ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY

DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
ENGR.
ENGR.KEVIN
KEVINPAOLO
PAOLO
V. V.
ROBLES
ROBLES
3.1 EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES

A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially

at rest, it remains at rest when subjected to a system of
forces and couples. If a structure is in equilibrium, then
all its members and parts are also in equilibrium.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.1 EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES
Recall from statics that for a space (three-dimensional) structure subjected to three-
dimensional systems of forces and couples, the conditions of zero resultant force and
zero resultant couple can be expressed in a Cartesian xyz coordinate system as,

These six equations are called the equations of equilibrium of space structure.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.1 EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES
For a plane structure lying in the xy plane and subjected to a co- planar system of
forces and couples , the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium can be
expressed as

These three equations are referred to as the equations of equilibrium of plane

structures.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.1 EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES
Concurrent Force System
When a structure is in equilibrium under the action of a concurrent force system—
that is, the lines of action of all the forces intersect at a single point — the moment
equilibrium equations are automatically satisfied, the force equilibrium equations
need to be considered.
For a space structure,

For a plane structure,

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.2 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES
External Forces
External forces are the actions of other bodies on the structure under
consideration.

Applied forces, usually referred to as loads (e.g., live loads and wind loads), have a
tendency to move the structure and are usually known in the analysis.

Reaction forces, or reactions, are the forces exerted by supports on the structure and
have a tendency to prevent its motion and keep it in equilibrium.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.2 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES
Internal Forces
Internal forces are the forces and couples exerted on a member or portion of the
structure by the rest of the structure. These forces develop within the structure
and hold the various portions of it together. The internal forces always occur in
equal but opposite pairs, because each member or portion exerts back on the rest
of the structure the same forces acting upon it but in opposite directions, according
to Newton’s third law.
x Because the internal forces cancel each other, they do not
appear in the equations of equilibrium of the entire structure. The internal forces
are also among the unknowns in the analysis and are determined by applying the
equations of equilibrium to the individual members or portions of the structure.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.3 SUPPORTS FOR PLANE SURFACES
Supports are used to attach structures to the ground or other bodies, thereby
restricting their movements under the action of applied loads. The loads tend to move
the structures; but supports prevent the movements by exerting opposing forces, or
reactions, to neutralize the effects of loads, thereby keeping the structures in
equilibrium.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.3 SUPPORTS FOR PLANE SURFACES

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.3 SUPPORTS FOR PLANE SURFACES

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.4 DETERMINACY
Determinacy describes the complexity of analysis to determine the reactions.
The equilibrium equations provide both the necessary and sufficient conditions for
equilibrium. When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from these
equations, the structure is referred to as statically determinate.

Structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations are
called statically indeterminate.

Degree of Indeterminacy, i :
where: r = number of unknown support reactions
i=r–e-c e = number of equilibrium equations
c = number of given conditions (internal hinges)

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.4 DETERMINACY
For beams and pin-connected coplanar structures, there are at most three equilibrium
equations for each part, so that if there is a total of n parts and r force and moment
reaction components, we have

i = r - 3n, degree of indeterminacy

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.4 DETERMINACY i = r - e - c, degree of indeterminacy
Classify each of the beams shown in as statically determinate or statically
indeterminate.
r=3, e=3, c=0; i=3-3-0=0⁰
Statically determinate

r=5, e=3, c=0; i=5-3-0=2⁰

Statically indeterminate to
the second degree

r=4, e=3, c=1; i=4-3-1=0⁰

Statically determinate

r=6, e=3, c=2; i=6-3-2=1⁰

Statically indeterminate to
the first degree

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.4 DETERMINACY i = r - e - c, degree of indeterminacy
Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown if as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate.
r=5, e=3, c=1; i=5-3-1=1⁰
Statically indeterminate to 1st degree

r=5, e=3, c=2; i=5-3-2=0⁰

Statically determinate

r=8, e=3, c=1; i=8-3-1=4⁰

Statically indeterminate to 4th degree

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.4 DETERMINACY
For rigid frames
where: r = number of unknowns
i = r +3m – 3j – c m = number of members
j = number of joints
c = conditions (internal hinges)

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.4 DETERMINACY i = r +3m – 3j – c
Classify each of the rigid frames shown if as statically determinate or statically
indeterminate.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.5 STABILITY
To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its members, it is not only necessary to
satisfy the equations of equilibrium, but the members must also be properly held or
constrained by their supports.

A structure is considered to be internally stable, or rigid, if it maintains its shape and

remains a rigid body when detached from the supports.

A structure is termed internally unstable (or nonrigid) if it cannot maintain its shape
and may undergo large displacements under small disturbances when not supported
externally.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.5 STABILITY

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.5 STABILITY

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.5 STABILITY
In general, then, a structure will be geometrically unstable—that is, it will move slightly
or collapse—if there are fewer reactive forces than equations of equilibrium; or if there
are enough reactions, instability will occur if the lines of action of the reactive forces
intersect at a common point or are parallel to one another.

If the structure is unstable, it does not matter if it is statically determinate or

indeterminate. In all cases such types of structures must be avoided in practice.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.5 STABILITY

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.4 STABILITY

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering