COLUMN

Column is a vertical structural member. It transmits the load from

ceiling/roof slab and beam, including its self-weight to the foundation.
Columns may be subjected to a pure compressive load.
R.C.C. columns are the most widely used now-a-days.
Columns carry primary Axial Loads and therefore are designed for
compression.
Additional loads from snow, wind or other horizontal forces can cause
bending in the columns. Columns then need to be designed for Axial
Load and Bending.
 COLUMN
Longitudinal rebar runs vertically and is held in place by ties.
Longitudinal bars are typically about 1% - 8% of the gross column
area; ties are usually #3 or #4 bars
Typically designed for compression, but must be able to resist
bending
 TYPES OF COLUMN
 LONG COLUMN (SLENDER)
SHORT COLUMN (STRUT)

LONG COLUMN IN FRONT OF

BUILDING (WHITE HOUSE)
 Short Column
1. A column is considered to be short if
the ratio of effective length to its least
lateral dimension is less than or equal to
12.
2. The ratio of effective length of a
short column to its least radius of
gyration is less than or equal to 45.
3. Buckling tendency is very low.
4. The load carrying capacity is high as
compared to long column of the same
cross-sectional area.
5. The failure of the short column is by
crushing.
Long Column
1. A column is considered to be long if
the ratio of effective length of column
to its least lateral dimension is greater
than 12.
2. The ratio of effective length of a
long column to its least radius of
gyration is greater than 45.
3. Long and slender columns buckle
easily.
4. The load carrying capacity is less as
compared to short column of the same
cross-sectional area.
5.The column generally fails in
buckling.
 FAILURE MODE OF COLUMN
Column may fail in one of three condition
1. Compression failure of concrete or steel reinforcement
2.Buckling
3. Combination of buckling and compression failure
Compression failure is likely to occur with columns which are
short.
Buckling is probable with column which are long and slender
FAILURE MODE OF COLUMN
 DESIGN OF SLENDER COLUMN
Technical terms used in the design of slender column
1. Unsupported length
2. Effective length factor
3. Radius of gyration
4. Slenderness ratio
5. Sway and non sway frames
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH(LU)
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR(K)
 RADIUS OF GYRATION
Radius of gyration Radius of gyration is used to describe the
distribution of cross-sectional area in a column around its censorial
axis.
 SWAY AND NON-SWAY FRAMES
Sway is lateral and sideways movement of framed structure, which
makes the structure unstable geometrically. Design consideration is to
reduce the effect of sway action, such as to reduce condition of
instability.
Non sway frame structures is analytical assumption and considerations,
that through out the loading period the structure will not have lateral
movement nor inter-story drift/displacement.
The side movement of end columns in a structure is called sway. A
structure may not sway if it is symmetrical in both geometry and vertical
loading. Sway may be prevented by providing an unyielding support at
the beam level.
 SWAY VS NON-SWAY FRAMES
S.N. Sway Non-Sway

1.
They lack adequate stiffness against horizontal
loads/forces.
Loading is generally asymmetrical. Loading is not
2. done at the center; sway takes place (i.e the
structure sway towards the less load side).
The frame in which longitudinal deflection takes
3.
place when the horizontal load is applied.
Therefore, Joints change their positions due to
lateral deflection.
They have sufficient stiffness to tackle with horizontal
forces.
The structure is symmetric, and Loading is symmetric.
The frame in which longitudinal deflection is restrained
by supports when the horizontal load is applied.
Therefore, Joints do not change their positions due to
lateral deflection.

4.
Sway frames may not have symmetrical EI, They compulsorily should have symmetrical EI,
vertical lengths, and supports. vertical lengths, or supports.
5. They are less stable. They are highly stable.

6. It is a type of an unbraced frame. It is a type of a braced frame.

 DESIGN PROCEDURE:

1.Calculate applied factored load and moment.

2. Calculate slenderness ratio to check the slenderness of

column.

Where, Lu is unsupported column length; k is effective length factor reflecting

the end restraint and lateral bracing conditions of a column; and r is the radius of
gyration, reflecting the size and shape of a column cross-section.
 Value of k depends on end restrain factors
1. Restrain factored can be calculated from
2. Using Alignment chart
 Value of radius of gyration can be computed by following
formula:

 For unbraced column klu / r ≥ 22

 For braced column klu /r ≥ 34 -12( M1/M2)
then column will be slender

3. Calculate the member stiffness (EI):

 • Ec is the modulus of elasticity of concrete(psi) =

• Ig. = moment of inertia =

= 1.2 D / 1.2 D + 1.6 L

(bd = Effect of creep for sustained loads. = Pud/Pu )

4. Compute Euler’s Buckling (critical) load by using the relation:

5. Calculate moment magnification factor (δns ) by using the formula:

(Cm = 1 for unbraced frames.)

Compute the moment correction factor, Cm

6. Calculate the design moment for slender column :

Mc (design moment) =
7. Calculate the design eccentricity ( e) by using
relation:
e = Mc / Pu

8. Calculate area of steel by assuming steel ratio and steel

bars no and dia from table:
9. Design of lateral ties:

a. Día of lateral ties:

• According to ACI code, dia will be

• #3 for #10 or smaller dia. of longitudinal bar
• #4 when dia. of vertical bar is greater the #10

b. Spacing of ties:

• 16 times dia of longitudinal bar/main bar

• 48 times dia of tie bars.

• Least lateral dimension of column.

10. Draw Cross section of column showing number of main bars and
dimension of column.