MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF
SOLIDS
BY THARA DINESH, NIYATHI SUNIL, RESHMI S, DEVAPRABHA
AMMANTH, YADHU KRISHNA, THASREEN S
 STATES OF MATTER

• THERE ARE THREE STATES OF MATTER NAMELY

SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS.
A SOLID STATE IS CHARACTERISED BY VERY
STRONG INTERMOLECULAR FORCES WHILE
LIQUIDS HAVE COMPARATIVELY WEAKER
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES. GASES HAVE VERY
WEAK INTERMOLECULAR FORCES.
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

DEFORMING FORCE
● A FORCE THAT CAUSES DEFORMATION.
● IT BRINGS ABOUT CHANGES IN SHAPE, LENGTH OR VOLUME.
 
RESTORING FORCE
● A FORCE THAT BRINGS THE BODY BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE.
● IT DEVELOPS INSIDE THE BODY.
 
RELATION BETWEEN RESTORING FORCE AND DEFORMING FORCE
● THEY ARE EQUAL IN MAGNITUDE, BUT OPPOSITE IN DIRECTION.
 
ELASTICITY
● THE TENDENCY OF THE BODY TO REGAIN ITS ORIGINAL
SHAPE AND SIZE AFTER REMOVING THE DEFORMING
FORCE.
● BODIES WITH AN ELASTIC PROPERTY ARE CALLED
ELASTIC BODIES.
● THE TEMPORARY DEFORMATION CAUSED IS KNOWN AS
ELASTIC DEFORMATION.
 
PLASTICITY
● THE PROPERTY OF THE BODY BY WHICH IT HAS NO
GROSS TENDENCY TO REGAIN ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE AND
SIZE. BODIES WITH SUCH PROPERTIES ARE CALLED
PLASTIC BODIES
 EXAMPLES OF ELASTIC
BODIES
• STEEL IS THE MOST ELASTIC MATERIAL.

• IRON
• COPPER
PLASTIC MATERIAL EXAMPLES
• ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF SOLIDS
• •In a solid each atom or molecule is surrounded by
neighboring atoms or molecules, they are bonded together by
interatomic or intermolecular forces and stay in a stable
equilibrium position.
• •By deforming a solid, the atoms or molecules are displaced
from their equilibrium position which causes a change in the
interatomic or intermolecular distances.
• •By removing the deforming force, the atoms or molecules
tend to regain their original position, which gives the entire
body it’s original shape and size.
SPRING-BALL MODEL SHOWING THE ELASTIC
BEHAVIOUR OF SOLIDS
 STRESS AND STRAIN
 When a body is subjected to a deforming force, a restoring
force is developed in the body
 This restoring force is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the applied force.
 STRESS-The restoring force per unit area
 Magnitude of stress = F/A (F is the force applied normal to
the cross-section, A=area of a cross-section of the body
 Nm^-2 or pascal (Pa) is the SI unit of stress
 Dimensional formula of stress [ M1 L-1 T-2]
 
• Tensile stress-The restoring force per unit area when the
cylinder (Fig. a) is stretched by two equal forces applied
normal to its cross-sectional area.
• Compressive stress -The restoring force per unit area if the
cylinder is compressed under the action of applied forces.
• •Tensile or compressive stress can also be termed as -
longitudinal stress
• •The change in the length ∆L to the original length L of the
cylinder -Longitudinal strain.
• Longitudinal strain=∆L/L
• Tangential or Shearing stress-The restoring force per unit
area developed due to the applied tangential force(two
equal and opposite deforming forces applied parallel to
the cross-sectional area of the cylinder)
• Shearing strain -The strain produced as a result of the
applied tangential force.
• Shearing strain is defined as the ratio of relative
displacement of the faces ∆x to the length of the cylinder L
• =∆x/L=tan theta
• Theta=angular displacement of the cylinder from the
vertical
• Hydraulic stress-The internal restoring force per unit area
when a force is applied by the fluid on the body.
• Volume strain-The strain produced by a hydraulic
pressure(applied force per unit area)
• Volume strain =∆V/V
• •Strain is a dimensionless quantity.
 HOOKE’S LAW
CONSIDER A WIRE OF LENGTH ‘L’ AND
AREA OF CROSS SECTION ‘A’
FIXED TO A RIGID SUPPORT AS SHOWN. L L

TO THE FREE END OF THE

WIRE A SCALE PAN IS ATTACHED.
INCREASE THE WEIGHTS IN THE
SCALE PAN AND NOTE THE CHANGE IN W
THE LENGTH OF THE WIRE.

W+W1
THE RATIO OF CHANGE IN LENGTH TO ORIGINAL
LENGTH IS CALLED STRAIN.
FORCE ACTING PER UNIT AREA IS CALLED STRESS.
FIND OUT THE RATIO OF STRESS TO STRAIN FROM THE
EXPERIMENT.

