~l~etal'Ring Walls

. . :
..--- ,---- ---l~ SID E tffiS CHAPT.ER "'

·11.1. Introduction Jt-.2. Types ol ~•~•In 18~ Ear~s u,, °') Retall)lllO Wallt 18.4.
Ing Wall 1U, PfOPC>rtfonlng of
on a. Qlolllever Retaining Wall 18.~·\qlll[l ll'Y
qantilever Re1al~ng Wall 1a.7'°" St,\ICtu~ .
f • Cantilever fle1alnlog Wall .. '
'
'
"'
, .
Jli ....
:
,, ic
-~- '}.

Ii,~
,., ,. .,.
lN'fR'c)-
' !P
l.ucnoM • • .lt~
"
~>·!. I ~-! .
4·
•~''""'~
••
•
yconstruaal
R$inina ~ls arc used to r e t a i ~ ~ - ~ ~ s , These walls are commonl I

in the·ft>lli>wtlag cases: i...' J 1 ·( ~ ~ • • '

l'

(l) In the collSfn)Ction of buildJ i(~·-. ;~ . ·.:.~...

m 6 ¥dae• eoMtruc.ti arl. ;I'' •
(2) Al wing wall or abutment- .. , \•,.-i 4,, \. J' ... ~-
..

on of cmb~n ts: • • •..-- •

(3) in the ooristrucli
~alt u B~kfill.
The- ~~al which is reUrlnec;i ~;i;e (Ctai~mg. t&liifU f above the level ohbe Ulp o(d,e
t.J~ The sloping baddill is
as
called "Incl~ Su.rcharg~". The temi means
which lries to 0\-atum, bend
WldJ. The backfill ~xerts a pt1$h or lateral p~ure onJ~ rttafifmg wall
-and slide lht retaining wait
.
••
1·~. 1YPES OF RETAINING'..WAW
fy.U9ting the oopunon l ~ ,of ~t2i.nina walls:
L ~yity ~nina, ~a.n:.,.. ., ..
• '2. CatuilcYet ret.itining. wa11
3. Counui,fo~t~rung ~II
4. Bu.ltre,ss' ~·rung wall. ,, "'1-t,\'•:t-,t', , fA .:•'

415

--- --- --- -·

 Reinfof'Ced Cement Conctete [)eaign

(l) Gravity Retatnlng Wall

, gravi~ -~ni~g wall is that retaining w~l in w~l~h,the -~eight of the_ retaining ~aU provi~•·.
5
tubihty a&amst the prcs.~utc exerted by the backfill. 0ra"1t)' retainins walls RN ~ade-, up of m~.t~
or
masonry or pla.t~ co~. The Pril\$i})lt' de!ign of gravity retaining wan as that te?sion ts nqt
Ru~<>ped anywhere in,~~h. the waIJ,, is designed on the. basls of ~•ddl~ TbW
. -~,~). ~~-;•, ,. .

,r.~~
.. -~
• • ·I

'."•.·., ,
'~\ \.~-lf.j,1•
:.~ ..~(.5

_....,.__________..;-;;.'f!:.J~:\"'i'·--· •
Alitwningw.a,:... • ., }'
) ,, C.n!M4Mr RMullnQWal ~ )
(o-)
!'!
-~-:.:~
.1
....
"A

I \,_.\::
(b)
!;.' q
r-,r:::,'!'-,~,..,.r -~ •

t:f~~\i
•\<'~,~ '
"I•

Sletn nterfott
l.t.f;

~~Hf
&~/
~,
f~\',
.,:~'·'), Plan

ii> (d') Countmort rcralning v.,all

i~>~
;,;
11
,•h

:i
r
"
,f'
. 8UllrMa
~-
:.;§:
m-
~j<~
,,.,.,
"''9:,.,"':
ft,

(t') BottreM retaining 't\llll

FJg. 16.1, Typee ohetalntng walls.

 l, :}~
• h

-~ t;·

~Wlill

(2) cantilever Retaining Waif

It is the most common type of retaining wall which consists of a vertical wall called as stem, heel
slab and the toe slab as sho~11 in Fig. 16. J'{b) and (c). As all the three components of this waJJ act as
cantilevm, the wall is called as cantilever retaining wall. The stem. heel and roe. uU resists the earth
pressure by bending. These walls can be L or inverted T shaped. The cantiltver retaining waJJs are used
up to a height of 6 m. The weight of the earth on the heej slab and the weight of the retaining wall
cogether provide stability to the wall.
(3) Counterfott Retal.nfn1 Wall
When the bacl:fllt of greater height is to be retained and the required height of cantiJever-rewning
wall excttds 6 m. then it becomes uneconomkal to provide c.llldlever retaining wall. ln such ca.,esr
countafon retaining wall is to be provided. ln these walls, counterforts are provided at some suitable
in'tc'J'Val along the lenglh of the wati on the backfill side. a, shown in Fig. 16. I(d). These counterfotts
are cooccaJed in the backfill and de the vertical stem and heel slab 1oget~. In a counterfort retaining
waU, the stem and the hed· do not act as a cantilever slab bur as a continuous slab because of the
l
coonterfort supporrs. This results in reduction in the maximum bending moment-and shear force. The
weisht·of the rewning wall and the weight of-the earth rctaini11g 6nJfie heel ,Jab together impart
stability 10 the wall. • •
f .~ .~w f •••:

