Topics that came out in the

board exams
• Definition of Structural Terms from
NSCP
• Concrete Mixes
• Slump Test
• Details of Reinforcement
Concrete Mixes
 Concrete Mixes
CEMENT : SAND :
CLASS GRAVEL USES
AA 1:1½:3 concrete under water,
retaining walls

A 1:2:4 footings, column beams,

R. C. slabs

B 1:2½:5 slab on fill, non-bearing

walls

C 1:3:6 concrete plant boxes, etc.

Slump Test
 Slump Test

- when freshly mixed concrete is checked

to ensure that the specified slump is
being attained consistently. A standard
slump cone is 12 inches high (0.30) and
8 inches (0.20) in diameter at the bottom
and 4 inches (0.10) on top which is open
on both ends.
Slump Test
 ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION ‘X’

Beams and Columns 7.5 cm (.075) 3”

Slabs and Tunnel Inverts 5.0 cm (.05) 2”

Tops and walls, piers,
parapets and curbs 5.0 cm (.05) 2”

Side walls and arch in

tunnel lining 10.0 cm (.10) 4”

Canal lining 7.5 cm (.075) 3”

Heavy mass construction 5.0 cm (.05) 2”
Compressive Strength Test
Compressive Strength Test

- common quality-control test of concrete, based on 7

and 28 day curing periods
- specimens usually cylindrical with a length equal to
twice the diameter
- standard size is 12 inch high and 6 inch diameter
- filling done the same way as the slump test but
taken out from the mold in 24 hours
- sent to a compression testing laboratory, by marking
the cylinder while still wet
- some compressive stresses are 2,000 psi, 2500 psi,
3,000 psi.
Details of Reinforcement
 Details of Reinforcement
407.2 STANDARD HOOKS
“Standard Hook” as used in the NSCP
is one of the following:

407.2.1 180-degree bend plus 4 db

extension, but not less than 60 mm at
free end of bar.

407.2.2 90-degree bend plus 12 db

extension at free end of the bar.
 Details of Reinforcement
407.2.3 For stirrup and tie hooks:
1. 16 mm diameter bar and smaller,
90-degree bend plus 6 db extension at
free end of bar, or
2. 20 and 25 mm diameter bar, 90-
degree bend, plus 12 db extension at free
end, or
3. 25 mm diameter bar and smaller.
135-degree bend plus 6 db extension at
free end of bar.
 Details of Reinforcement
407.3 MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS

407.3.1 Diameter of bend measured on the

inside of the bar, other than for stirrups and ties in
sizes 10 mm diameter through 16 mm diameter,
shall not be less than the values in Table 407-1.

407.3.2 Inside diameter of bends for stirrups

and ties shall not be less than 4 db for 16 mm
diameter bar and smaller. For bars larger than 16
mm, diameter of bend shall be in accordance with
Table 407-1.
 Details of Reinforcement

407.3.3 Inside diameter of bends in welded

wire fabric (plain or deformed) for stirrups and tie
shall not be less than 4 db for deformed wire larger
than D6 and 2 db for all other wires. Bends with
inside diameter of less than 8 db shall not be less
than 4 db from the nearest welded intersection.
Table 407-1 Minimum Diameters of Bend
MINIMUM
BAR SIZE DIAMETER

10 mm through 25 6 bar diameters

mm

28 mm, 32 mm and 8 bar diameters

36 mm
Definition of Terms
 Definition of Terms

from A Visual Dictionary of

Architecture by D. K. Ching
Beam
– a rigid structural member designed to carry
and transfer transverse loads across space to
supporting elements.
span
The extent of space between two supports of a
structure. Also, the structure so supported.
clear span
The distance between the inner faces of the
supports of a span.
span
The extent of space between two supports of a
structure. Also, the structure so supported.
clear span
The distance between the inner faces of the
supports of a span.

