel is cambered
for support is in a poured concrete
floor. Because cambering can increase
the weight tolerance of structural
steel, introducing a broad, uniform
curve across the length of the beam
can give the intended structure
greater weight tolerance, which can
be extremely beneficial in many
commercial construction builds.
C-JOIST

A C-Joist is a concrete product that is used as

a floor and roof slab system which is an
alternative to the conventional concrete slab
pouring method.
Being a structural flooring system in its own
right aside from being an alternative to the
conventional concrete pouring method, is also
definitely applicable to structures such as
bridges.
C-JOIST
END OF MODULE 02