(4) 1hittress·Retaln1ng'Wall .
A buttress retaining wall is ~imilar to tlle counterfon l't.14ining waJl as shown in Fig. 16.l(t), bur
with the difference that in bu~ss·retaining wall. the counterforts, called ru. 'Buctrcsses·. are provided ti
un the opposite side of the bJ1ekfill. The!le buuresse~ tie the stem and the toe slab together. These i
,<.
bmtresses arc designed as coir;press.ion membe~ nnd economical but stilt nor preferred. II is I

because COUDtcrfons arc conc~ed but buttresses arc visibJc and they occupy the space in front of the
walJ wllich could have been used for some other purpo.,e. I f

In addition to the retaining walls dcscri~ .above. there are other retaining walls such u bridge
abutmencs and box culverts. In bridge a'biitmmts, the bridge' deck provides an additional horizontal
r
restraint ro the-vertical stem at the-top;,Tbereforc, the stem iJ designed as a beam med at the.base and
simply supported or partially SUJ)pOrted at the, top. 1n the case of box cu Ivens.. the side walls soppon the
backfill u a retainin, wa~I.
Accumulation of rain water in the backfiJJ results in its !Ulftlrltion and tho.~ n considerable increase
in the earth pressure acting on thi waJJ. This may result.in unstable conditions. There arc two ways of I

draining this nun water:

(1) By prQ;viding weep hQ)es in the wall.
.(1) .iiy provklirtg preforated chiiin pipe with filler.
Weep J,,olasnould have at least t Ocm diameter and should be adequality spaced dcpendin, on the
I•
backfill. Some fUreror special geotextile material layer hdght is robe used on the bactface of the wall
for fu.JJ he~. ft>· ~v.pid qi,e. eutering of backfill material into weep holes.
This clJipttt dcscri~ ~e ~ign of a cantilever retaining wall and a counterfon retaining wall.
i
X
lM·wrm:HastlRE ON RETAINING WALLS
l. The main fOl"Ce that Mets on a retaining wall is the lateral force developed due to the earth pregure
or pressure due to retained material. This force rends to ~blize the retaining wan by·overt1Jrnini.
i;
 Reinforced Ceme nt Concrete

equation
p= KyH
w~ p is the \at-era:\ earth p~,s ~, which
can be active -or passive.
(Acti ve earth ·p~u r.e (p ) is exert ed K)H
4
on the wall when the wan has a ttndency tn Fig.. 16·.1. Lateral earth pressure distribution
move away from the backftll wh:Ue.pas1l1ve
earth pressure <,,,,) ts ,e~ated t.)n --the· wall •
-wbefl the wan ,b_as a tcooeney. to· move -towards the·
backfill.
y \s tbe unit weight-of th¢ main ed tnnterial
H is the depth of the rctaine4 material below the earth
surface.
-K is the coefficimt. of eurtb .--~n rc. whicb is
d~termined by using either Coul omb 's theory or
Ran kine ~s-~ ~f.BattbJ~:~ss~~- ti~f-~tten:.as
~., :for coefficient of activ~ earth pr~s urc and K_,.
coefficien~ ~f ~$$1'::C ~-~; ,.On i\lle·l?-~c us-.o f,Ra for
_nki ne's theory, following va.fuc.~ of coeff icien t
of ·earth
, • . . ;;, ,· ' ,.,1. '.
-'.'l"\_~ '-:,.·,;. , . .,......
~,-...., • . ··V • C ,··-..{•X ~'-' ,:
..,
~-0~ .la!n r~~t~ ~;~~ ,,pi~ )d;i .?~'~-j9r':~\fgn pf
.<t . :'

(a) For ~nta1-'-litic.\6lf"of-'t.o~ t:~1 feta:ining walls.

; :.. • '·: -~ r~ir~~°'.- i'
~ ~~·f : " -· •••• · • •
-V"..<\~.:.:~,~~~-1 -~\~./--.:---·. ~~,-: :. ;_; ·, j:: ,.,,' •
·g_. ii' !:!t:';,,· ,,::\ ;·
, ,'

.•.•.
· •.' "'

·, ••• ' < • !•. ,·:

wbe.rc ,. 1$ the, angl~f(>f intd,nal -~oji&--angl '-"f.,J ; , ., , '
• • (b) ~~p~~~kfilt'~- ,_: ·::~-, ~;,:,t\·~~ ·,'.\--.~--~·?.,;.~·, ,
0

K
0
=fc~(~l~-~~6i~ a.~:~s.: •·]·.cos 6
. - : i t~~~~-t-~~?~~,f!.::~~GOS:' . .
wher e e is the-angle of:~iji,~ijt(ti'ff~,ckfiR"•
T.tlri'ies~ t~~-uie horizontal.
S~il arly, Rankinets lheoxy· ab(): g\¥es the•coeffi
dent.~fpassive eanh pressure.
(a} For horizontal backfill • • •
, l +~in ,_'.f
KP. = 1·. --Slll,
•.• :v""
(b) For sloping' baekfiU
 Aelalnlrg Wds 1419
Based on the above fonnulac, the lateml enrth pressure distribution .can bt plotted al9ng the deJ>1h
which gives maximum value as K.ayH a., lht bottom of the retaining wall ,.~., al the heel as shown In
F\g. 16.2. The lateral force (Ph) exerted oo the v.1t1I due to the earth prtssure is given by the area of lhe
triangular portion.