effective span
The center-to-center between the supports of
a span.
bending moment
An external moment tending to cause part of a
structure to rotate or bend, equal to the
algebraic sum of the moments about the
neutral axis of the section under consideration.
resisting moment
An internal moment equal and opposite to a
bending moment, generated by a force couple
to maintain equilibrium of the section being
considered.
deflection
The perpendicular distance spanning member
deviates from a true course under transverse
loading, increasing with load and span, and
decreasing with an increase in the moment of
inertia of the section or the modulus of
elasticity of the material.
bending moment
resisting moment
deflection
camber
A slight convex curvature intentionally built
into a beam, girder, or truss to compensate for
an anticipated deflection.
transverse shear
An external shear force at a cross section of a
beam or other member subject to bending,
equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces
on one side of the section.
horizontal shearing stress
The shearing stress developed to prevent
slippage along longitudinal planes of a beam
under transverse loading, equal at any point to
the vertical shearing stress at that point. Also
called longitudinal shearing stress.
vertical shearing stress
The shearing stress developed along cross
section of a beam to resist transverse shear,
having a maximum value at the neutral axis and
decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer faces.
shear diagram
A graphic representation of the variation in
magnitude of the external shears present in a
structure for a given set of transverse leads
and support condition.
moment diagram
A graphic representation of the variation in
magnitude of the bending moments present in a
structure for a given set of transverse loads
and support conditions. The overall deflected
shape of a structure subject to bending can
often be inferred from the shape of its
moment diagram..
simple beam
A beam resting on simple supports at both
ends, which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance. As with any statistically
determinate structures, the values of all
reactions, shears, and moments for a simple
beam are independent of its cross-sectional
shape and material.

cantilever beam
A projecting beam supported
at only one fixed end.
overhanging beam
A simple beam extending
beyond one its supports.
double overhanging beam
A simple beam extending beyond both of its
supports.

fixed-end beam
A beam having both ends restrained against
translation and rotation. The fixed ends transfer
bending stresses, increase the rigidity of the beam,
reduce its maximum deflection.
cantilever
A beam or other rigid structural member
extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a
balancing member or a downward force behind
the fulcrum.
positive shear
A net resultant of shear forces that acts
vertically upward on the left part of the
structure being considered.
positive shear
cantilever
A beam or other rigid structural member
extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a
balancing member or a downward force behind
the fulcrum.
positive shear
A net resultant of shear forces that acts
vertically upward on the left part of the
structure being considered.
negative shear
A net resultant of shear forces that acts
vertically downward on the left part of the
structure being considered.
negative shear
cantilever
A beam or other rigid structural member
extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a
balancing member or a downward force behind
the fulcrum.
positive shear
A net resultant of shear forces that acts
vertically upward on the left part of the
structure being considered.
negative shear
A net resultant of shear forces that acts
vertically downward on the left part of the
structure being considered.
positive moment
A net resultant of shear forces that acts
vertically downward on the left part of the
structure being considered.
postive moment
inflection point
A point at which a structure changes curvature
from convex to concave or vice versa as it
deflects under a transverse load: theoretically
an internal hinge and therefore a point of zero
moment.
negative moment
A bending moment that produces a convex
curvature at a section of a structure.
haunch
The part of a beam that is thickened or
deepened to develop a greater moment
resistance. The efficiency of a beam can be
increased by shaping its length in response to
the moment and shear values which typically
vary along its longitudinal axis.
inflection point

negative moment

haunch
suspended-span
A simple beam supported by the cantilevers of
two adjoining spans with pinned construction
joints at points of zero moment. Also called
hung-span.

effective length
The distance between inflection points in the
span of a fixed-end or continuous beam,
equivalent in nature to the actual length of a
simply supported beam.
Load
– any of the forces to which a structure is
subjected.
concentrated load
A load acting on a very small area in a
particular point of a supporting structural
element.

distributed load
A load extending over the
length or area of the
supporting structural
element.

uniformly distributed load

A distributed load of
uniform magnitude.
Live Load
- any moving or movable load on a structure
resulting from occupancy.

occupancy load
The live load on a structure resulting from the weight of
people, furniture, stored material, and other similar
items in a building. Building codes specify minimum live
loads for various uses and occupancies.
water load
The live load of water that may accumulate on a roof
because of its form, deflection, or clogging of its
drainage.
occupancy load

water load
Static Load
- a load applied slowly to a structure until it
reaches its peak value without fluctuating
rapidly in magnitude or position.

dead load
The static load acting vertically downward on a
structure, comprising the self-weight of the structure
and the weight of building elements, fixtures, and
equipment permanently attached to it.

settlement load
A load imposed on a structure by subsidence of a
portion of the supporting soil and the resulting
differential settlement of its foundation.
 dead load

settlement load
Definition of Terms
 Definition of Terms

from the National Structural Code

of the Philippines
Addition
- an extension or increase on floor area or height of a
building or structure.

Allowable Stress Design

- a method of proportioning structural elements such
that computed stresses produced in the elements by
the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed
specified allowable stress (also called working stress
design).

Alter or Alteration
- any change, addition or modification in construction or
occupancy.
Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD) Method
- a method of proportioning structural elements using
load and resistance factors such that no applicable limit
state is reached when the structure is subjected to all
appropriate load combinations.
- the term “LRFD” is used in the design of steel and
wood structures.

