Structural Design- II

CEA3180

Dr. Moonis Zaheer

Course Objectives
• Develop concepts of analysis and design of reinforced concrete
elements not covered under 1st course of the subject (CEA3110).
• To introduce analysis and design of structural members like
Compression members, footings, continuous beams and portal
frames.
• To introduce students the significance of structural construction with
steel and develop basic concept of analysis and design of steel
structures.
Course contents
• Unit 1: Design of Compression members, short column, Column with
uni-axial & bi-axial bending, long column, use of design charts,
reinforcement Detailing.
• Unit 2 : Introduction design of foundation: wall footing, Isolated and
Combined footing for columns Reinforcement Detailing.
• Unit 3: Analysis & Design of Continuous beams & portal frames &
their Detailing.
• Unit 4: Design of riveted & welding connections (simple cases only)
Tension & Compression members, beams & Plate girders.
Introduction to grillage foundation, Trusses.
Text and Reference Books:

• Jain, A. K. “Reinforced concrete- limit State Design” NCB, Roorkee, India

• Pillai and Menon “Reinforced Concrete Design”, TMH, New Delhi, India.
• Verghese, P. C. “Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design” PHI, Delhi, India
• IS: 456 - 2000. Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, BIS, New Delhi,
India.
• SP: 16 - Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456, BIS, New Delhi, India.
• Kazmi, S. M. A. and Jindal, R.S. “Design of Steel Structures” PHI, New Delhi, India.
• Arya and Ajmani “Design of Steel Structures”, NCB, Roorkee, India.
• Ramamrutham, S. “Design of Steel Structures” Dhanpat Rai, Delhi, India.
• IS: 800-2000 - Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel, BIS, New Delhi,
India.
Columns

• Structural element subjected to axial compressive forces is called

compression member.
 Columns- when a compression member is vertical
 Struts- when a compression member is horizontal or inclined (concrete
trusses)
 Shear walls
• A column that springs from a beam is referred to as floating column.
• Compression members that supports deck in bridges are called as piers.
• Upright slender members (circular) and subjected to predominant B.M and
nominal compression are called poles, pillars or posts.
Definitions according to code

• Clause 25.1.1 – Column or strut is a compression member, effective

length of which exceeds three times the least lateral dimension.
• Clause 26.5.3.1 h – Pedestal is the compression member, the effective
length of which does not exceed three times the least lateral
dimension 𝑏.
• The other horizontal dimension 𝐷 shall not exceed four times of 𝑏.
• Location?
• At the base of columns to transfer the load of columns to a footing,
pile cap, or mat.
Definitions

Pedestal Column
Wall
• Wall is a vertical compression
member whose effective height 𝐻
to thickness 𝑡 (least lateral
dimension) shall not exceed 30
(CL. 32.2.3 of IS 456).
• The larger horizontal dimension
i.e., the length of the wall 𝐿 is
more than 4𝑡.
Why steel is provided in compression
members
• Very few members are truly
axially loaded
• Steel is essential for resisting any
local bending that may occur
• Part of total load is carried by
steel with its much greater
compressive strength
Classification of columns

Based on cross section

 Rectangular
 Square
 Circular
 Hexagonal
 T, L, or + shapes
Based on type of reinforcement
Tied columns- most common Columns with helical
(square, rectangular) reinforcement- Architects choice
Composite column

• The main longitudinal

reinforcement of the composite
columns consists of structural steel
sections or pipes with or without
longitudinal bars.
Based on loading

• Axially loaded columns – all

inside columns
• Axially loaded column with
uniaxial bending – all side
columns
• Axially loaded column with
biaxial bending – all corner
columns
Columns based on location
Euler buckling load

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
• 𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
𝐿2𝑒
𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
• 𝜎𝑐𝑟 = =
𝐴 𝐿2𝑒 𝐴
𝜋2 𝐸
• 𝜎𝑐𝑟 =
𝐿𝑒 𝑟 2
• where
𝐼
•𝑟=
𝐴
Slenderness ratio

• The factor 𝑙𝑒 𝑟 is called as the slenderness ratio.