P11 =. l K,/fH l or I KrYH 2

2 2
This latent foroe acts at a: height • from the bil$C of the wall. the direction of this force i• always
parallel to the surface of lhe backfill. In the 1..-.ase of horizontal backfi11. it is horizontal i.e., normaJ to
the stem of ·the retaining wall.
1n the case of T shape cantilever retaining wall (Fig. l 6.3 ). passive earth J)te$sure also develops on
the toe side of the retaining wall. The force develope<_! d:tJe to _ea~ive earth pressure is generally
neglected a.c; it is very small (due to low heighl of the earth retained on toe slab) as compared to the
fon:e de~loped due to active pressure. • --·
t« , , _ , -,0.RCEI orrA~ANTILEVER. RETAtNIHl ·WALL
•for
itm Consider a cantilever retainlng wan as 'sho\\'.n jn Fig. 16.3.' The various fo~ .actinJ on me~wall
,mi as follows: •, , •

(1) The lateral force (Poil) due to active e.arth pressure acting at a height the base.·
(2) Weight of thee~ .suppor1ed on heel slab (WJ
(3} Weight of tbe Mn,fW-,)
!4) Weighh>f tbcrb;ise slab (Wj) ' . • ••', • ' . • •
t , .fp ~lt_ion f6 tb~Mll>Qve'.fo~~Jhere_j~::w~,wt i>f'.the·~-retainedabove the tnc slab (W.) and rhe
a{fth,pressur~ p e:iefte(fQn1 ~ ~~i,J:'~ese tw,o are De!glected in the design of retaining wall
-~~imall,>n size and the design is~n the-<;onserva#ve..srde b~ nQgfecting thein.
.QI,.

•Yi: 16.3. Forees on caotUever n1aintn1 w.ll

 4201
I1e..e. STABILITY OF A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
Rtlnlorced Cement Cortcn!le,D
eeigrl

A cAntileVer retainina wall may

fnH in the following ways:
ti) O~ mi ng
(2.) Sliding
(3) Failure of the undersoil
(1) OverturrUng
A retaining wall ii. subjected to
due to lateral earth pre!\Sure, overturning moments under the
which tries to overturn the wal action of lateral force developed
moment (M0) is given a~: l about tftt toe end, The overtum
inl~
b H
M• 0 :; ,.-alt "·3
..

= ½<Kuyll).H.

