REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

A beam may be defined as a structural member, resting on supports

usually at its ends, which supports transverse loads. The loads that
act on the beam, as well as the weight of the beam itself, tend to
bend rather than lengthen or shorten it. A girder is a term applied to
a beam that supports one or more smaller beams, as concentrated
loads.
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

Beams Classifications
a. Simple beams. These are beams having a single span with a
support at each end, there being no restraint at the supports.
b. Cantilever beams. These are beams that are supported at one
end only, or they may be that portion of beams projecting
beyond one of its supports.
c. Continuous beams. These are beams resting on more than two
supports. The term “semi-continuous” is also frequently used in
reinforced-concrete. It refers to a beam having two spans with
little or no restraint at the two extreme ends of the beam. The
end span of a continuous beam, where little or restraint is
provided at the end support, is referred to as a semi-continuous
beam.
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
1. Rectangular beams
2. T – beams.
3. Beam with Compression
Reinforcement
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
4. Cantilever Beams
5. Hollow box girders
6. Beam Brackets or Corbels
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
ROOF TRUSSES
A truss is a structural framework composed of a series of
straight members so arranged and fastened together that
external loads applied to it will cause only direct stress in
the members.
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
ROOF TRUSSES
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
TYPES OF TRUSSES (Relative to the Number and Arrangement of the
Members composing the Truss)
1.Complete Frame. A complete structural frame, or truss, is one in
which is made up of the minimum number of members required
to provide a complete system of triangles fixing the relative
positions of a given number of panel joints. If the number of
panel points in the given structure and n = the number of
necessary members.
2.Incomplete Frame. One in which the number of members is less
than that required by the equation given above.
3.Redundant Frame. A redundant frame is one which contains
more members than that required by the equation given
above.
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
TYPES OF TRUSSES
(Relative to Form)
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
TYPES OF TRUSSES
(Relative to Method of Support)
1. Simple Truss. A truss supported at each end-point.
2. Overhanging end span. A truss supported at one end-joint and other
joint not an end-joint.
3. Cantilever span. A truss where the entire support is at one end only.
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
TYPES OF TRUSSES
(Relative to Arrangement of the Web-bracing
System)
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
TYPES OF TRUSSES
(Relative to Arrangement of the Web-bracing
System)
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:

RIVETING
A rivet is a short pin, of malleable
metal such as iron, steel, or copper,
with a head at one end; used to unite
two metal plates by passing it through
a hole in both plates and then
hammering down the point to for a
second head.

Rivet set, rivet snap, settoing punch, snap – a tool for

shaping the head of a rivet.
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:

Types of Rivet Heads:

•Countersunk, raised
•Countersunk, flat
•Button, coned neck
•Button, straight neck
•Pan, coned neck
•Pan, straight neck
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:

BOLTING
The bolts commonly used in steel frame construction falls into two general
categories:
Carbon-steel bolts – or common bolts; are similar to the ordinary machine
bolts. Carbon steel is steel having no specified minimum content of
alloying elements; minimum copper content not exceeding 0.40%.
High-strength bolts – are bolts made of either high-strength carbon steel
or quenched and tempered alloy steel; tempered meaning, heat treated
during manufacture to develop the necessary strength. It is usually
tightened using pneumatic or electric impact wrench.
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:

BOLTING
A major problem in high strength bolting or
friction type connections is how to verify the
necessary tension has been achieved in all
the bolts in a connection.

There are several ways to achieve proper

tightening:
1. Turn-of-nut method
2. Load indicator washer
3. Tension control bolts
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:

WELDING
Welding has become fully accepted as a
means of joining steel structural members in
buildings because it has the inherent
advantage of fusing the metals to be joined,
thereby simplifying connections and
fabricating operations.

A. DEFINITION OF FUSION WELDING (ELECTRIC ARC WELDING)

The fusion welding process employs an electric arc, wherein energy in the form of
heat is supplied by establishing an arc between the base or parent metal (the
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:
WELDING
FUSION WELDING (ELECTRIC ARC WELDING)
The fusion welding process employs an electric arc, wherein energy in the
form of heat is supplied by establishing an arc between the base or parent
metal (the parts to be joined) and a metal electrode. As the arc is formed,
tremendous heat is concentrated at the point of welding. Instantly, the
materials are at melting-point temperature.

The parent metal melts in a small pool and additional metal supplied by the
electrode is transferred through the arc an deposited in the pool. As the
electrode continues along the joint, the molten metal left behind solidifies
to form the weld.
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:

WELDING
COATED ELECTRODES
Most welding is done with coated electrodes. The
function of the coating is to form a gaseous shield,
which protects the arc and molten metal from
contact with the air. Oxides and nitrides resulting from
contact with the air tend to produce brittle welds. The
coating also forms a slag-fuse shield, which floats
above the molten metal, protecting it from the
atmosphere. The slag is easily removed after the weld
has cooled.
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:

TYPES OF WELD
a. FILLET WELD
b. GROOVE WELD
c. PLUG or SLOT WELD
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:

WELD POSITIONS

There are four positions in welding. In order of economy, they are

the flat, horizontal, vertical, and overhead positions. Overhead
welds, which is the most difficult, should be avoided whenever
possible.
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:

WELD JOINTS
The three most common joints used in
structural work are the butt, T, and lap
joints. Other types are the edge and
corner joints. Fillet welds are applicable to
T, lap, and corner joints; groove welds are
applicable to all joints with the exception of
lap joints.
STEEL TRUSSES AND RIGID FRAMES
JOINING OF STEEL MEMBERS
Steel shapes can be joined in the building
frame using any of the following fastening
methods:

WELDING SYMBOLS