• It provides a measure of probability of column buckling.
• short columns fail by crushing with the material reaching its ultimate
strength.
• Long columns fails in buckling
Based on slenderness ratio

a) Short column
b) Long or slender column
• IS 456 stipulates the slenderness ratio as the ratio of its effective
length 𝑙𝑒 to its least lateral dimension.
• The effective length 𝑙𝑒 is different from the unsupported length.
• The rectangular RC column of cross-sectional dimensions b and D
shall have two effective lengths in the two directions of b and D.
• Slenderness ratio about the major axis = 𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝐷
• Slenderness ratio about the minor axis = 𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑏
Based on slenderness ratio

• CL. 25.1.2 of IS 456 stipulates the following:

• A compression member may be considered as short when both the
slenderness ratios 𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝐷 and 𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑏 are less than 12.
• When both the slenderness ratios 𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝐷 and 𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑏 are more than 12, it
is considered as long or slender compression member.
• Accordingly, CL. 25.3, the unsupported length between end restraints
shall not exceed 60 times the least lateral dimension of a column (max).
 Braced and unbraced columns
• It is desirable that the columns do not have to resist
any horizontal loads due to wind/ EQ.
• This can be achieved by bracing the columns of
water tank or tall buildings.
• Lateral tie members for the columns of water tank
or shear walls of tall buildings resist the horizontal
forces and these columns are called braced
columns.
• The bracings can be in one or more directions
depending on the directions of the lateral loads.
 Effective length (CL. 25.2)
• The vertical distance between the points of inflection
of the column in the buckled configuration is termed as
effective length 𝑙𝑒 .
• The effective length is different from the unsupported
length 𝐿 of the member.
• The relation between the effective and unsupported
lengths of any compression member is 𝑙𝑒 = 𝑘𝐿
• where 𝑘 is the ratio of effective to the unsupported
lengths.
• Clause 25.2 of IS 456 stipulates the effective lengths of
compression members (vide Annex E of IS 456). This
parameter is needed in classifying and designing the
compression members.
 Code requirements for reinforcement and
detailing
• Longitudinal reinforcement Clause 26.5.3.1
• (a) Min.≮ 0.8 %
• Max.≯ 6 % (4% is actually recommended).
• (b) Number of longitudinal bars
• Min.-In a rectangular column = 4
• In circular columns = 6
• Minimum bar dia. =12 mm
• (c) Columns having helical reinforcement shall have at least six
longitudinal bars within and in contact with the helical reinforcement.
The bars shall be placed equidistant around its inner circumference.
• (d) Spacing of longitudinal bars ≯ 300mm measured along the
periphery of the column
• (e) In pedestals, nominal reinforcement = 0.15% of the cross-
sectional area shall be provided.
 Code requirements for reinforcement and
detailing
• Transverse Reinforcement Clause 26.5.3.2
• All longitudinal reinforcement in a compression member
must be enclosed within transverse reinforcement, comprising
either lateral ties (with internal angles not exceeding 135˚) or
spirals.
• The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall not be more
than least of the following:
• i) The least lateral dimension
• ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal
reinforcement bar to be tied.
• iii) 300 mm
• The diameter lateral ties shall not be less than ¼ of diameter
of largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6 mm.
 Helical reinforcement
• Pitch – Helical reinforcement shall be regular formation with
the turns of the helix spaced evenly and its ends shall be
anchored properly by providing one and a half extra turns of the
spiral bar.
• Pitch < = min (75 mm, core diameter/6)
• Pitch = > max (25 mm, 3 x diameter of bar forming the helix)
Clause 26.5.3.2 stipulates the guidelines of the arrangement of
transverse reinforcement. The salient points are:

• (a) Transverse reinforcement shall • (b) Longitudinal bars spaced at a

only go round corner and alternate maximum distance of 48 times the
bars if the longitudinal bars are diameter of the tie shall be tied by
not spaced more than 75 mm on single tie and additional open ties
either side for in between longitudinal bars
• (c) For bars placed in more than one row
(i) transverse reinforcement is provided for
the outer-most row in accordance with (a)
above, and (ii) no bar of the inner row is
closer to the nearest compression face than
three times the diameter of the largest bar in
the inner row.
• (d) For long. bars arranged in a group such that
they are not in contact and each group is adequately
tied as per (a), (b) or (c) above, as appropriate, the
transverse reinforcement as a whole may be
provided assuming that each group is a single
longitudinal bar for determining the pitch and
diameter of the transverse reinforcement. The
diameter of such transverse reinforcement should
not, however, exceed 20 mm
Thumb Rules
• Width of column should not be less than width of beam.
• Orientation of column should be such that depth of column (larger dimension)
shall be in the plane of maximum bending.
• To avoid projection of column outside from a wall, long dimension is placed
along the wall.
• Size of column may be changed (if desired) after every three floors.
• Size of such columns be reduced at upper floors by the following amounts
1. Width = by 50 mm
2. Depth = by 100 mm
• Change of shape of column from circular to rectangular/ square may be
possible.
• Minimum size of column
1. Circular: 230 mm (9”)
2. Square: 230 x 230 mm (9” x 9”)
3. Rectangular: 230 x 300 mm (9” x 12”)
4. Boundary wall column: 230 x 300 mm (9” x 12”)
• Due to ease of fixing of precast panels, L-shape columns are generally provided on corner of
buildings.
• Expansion joint:
1. 30 – 50 mm (concrete structures)
2. 50 – 60 mm (steel structures)
• Conditions for providing expansion joint
1. New building adjoining existing building
2. Intersection of wings of L, T or U shaped buildings
3. Low building abutting high building
4. Different types of foundation in structure (building on raft or isolated footing)
• Settlement joint is provided when two portions of the same builg. have large difference in height.
• Commonly used module sizes (basic module)
1. 1.2 m (golden module)
2. 1.5 m
3. 1.8 m (used in hospitals, where it is required to move machinery/beds in
wards)
• Following module sizes are considered as good (architectural module/ design
module)
1. 4.8 m (4 x 1.2m)
2. 6.0 m (5 x 1.2m)
3. 7.2 m (6 x 1.2m)
4. 8.4 m (7 x 1.2m)
• Module size less than 3.6 m are not good.
• Structural module may be same or twice of architectural module/design module.
e.g, if architectural module = 4.8 m (size of any space), then structural module =
4.8 x 2 = 9.6 m (size governed by position of columns).
• Location of lifts:
1. Maximum spacing = 70 m (30-50 m is desirable)
2. Near the entrance along with stairs
3. Lifts should be in multiples (not single) and should be symmetrical
as far as possible along the length of building.
• Minimum eccentricity
• Clause 25.4- All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity
• 𝑒min 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐿 500 + 𝐷 30 > 20 𝑚𝑚
• 𝑒min 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐿 500 + 𝑏 30 > 20 𝑚𝑚