M - K,iYH3
0 - 6
•
.:,~-~ The rc..,isling mome.nt (M il> pro
r~ .....·,'· vided by the. weight of backfill,
.. rewning wall. Jf LW,is the ~Ul surcharge and self weight
up of $clJ weight of retaining wa of -the
~- .. .,,.,.f'",
-~
,,.
)
tlll\ l. vcmc-al-loac} made
~'(! ..
'
weight of tmc:kfill on the h.asc sta~ tt,and the
f ,then resisting moment ii given as:
; M~ := !W .i
wbel-c i is the. J>O$.itio'n -of U~
imtliµit. v~nictl-lood' (I°W) fror
As per code IS-456:2000 Claus~
rt1oc -~ : ,: , ... ,
20 J, the stability. of the retainin -~
be en.sured so that tbe--re~~-"l g waif-against ovenuming sho
moment is not les., than 1.4 times uld,"
due to -~ cr i~ 1c l~se<fl~ds''( the maximum overtutniug IDO
"the 1ater;.1'yarth·;ptcssure in c~ l11CO!,
Jow ~v10:cs th_~ .~tO!iJ}ll\'
~~~l._:~n per_ c~~.;-on!Y -0.9 f reta,ning.'Y~l~~. lt, :~ ~• 1
~boutd:be taken 'into too siW1tin~ •• ·- • ,. •., ·, • ••
-•ln.1~ the ~haractet:istic ,d~~a1UQ~J
. .:. ,
., ~,

·-;..
", • ,';) ,- ' • t.. V • ::~".\
..,

'Therefore. • • ·-o.9-M't
.f11 •· M!,

' f,1 1.4 '.

or o.91IW.. x>·
"2: 1.4
.' K0 yH )
6
For lncUned backtlll as ~bown in
. 16.4. the vertical F'11
component of.lb;~--~~~.earth pressu
to the rts.toring
re (PiJ:also contributes,
moment 'b.~t it is neglected to
c.1lcututions ~1mpler and tQ be ·mnkc the
on the conservative side.
(2) Sliding _
The .J.atend .tarth preswrc tries t<> . . . I
lllide the reraining wall away_ tiom
by the fricdonal force de ve backfiJl. ~ts · as ~ ;
l~ ~- ~. :~ ,,l ab .a nd t~-
be t~ the ~o ~t e and- soil ,.lf as the coemcaent of frie
~l_
,- thin'-'ii\e '.t)wtiQnal force resoon tioJJ6
a the slJdina is given ~1-:
 .,- .... ' .,
'~ (
_.,

'. ' ".,...: \......,,

'

;·,

FR • i•!W
The .lateral tbrce causing the sliding is P,.,..
Katft:
Fs==Po11 = 2

Theo··f«tot of qttty ag-ainst sliding </12 ) is

given a.\

·; - _,J_
F.
,eloped ht - F,·
panting $

µ}:W
=~
..As per IS.~f• nrlpjmu~ factor of safety
of 1.4 is to be tto$urcd ~-ainst sliding and only 0.9
timcsthe ~stic~~ -mtobe~onsidffld
for rt$tOj;ing_ fcree.
' ,~'\::::- ' -;'·

l
' ,,

t
•!
tf.the,factor of.safeo/ agaln$t·$llding cotnt$ ®t be less than 1.4 then- a shear key rnay be provided
as $hown in Fig~ l6;5;, this $~.key_JftCR:ases 'the resistance against &~ding as the passivefllth
~nre (Jevelqped on key ,pto~i~ additional resistance ~gainst sliding.
. . ' • ''"' " ",t '
;,
•

l
s
{S) -~llure of·the Ondet'Soil ,.
The base width-at the retaining .wall is designed •
i
in·SU'ehlrwtty:uaattbc:maxmtunt~re.on ~:under· V

wileauseo-du c·to.load,,..,-~button...;tniisfno~~~ ;._'

, . ,,.. • - .. ' ·",.,.',; ........,, \·):'~ .:..:'

the we, bear.utS<C&J)latY of -~_'S()tJ;;_;:tn:1.aaltt~::w:;.;.,, -

'

that it is to be ensured that; no tension ts·dt'fe~ped ·:

aayw:heteonJhe the r4;$ut~t- ~~t
faD -in me r¢ddle third u,ne (ax per the middle- third
rule] so that negative pre.isute {ten5ion) is not
developed aqy w~ere,.~ you ~YC, ~ y ~died
the .middle third rule.-, lt 1,: nQt ~ned hcte. The
resulwtt ptessute distribution under the base slab is
W),Wn in Fig. J.6.6. "f1a..16.6. Bue preaure dlstrfblldN
'I

.t·b·-·,
we·•' +---
D:· =, ............ 6e] ,
t .,~ ,•. b· ·
,. ,. • • • $. ' ,,, ' "
, -
·•
, :: <.
I

I ;./:,;..~, _.< /

• • tw[1-7:
p~ - • :I}-:
·6e]
,,_· . '.
r
f

'
.~DJQilnw» - ~$l,t at-the· rut.~ i.~.. Pru, .shooldbe I~ than the safe bc.aring capacity of soil. t
P._&JiQ.\:1-ld.,not be n~gativ~.
 Here. c is the ea.-cntri<..ity of tne resultant l<>ad a"'1 ca~ l;>e
obtaine d .. belo\\f! • ., ,

Tt.ul moment at toe end A

= Resisting moment about A - Overturning moment, nt A
: MH- Mu
Total vertical load :;:; I W

Iu.e.. PROPORTIONING Of THE ·CAN11~1tiknAINll8¥iAL{

Design of n retaini,;g waU involves the detcnnination of it"· dimensioos·.an >
d the amount of sted
required. Before staning the actual analysis of a retaW,ig wall. some.prelimin
ary dimensions are to~
assumed. The preliminary dimen5tons of ft retaining wall are -as.'iqmed on the
