Subject Code: AP-221

Subject Name: THEORY OF STRUCTURES-III

UNIT-3 : RCC DESIGNS

(LECTURE 4)

Prepared by: Er. ISHITA ARORA

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Contents:
• Columns and Struts Definition
• End conditions,
• Buckling and critical loads,
• Slenderness ratio,
• Various column theories,
• Axially loaded RCC Columns.
• Isolated square footings for axially loaded RCC columns

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DEFINATIONS:
• Column- It is a vertical member subjected to the axial compressive load and transfers
the load from roof to floor of the structure. Columns are supported by fixed supports at
both ends.
• Columns are short, thick structural members which are subjected to compressive forces,
bending moments and shear forces. They are the main supports in a building or
structure. These usually fail by crushing when the yield stress of the material in
compression is exceeded.
• The compression member who is inclined or horizontal and is subjected to axial loads is
called Strut. Struts are used in trusses.
• The function of columns is to transfer the load of the structure vertically downwards to
transfer it to a foundation. Apart from the wall performs the following functions also:
(a) It encloses building areas into different compartments
and provides privacy.

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DEFINATIONS:
• Strut :It is the inclined member subjected to the axial load and supported by
hinged or pin jointed supports at both the ends.
• They fail by buckling some time before the yield stress in compression is
reached.
•  the minimum load at which buckling occurs is called buckling load.

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DEFINATIONS:
• Slenderness ratio: It is the ratio of actual length of the column to least radius of
gyration of the

where L: actual length of the column

     k: radius of gyration (It is defined as the distance between the reference axis
to the point where whole weight of the body is concentrated) cross section of the
column.

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COLUMNS:

Types of columns

Based on the height, columns are classified into two types

1) Long columns
2) Short columns

Long columns: The column, whose lateral dimension is very small when compared to its
length(or height) is called as long column.

Short columns: The column, whose lateral dimension is very large when compared to its
length(or height) is called as short column.

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END CONDITIONS:

• The column with fixed end conditions at both ends will be stronger, then the
second column of the same size, length, and material but having both ends free.
• The ability to carry a load will be different for both columns.
• The effective length of a column is calculated after knowing the column end
conditions.
• The amount of load a column can bear also depends on column end conditions.
• Effective length changes with the change in column end conditions. The following
are the column end conditions.

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END CONDITIONS:

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 ASSUMPTIONS:
The basic assumptions for strength design of columns can be summarized as follows:

• Strain of steel and concrete is proportional to distance from neutral axis

• Stress in longitudinal reinforcing bars equals steel strain equals the steel yield
strength ƒy, tension or compression, for larger strains
• Tensile strength of concrete is negligible.
• Capacity of the concrete in compression, which is assumed at a maximum stress 
• Plane section normal to the axis remain plane after bending 
• Maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is taken as
0.0035 in bending
• The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial is taken as 0.002

Affiliated to GGSIPU and approved by COA & AICTE

Affiliated to GGSIPU and approved by COA & AICTE
COLUMNS:
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT FOR COLUMNS REQUIREMENTS AS PER IS :456-
2000,PG 48,CL.26.5.3 FOR LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
• The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less then
0.8%
• Shall not be more than 6% Of the gross sectional area of the column.
• Minimum number of longitudinal bars shall be 4 in rectangular column and 6 in
circular columns
• The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter Spacing of longitudinal bars
along the periphery should not exceed 300mm

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TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

• The effective lateral support is given by transverse reinforcement either in form of circular
rings capable of taking circular tension or by polygon links (lateral ties ) with internal angle not
exceeding 135 degree
• If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75mm on either sides, transverse
reinforcement need only to go near the corner alternate bars are used for the purpose of
lateral supports 
• If the longitudinal bars are spaced at a distance not exceeding 48times the diameter of the tie,
effectively tied in two directions, additional longitudinal bars in between these bars need to be
used in one direction by open ties
• Longitudinal bars in compression member placed in more than one row, effective lateral
support
• No bars of the inner is closer to the nearest compression face then three times the diameter of
the largest bar 
Affiliated to GGSIPU and approved by COA & AICTE
Affiliated to GGSIPU and approved by COA & AICTE