• Assumptions
• Assumptions for the design of compression members (CL. 39.1 of IS 456).
• (i) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is
taken as 0.002.
• Maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in
concrete subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is no
tension on the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least
compressed extreme fibre.
• (ii) Other assumptions for the design of limit state of collapse in flexure are
also applicable here.
• Design of short column under axial loading
• Maximum design strength of concrete = 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 (for 𝜖 = 0.002 − 0.0035)
• Maximum design strength of steel = 0.87𝑓𝑦
• 𝑒x 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 500 + 𝐷 30 > 20 𝑚𝑚
• 𝑜𝑟 12𝐷 500 + 𝐷 30 = 0.057𝐷 ≈ 0.05𝐷
• 𝑒y 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 500 + 𝑏 30 > 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 0.05𝑏
• To account for minimum eccentricity, design strength of concrete and steel are
further reduced by 10%.
• Therefore, design strength of concrete for short column is taken as
• = 0.9 × 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘
• For Fe 250, the design strength at which the strain is 0.002 is 𝑓𝑦 1.15 = 0.87𝑓𝑦
• For Fe 415,
0.002−0.00192
• 0.9𝑓𝑦𝑑 + 0.05𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 0.908𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 0.908 1.15 = 0.789𝑓𝑦
0.00226−0.00192
• For Fe 500,
0.002−0.00195
• 0.85𝑓𝑦𝑑 + 0.05𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 0.859𝑓𝑦𝑑 =
0.00226−0.00195
0.859 1.15 = 0.746𝑓𝑦
• To take care of minimum eccentricity, reduce design strength by 10%
• Therefore, for Fe 250 = 0.9 × 0.87𝑓𝑦 = 0.783𝑓𝑦
• For Fe 415 = 0.9 × 0.789𝑓𝑦 = 0.710𝑓𝑦
• For Fe 500 = 0.9 × 0.746𝑓𝑦 = 0.671𝑓𝑦
• Accordingly, CL 39.3 of IS 456 stipulates 0.67𝑓𝑦 as the design
strength for all grades of steel for design of short columns
• Consequently,
• Design strength of concrete = 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘
• Design strength of steel = 0.67𝑓𝑦
• Therefore, the design strength of a short column is obtainable as,
• 𝑃𝑢 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑠
• = 𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• where
• 𝑃𝑢 = factored axial load on the member,
• 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = characteristic compressive strength of the concrete,
• 𝐴𝑐 = area of concrete,
• 𝑓𝑦 = characteristic strength of the compression reinforcement, and
• 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = area of longitudinal reinforcement for columns.
𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝜌𝐴𝑔
• × 100 = 𝜌 ⇒ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 =
𝐴𝑔 100
• 𝐴𝑔 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠𝑐
 𝜌𝐴𝑔 𝜌
• ⇒ 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝐴𝑔 − = 𝐴𝑔 1 −
100 100
𝜌 𝜌𝐴𝑔
• 𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑔 1 − + 0.67𝑓𝑦
100 100
•
𝑃𝑢 𝜌 𝜌
• = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 1 − + 0.67𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑔 100 100
•
𝑃𝑢 𝜌 𝜌
• = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 − 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 0.67𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑔 100 100