..
, .. ,,,.
which are e,cplained bcl.ow: basis ofsome thumb rule$
. •.
)

tf:: . . /,
,. ,
._ .. , ·v " . _' ;..~,,.,.· : . '. { • ; ~--. ,,•;:,:~ ~:--~~ :[~1".,, ,,.,;;_7,., ;,; /{; ,
.,
~-'.
·t'l). Depth of' Founctetton. • • '+- ·-·.c~••, '; •• 1 ·•· • , / :;, •,;-"r"/;,· { ?J , ;/. ,.,

minimum ticpth o{~hcff()~ili{ui~'.i;-dJ~~Md thebast,'ot,Rankjne•s (onn~l a

h _ ( I - iin ),q 0
mi:\ - t + sin 4> ) y
where hmsn is the depth off9u.n.dati~1f btlow lhe .car,th:,surf~
• . , :~ie.~ ;:: :su~ ~ng ca~cit y of the ~il
,:;,,:.:jJ- :~,.uni;t w~~I of~ soil
. ', . A
or angle of repose
(tf liefghf of: t'• Retalnlniy~w,rr (H)'.
,1/ .• , , ,, ,, ,, ,'/·/, .,,,,K .' ·;>'",,/,.;0',:~'..;~.t:~· ... :, .... ·, }Sfl;· t1~~- ',., •.' • •

,
'
•
The height of the-.material to be retained (h) is given. The depth of foundat /4.z

ion isradded to tilt.,

height ·of the material to be-i:~til~~)·to get the lt>tll height of the retainin
g wall (11) .. ·'1"/,

H =h.+ h.rnm •
{J) Sa$e 'wrcith''.(b,•, . ~·(4 ·:h ~o \/, lrl J
,Jbe,w!4~1 ·9f~ ~J• }~- ~,~ ,~~ by_<:~i<iering the. equilibrium<# variou
sforces
..,Jia.,ea·un.~an ~i~ und:ex:petieilee.,it1$;foond-dlatthc -~ width (b) wri~ /t
ftt)Jll OAl,I to 0.6H:

t~t'fhfckness .of Base Slab ( \:0 ,=b 1.f t <k )

~f'r,rt,Jrminary anutysi.~. the thic.k~ s of base slab ,s- a.lisumed to be. H w H
10 15 • where H is the tot.al ·1-,-~.
hei$ht of 11~ retaining wall. The minimum thickness of bllsc slab s.hould
-thickM~s assumed should be checked from bending mol'{\cnt and shear
n°' be lcs-s, l(x_) rn.m. ;~
force ,cquiremen,ts... , •
..
 'r, 1'

~ingWallt

(5) Thickness of the Stem

The thk:k.11e.~ of ,,ertical stem ot w·all ts gtwemed by the bending moment crittria. As the stt:rn
behaves like a cant1fever. subjected lo lateral Jlressurc which is irtcrea~ing wich depth. i1 is economical t .
to h:wc a trapez.oidal ~C\.i'tion of the stem with minhuu111 thicknes.s of 150 mm at t<) ). The thicknes£ at
the base of Ntetn shtluld nbt be less than 30(.l' ntm. m ,, )\ t e t 11ckriess of stettt ·muy be ussumed to he
about 8 m 10% of the to~I J1~i~ht tlf tl1e rettt:i~ing., ~au or ca.fl be round from the bending moment
--
'-~teria.
The prelimina~•- dimensions,of:the ,·arioui components r,f the c-W1filevcr retaining wull are used for
checking the \>'lriffl;ts stability;-~J.!Jpria like tWetturn,ng. slidiug, safe bearing pressure aml the depth
requirement tor lnaximum bending· mmuent. If these crire.ri:a/requi-reme.-nts are satisfied then the
dimensions -.re-adoptechuid detdgn·cakn.lations tti!arding the area of stc-,eJ etc. are?df.,ne otfterwis~ the
dimen.~ions are revised,

~:

. _:f)f~--
;
'J.,l
~' . ;>
¼:1,....

A GL

\ .; ;. ·~· '>:: :~
, /:
:: ."{ /

. .
,,;
, ·~ - /

-,-
.; , ,'/,

, /,

;;, ----1-·
,, ,
'//-).-,.
,J.t:~'/c'
';%:

i'l,a, 1",f fflavam..showlnJ die &~,m•a- of'vari~ con1poaents of raa.lnln1 waU under to.din,

• &ti$ ,qf tlle retaining wall de'flects as shown in the Fig. J6.8-.. developing tension on tbt fac.:
AB. t-etaiaio.s earth. There-fore, mttio rcinforeement is put along the face AB.
 RQm f()~ CtmtM ~ I f .t)esfgn,
• > --

Tbc depth ;w,111\'\td for stem must -_

satisfy tbc btmding mon\tt\t ~ritctia and
sub~ equc n\ly the a.rt.a of steel is
ca\c ula~ . td~
oOon\tit
(2) Htel S\1.b: The h.etl s\ab is
.
subjected ro.n upward soUpms.ure and -
a. down"'-aro pressure due to the weight H :' ( 8 '
t,, t·
C
of the backfill supported on heel as ioeettb Heetttab
shown in Fig, l6.9. The reimltaul G 0
F, E
prcs&urc is t·alculated by sttbtracfrng

1111111•
these two and. is d()wnward a~ the
prcs sun due to wei~ht of backfill is PM!l
more than the upward ~il ~~u re. Th.is
cauS6s tension <m tbt top·face i.e.~:oc ,1/

and hence main xcinf.otc~ment is

pt'J)'1de<l\~ong this flee. • II I I t•.••

(3), ··:Coe Slabt, ibt ,~, slab,is ·abo..subjeded

W1~ upw;1\fd,·~il preMUte nnd-,_
a, d9,wnw,ir'-'1~te
due to tbe Wcigbr-of·tbe:-frontfil\\$)1pport«1