Strength Design
- a method of proportioning structural elements such
that the computed forces produced in the elements by
the factored load combinations do not exceed the
factored element strength. The term “strength design” is
used in the design of concrete and masonry structures.
Structure
- that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building
of any kind, or any piece of work, artificially built up or
composed of parts joined together in some definite
manner.

Prefabricated Assembly
- a structural unit, the integral parts of which have been
built up or assembled prior to incorporating in the
building.
Access Floor System
- an assembly consisting of panels mounted on pedestals
to provide an under-floor space for the installation of
mechanical, electrical, communications or similar systems
or to serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum.

Assembly Building
- a building or portion of a building for the gathering
together of 50 or more persons for such purposes as
deliberation, education, instruction, worship,
entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining, or awaiting
transportation.
Awning
- a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of the
building.

Balcony, Exterior
- an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and
supported by that structure, with no additional
independent supports.

Dead Loads
- consist of the weight of all materials and fixed
equipment incorporated into the building or other
structure.
Deck
- an exterior floor system supported on at least two
opposing sides by an adjoining structure and/or posts,
piers, or other independent supports.

Essential Facilities
- buildings and other structures that are intended to
remain operational in the event of extreme environmental
loading from wind or earthquakes.

Garage
- a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle
containing flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its
tank is stored, repaired or kept.
Limit State
- a condition in which a structure or component is judged
either to be no longer useful for its intended function
(serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit
state).

Live Loads
- those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the
building or other structure and do not include dead load,
construction load, or environmental loads such as wind
load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load or flood load.
Marquee
- a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported
by the building and projecting over public property.

Bearing Wall
- any wall meeting either of the following classifications:

1. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more

thean 0.5 kN per linear meter of superimposed load.

2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more

than 1.0 kN per linear meter superimposed loads, or any
such wall supporting its own weight for more than one
story.
Exterior Wall
- any wall or element of a wall or any member or group of
members, that defines the exterior boundaries or courts of
a building and that has a slope of 60 degrees or greater
with the horizontal plane.

Nonbearing Wall
- any wall that is not a bearing wall.

Parapet Wall
- that part of any wall entirely above the roof line.

Retaining Wall
- a wall designed to resist lateral displacement f soil or
other materials.
Building, Enclosed
- a building that does not comply with the requirements for
open or partially enclosed buildings.

Building, Open
- a structure having all walls at least 80% open.

Building, Partially Enclosed

- a building that complies with both of the following
conditions:
1. the total area of opening in a wall that receives external pressure exceeds
the sum of the areas of opening in the balance of the building envelope
(walls and roof) by more than 10%; and
2. the total area of openings in a wall that receives external pressure exceeds 0.5 m2
or 1% of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in
the balance of the building envelope does not exceed 20%.
Building, Low Rise
- an enclosed or partially enclosed building which
complies with the following conditions:
1. mean roof height, h, less than or equal to 18 meters.

2. mean roof height, h, does not exceed least horizontal dimension.

Components and Cladding

- elements that do not qualify as part of the main wind-
force resisting system.

Design Force, F
- the equivalent static force to be used in the
determination of wind loads for open buildings and other
structures.
Design Pressure, P
- the equivalent static pressure to be used in the
determination of wind loads for buildings.

Flexible Buildings and other

Structures
- slender buildings and other structures that have a
fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz.
Included are buildings and other structures that have
a height, h, exceeding four times the least horizontal
dimension.
Base Shear, V
- the total design lateral force or shear at the
base of a structure.

Bearing Wall System

- a structural system without a complete vertical load-
carrying space frame.

Boundary Element
- an element at edges of openings or at perimeters of
shear walls or diaphragms.
Braced Frame
- an essentially vertical truss system of the
concentric or eccentric type that is provided to
resist lateral forces.

Building Frame System

- an essentially complete space frame that provides
support for gravity loads.

Cantilevered Column Element

- a column element in a lateral-force-resisting system
that cantilevers from a fixed base and has minimal
moment capacity at the top, with lateral forces applied
essentially at the top.
Concentrically Braced Frame
- a braced frame in which the members are subjected
primarily to axial forces.

Diaphragm
- a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to
transmit lateral forces to the vertical-resisting
elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal
bracing system.

Horizontal Bracing System

- a horizontal truss system that serves the same
function as a diaphragm.
Lateral-Force-Resisting System
- that part of the structural system designed to resist the
Design Seismic Forces.