𝑃𝑢 𝜌
• = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 − 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑔 100
• 𝜌 = 0.8 − 4% (𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑)
 Example: Design the reinforcement in a column of size 400 mm x 600 mm subjected
to an axial load of 2000 kN under service dead load and live load. The column has an
unsupported length of 4.0 m and effectively held in position and restrained against
rotation in both ends. Use M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
• Step 1: To check if the column is short or slender
• Given 𝐿 = 4000 mm, 𝑏 = 400 mm and 𝐷 = 600 mm.
• Service load (working load) = 2000 kN
• Factored load = 1.5 × 2000 = 3000 𝐾𝑁
• Table 28 of IS 456 =𝑙𝑒𝑥 = 𝑙𝑒𝑦 = 0.65𝐿 = 0.65 × 4000 = 2600 mm. So, we have
• 𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝐷 = 2600 600 = 4.33 < 12
• 𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑏 = 2600 400 = 6.5 < 12
• Hence, it is a short column.
• Step 2: Minimum eccentricity
• 𝑒x 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐿 500 + 𝐷 30 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20 𝑚𝑚
• 4000 500 + 600 30 = 8 + 20 = 28 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20 𝑚𝑚 = 28 𝑚𝑚
• 𝑒y 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐿 500 + 𝑏 30 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20 𝑚𝑚
• 4000 500 + 400 30 = 8 + 13.33 = 21.33 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20 𝑚𝑚 = 21.33 𝑚𝑚
• 0.05𝐷 = 0.05 × 600 = 30 𝑚𝑚 > 28 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛
• 0.05𝑏 = 0.05 × 400 = 20 𝑚𝑚 = 20 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑒𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛
• Hence, the equation given in CL.39.3 of IS 456 is applicable for the design here.
• Step 3: Area of steel
• We know that
• 𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐 or
• 𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑔 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 − 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑐 or 𝑃𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 {𝐴𝑔 −𝐴𝑠𝑐 } + 0.67𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 3000 103 = 0.4 25 400 600 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐 + 0.67 415 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠,
• 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 2238.39 𝑚𝑚2
• Provide 6-20 mm diameter and 2-16 mm diameter bars giving 2287 mm2 (>2238.39 mm2)
and 𝜌 = 0.953%, which is more than minimum percentage of 0.8 and less than maximum
percentage of 4.0. Hence, o.k.
• Step 4: Lateral ties
• The diameter of transverse reinforcement (lateral ties) is
determined from CL.26.5.3.2 C-2 of IS 456 as not less than
• ∅ 4 and
• (ii) 6 mm.
• Here,∅ = largest bar diameter used as longitudinal
reinforcement = 20 mm. So, the diameter of bars used as
lateral ties = 6 mm.
• The pitch of lateral ties, as per CL.26.5.3.2 C-1 of IS 456,
should be not more than the least of
• (i) The least lateral dimension of the column = 400 mm
• (ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal
reinforcement bar to be tied = 16 (16) = 256 mm
• (iii) 300 mm
• Adopt pitch of lateral ties = 250 mm
 Example 2: Design the column of Problem 1 employing the chart of SP-16.
• Solution 2: Steps 1 and 2 are the same as those of
Problem 1.
• Step 3: Area of steel
• 𝑃𝑢 𝐴𝑔 = 3000 103 600 × 400 = 12.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
• From the lower section of Chart 25 of SP-16, we
get 𝑝 = 0.95% when 𝑃𝑢 𝐴𝑔 =12.5 N/mm2and
concrete grade is M 25. This gives 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 0.95(400)
(600)/100 =2288 mm2. The results of both the
problems are in good agreement. Marginally
higher value of Asc while using the chart is due to
parallax error while reading the value from the
chart. Here also, 6-20 mm diameter bars + 2-16
mm diameter bars (Asc provided = 2287 mm2) is
o.k., though it is 1 mm2 less.
• Step 4 is the same as that of Problem 1. Figure
showing the reinforcing bars (longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement) of this problem (same
column as that of Problem 1).
 Spiral columns
• Columns with helical reinforcement take more load than that of tied
columns due to additional strength of spirals.
• CL. 39.4 recommends a multiplying factor of 1.05 regarding the
strength of such columns.