on ~ slab as,sbown ill'Ftg. ,;.tf>i~;·,~t/Weiptio
frontfill is ~cry small and heo..<.-c;n~gleoted $0 the f'tbc·
r:esultan\ p~,sure on' tho toc~Jlab.i~,up~~ 1 which
ca ~ t~nsion on the bottom. face of the toe slab i.t.,
.ihi$ face. OF and hence main reinforcement 1s put-along
FoUowing 'Exaanplt$ win ~la in the method of
designing a cantUevcr tctainin·g wall.

\ S~,~V,J.D1,:l,MMP,.~J,S
'j ; '" . . ' . )• ,
t
- a
_·Example 16.1.·~ tqll ltY ~ rttalnlng 'WI~
·hei gllt 4ufl )ove ihe lf'OU:Od--l&tt'T)ttteartb 1,o l'ttaln horltontal urth en embankm
tm .backOll Js bani ng• density of 18 kN/m3 ancl ent of
~M di oJ t as,30° ~~s ate . bearli\Jfeepac ogl e of
lty of the soil ii 180 kN/m3• The. coefflclent of
between ~fan d,co ncre te ls USU Jll~ t<ibe frl<.11on .
0.45, U~ MlO concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solu tion .· Given: _ftt. =- 20 N/mm~·
...

f-r, = 4 lS NJnun2
=300
. µ : 0.45.
y 18· kNtol
Safe<bwing cu.paclty of·M>il 'lo•llf 1$) kN/m2
H.e istt rof- ~n embankment : 4.om
·~n t·c iac fl~ ~,., rtJ ,WR (K).
K = l - sin = \ - sin 30°
,v
• , l+ Jin:, l + siJl 30°
,.~ • y

-3
'._,,1?· ~1)· / ' ")_/
•, l .
K. :
Cl
 -~
_-..Al., ____
--·-- ______
---··--
-------
-------

Minimum depth of foundation {"•'

It , = ,!.!t( _I - sin
'"'" y l + sb1 i •

ff min = 1.1 I m SA)' 1.2 m

Providing the depth of 'foundation as I.! m
ation + Hctght o( embankment
Total -hel~t of retaining wall = JJcpth' of found
= Ll-+ 4~0
Total·beigbt of retmnin& wall (ff) • 5.2.m

• ~y-~ofth~~-~aU
(I) ,a. ·•th · _(bJ:- lt'· 11~ Jtom'1.~ Hto '(!.61
, \_ ' ·.•
i
•' '-· .,,..;. ,•tl ,.

A\suming b .~ 2:,8·:tn
l:.Cngth of too; slab = 0.3b ·to 0.4b
=-. 850 mm (say)
(~) 'l'htclmess of Base- Slab .

Thickness ofha ~ lilab is ~sun ~d .to.bt !i

, .
:!:\ 500 mm.
tO
'flg. 'J'.6J.0)
(3) Tbl ckti . of ,ertk al wall or stem (Rd tr
but here ~h required from BM .considera
tion u;
Thickness of-stem ma.y be as..-.wned as -~ at base
calctll~ted. .,
fh • 5.2 -0.S :: 4.7-cn)
PleiJ..w-e at dle ffl)se of_tb'e:·it:e~t-<~'.~y~r ' i:
•

I ,. •
: l X 18 )( 4..7
I ;;t·28,2 kN/mJ
y

, .' . .1.- '-"-, f ..._ ""~ j '1 ) "h• <i

J,
2 ·na~
("J,1' 11. •
:
MOm,:,)t at JUQ - ~ : 0. uj., -'""'ffi
•.t7
')}(4~7 X T
- :
·it: 2.t X (28.2
= I03.8.3 kNm •
Ufti.mare momentatdie ba.~ 'of·tM~tem
LS >< JOJ.83
= 15.S.74 kNm
Fie, 16.11
 , ,~, fr
i~. {::>~ k·

4261
Reinloreed Cemeol Coooretf) Oeslgn
Minimum ~cpih requin.'d for e hal~n~ ~to
n ls

= [Mu- :J
,;_

. ~,(:b :,;'\ , ';, ~·

?~

R. : 2. 76, for M20 contttte and Pe 4·15 steel ~'','

.,,.¥ -~
¥,, ,.
15!.7t,1<40 6,'
2-16-xtooo
155.74 >d0 6
l.76xlOOO
=138 mm
Assuming 60 mm (..'Over.
Total depth required = 238 + 60
= 298 mm /
/,

Hcmcc taking D : 350 mm at ha~ of stem llnd

section. reducing h to t ~() mm ~- top: figure ) 6:t f show , ,. , \, fa/ ~-
s ~e trla1

T
l
I
i
l·,
'1
.I
ll
,,
•
...l
I
I
I
l
l 4.7m

l
l
I
I 5.2m
I
I Wit
I

Wu1'I
0..8Sm
r--
' --- --- "", I
I
1.6m
I
I
I

r I
0.35 m 1
0.5m

2.8m

Fig.1~11

.,

'
,,'1/ r ,/:r'w ·,_;. ,
 . _Walla
_AMaNno_·
__ ___________________

Forces Actlng on the Retalnfng Wan: Refer Fig. l 6.11

__ _k
(1) Ovm'Omlng force

P"" = ½o:,i1rH). H ½x(! x 18x5.2)>c 5.2 H

I:: T
5.2
= i.n3 81.12 x 1.733
=81.12 = 140.61
t.~. • 140.61
'' {2) Restorin1 tor«s
{,1) W~t ofhack:tiU (W,) 1.6 X 4.7 X 18 = 135.36 270.72
. ' (b) Weight -of stem.
(i).Weigbt of rectangtallr o.ss + OJj - o~s
M

0.,15·x 4.7 x 25
·trial
iJ()l'ti®. (W11 ) = 17.625 =1.125 19.828

':I:f X 0.2 )(4.7·X 25

., (ii) Weight of triangular
'J>Oftion f\l'~
.
= ll.75
0.85 +
0.983
2
3 x0.2 =
'· . l J.5S4

.u2 =l.4
-~.'~ '. }!_,'
. .. ,:\
., •' l

.(c) Weight of base slab (W~ 0.5 X 2.8 )( 25 c 3~ 49

t,v = 199.735 V,• • 351.l

• ~~y.C h~
(l) Overturning

a 2;2 > 1.4 hence o.k.

_0.9F11
, -~ 1.4
'~- ';(Y,/ Fs
<·
FR • µIW = 0.45 >C J99.735 z 89.88 kN
Fs =P..-=-81.12kN
'
,,,...,,,,
,,.
.,,

'
-/,(/

0f,y
0.9F1t
Fs •
0.9x89.46
'sl.l 2 =0.99< 1.4 '
£~t /
~., ',z Hfflce, key. is .to be pmvidtd to inc.rwe the resilitance apimt sliding.