IT IS FOUND THAT THE RATIO IS CONSTANT UP TO A

CERTAIN LIMIT CALLED AS ELASTIC LIMIT.

THEREFORE HOOKE’S LAW STATES THAT ‘WITHIN THE

ELASTIC LIMIT THE RATIO OF STRESS TO STRAIN IS A
CONSTANT.
For small deformations, Stress and strain are
proportional to each other.
Stress=k x strain
Where k is a constant called the “ modulus of elasticity”
When you elongate or extend or stretch a spring the force developed in it
is found to be directly proportional to the magnitude of extension.
Mathematically F is proportional to x where F is the force applied to the
spring and x Is the extension of the spring.
F=KX where k is the constant of proportionality called ‘elastic constant’
or spring constant or ‘Force constant’
 APPLICATIONS OF HOOKE’S LAW

• 1. Retractable Pen
• The retractable pens are also known as click
pens. Usually, a click pen consists of springs that
are attached to the top and the bottom of the ink
cartridge. A plastic tube is present in between
this arrangement, which is fixed in a particular
place. The springs attached to the internal
mechanical arrangement of the plunger and cam
body of a retractable pen work on the Hooke’s
principle and are responsible to lock and release
the ink cartridge as per the requirement.
The toy gun consists of a
spring attached to its back.
When the trigger of a toy
gun is pressed, it releases
the toy bullet and quickly
gets recoiled with the help
of a spring attached to its
base. This action of
recoiling is based on
Hooke’s law.
Stress-Strain
Curve
• The material’s stress-strain curve gives its stress-strain
relationship. In a stress-strain curve, the stress and its
corresponding strain values are plotted. An example of a stress-
strain curve is given below.
(i) Proportional Limit
It is the region in the stress-strain curve that obeys Hooke’s Law. In this limit, the stress-
strain ratio gives us a proportionality constant known as Young’s modulus. The point OA in
the graph represents the proportional limit.

(ii) Elastic Limit

It is the point in the graph up to which the material returns to its original position when the
load acting on it is completely removed. Beyond this limit, the material doesn’t return to its
original position, and a plastic deformation starts to appear in it.

(iii) Yield Point

The yield point is defined as the point at which the material starts to deform plastically.
After the yield point is passed, permanent plastic deformation occurs. There are two yield
points (i) upper yield point (ii) lower yield point.

(iv) Ultimate Stress Point

It is a point that represents the maximum stress that a material can endure before failure.
Beyond this point, failure occurs.

(v) Fracture or Breaking Point

It is the point in the stress-strain curve at which the failure of the material takes place.
 Elastomers
Substances that can be stretched to
cause large strains are called Elastomers
• Elastomers must be modified to turn them into useful
products and materials. Rubber, without the modifications,
becomes sticky and soft when warm and hard and brittle
when cold. This is because elastomer is a viscous liquid that
crystallizes slowly below 40 degrees F (5 degrees C). These
two disadvantages were overcome by the discovery of
vulcanization in 1839 by Charles Goodyear, an American
inventor. Mr. Goodyear discovered that mixing rubber with
white lead and sulfur transformed the material and when
heated the material stayed soft at low temperatures because
of the way sulfur reacts with unsaturated hydrocarbon
elastomer.
• Primary uses for elastomer are seals, molded flexible parts
and adhesives and used in vehicle manufacturing, food
production, scientific applications, and chemical processes.
Silicon rubber is an example of an elastomer
and is used for making molds and other things.
 DID YOU KNOW?
Chewing gum is a soft, cohesive
substance designed to be chewed
without being swallowed. The
three main components make up
all gum bases: resin, wax,
and elastomer.
 ELASTIC MODULUS

 Elastic modulus is the ratio of stress and strain.

 Elastic modulus is a characteristic value of each
material. This means gold will have specific value of
elastic modulus and rubber will have specific value of
elastic modulus etc.
 K=Stress/Strain, where k= Elastic modulus
•  
 TYPES OF ELASTIC MODULUS

 Young's Modulus
 Shear Modulus
 Bulk Modulus.
 YOUNG’S MODULUS
 
 YOUNG'S MODULUS IS DERIVED FROM THE NAME OF THE
SCIENTIST WHO DEFINED IT.
 IT IS THE RATIO OF LONGITUDINAL STRESS TO LONGITUDINAL
STRAIN.
 IT IS DENOTED BY Y
 MATHEMATICALLY:
 Y LONGITUDINAL STRESS/ LONGITUDINAL STRAIN = Α/𝜺
 (F/A) / (ΔL/L)

