Prepared By

ENGR. YOSHIAKI C. MIKAMI, MSCE-STE RMP

 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
They are used as columns to support loads from beams,
floors, roofs, and other areas. They are also found as chord
and web members in trusses. compression members are
subject to buckling instability as well as material failure.
Compression member failures due to buckling are
generally sudden and dramatic. The lack of warning of
impending failure is a safety concern. Consequently, extensive
research has been conducted to determine safe limits on
column strength where buckling is a possibility.
Test results show that Euler's predicted failure load is
rarely attained in real members. The reasons for this include:
1. compression members are often not perfectly straight
2. residual stresses in the member cause uneven stress
distribution
3. end restraints are rarely perfectly pinned or perfectly fixed
4. the load is not perfectly concentric

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
BUCKLING
General buckling is
characterized by a
distorted, or buckled,
longitudinal axis of the
member. In local buckling,
the axis of the member is
not distorted, but the
strength of the cross section
is compromised by the
buckling of a component of
the cross section.

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler developed an
equation that predicts the critical buckling load for a straight
pinned end column.
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐿

𝜋 2𝐸
𝜎𝑐𝑟 =
𝐿 2
𝑟
Where the member cross sectional dependent term (L/r) is
referred to as the "slenderness" of the member.

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
there are three distinct regions on the strength curve
when buckling is a possibility. In the case of general buckling
the ranges are known as the PLASTIC, INELASTIC, and ELASTIC
ranges.

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
When the member slenderness (L/r) is low then plastic
behavior is expected and the member strength is limited by
plastic strength of the material. When the member slenderness
is in the transition range, then inelastic behavior and member
strength is a combination of plastic and elastic strength. Finally,
when member slenderness is large then elastic buckling
behavior is expected and the strength of the member is
controlled by Euler buckling behavior.
For the case of local buckling the slenderness is based
on width/thickness ratios of the slender plate elements that
make up the cross section of most steel members. If the most
slender cross sectional element is not very slender (i.e. b/t is
small) , then the cross section is said to be COMPACT. If the
most slender element of the cross section falls in the transition
range, then the cross section is said to be NON-COMPACT.
Otherwise, when the most slender cross sectional element is
very slender (i.e. b/t is large) then the cross section is said to be
SLENDER.
DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
General Buckling Concepts
• compressive strength is dependent on the direction of
assumed buckling. Most compression members have a
definite set of principle axis. Buckling will occur ABOUT one
of these axes.
• the support conditions at either end of the column will
influence the compressive strength in each of the principle
planes.

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Theoretically, end supports are either pinned or fixed. In
reality they can be designed to be pinned or rigid and may
actually fall somewhere in between truly pinned or fixed. The
support conditions will have an impact on the effective length,
Le, of the compression member and can be different in each
plane.
the effective length, Le, of a compression member is
the distance between where inflection points (an inflection
point is a location of zero moment) are, or would be, on a
compression member.

𝐿𝑒 = 𝑘 ∙ 𝐿

Where K is an effective length coefficient and L is the actual

length of the compression member in the plane of buckling.

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Local Buckling Concepts
The cross sections of steel shapes tend to consist of an
assembly of thin plates. When the cross section of a steel
shape is subjected to large compressive stresses, the thin plates
that make up the cross section may buckle before the full
strength of the member is attained if the thin plates are too
slender. When a cross sectional element fails in buckling, then
the member capacity is reached. Consequently, local
buckling becomes a limit state for the strength of steel shapes
subjected to compressive stress.

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
In the Euler equation the parameter (L/r) is known as the
slenderness of the member. For a plate, the slenderness
parameter is a function of the width/thickness (b/t) ratio of a
slender plate cross sectional element.

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
If a plate's edges are
restrained against buckling,
then the force required to
buckle the plate increases. If
one edge is restrained (i.e. and
"unstiffened" plate element)
the force to cause out-of-
plane buckling is less than that
required to buckle a plate with
two edges restrained against
out-of-plane buckling. An
intersecting plate at a plate
edge adds a significant
moment of inertia out of plane
to the edge which prevents
deflection at the attached
edge.

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Stress Distribution

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Typical moment connection load distribution

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SLENDER LIMIT STATE
The limit state simply recommends at the slenderness
ratio, KL/r, not exceed 200. This is not a requirement.
𝑘𝑙
≤ 200
𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥
It is good to note that members with slenderness ratios
as high as 200 have little compressive strength. Consequently, it
is uncommon to find such slender compression members in a
structure as they rarely have the needed strength to support
the applied loads. The design process will lead to columns with
smaller values of KL/r.

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
LIMIT STATE OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING FOR COMPACT AND NON-
COMPACT SECTIONS

For LRFD: 𝑷𝒖 ≤ ∅𝒄 𝑷𝒏 ; ∅𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
For ASD: 𝑷𝒂 ≤ 𝑷𝒏 /𝜴𝒄 ; 𝜴𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕

Nominal compressive strength, Pn, is computed using SCM

equation E3-1
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑨𝒈 ∙ 𝑭𝒄𝒓
Where:
Fcr – flexural buckling stress
Ag – gross cross sectional area of the member

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
𝐹𝑦
𝑘𝑙 𝐸
When ≤ 4.71 ; 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝑟 𝐹𝑦

𝑘𝑙 𝐸
When > 4.71 ; 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
𝑟 𝐹𝑦

Where:
𝜋 2𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = 2 − 𝑒𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑙
𝑟
𝑘𝑙 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
LIMIT STATE OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING FOR SLENDER SECTIONS

For LRFD: 𝑷𝒖 ≤ ∅𝒄 𝑷𝒏 ; ∅𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
For ASD: 𝑷𝒂 ≤ 𝑷𝒏 /𝜴𝒄 ; 𝜴𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕

Nominal compressive strength, Pn, is computed using SCM

equation E3-1
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑨𝒈 ∙ 𝑭𝒄𝒓
Where:
Fcr – flexural buckling stress
Ag – gross cross sectional area of the member

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
𝑄𝐹𝑦
𝑘𝑙 𝐸
When ≤ 4.71 ; 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝑄 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝑟 𝑄𝐹𝑦

𝑘𝑙 𝐸
When > 4.71 ; 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
𝑟 𝑄𝐹𝑦

Where:
𝜋 2𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = 2 − 𝑒𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑙
𝑟
𝑘𝑙 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑄 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑎𝑄𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑄𝑎 − 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑄𝑠 − 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SELECTING SECTIONS

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
COMPRESSION MEMBER SUMMARY

Slenderness limit state:

𝒌𝒍
≤ 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒙

Compression member strength:

𝑷𝒏 = 𝑨𝒈 ∙ 𝑭𝒄𝒓 ∅𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎, 𝜴𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕

𝑸𝑭𝒚
𝒌𝒍 𝑬
When ≤ 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 ; 𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝑸 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖 𝑭𝒆 𝑭𝒚
𝒓 𝑸𝑭𝒚

𝒌𝒍 𝑬
When > 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 ; 𝑭𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝑭𝒆
𝒓 𝑸𝑭𝒚

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
EXAMPLE:
Calculate the capacity of W21X93 A36 Column and laterally
unsupported in x and y direction

Properties:
𝐴 = 17613 𝑚𝑚2
𝑑 = 549.10 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑥 = 221.17 mm
𝑟𝑦 = 46.86 mm

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
Major Axis
𝐸 200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
4.71 = 4.71 = 133.76
𝐹𝑦 248𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑘𝑙 0.5(6000𝑚𝑚)
= = 13.56 < 133.76
𝑟𝑥 221.17𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋 2 (200000𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑙 2
= = 10735.21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
13.56 2
𝑟

248𝑀𝑃𝑎ൗ
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 10735.21𝑀𝑃𝑎 248𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 245.61𝑀𝑃𝑎

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
Major Axis
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟
𝑁
𝑃𝑛 = 17613𝑚𝑚2 245.61
𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑛 = 4,325,928.93 𝑁

∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.90 4,325.93 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑵

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
Minor Axis
𝐸 200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
4.71 = 4.71 = 133.76
𝐹𝑦 248𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑘𝑙 0.5(6000𝑚𝑚)
= = 64.02 < 133.76
𝑟𝑦 46.86𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋 2 (200000𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑙 2
= = 481.61 𝑀𝑃𝑎
64.02 2
𝑟

248𝑀𝑃𝑎ൗ
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 481.61𝑀𝑃𝑎 248𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 199.92𝑀𝑃𝑎

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
Minor Axis
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟
𝑁
𝑃𝑛 = 17613𝑚𝑚2 199.92
𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑛 = 3521.19 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.90 3521.19 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟕 𝒌𝑵

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
What if the column is laterally supported at midspan about the
minor axis?
Minor Axis
𝑘𝑙 0.7(3000𝑚𝑚)
= = 44.81 < 133.76
𝑟𝑦 46.86𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋 2 (200000𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑙 2
= = 983.06 𝑀𝑃𝑎
44.81 2
𝑟

248𝑀𝑃𝑎ൗ
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 983.06𝑀𝑃𝑎 248𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 223.15𝑀𝑃𝑎

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
Minor Axis
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟
𝑁
𝑃𝑛 = 17613𝑚𝑚2 223.15
𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑛 = 3930.34 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.90 3930.34 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑷𝒏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝑵

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
EXAMPLE:
Design a W-Section A36 Column to resist a load of P=360 kN.
height of the column 4.5 m and hinged at both ends. Depth of
section is limited to 200mm only. Choose the most economical
section.