• The code further recommends that the ratio of volume of helical
reinforcement to the volume of core shall not be less than
• 0.36 (𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑐 − 1) 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑦 as per CL. 39.4.1.
• The governing equation of the spiral columns may be written as
• 𝑃𝑢 = 1.05(0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐 )
Pitch of helical reinforcement
• Volume of helical reinforcement in one loop = 𝜋 𝐷𝑐 − 𝜑𝑠𝑝 𝑎𝑠𝑝
• Volume of core= 𝜋 4 𝐷𝑐2 . 𝑝
• where 𝐷𝑐 =diameter of the core
• 𝜑𝑠𝑝 =Diameter of the spiral reinforcement
• 𝑎𝑠𝑝 =Area of cross section of spiral reinforcement
• 𝑝 =Pitch of the spiral reinforcement
• To satisfy the condition of CL 39.4.1 of IS 456, i.e ratio of volume of helical
reinforcement to the volume of core shall not be less than 0.36 𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑐 − 1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑦
• 𝜋 𝐷𝑐 − 𝜑𝑠𝑝 𝑎𝑠𝑝 𝜋 4 𝐷𝑐2 𝑝 ≥ 0.36 𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑐 − 1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑦
• which finally gives
• 𝑝 ≤ 11.1 𝐷𝑐 − 𝜑𝑠𝑝 𝑎𝑠𝑝 𝑓𝑦 / 𝐷2 − 𝐷𝑐2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
 Example: Design a circular column of 400 mm diameter with helical reinforcement
subjected to an axial load of 1500 kN under service dead and live load. The column
has an unsupported length of 3 m effectively held in position at both ends but not
restrained against rotation. Use M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
• Step 1: To check if the column is short or slender
• Given 𝐿 = 3000 mm, 𝐷 = 400 mm. Table 28 of Annexure E of IS 456 gives effective length
• =𝑙𝑒 = 𝐿= 3000 mm. So, we have
• 𝑙𝑒 𝐷 = 3000 400 = 7.5 < 12
• Hence, it is a short column.
𝜋 2
• Gross area of column = 400 = 125663.7 𝑚𝑚2
4
• Step 2: Minimum eccentricity
• 𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 500 + 𝑏 30 (> 20 𝑚𝑚)
• 𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3000 500 + 400 30 = 19.33 𝑚𝑚 (≈ 20 𝑚𝑚)
• 0.05𝐷 = 0.05 × 400 = 20 𝑚𝑚
• As per CL. 39.3 of IS 456, 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 should not exceed 0.05𝐷. Here, both the eccentricities are
the same. So, we can use the equation in that clause of IS 456.
• Step 3: Area of steel
• 𝑃𝑢 = 1.05(0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐 )
• 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 125663.7 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 1.5 × 1500 103 = 1.05{0.4 25 125663.7 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐 + 0.67 415 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠,
• 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 3304.29 𝑚𝑚2 (2.64% of gross area)
• Provide 11-20 mm diameter bars = 3455𝑚𝑚2 as longitudinal reinforcement
giving 𝜌 = 2.75%, this 𝜌 is between 0.8 (min.) and of 4 (max.) per cent. Hence, o.k.
• Diameter of helical reinforcement (CL.26.5.3.2 d-2) shall be not less than greater of
• (i) one-fourth of the diameter of largest longitudinal bar, and (ii) 6 mm.
• Therefore, with 20 mm diameter bars as longitudinal reinforcement, the diameter
of helical reinforcement = 6 mm.
• 𝑝 ≤ 11.1 𝐷𝑐 − 𝜑𝑠𝑝 𝑎𝑠𝑝 𝑓𝑦 / 𝐷2 − 𝐷𝑐2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
• 𝐷𝑐 = 400 − 40 − 40 = 320 𝑚𝑚
• 𝜑𝑠𝑝 = 6 𝑚𝑚
• 𝑎𝑠𝑝 = 28 𝑚𝑚2
• 𝐷 = 400 𝑚𝑚
• 𝑝 ≤ 11.1 320 − 6 28 415 4002 − 3202 25 ≤ 28.125𝑚𝑚
• As per CL.26.5.3.2 d-1, the maximum pitch is the lesser of 75 mm and 320/6 =
53.34 mm and the minimum pitch is greater of 25 mm and 3(6) = 18 mm. We
adopt pitch = 25 mm So, provide 6 mm bars @ 25 mm pitch forming the helix.
• Checking of CL. 39.4.1 of IS 456
• To satisfy the condition of CL 39.4.1 of IS 456, we have
• 𝜋 𝐷𝑐 − 𝜑𝑠𝑝 𝑎𝑠𝑝 𝜋 4 𝐷𝑐2 𝑝 ≥ 0.36 𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑐 − 1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑦
• Volume of helical reinforcement in one loop
= 𝜋 𝐷𝑐 − 𝜑𝑠𝑝 𝑎𝑠𝑝
• = 𝜋 320 − 6 28 = 27621𝑚𝑚3
• Volume of core in one loop = 𝜋 4 𝐷𝑐2 . 𝑝
• = 𝜋 4 𝐷𝑐2 . 𝑝 = 𝜋 4 320 2 . 25 =
2011619.2 mm3
• Their ratio = 27621/2010619.2 = 0.0137307
• 0.36 (𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑐 − 1) 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑦 =
0.012198795
• Thus, it is seen that the above ratio is not
less than 0.36 (𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑐 − 1) 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑦 ok