• • Y=FL/LΔ

 IF YOUNG'S MODULUS IS MORE, TO PRODUCE A SMALL CHANGE

IN LENGTH MORE FORCE IS REQUIRED.
 S.L. UNIT IS N M2 OR PASCAL (PA).
 METALS HAVE COMPARATIVELY GREATER YOUNG'S MODULUS. TO
CHANGE THE LENGTH OF METALS, GREATER FORCE IS REQUIRED
 YOUNG’S MODULUS
APPLICATION
 IN INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTIONS STEEL IS
PREFERRED OVER COPPER. THE REASON BEHIND
THIS IS STEEL IS MORE ELASTIC THAN COPPER.
 IF THERE IS SLIGHT DEFORMATION IN STEEL DUE
TO CONTRACTION AND EXPANSION IT WILL
COME BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL POSITION.
 STEEL IS PREFERRED OVER COPPER TO
CONSTRUCT BRIDGES.
 SHEAR MODULUS
 G = SHEARING STRESS\ SHEARING STRAIN
• G = [FXA]/ Θ
 THE SI UNIT OF SHEAR MODULUS IS N/M².
 SHEAR MODULUS OF A MATERIAL IS
ALWAYS CONSIDERABLY SMALLER THAN
YOUNG'S MODULUS.
 BULK MODULUS AND
COMPRESSIBILITY
 BULK MODULUS = VOLUME STRESS/VOLUME
STRAIN
• B = -PV/ΔV -VE SHOWS THAT VOLUME
DECREASES.

 THE SI UNIT OF THE BULK MODULUS IS N/M².

 THE RECIPROCAL OF ITS BULK MODULUS OF

ELASTICITY IS CALLED ITS COMPRESSIBILITY.
MATHEMATICALLY, IT IS GIVEN BY,
• C=K
 ITS SI UNIT IS N-1M² AND CGS UNIT IS DYNE-¹CM².
 APPLICATIONS OF ELASTIC
BEHAVIOUR OF SOLIDS
 IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF VARIOUS STRUCTURES LIKE BRIDGES, COLUMNS,
PILLARS, BEAMS, ETC. KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRENGTH OF THE MATERIALS
USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION IS OF PRIME IMPORTANCE.
 FOR EXAMPLE:
 WHILE CONSTRUCTING A BRIDGE, A LOAD OF TRAFFIC THAT IT CAN
WITHSTAND SHOULD BE ADEQUATELY MEASURED BEFOREHAND. OR WHILE
CONSTRUCTING A CRANE USED TO LIFT LOADS, IT IS KEPT IN MIND THAT THE
EXTENSION OF THE ROPE DOES NOT EXCEED THE ELASTIC LIMIT OF ROPE.

 IT IS USED IN MANUFACTURING AUTOMOBILE PARTS, KITCHEN

UTENSILS
QUESTION
SET:1
1. WHAT IS STRESS?
2. WHAT IS THE SI UNIT OF STRESS?
3. MENTION A SITUATION WHERE THE RESTORING FORCE IS NOT
EQUAL AND OPPOSITE TO THE APPLIED FORCE.
4. WHY STRAIN HAS NO UNITS?
5. HOOKE'S LAW STATES THAT UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS
a. STRESS IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO STRAIN TILL ELASTIC
LIMIT
b. STRESS IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO STRAIN TILL ELASTIC
LIMIT
c. STRESS IS INDEPENDENT OF STRAIN
d. STRESS IS PROPORTIONAL TO ELASTIC MODULUS
 6. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TENSILE STRESS AND
COMPRESSIVE STRESS?
7. DEFINE SHEARING STRAIN
8. WHAT IS HYDRAULIC STRESS?
9. STATE HOOKE'S LAW.
QUESTION SET:2
• 1.DEFINE YOUNG’S MODULUS
• 2.WHAT IS THE LIMITATION OF HOOKE'S LAW?
• 3.WHICH OF THE THREE TYPES OF ELASTICITY (Y, K, AND T) IS
POSSESSED BY ALL THE THREE STATES OF THE MATTER?
• 4.WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE?
• 5.DEFINE LONGITUDINAL OR TENSILE STRESS.
• 6.DEFINE RESTORING FORCE
• 7.ON WHAT FACTORS DOES THE VALUE OF THE COEFFICIENT OF
ELASTICITY DEPEND? WHY IT IS OF IT THREE TYPES
• 8.MENTION A SITUATION WHERE THE RESTORING FORCE IS NOT
EQUAL AND OPPOSITE TO THE APPLIED FORCE.
• 9.WHY DOES STRAIN HAVE NO UNITS?
• 10.DEFINE DUCTILE MATERIALS
• 11.DEFINE BRITTLE MATERIALS
THANK YOU