Sections Area (mm2) rx (mm) ry (mm)

W8X18 3394 87.13 31.26
W8X21 3974 88.81 31.99
W8X24 4568 86.86 40.83

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
𝑘𝐿 𝐸
Assume ≤ 4.71
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦 ; Assume = 1.0
𝐹𝑒
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑦
Note: Based from design experience, column capacity is
around 60-80% of the nominal compressive strength Pn
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.60 0.658 248𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 97.91 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 360000 𝑁
𝜎 = ;𝐴 = = = 𝑁
𝐴 𝜎 𝐹𝑐𝑟 97.91
𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 = 3676.84 𝑚𝑚2

𝐸 200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
4.71 = 4.71 = 133.76
𝐹𝑦 248𝑀𝑃𝑎

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
Use W8X18
𝑘𝑙 1.0(4500𝑚𝑚)
= = 143.95 > 133.76
𝑟𝑦 31.26𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877 𝐹𝑒
𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋 2 (200000𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑙 2
= = 95.26 𝑀𝑃𝑎
143.95 2
𝑟

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877 95.26𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 83.54𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟
𝑁
𝑃𝑛 = 3394𝑚𝑚2 83.54
𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑛 = 283.54 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.90 283.54 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑃𝑛 = 255.18 𝑘𝑁 < 𝑃𝑢 = 360 𝑘𝑁 ∴ 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
Use W8X21
𝑘𝑙 1.0(4500𝑚𝑚)
= = 140.67 > 133.76
𝑟𝑦 31.99𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877 𝐹𝑒
𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋 2 (200000𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑙 2
= = 99.75 𝑀𝑃𝑎
140.67 2
𝑟

𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877 99.75𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 87.48𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟
𝑁
𝑃𝑛 = 3974𝑚𝑚2 87.48
𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑛 = 347.65 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.90 347.65 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑃𝑛 = 312.89 𝑘𝑁 < 𝑃𝑢 = 360 𝑘𝑁 ∴ 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
Use W8X24
𝑘𝑙 1.0(4500𝑚𝑚)
= = 110.21 < 133.76
𝑟𝑦 40.83𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋 2 (200000𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑙 2
= = 162.50 𝑀𝑃𝑎
110.21 2
𝑟
248𝑀𝑃𝑎ൗ
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 162.50𝑀𝑃𝑎 248𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 130.93 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟
𝑁
𝑃𝑛 = 4568𝑚𝑚2 130.93
𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑛 = 598.09 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.90 598.09 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑃𝑛 = 538.28 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑃𝑢 = 360 𝑘𝑁 ∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
EXAMPLE:
Check the adequacy of the column section shown.
P=2100 kN, L=6m, k=0.7, Fy=248 MPa, tp=12mm

C12X15
A=4742 mm2
x=17.12 mm
d=304.8 mm
rx=112.43 mm
ry=19.81 mm
tw=9.8 mm
bf=77.4 mm
tf=12.7 mm
𝐼𝑥 = 59937𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑦 = 1861𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
𝑟= 𝐼ൗ
𝐴
𝐴𝑦 = Σ𝑎𝑦
304.8𝑚𝑚
2 4742𝑚𝑚2 + 450𝑚𝑚 12𝑚𝑚 𝑦 = 4742𝑚𝑚2 (2)
2
12𝑚𝑚
450𝑚𝑚 12𝑚𝑚 304.8𝑚𝑚 +
2
𝑦 = 209.87𝑚𝑚

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
𝐼𝑥 = Σ𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴𝑑 2
304.8𝑚𝑚 2
𝐼𝑥 = 2 59937𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4 + 4742𝑚𝑚2 209.87𝑚𝑚 −
2
450𝑚𝑚 12𝑚𝑚 3 12𝑚𝑚 2
+ + 450𝑚𝑚 12𝑚𝑚 304.8𝑚𝑚 + − 209.87𝑚𝑚
12 2
𝐼𝑥 = 206.27𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼𝑦 = Σ𝐼𝑦 + 𝐴𝑑 2
450𝑚𝑚 2
𝐼𝑦 = 2 1861𝑥103 𝑚𝑚4 + 4742𝑚𝑚2 − 17.12𝑚𝑚
2
12𝑚𝑚 450𝑚𝑚 3 2
+ + 450𝑚𝑚 12𝑚𝑚 0
12
𝐼𝑥 = 504.69𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
206.27𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑟𝑥 = = 117.72𝑚𝑚
14884𝑚𝑚2

504.69𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑟𝑦 = = 184.14𝑚𝑚
14884𝑚𝑚2

200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
4.71 = 133.76
248𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝐿 0.7(6000𝑚𝑚)
= = 35.68 < 133.76
𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥 117.72𝑚𝑚

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SOLUTION:
𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋 2 (200000𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑙 2
= = 1550.53 𝑀𝑃𝑎
35.68 2
𝑟
248𝑀𝑃𝑎ൗ
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 1550.53𝑀𝑃𝑎 248𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 231.94 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟
𝑁
𝑃𝑛 = 14884𝑚𝑚2 231.94
𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑛 = 3452.19 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.90 3452.19 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑃𝑛 = 3106.97𝑘𝑁 > 𝑃𝑢 = 2100𝑘𝑁 ∴ 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒

DON’T PRACTICE UNTIL YOU GET IT RIGHT. PRACTICE UNTIL YOU CAN’T GET IT WRONG.