.())Bas e~· •
RuukantJll'Otnentat toe end O = M•-Mo
= 351 - 140.6.l
=210.49 kNm
 I______________
_'428::.:.·....

Tot res-ultn.nl vertical load • tw • 199.73

kN
It acts at a di~ ~- ,'i from the toe e_nd O (re{
'
er Fig.16.12) '
/'. ,,, \ • \
'
it· • ' .
:'h~_ "'__
JI-
,,,~)J0149 , ,•o•-i
- -•
I 'l'<'
199 .13 , Jm
• -•
,,, .

1~ xi-t .05 m
1.4m

2.8.m
,f.
f1a.16.Jl.

e • -i • 1.4 - 1.05
t = 0.35 m
••wUH.
.a.t-::h l',es • •.._ iddl '
tn -uK. m • e third io~ i.e.~ b from centre
6 (0.466 m). Hence OK
Mutmnm-prasure aHoe end. o

p~ =I:(1 +¥]
: 1?9.73 [t t 6 0._35] X
, 2..8 . 2.8
. .. , .
. 2
--•'-MJnbntim-pressuJ'I at hm'aid,P,-_ ~ =' 124.&3 ~N/m < 180 2
· • )~ -_; • - , , kN/m (safe BC of soil). Hence OK

n ,
f{M.lll
=I bW[i _ 6e]
b

= 199.73 [, _ 6x 0.35]
2.8 2.8
= 17.83 kN/m2, which is positive.
,OK. :as oo tension dc\:elops anywhcft on the
base ,slab.
l. ».p .tS mn , .
_The 4epth 1'CJUircd for stem is ) ~lrea
t ' .•
.dy checked while a.uu.ming the prelimin
t•

:. ary dimenstons
D • 350
d ;:JS 0-6 0
=290mm
Maximum mtlment, at base of s&em • 155
.73 klllllm
 Ana of-steel (A.) In stem

4J5A,, J
155.73 >< I0
6
= 0.87 x 4J5 x A11 x 290 [ I - zox IOOOx 190

A_! - l 3979.23A., + 20794392.S J::: 0

On ~lving the cqWltion 2
Aufflql f • 1693 mm
1

Using Jo mm diameter bars, A.• = 201 mm~

20( X 1()()()
,
Spactng requirtd • • = f J8 mm
1693
@ 100 mm c/c.
Hence, provide 16 mm di~nncter,_~'415 bars
~bu &n ·ste e1
Distri.botion stw ' is provided <t o. 12-~'~f:'tQ
tal k•~ naf - Meal
1 uoflhe&tem]
A • Q.12 . J(XX)v(l5Cf.+-3SO_J•
, : ,· ·[(,;J~-f-JSO)utheaverugethicknc
" 100 x A, 2 l. 2
A~=300mnl 1
. '
A, = S0.3 mm
Using.8 mmdiameterhars.
,

:~~,~-,:
) :t-.
xJOOO = 167.5 mm
Spacing reqtiireli •= JO:J300
/,, '
"', '
•
the inner-face of.the stem as diJtributioo

--
·,,
He ~, m> v~ -lm nn f~ Fe-4JS.,tJ&rs@ {50,mm de; on
at die outu face (front
·@ 150 ,,~ c/c in both directiona
Similarly provide 8 mm diameter Fe 415'bats to weather.
face) of the srem as temperature and shrin
k'agel'einfOl'Cti1'Jc:nl !Ince this face is exposed
Oaeckforsbear 4.41
~ d from base of stem i.,.. h = 4. 7 - 0.29
The criticaJ section for shear u at a d i

Sbmr foree11Hhis f«U M of the stem

f
=· ( x 18 x 4.41) ><4.41

= 58.3 kN-
·,V. ... J.5 x 58._3
V:,, = 87.S2KN

Nominal &hear stress a &/V

·ti• = 87.52 x 1000 = 0.30 Nlmmz
lOOOx290

(from Table ,.l)

 Curtailment of tension relnforcement
.
the As stem (')t· retaining wall
behave.\ like a. cantllevcr. the bending moment goes on
{<

""-i~~r O thc wall and ~"00 \CS zero al the top. Therefore reducing towards
,1e'f-'" of lbc stem. , tension reinforcement con he curtru.led along the fr

Development length. L"' for 16 mm diametet baB

'{
...·~•
At .
<>,lj
;.~~ >.

•,;,?' 't
0.37 ~-.I~).~
'-.t = Y. rr<1~
1/~ :,.,.: l~ / .t,,;~11; ..
: ;i,i~~-,,\ t,'?i
4'tbtf
Jt ,:-:xf/ <{(.\ ;s...,~:,i ·j
·fjJ/~1? -~t:1:.-f~ftf: ,(
f~ t-~l\(\l1 \,,

0.87 X 415X 16 ,
L, = •'·
4 X l.6 X 1.2 ·'
'
·.;
Therefore.. no bar = 7.52mm
a d i ~ 1000 mm "' can be curtailed up, lQ a i y:.
'I,"'

,rom ut1.,:C oft.be stem I.e., Jstunce of 1S2 mm from base of the stem. Cunair,ng bars, al
"'A•.

• -~,,
4700 - \000 , ,,,.
= 3700 mm·trom:•top·of"th.e stem . /.
~1,
•/

Total depth at this s~o n = 150 + 2 9? x 37~· : ,:t. ~:·'

;ifiJt
•r. ff;; it4~?, •
4100 !~<~ :<
, .,f..-;,,;:
307 mm
.::e ., ,'
Effective d~ -at this section ::. ~07 - 60 : 247 mm
~-. ;
'
f\{omcnt due to earth pres..,lQ'C at 3. 7· m from. to )":4
, ~-
•• . . 'P ;' . .(, I.,

, .
Kayh3 ·,
::0 - -6:.
--

= ¼(½x 18 xJ.7 3)
::i.50.7 kNm !•
•M,_ ·='l.5 x 5(};7. ·
>

=- i6kNm·· •
Mi,/ C

Area of stul required for an ultimate bending piom

ent-of 76 k'Nm

76 x 106 =·0. 87x 415 xAu x24 415

il-
On solving.. we get
l Au
20x 1000 x 247
]

Using 16 mm diamder bars.

. g rcqu1•-.t201
Spa<:m na, .•
X \000
a: =217· nun
924. •• , .
HtQ(:e'half ohheibar:t can·t,e curtailed?~f.,.per