Shear Wall
- a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the
plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as the vertical
diaphragm or structural wall).

Soft Story
- one which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent
of the stiffness of the story above.
Story Drift
- the lateral displacement of one level relative to the
level above or below.

Strength
- the capacity of an element or a member to
resist factored load.

Weak Story
- one which the story strength is less than 80 percent
of the story above.
Modulus of Elasticity
- the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for
tensile or compressive stresses below proportional
limit of material.

Shores
- vertical or inclined support members designed to carry
the weight of the formwork, concrete and construction
loads above.
Stirrup
- reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion
stresses in a structural member; typically bars, wires,
or welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) bent into L,
U, or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular
to or at an angle to longitudinal reinforcement.

(The term “stirrups” is usually applied to lateral

reinforcement in flexural members and the term
“ties” to those in compression members.)
Nominal Strength
- the capacity of a structure or component to resist the
effects of loads, as determined by computations using
specified material strengths and dimensions and
formulas derived from accepted principles of structural
mechanics or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled
models, allowing for modeling effects and differences
between laboratory and field conditions.

Plane Frame
- a structural system assumed for the purpose of analysis
and design to be two-dimensional.
Plastic Analysis
- determination of load effects (force, moment, stress, as
appropriate) on members and connections based on the
assumption of rigid-plastic behavior, i.e., that equilibrium
is satisfied throughout the structure and yield is not
exceeded anywhere.
Plastic-limit Load
- the maximum load attained when a sufficient number of
yield zones have formed to permit the structure to deform
plastically without further increase in load
- the largest load a structure will support, when perfect
plasticity is assumed and when such factors as
instability, second-order effects, strain hardening and
fracture are neglected.
Questions from the Previous
Exams
Identify minimum slump for mass
concrete construction.

Identify minimum slump for

pavements.
 Beams and Columns 7.5 cm (.075) 3”

Slabs and Tunnel Inverts 5.0 cm (.05) 2”

Tops and walls, piers,
parapets and curbs 5.0 cm (.05) 2”

Side walls and arch in

tunnel lining 10.0 cm (.10) 4”

Canal lining 7.5 cm (.075) 3”

Heavy mass construction 5.0 cm (.05) 2”
Definition of Terms

Proportional Limit
Elastic Limit
Yield Point
 Yield Point

Fracture

Elastic Limit
Proportional Limit
 proportional limit A Visual Dictionary of
Architecture
The stress beyond which the ratio of
stress to strain for a material no longer
remains constant.

proportional limit Dictionary of

Architecture and Construction
the greatest stress which a material is
capable of sustaining without any
deviation from Hooke’s Law.
Proportional Limit

Hooke’s Law A Visual Dictionary of

Architecture
The law stating that the stress on a
body is directly proportional to the
strain produced, provided the stress
does not exceed the elastic limit of the
material.
 elastic limit A Visual Dictionary of
Architecture
The maximum stress that can be applied
to a material without causing permanent
deformation.

elastic limit Dictionary of Architecture

and Construction
the greatest stress which a material is
capable of sustaining without permanent
Elastic Limit deformation upon complete release of
the stress.
 yield point A Visual Dictionary
The stress beyond which a marked
increase in strain occurs in a material
without a concurrent increase in stress.
Many materials do not have clearly
defined yield points. For these
materials, a theoretical yield strength is
calculated from the stress-strain curve.
Yield Point

yield point NSCP

The first stress in a material at which an
increase in strain occurs without an increase
in stress, the yield point less than the
maximum attainable stress.
fracture A Visual Dictionary
The breaking of a material resulting
from the rupturing of its atomic bonds
when stressed beyond its ultimate
strength.

Fracture
What class of concrete has
1 : 2½ : 5 concrete proportion?
AA, A, B, C, D?
 Concrete Mixes
CEMENT : SAND :
CLASS GRAVEL USES
AA 1:1½:3 concrete under water,
retaining walls

A 1:2:4 footings, column beams,

R. C. slabs

B 1:2½:5 slab on fill, non-bearing

walls

C 1:3:6 concrete plant boxes, etc.

Diameter of bend for main bars
25mm diameter and below?
Table 407-1 Minimum Diameters of Bend
MINIMUM
BAR SIZE DIAMETER

10 mm through 25 6 bar diameters

mm

28 mm, 32 mm and 8 bar diameters

36 mm
Term used to describe the level of
damage of an earthquake?

PSI of Structural Grade Deformed

Steel Bar according to PNS
Standard?