pro,1®4',bey~ Jhe' point of curtailment~ ff~ cuT\a or;tdistAAce. 'Y.'.hicbeve.r; is lOO{C~ is to be
of ~,~ ;_p r9v idln g 16 mm dlemclit bnrs @'20
ilrrn:nt the bar.. ~t t.3 m from bA$e or l.4 m from top
0 nun cfc a.~r a di$ ~ of f.3 m from b8se
S~mi,l~~ ooe
more curtailment CcM\ be done at 1.5 m from top of stern
.
of stream.

l!rtom.ent itt lhjs section .:: (t8x ts')

3><6
= 3.375 kNm
 I
f
~Wah
M,. • l.S >t 3.375
= 5.1 kNm
f
Depth ar mis section
• 150 + i?': x 3200

= 286mm
d =286 - 60 =226 mm
SA/~
410( ]
j x2 26
[
t- 0x t0 226
6
S.t x 10 = 0.81)(4
, 1S xA 1 2
2
65
2
< A.- 111111 i.e.. 300 mm amtter bars
providtng 16 mm di
A« riliid c mm
m fn ,m top an d
fl at 1.5
other half of the bf
Hence curtailing- an
@ 40 0. m m o/ c.

l. ol fl al Slab 'sJab·ksoown fn F'11,

16. t3.
tibn on
The pressure distribu / W •( t8 ,i4 ,n ~

>

\
C
f sI
I•
Il' -' D
-- - - ------
Q L . . ·- tF IE
I I
I

'I
I
I .
,,
•.I
f
4.SJ -t 7. SJ ) X 1.6
=78.4 l:Ntn/
- ~ J7.83 + (ll 2.8
• -~ \ .

17.S
3--- J) X I•9c:J-9 ? 35 \.U I,,_ 2

{124 .8_ -- - -· r.i vm

17.83 + ,; ;,
2.8
5

t
8 x 4.7 =84.6 kN/m
f-,I
iif-
of earth s u p ~ on hee:l =- J 12.5 kN/m
., Weight
Jf w ei gb t:o f~ l st,b = 0.$ >< 1.0 x 25 =
Se kN/rn
Tocal load u 91.1 13.6
f _J
.1 XJ ,6 2 17 .8 3; J.6 l - 21 (7
8..4- 17.83) X 1.6 X

t
91
: -. - -
-,
um bending momenc at B = 2-
Maiim
I 1, :; 101.5 - 2.i.8
f • 73.7 kNm
113.6 kNm
M., :: 1.5 x 7S.7::
< 440 mm. Hence
OK.
I t 3.6 x Io ' c
202 mm
2.76 x JOOO
 4321

l
l 13.5- XJ0 6 -= ,0,8 l
7 X 41 S .)( +1 () ( I -
)(41 5Ajl
IOOO )
A,, ::: 741 mm1 20 440
X

• Spacm ,
, g of 1,
.. tnnt "" ~-
l'< \I~ = U3 X 1000
• Provide l 2 mm 4741
• =: tJ"2 mm
diameter ban @· l
Diwibution ste 50 mm cir; at the to
tJ is provided @ p fru.<-c of the heel sla
0, l2% of sectional b i.e., BC.
.aJea in the ot
' . her direction
0.12 000
Using 10 mn1 diam
1o o Xl • xSOO =600mm2
ciet;bar.s, A• .11;,78.5 mmi.)
Hence. provide sa e,acing required=
l. me 10 mm dia ba tOO mm
of Toe Slab rs @ 100 mm c/
c in ihe other directi
on.
The w
the stem. eight of front.fill above the toe
~lab is neglected an
d muimt,am momen
t is calculated
a.t face of
,
Maximum momen
t ::: 92•35 xo·,gsl
1 , + ,!. 2
(124.83-92.35)
X0.85 X 2•X 0.8
S
+i : . 33:3
6
kNm .82:. ~
JJ;
3
Area of steel for M• .. ~· 1.5 x 4) .,2 .=
toe slab . 6.l.8 kNm :•

61.80 X 10~ ·= 0.
87 X4l5 X ~, : X 44 0[ 1- 4
A ; -2l209.88A,1: 20 lSA,, 4401
1 +-8251001.3 · X 10()().X
=0
_
,A.w _ ;'·396, nml"
•
'
'.,..

lience:pt0"id,iog ·< 1\, ,{600 mm2)

') (.
' 4

c ffl both diectio minimum area of st

. . " ns.. - ee lo f~ ft 2
nm . ~ ~ p l' O \i
..,.

4. ·0 et tp o t ~ . d e 10 nvn diamete
key, • r ba rs @ 100mm
cl
Ar, the wan is
no t safe in slidi
_
ng, sbeJu; key is to
. Pressure,at race be provided below
of shear key = 92 the ste-m lS s
.35 kN/m
Coeffkient of pa
~~ive earth pressu • l in~
re = -+s--
1- Ain
,,
l
f \ p =. 5
-
_,i

O,S -~
Let the depth ofie
~Jist3.n.ce- offere y' = a
d by shear key •
3 x 92.35 x a
Factor of saf~ty
against· slidjng olon
=
277.05a l
, gwith 'Shear key
0.9u l ... 271. Fla- 16.14
• - - - "W "-----
0Sa 0.9 x 89.8
8
P.,. = - - - -+- 277 .OS a l A
a = 0. 11 81.12 - - = ...
H-9wev~r, provide 8
'file detaill of dl¢'
, mm ,ie 100 mm shear key.m
:ndn(oi~'inelit:~
AOOWll ·in Flg,~ 16
.l's. -
 ,.. ,,:

.,, '
. ' . ,, '·~
..
\ I.
.. /:}/
:
:_,;.

\.:,
• '":~' ' '
.. ,. '
1,-':_: •• •
' .
,. t, ' . ~.-~~-~: '~

A
1 \ '
.,
t
1
·,t

'
• ·,.~-{·'
,,,
.. '
.
/ , . ,
~of ,i.-Z~
sj,,
-~\>
<

.·,1··
,;;c>,,:~
• - " " " ' - - - - , , . . ; . ·. . .. . .
·' ; ,... • - · · - ·/""'""-1
-....

-~~!:~Ji
_.,,;Wr,
,...
.t
·" -~ t-. . ~~·: --;~_i~~~(-~}_{1:.. i:~...

-: ');¾'t~:-~~- --,~..
~?~_;:~....-~.r_:~-_<:·~_::~:;_·~1~_:.~&-~::·....·i•_\_J•....• _.'....• _,_1~_-_;r,;i...~l_r,,:_~_?.:;__
;~:....
¥ ~ : . ~ ' ' ~ ·\ \ ·

1','- ' > ·•

1~:,,

if
. . _.l.'.:f

I
i
tmui
,, .i
l -
, lf Ig i t>
t
I & &
i4. ..J
§ f fi I s
j ! ! • •
.
• •• • 1 J..
J. j J I I
..I
ill i I I ....N
I .8
J
• • ·!
l

••
JI
( !!

WtuOOOt